The estate of Cheryomushki and the sad fate of the artist Maria Yakunchikova. Cheryomushki Znamenskoye Manor Cheryomushki Znamenskoye

The secret of the secret estate
Historical places of Moscow

If you type “Cheryomushki-Znamenskoye Estate” in the search engine, you will get quite a lot of information. But there is no main answer: why are they not allowed into the estate? The history of the estate is as follows.

The first mention of it dates back to the time of Alexei Mikhailovich. The first owner was Prince P.I. A large orchard was laid out here, vegetable gardens were planted, cattle and poultry yards were arranged, which supplied food to the Moscow house of the Prozorovskys. The main transformations in Cheryomushki began under F. I. Golitsyn. Cheryomushki became an entertaining country residence, in 1735-1739 the Church of the Sign was built, parks and gazebos were arranged. The estate was visited twice by Empress Elizaveta Petrovna. For some time the estate belonged to the merchant Vyrodov. Since 1783, S. A. Menshikov, the grandson of an associate of Peter I, became the new owner of Cheryomushki. He rebuilt the main house in classical style. At the same time, a tea house, a horse yard and a dairy house were built. The entrance to the estate was decorated by a birch alley, and the total area of the ensemble has almost tripled. A grandiose greenhouse economy was developed in the estate. In 1870 Cheryomushki was bought by a wealthy breeder Vasily Ivanovich Yakunchikov. He rented out the entire territory of the estate as dachas, except for the main house, in which he himself lived in the summer. The plan of the estate of that time looked like this.

On the modern Yandex map, the territory of the estate looks like this. A dense park with a large pond in the middle is perfectly visible. This entire territory is bounded by Sevastopolsky Prospekt (from the east), Bolshaya Cheremushkinskaya and Krzhizhanovsky Streets (from the west), Nakhimovsky Prospekt (from the south) and Dmitry Ulyanov Street (from the north). Let's see what it looks like upon closer inspection.

I started my tour from the intersection of Sevastopolsky and Nakhimovsky prospects.

After the buildings occupied by the construction market, the territory of the Institute of Physics begins, as indicated by the chimney.

Where the territory of the former estate begins, you can immediately understand along the long alley of ancient linden trees that separate the Institute from Sevastopol Avenue.

Behind the fence are outbuildings in a deplorable state and old cars.

More solid buildings are visible, but also with the stamp of desolation.

And here is the passageway.

10.

At least take a look inside. But no. Neither the main house of the estate nor the pond can be seen.

11.

Well, let's try to consider something from Bolshaya Cheryomushkinskaya Street. There is a familiar fence and nothing is visible.

12.

The fence is clearly in need of repair. On the left, across the road is the former household part of the estate.

13.

And here is the second pass. Well, finally, you can at least look at the palace from a distance through the double belt of fences.

14.

For lovers of antiquity, the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics has launched a website where you can read about the history of the estate and see photos. Main house.

16.

Across Bolshaya Cheryomushkinskaya Street is the second part of the estate - the former utility yard, where the Institute of Helminthology named after academician K.I. Scriabin. The huge room of the former arena housed a collection of exhibits of the Museum of Helminthology, unique in our country and in Europe (no access).

I lived for many years in the south-west of the capital and countless times I passed and drove past long fences, behind which, as it turned out, one of the best preserved and hard-to-reach Moscow estates was hidden. If you type in the search engine "Cheryomushki-Znamenskoye estate", you will get quite a lot of information. But there is no main answer: why are they not allowed into the estate?

The history of the estate is as follows. The first mention of it dates back to the time of Alexei Mikhailovich. The first owner was Prince P.I. A large orchard was laid out here, vegetable gardens were planted, cattle and poultry yards were arranged, which supplied food to the Moscow house of the Prozorovskys. The main transformations in Cheryomushki began under F. I. Golitsyn. Cheryomushki became an entertaining country residence, in 1735-1739 the Church of the Sign was built, parks and gazebos were arranged. The estate was visited twice by Empress Elizaveta Petrovna. For some time the estate belonged to the merchant Vyrodov. With 1783 S. A. Menshikov, the grandson of an associate of Peter I, became the new owner of Cheryomushki. He rebuilt the main house in the classical style. At the same time, a tea house, a horse yard and a dairy house were built. The entrance to the estate was decorated by a birch alley, and the total area of the ensemble has almost tripled. A grandiose greenhouse economy was developed in the estate. In 1870 Cheryomushki was bought by a wealthy breeder Vasily Ivanovich Yakunchikov. He rented out the entire territory of the estate as dachas, except for the main house, in which he himself lived in the summer. The plan of the estate of that time looked like this.

After the revolution, the estate was used as a rest home for workers and a veterinary institute, and since 1945 the territory was transferred to special laboratory No. 3, created by decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR for a nuclear project. Experimental and design developments, as well as the construction and commissioning of nuclear reactors, were headed by A.I. Alikhanov and his closest assistants - VV Vladimirsky and S. Ya. Nikitin. For the scientific guidance of the theoretical works of A.I. Alikhanov attracted Lev Landau.The first in the USSR (and in Europe) heavy-water research nuclear reactor TVR was commissioned in 1949 (design began in 1947, decommissioned in 1987). Now here is the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics. On the modern Yandex map, the territory of the estate looks like this. A dense park with a large pond in the middle is perfectly visible. This entire territory is bounded by Sevastopolsky Prospekt (from the east), Bolshaya Cheremushkinskaya and Krzhizhanovsky Streets (from the west), Nakhimovsky Prospekt (from the south) and Dmitry Ulyanov Street (from the north). Let's see what it looks like upon closer inspection.

I started my tour from the intersection of Sevastopolsky and Nakhimovsky prospects.

After the buildings occupied by the construction market, the territory of the Institute of Physics begins, as indicated by the chimney.

Where the territory of the former estate begins, you can immediately understand along the long alley of ancient linden trees that separate the Institute from Sevastopol Avenue.

Behind the fence are outbuildings in a deplorable state and old cars.

More solid buildings are visible, but also with the stamp of desolation.

And here is the passageway.

At least take a look inside. But no. Neither the main house of the estate nor the pond can be seen.

Well, let's try to consider something from Bolshaya Cheryomushkinskaya Street. There is a familiar fence and nothing is visible.

The fence is clearly in need of repair. On the left, across the road is the former household part of the estate.

And here is the second pass. Well, finally, you can at least look at the palace from a distance through the double belt of fences.

For lovers of antiquity, the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics has launched a website where you can read about the history of the estate and see photos. Main house.

Church of the Sign.

Pond.

I went around all the buildings around. There is no free passage, like the physicists.

And the area is decent.

What secrets hide behind the walls? I think. what is the secret of value land plots. Both establishments give the impression of "breathing incense". It goes without saying that the proposal to relocate the Institutes to more suitable premises, and to give the former estate for the needs of culture and recreation. But no. Serious uncles are sitting somewhere and figuring out how to unscrew a good investment project on this land.

Looking for a way to get to Cheryomushki-Znamenskoye Estate in Moscow, Russia? Your trip is now easier than ever!

Download the Moovit App to find the fastest way! View the updated bus, metro, tram, minibus or train timetable to Cheryomushki-Znamenskoye Estate. Discover the latest schedules for all available rides from Usadba Cheryomushki-Znamenskoye with step by step instructions in real time.

The Moovit app tells you about stations and stops near your destination. Choose a stop from the list closest to Cheryomushki-Znamenskoye Estate: Cheryomushki; Bolshaya Cheryomushkinskaya Street; Dmitry Ulyanov street; Center of children's creativity.

Choose Bus, Metro, Tram, Minibus or Train options to get to Cheryomushki-Znamenskoye Manor. Here are some routes that pass nearby: (Tram) Tram - 26, Tram - 38; (Metro) Metro - 14, Metro - 6; (Train) Train - PAVELETSKOE; (Bus) Bus - 130, Bus - 41, Bus - 67.

Want to get to Cheryomushki-Znamenskoye Estate and back, but don't know the exact address? Select your destination on the map and Moovit will help you find the best routes to your destination!

Moovit helps you find the fastest and convenient route and the most convenient departure time. No more using the bus app to find the bus timetable and the train app to find the train timetable. Moovit has all the transport information you need! That is why the Moovit app has been included in the list of the best transport apps according to Google Play and Apple Store.

From the estate to the palace and park ensemble: an architectural and historical cheat sheet

The first owner of the estate was Prince P.I. Prozorovsky, educator of Peter I. Then the Cheryomushkino estate was neither the largest nor the most important. But in the 17th century it became a large economic economy. An orchard, vegetable gardens, cattle and poultry yards were arranged here to supply food to the Moscow house of the Prozorovskys.

The main transformations in Cheryomushki began under Fyodor Golitsyn. In 1735-1739, the Znamenskaya Church was built, parks and gazebos were arranged, and Cheryomushki became a pleasure country residence.

And in 1748 and 1749 the estate was visited by Elizaveta Petrovna. In the memoirs of contemporaries, there was a hint of the courtly service that the owner rendered to her. After this, Ivan Shuvalov became the new favorite of the Empress, and Fyodor Golitsyn married his eldest son to his sister, Praskovya Shuvalova. But soon the estate was sold to the merchant Vyrodov.

In 1783, Sergei Menshikov, the grandson of Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, became the new owner of Cheryomushki. He invited the architect Francis-Conrad Christopher Wilster and rebuilt the main house in the classical style.

Guide to Architectural Styles

At the same time, greenhouses, a tea house, a horse yard and a dairy house appeared. The entrance to the estate was decorated by a birch alley, and the area of the ensemble has almost tripled.

In 1870 Cheryomushki-Znamenskoye was bought by a wealthy breeder Vasily Yakunchikov. He rented out the territory of the estate for summer cottages, only the main house he left for himself for summer holidays. Dachas did not bring income, and then Yakunchikov decided to revive the estate. For this, he invited I.V. Zholtovsky. But a revolution broke out, and the Yakunchikovs emigrated.

Now the Main Building houses the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (the first nuclear reactor was built here), and the former Horse Yard houses the Institute of Helminthology named after Academician K.I. Scriabin. Because of this, it is impossible to inspect the main house. But employees maintain architectural monuments in good condition and plan to restore the Church of the Sign.

They say that...

... after the defeat near Narva, Peter ordered to pour silver into money. Prozorovsky reported on the fulfillment of the order with a newly minted silver coin. Later, Peter regretted that it was impossible to decorate the festivities with antique silver, and Prozorovsky admitted that, being the treasurer, he saved a large amount, and the silver of the Armory remained untouched.
... corner pavilions on the south side of the Horse Yard, similar to two-story pavilions with an open bottom and a deaf top, are called poultry houses. In fact, under the canopy of the upper floor in the southwestern pavilion there was a well with water, and the southeastern pavilion hid a garbage pit.

Cheryomushki is one of the most famous Moscow names, which has become a kind of symbol of new panel buildings of the 1950-60s. Moreover, in some other cities, their own block-panel Cheryomushki appeared, since the name became almost a household name.
Meanwhile, Cheryomushki is the name of an estate near Moscow with interesting history, and even two estates: Cheryomushki-Troitskoye and Cheryomushki-Znamenskoye. So two neighboring properties, divided back in the 20s of the 17th century, later began to be called by the names of the churches erected in them in order to distinguish them from each other. Here we will talk about Cheryomushki-Znamensky, the estate, which has been preserved despite all the events that swept the old manor houses off the face of the earth like dust particles.
Cheryomushki-Znamenskoye has long been part of Moscow and is now located not even on the outskirts, but in the middle zone, on Bolshaya Cheremushkinskaya Street.

Cheryomushki Manor (the main house with traces of restructuring of the early 20th century)

It was owned by different people, noble and not so: in the 1630s, deacon Makhov sold his part of Cheremoshye to the Duma deacon Likhachev, another half a century later, the Prozorovsky princes turned out to be the owners of the estate, and in 1720 the last representative of the family, Princess Anastasia Prozorovskaya, married Prince Golitsyn, and for almost 40 years Cheryomushki were owned by the Golitsyns. In 1747, the Church of the Sign of the Mother of God appeared here, built presumably according to the project of Rastrelli. There are some doubts about the authorship of the project, but, nevertheless, in 1961 the church building was classified as an architectural monument.

Church of the Sign in Cheryomushki, modern view

Having changed a couple more short-lived owners, in 1783 Cheryomushki passed to Major General Sergei Alexandrovich Menshikov, the grandson of Peter's favorite, "semi-power lord" Alexander Danilovich Menshikov. He invites the academician of architecture F.K.Kh. Wilster and completely rebuilds the estate. A new palace appears with columns in the style of classicism, a regular landscape park with alleys, gazebos, pavilions and mounds, a huge, elegantly built-up horse yard with turrets ... Only the church of the Golitsyn era remains unchanged.

Hermitage Park Pavilion in Cheryomushki

The Menshikovs owned the estate for almost a hundred years. True, Cheryomushki rarely appeared in the memoirs of contemporaries - the owners were not distinguished by hospitality, they did not host "all of Moscow", and they themselves did not often live in the estate, preferring St. Petersburg or other countries.
In 1870, when, after the abolition of serfdom, the nobles began to go bankrupt, and a mass transfer of aristocratic estates into the hands of merchants began, the merchants Yakunchikovs, a rich and illustrious family of Moscow entrepreneurs, became the owners of Cheryomushki.
Natives of Kasimov, the Yakunchikovs were assigned to the Moscow merchants in the first quarter of the 19th century, and the new owner of the estate, Vasily Ivanovich Yakunchikov, studied in his youth and lived in England for a long time. V.A. Kokorev wrote about him: "... This young man left for England for a long time, perceived there only what was suitable for Russia, and returned home without losing Russian feelings and Russian direction at all."

Vasily Ivanovich Yakunchikov

The commercial interests of Vasily Yakunchikov were diverse - he owned the Voskresensky manufactories in Narofominsk, founded brick factories in Cheryomushki and Odintsovo, on his initiative Petrovsky lines with passages ("Ladies' happiness") were laid in Moscow and the Partnership of Petrovsky trade lines was created; he owned tenement houses and a fashionable hotel "Empire" (now "Budapest")... No less bright was his public life. A member of the Moscow Council of Trade and Manufactories, elected by the Moscow merchants and the Moscow Stock Exchange Society, he held about a dozen such honorary posts, and devoted a lot of time, effort and money to charity and patronage. For example, he took a prominent position in the Committee for Assistance to the Families of the Killed, Dead from Wounds and Mutilated Soldiers of the Russian-Turkish War and donated considerable funds for this. His wife, Zinaida Nikolaevna, nee Mamontova, sister of Vera Nikolaevna Tretyakova, wife of the founder of the famous gallery, also supported him in charity work.

Zinaida Nikolaevna Yakunchikova, nee Mamontova

Enlightened people, the Yakunchikovs, collected the entire color of the Moscow creative intelligentsia - composers, artists, actors, who were the glory of Russian art. Scriabin, Tchaikovsky, Rubinstein, Levitan, Polenov (married to the daughter of Vasily Ivanovich Natalya Yakunchikova), Korovin, Serov, Nesterov were their people in their house. The Yakunchikovs were among the main donors to the organization of the Moscow Conservatory, were shareholders of the Art Theater, were members of the Committee for the Construction of the Museum of Fine Arts (now the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts); they helped artists and even invited them to live in their house when creative people needed support.

Maria Yakunchikova, portrait by Mikhail Vrubel

It was said about the children of Vasily Yakunchikov that they "went into the nobility." Indeed, if Vasily Ivanovich himself, despite all his merits, was listed as a merchant all his life, then his son Nikolai already had hereditary nobility, the court rank of chamber junker and served in a diplomatic post (attaché of the Russian embassy in London).
All the daughters of the Yakunchikovs were artistically gifted, but Maria Vasilievna Yakunchikova achieved the greatest success in painting.

Maria Yakunchikova. irreparable

Masha was twelve years old when her sister Natalya married the artist Polenov. Being in the house of her sister in a circle of people close to the artist, Masha became especially friends with Polenov's sister Elena. Although the difference between them was almost ten years, the girls became very attached to each other and maintained this attachment almost to the grave (sadly, in the truest sense of the word). Masha loved to draw before, and her new friend managed to arouse in her a serious interest in creativity.
Noticing his daughter's craving for painting, Yakunchikov invited good teachers to her, and at the age of 15 Masha, as a volunteer, began attending classes at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture.

Moscow in winter. View from the window on Middle Kislovka

As an artist, Maria was formed under the influence of the Moscow school of painting with its elegiac and attention to Russian motifs. It was the Russian landscape that became the favorite theme of the young artist. She was destined for a bright future...

View from the window of an old house. Vvedenskoe

But a terrible thing happened - at the age of eighteen, Masha fell ill, and the doctors diagnosed her with tuberculosis. For the late nineteenth century, it was an almost incurable disease. But none of the relatives could believe that the young girl was doomed...

Unattainable

Parents invited the best doctors and used any means to cure their daughter. Masha was advised to change the climate. It was decided that from now on she would live in France and Italy, and in Moscow, to visit relatives and friends, she would come only for the summer ...

Cemetery in winter

To be continued.