Methods of insemination of mares. Carrying out mating and artificial insemination of mares. Artificial insemination of mares

26 “A horse is much more generous than a man, endowed with instincts and feelings. A horse hears better than a cat, its sense of smell is thinner than that of a dog, it is sensitive to the passage of time, to changes in the weather ... There is no animal equal to it on Earth ”A. I. Kuprin

Mating horses is an integral part of horse breeding

The mating of horses is a natural physiological process of reproduction of their own kind, reproduction to preserve the species. Horse breeding considers this as an integral part of breeding for breeding and improving breeds. During insemination, the male's sperm is ejected into the female's genitals. The egg is fertilized and a new life is born.

Natural reproduction

The reproduction process lasts from spring to mid-year. The herd consists of one horse and several mares, no more than 12, the number is regulated by nature for high-quality fertilization. The leader guards the herd, protects, covers the horses. One of them, the alpha mare, becomes the main one among the rest. She selects pasture sites and leads the group. In the breeding process, it has priority over other mares. Often the leader marks the horses from his herd. Male individuals of all artiodactyl species are always ready for coitus, female individuals only during the “hunting” period. The mating of horses occurs up to several times a day. Sometimes a horse, under the influence of sexual desire, tries to cover a mare that is not playing, not ready to reproduce offspring. There will be no fertilization, but premature estrus is provoked. In the wild, the mating of horses is controlled at the gene level, preserving the species and ratio within populations.

Mares are ready for mating only during the hunting season

Harbingers of the Hunt

Stallions feel the approach of hunting in mares. During this period, the forerunners (proestrus) males court the females, paying them increased attention: they pinch the mare by the neck, sniff the genitals. When estrus begins and fertilization becomes possible, the mare raises her tail, spreads her hind legs, leans slightly towards the ground, her vulva opens. With estrus (extrus), mucus is secreted from the vagina, frequent urination, “flickering” is possible. The smell emitted from the genitals attracts males. Young mares, for the first time feeling an unusual need for them in closeness, become quiet. The hunting period lasts from 3 to 1 days. It is customary to cover the mare the day after the start of estrus to obtain the maximum guarantee of fertilization.

In case of failure, it remains possible to repeat the mating if the mare is still “playing”.

Sensing the approach of the hunt, the stallion begins to care for the mare

insemination process

In the process of courtship, the penis tenses and comes out of the prepuce. The horse jumps on the mare, embraces her with his front legs, and makes a landing. The erect penis enters the mare's vagina, the ejaculation occurs. Coitus lasts from 12 to 16 seconds. With a good set of circumstances, fertilization occurs.

Young males sometimes fail. Due to their inexperience, they make a number of mistakes: they jump not from behind, but from the side, they are often fussy, they allow early ejaculation. They learn and gain experience quickly. The next time the stallion covers the female quite easily.

Ovulation will resume if fertilization has not occurred. After the birth of offspring, mares will start hunting in 8-10 days.

Mating age

Careful selection of partners plays an important role in preparation for reproduction. Usually, up to two years, a young filly does not let the horse herself, and when the period of sexual activity begins, her age approaches three years.

Puberty in mares occurs in the third year of life

How to prepare for the mating

For mating, candidates with good working capacity and appearance, distinguished by high pedigree, good heredity, are used. The performance of the female may be lower than that of the male. 4-6 weeks before the expected insemination, additional feeds are introduced into the diet, improved care is provided, and a few days before it, the horse's sperm is checked and the reproductive organs of the mares are examined.

Selection of breeds

Breeding horses are carefully selected. The data of future offspring depend on this. The female is chosen as tall as the sire, or slightly larger, but not small and fragile in comparison. To obtain a pure breed, it is forbidden to mix purebred animals of one species with another. The horse must be of the breed that you are trying to get. For breeding, only mares are used from this connection until the breed is confirmed. By repeating the procedure with an ordinary horse eight times, you can say that you have received pure offspring. Healthy and beautiful parents with inherent breed features are selected.

It is forbidden to mix valuable breeds when mating

What happens

When mating horses, different methods are used. The most common are manual, cooking and mowing methods. They are the same as in nature. Man is only an observer and corrector. The horses that are most suitable for each other are selected, the signs that the offspring should have are determined, and pairs are made.

In agriculture and small farms, manual mating is usually used because of its simplicity, low cost, and good results. Stallions fertilize mares with a high probability of conception (90-95%), with proper care, beautiful, healthy offspring grow up.

1. Use a quiet, not noisy place.
2. The mare should be positioned in such a way as to provide easy access to it, it is advisable to slightly raise the buttocks.
3. Remove horseshoes if the filly is obstinate - use a random belt to protect the stallion

On the eve of the process of mating horses, you need to study their habits a little. Each of them has its own character. It is important that they like each other. Let them sniff, get comfortable, feel safe.

The stallion and the mare must get used to each other

Cooking mating and mowing mating are used in herds. Only cooking takes place in the paddock. The breeding horse stays with a group of mares (from three to seven). He independently chooses partners for mating.

After mating, the mares are taken out to the herd, and the stallion gains strength for some time and joins the herd.

Mowing mating is different in that a larger number of horses (from twenty to twenty-five) are selected for the herd. The breeding horse is with them in the pasture for the entire mating season. Horses are relatively free to choose. Fertility 90-95%.

artificial insemination

Large farms and stud farms use artificial insemination. Insemination technicians inject diluted semen into the mare's vagina. The selection of horses takes place in a standard way. The advantages of this method.

The sperm of the stud horse is effectively used. With one diluted dose of o, up to twenty horses are inseminated, and up to five hundred in a season.

1. The breeding male is not depleted.
2. The collected sperm is frozen in liquid nitrogen, having previously been selected according to special parameters (high sperm motility and a certain concentration in a diluted state).
3. A sperm bank is maintained, allowing for a long time to use the genetic data of the most thoroughbred horses for fertilization.
4. The infection is not transmitted.

The mating of horses is not only an important process of reproduction of the species, but also one of the main components in horse breeding for breeding thoroughbred horses, improving existing and breeding new breeds. A huge knowledge base has been accumulated, using which to achieve good results for the appearance of healthy offspring.

» » » How do horses mate? For what?

Methods of artificial insemination of mares.

When inseminating mares, sperm is injected into the uterus (uterine method insemination). In practice, two methods of introducing sperm are used: manual and visual .

With manual the method uses a rubber catheter of I. I. Ivanov and a syringe with a capacity of 30-50 ml or ampoule. The catheter is a thick-walled soft rubber tube with a narrow internal channel. Its anterior end is narrowed, the posterior end has a protrusion. in the form of a ring and an enlarged opening of the channel for connection with the cannula of the syringe. The catheter is inserted by hand into the mare's vagina. The mouth of the cervix is ​​found with the index finger and, under the control of the finger, the catheter is advanced into the cervical canal to a depth of 10-12 cm. A syringe with sperm is attached to the catheter and by pressing the piston, the sperm is injected into the uterus.

With visual The method uses a glass or ebonite catheter 50 cm long, a syringe and a vaginal speculum. Decontaminated vaginal a mirror is inserted into the genital tract and placed so that the cervix is ​​clearly visible. Under vision control nia the catheter through the mirror is directed into the cervical canal. After insertion into the uterus, a syringe is attached to the glass catheter by means of a rubber sleeve. An ebonite catheter with a syringe cannula is connected in advance using a metal clamp with a rubber gasket, the mare is brought into a special machine and fixed. Calm animals are held by the reins and their front leg is raised so that they cannot hit the inseminator. The groom bandages the mare's tail and takes it aside: he washes the vulva with warm water and wipes it dry with cotton wool. After that, the insemination technician, with the participation of an assistant who gives him a tool for insemination, inseminates the mare. For insemination of one animal requires 20 to 40 ml of semen. Large, old, and also foaled mares should be administered the maximum dose of semen.

Optimal insemination time. In mares, sexual hunting lasts much longer than in other animals, on average 5-6 days. Throughout this period, the degree of manifestation of its signs progressively increases.

The mating of horses took place over a long period of time. As a result, the breeds were crossed with each other, there was an improvement or deterioration of any signs, or completely new breeds were created. As a result of selection, the preservation of purebred individuals also occurred. Therefore, one of the important stages is the mating of horses.

For the process to go as correctly as possible, the following conditions must be met:

• Only a healthy animal is allowed to mate;
• The female involved in mating must be at least 3 years old.

Under natural conditions, breeding takes place from early spring to July. As a result, young animals are born at the end of winter of the next year and receive good natural conditions for growth and development. Sunlight and warmth are important for mares. Since in an animal, under favorable and warm environmental conditions, the mating process will be faster. Horse farms for animals use sunlight stimulation to awaken the instincts and the horses begin to breed.

The hunting period is also available for this species of animals. And it begins with estrus, the duration of which is from 3 to 7 days of each month, if fertilization did not occur in the previous month. The frequency of estrus depends on what the ambient temperature is at the moment, in what conditions the animal is kept, whether it is healthy. Its duration may vary. The process of insemination takes place at the very end of the cycle, when ovulation occurs. The duration of ovulation is 48 hours. In order not to miss this moment, mating is carried out on the second day, after the start of estrus and until the very end.

By the behavior of the animal, one can understand that it is in the period of hunting, as the female becomes obedient, attracts the attention of the male with peculiar sounds. After fertilization has occurred, hunting occurs only after the birth of the foal. Until the moment of hunting, females are aggressive towards males, hostile, do not let them near them.

Preparing a mare for mating

Hormones affect the process of animals coming into heat. Unlike females, stallions are ready to mate constantly. Whereas mares can participate in this process only during the hunting season, they do not allow males to approach them the rest of the time. You can understand whether there is ovulation in the following way. If during estrus, the male covers the female, and she fights him off.

For successful mating, the best way is to choose the optimal time for this moment. In addition, the correct selection of partners will allow the fertilization process to be carried out without injury and damage.

The stallion ideally suited for this process is strong, has a pronounced pedigree quality, hardy. The better it is, the better the offspring. In addition, they look at the pedigree to prevent the appearance of weak young animals with various genetic abnormalities. A stallion-producer a month before mating should be transferred to more nutritious food. The diet is selected individually by a nutritionist. A good breeding male can fertilize a female that does not have such high productivity rates. Before mating, the female is examined by a veterinarian, and she is transferred to a special diet. The next step in organizing the mating of horses is the choice between natural and artificial insemination.

After the female is fertilized, she becomes under the control of a specialist who monitors the health and course of pregnancy. Of course, at first glance, this process seems complicated and requires careful understanding. At horse breeding enterprises, the personnel involved in the reproduction and organization of this process in the herd undergo special training. Special enterprises are being created where there is everything necessary for such a process and the owner can only bring his animal and he will receive the necessary assistance.

Natural mating of horses

Starting from the second year of life, the mare begins to mate. In this case, estrus can occur at an earlier age. But the onset of pregnancy in such an early period is small, since the mare's body is not yet ready for the full creation of the fetus. In nature, a female ready for mating in every possible way shows her readiness to the male. The limbs are widely spaced, while the mare makes special sounds. The stallion, seeing the readiness of the female, reacts to her, while his sexual organ begins to increase in size.

The male sniffs the mare, can bend his neck and make sounds, after which he begins the process of fertilization. If the mare has not yet ovulated, she will repel the male. In this case, the male retreats, but at the same time retains the chosen candidate and does not allow other males to approach it. After that, he can repeat his actions several times.

Wild horses mate by throwing their forelimbs onto the back of the female. After a few frictions, ejaculation occurs. During one period of mating, one stallion can fertilize 150 mares. A young stallion handles less. But, the greater the load on the male, the higher the likelihood that this can lead to health problems. Therefore, they manage with fewer pairings.

Herd method

In the herd, mating occurs up to several times during the day. In this case, one male can take on several females. If the number of animals is small, then there will be several stallions per female. Wild horses intuitively time the offspring so that they appear at the best time. Therefore, outside the favorable period of mating, fertilization is almost impossible.

Such control ensures the safety of livestock and species. In addition, only the strongest and strongest males are allowed to reproduce. Thanks to this, their best qualities are strengthened each time and passed on to the next generations.

Case at home

Mating can be carried out in the following way: cooking, mowing, manual. One of the most common methods used in small farms is the manual method. It is simple but effective. The process takes place in a small room. The horse stands on the surface at an angle so that the back rises above the front. Horseshoes are removed from the hooves, and the tail is tied up.

If the female is hostile, her limbs are tied with a special harness that will not allow the animal to start hitting with its hooves. After that, a stallion is brought to the female. It is important that the people following this process have relevant experience. Animals must get used to each other, sniff, it will take them time. Only then will they be ready to mate. Sexual intercourse is also under control. The male is sent, not giving early time to stop sexual intercourse. It is necessary to ensure that the horses do not harm each other.

Varkovy

This method is used when growing animals in herds. A group of females and one male, specially selected for mating, is taken. They are driven into a specially designated area for this, after a few days they are returned back to the herd. If it is observed that the male jumps only on the same female, she is led away from the corral before anyone else.

mowing way

This method allows you to get a high percentage of fertility. The mares are divided into shoals and a male is attached to each, who independently chooses whom to cover for him. Even if he chooses only one and the same female, they leave her.

Artificial insemination of horses

This process has its advantages. Absence of injury. Specially selected seed for fertilization. You can buy and use semen from the best stallions. This method is used on large horse breeding farms. The seed must be from good males or bought ready-made. After the quality analysis is carried out, the semen is frozen and transported. The introduction of the seed to the mare is carried out by a specially trained specialist. Before fertilization, the animal is fixed in the machine, fixing the limbs.

The mating of horses allows you to maintain the population of this species, and also allows you to get new breeds and save old ones. The natural instincts of animals have not lost their popularity and are used not only in small small farms, but also in large enterprises.

Artificial insemination of horses is carried out by state stations for breeding and artificial insemination and state factory stables, which are equipped with high-value breeding stallions - elite class producers. Insemination of mares on collective farms and state farms is carried out at artificial insemination stations, where the sperm of the manufacturer assigned to the farm is transported from the state breeding station or from the state stable. State farms and collective farms can organize insemination points located within a radius of up to 10 km. State stables put stallions on such points. If farms are located more than 10 km from the point, sub-points are organized in them, where sperm is brought from the main point. To perform work at the point, the collective farm board (state farm directorate) allocates artificial insemination equipment, a groom and a cleaner. Insemination of mares at the sub-point is assigned to the technique of the main point. Only technicians who have received special training in courses have the right to carry out artificial insemination of horses. Points of artificial insemination of horses are arranged in standard or adapted premises. They must have an arena, a laboratory, a washing room, a pantry, a stable, a storage room for harness and fodder, and a walking area for stallions.

The area of ​​the arena for taking sperm and inseminating mares should be approximately 50 m2, its height is 3.75 m, the light area is 1: 10. The floor of the arena is covered with soft asphalt and a drain for liquid is made. It is recommended to cover the walls with light-colored oil paint. To fix the mares during insemination, a wooden or metal machine is installed in the arena. The laboratory for research, dilution and storage of semen is located in a well-lit, heated room. Its walls are painted with light oil paint. The air temperature in the laboratory during the cold season must be maintained within 18--25 °. The washing room should be located between the laboratory and the arena. In it, they wash and sterilize dishes, prepare the vagina for receiving sperm. In the washing room it is necessary to have hot water and a drying cabinet. At the sub-points where only mares are inseminated, a heated room for storing semen, tools and preparing dishes and equipment, as well as a separate room (arena) for inseminating mares, will be equipped.

Getting sperm from stallions

Stallion training. A month before the start of the breeding season, the state of the reproductive organs of the stallions is examined and the quality of the sperm is checked three times with one-day intervals. The indicators of sperm obtained on the third day of the study are considered decisive. Satisfactory indicators of the quality of the stallion's sperm - the initial activity of sperm movement is not lower than 5 points, their concentration in 1 ml of undiluted sperm is 250 million or more during the test after a long break in mating and 150-250 million sperm with regular sperm sampling. The survival of spermatozoa at a temperature of 2-4° in a glucose-yolk medium is 6-8 days. Good maintenance, feeding and proper use of breeding stallions improves the quality of their sperm and its fertilizing ability. Stallions at stations and artificial insemination stations are advised to give one cage per day (six cages per week). Replanting is allowed in exceptional cases. For young and old stallions, the sexual load is reduced to four or five cages. Intervals between cages should be at least 24 hours. A stud stallion should not be used as a test stallion.

Sperm collection device. To obtain sperm from a stallion, an artificial vagina is used, which consists of a skeleton, a chamber, fixing rings and a sperm receptacle. The frame of the artificial vagina is an aluminum cylinder with a diameter of 13 cm. At one end, the cylinder is narrowed in the form of a neck, ending in a short cylinder of smaller diameter. The length of the small cylinder is 7.5 cm, the diameter is 8.7 cm, the length of the neck is 4.5 cm, and the length of the entire artificial vagina is 54 cm. A pipe with a screw nut is inserted into the middle part of the large cylinder. There is a valve in the nut to relieve excess pressure generated during the stallion's eaddie. An aluminum handle is also soldered to the large cylinder. A rubber chamber is put on the metal frame, which is fixed on it with three rubber rings. A rubber sperm receptacle, which is a wide rubber cup, is put on top of the rubber chamber on the small cylinder.

The artificial vagina is prepared as follows: the rubber chamber is thoroughly washed from talc, then, after drying, it is put on the skeleton so that the smooth surface of the chamber faces the inside of the vagina, and the rough surface faces the skeleton. You should not stretch the chamber too much, given that when you subsequently pour water into the artificial vagina, the walls of the chamber fall off. The put on rubber chamber is pressed from the outside to the frame with rubber rings. Then they are disinfected by wiping with cotton swabs soaked in 96% alcohol.

With such a swab, using a long forceps, they wipe the surface of the chamber inside the artificial vagina, the inner surface of the pre-washed and dried sperm receptacle, and that part of the surface of the artificial vagina on which the sperm receptacle will be put on. After the alcohol has evaporated, the sperm receptacle is put on the neck of the artificial vagina. 1.5–2.5 liters of water heated to 45–60° (depending on the ambient temperature) are poured through the pipe into the space between the skeleton and the rubber chamber, so that the temperature in the vagina is 40–42°. It is imperative to check the temperature immediately before mounting, for which a chemical thermometer is inserted into the open end of the slightly inclined artificial vagina so that it fits snugly against the sleeping walls of the rubber chamber. The inner tube of the vagina with the help of a previously disinfected forceps is well lubricated along the entire length with sterile low-melting vaseline.

Getting sperm. To obtain sperm, a mare is used in hunting or a phlegmatic disposition. A random harness is put on the mare (so that she cannot hit the stallion), the tail from the top of the head to half is bandaged with a linen bandage so that the hair of the tail does not interfere during mounting. When mounting a stallion, the artificial vagina is held with both hands, tightly pressing it to the mare's croup on the right side and tilting the wide end of the vagina to 30--36 °. With the right hand, one must firmly rest against the sperm receptacle so that when the stallion's penis pushes, the artificial vagina is motionless. At the time of seating, if the walls of the rubber tube of the vagina are strongly strained, it is necessary to turn the nut of the tube. This opens the valve located in it, and excess air exits the artificial vagina. At the end of ejaculation, the sperm receptacle is gradually lowered down so that the sperm does not leak out of the vagina. After receiving the sperm, the sperm receptacle is removed, covered with a sterile napkin and transferred to the laboratory. Here the semen is immediately filtered through sterile gauze into a graduated beaker preheated to 25--30° and covered with a Petri dish. The gauze with the thick viscous secretion of the accessory sex glands remaining on it is thrown away. Water is poured out of the artificial vagina, the rubber chamber is thoroughly washed from the remains of vaseline and sperm with warm soda solution, rinsed with warm water, wiped with a clean towel and dried.

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

Artificial insemination is the process of introducing a certain dose of sperm into the female genital tract using special tools.

Benefits of artificial insemination

A) the volume and quantity of sperm for the fertilization of one female is significantly reduced.

B) the sperm of valuable producers can be stored for a long time and used for several decades.

C) it is possible to coordinate breeding in all regions

D) due to the selection and selection of parental pairs, it is directed to obtain the desired changes and signs.

The effectiveness of artificial insemination is manifested only in combination with full feeding, proper maintenance and operation.

Physiological basis of artificial insemination

The technique of artificial insemination of female animals of different species is based on the structural features of the genital organs. In addition, the speed of sperm movement, which depends on the state of the female, is of particular importance. The closer the moment of ovulation, the higher the nervous and hormonal tone of the genital tract, the faster the sperm move.

During ovulation, the follicular fluid first enters the oviduct, then into the uterus and brings the sperm into an active state. In the genital organs of cows, sheep and rabbits, sperm remain viable for an average of 36-48 hours, in pigs - 24-48 hours, in mares up to 90 hours, in dogs up to 6-7 days. Bird sperm, unlike animal sperm, can be stored for up to 35 days or more.

Time of insemination of females

After ovulation, the eggs in the oviducts retain the ability and fertilizing ability to fertilize for only 2-6 hours, in dogs 2-3 days. In cows and heifers, follicles (unlike others) ovulate 10-15 hours after the end of the hunt, so they are inseminated in the middle and at the end of the hunt. In mares, sheep, goats, pigs and dogs, follicles ovulate spontaneously during the second half of estrus. A characteristic feature of rabbits is provoked ovulation: mating is necessary to rupture the follicles. In poultry, eggs are formed spontaneously during the entire laying period (season).

Methods for artificial insemination of females. During artificial insemination, the introduction of sperm imitates basically in all females according to the uterine type. When inseminating cows (heifers), sheep, goats and rabbits, sperm is injected into the cervix (cervical method), where the most favorable conditions for the survival of sperm. When inseminating mares, sows and dogs, semen is injected directly into the uterus (womb body).

Veterinary and sanitary rules for artificial insemination

In order to prevent the risk of spreading diseases, the following rules must be strictly observed:

A) technicians for artificial insemination of animals in clean overalls, caps and scarves, and in farms disadvantaged by infectious diseases in aprons and rubber boots

B) tools for artificial insemination, devices, utensils and equipment must be sterile

C) syringes - catheters are sterilized in disassembled form: boiled for 15-20 minutes with the sterilizer closed.

D) The speculum can be disinfected with 96% ethanol followed by rinsing with a sterile 1% NaCl solution.

E) before artificial insemination, females (cows, heifers, mares, sheep, goats, sows) are fixed in special machines (or stalls). The external genitalia are washed with clean water from Esmarch's mug, irrigated with a solution of furacillin (1:5000), furazolidone (1:1000), wiped dry, open the labia of females and introduce sterile instruments. The vaginal speculum must be pre-moistened with a warm sterile 1% sodium chloride solution.

Artificial insemination of cows

Cows and heifers are inseminated only if they have sexual heat twice: the first time immediately after the detection of heat and the second time - after 10-12 hours (if the hunt continues). A single insemination is also allowed, but only with rectal control of the maturation of follicles in the ovaries or the detection of hunting by a probe bull. Sometimes they practice double insemination during one hunt with an interval of 10-15 minutes.

Currently, 4 methods of artificial insemination of cows and heifers are used: vaginal - sperm is injected into the vagina or on the cervix, visocervical - using a vaginal mirror, rectocervical and manocervical.

When inseminating cows and heifers with freshly obtained sperm, they work in a laboratory or arena at t 18-20ºС. Sperm is drawn into a warm syringe-catheter or insemination polystyrene pipette, the catheter is lowered into a vial with sperm and slowly drawn into the syringe. Then, turning the syringe with the catheter up, the piston moves down to collect all the sperm from the catheter channel into the syringe barrel. Without changing the position of the syringe, the piston is carefully moved up, displacing air bubbles from the cylinder until a drop of sperm appears at the end of the catheter, which is applied to a glass slide in order to re-evaluate sperm activity. In the event that the quality of sperm has not decreased, proceed to insemination.

If cows are inseminated with sperm cooled to 0-4 ºС, then it is collected in a preheated syringe catheter, for which the latter is washed several times with a sterile 1% NaCl solution or 1% sodium bicarbonate solution t 42-45ºС. In this case, t syringe = 35-40ºС. And the sperm collected in it - 30-35ºС

Granulated sperm in ampoules or vials, after thawing, are immediately placed in the nests of a tripod made of foam rubber. Sperm granules with a volume of 0.5 ml are thawed in a sterile foacon. Two granules (dose) are removed from the Dewar vessel with a sterile karntsang and placed in warm water in a thermos at t 40-42ºС, rotating the vial until the two granules are completely thawed. With a granule volume of 0.5 ml, the thawing time for two granules is 1.5-2 minutes. You can not put several doses in one, i.e. 4, 6, or more granules, because the defrosting mode is violated. The fertilizing ability of sperm also decreases.

Sperm frozen in lined granules are thawed in a thermostat at t water 38-40ºС for 8-10 seconds.

After thawing the semen, the lining is wiped dry with a sterile cloth and checked for tightness by light pressure. After making sure that the tightness of the lined granule is not broken, the latter is placed in the body of a disposable instrument for the manocervical method of introduction, then it is advanced with a pusher to the front edge of the body until it stops. The shell of the granule is pierced through the outlet of the instrument body with a sterile needle and the sperm is injected into the genital tract of the cow.

If concentrated sperm granules with a volume of 0.1-0.2 ml are used, then it is thawed in a sterile 2.9% sodium citrate solution in 0.8-1 ml ampoules, while placing it in warm water (40-42ºС) for 5 -8 sec. Only one granule is thawed in one ampoule. The ampoule with thawed sperm is immediately removed from the vessel with water and placed on the table in the sockets of the tripod at room temperature 18-20ºС or placed in a thermos.

When the sperm is frozen in straws or straws at a dose of 0.2-0.25 ml, it is thawed in a thermos or thermostat at t water = 38ºС for 9-10 seconds. The straw is taken out and cleaned of water, carefully wrapped in a paper towel and blotted.

Insemination by the visocervical method

For this method, 4 numbered glass jars (No. 1,2,3,4) per 100 ml with ground-in lids are used. In jars No. 1,3,4, a sterile 15% solution of sodium chloride is poured (2.8% sodium citrate solution is possible), in jar No. 2 - 70% ethyl alcohol; the solution in jars 3 and 4 should be warm (38-40ºС) in order to heat the syringe catheter before filling it with semen. The syringe is washed with a solution 3-4 times from can No. 1 and after disinfection with 70% ethyl alcohol from can No. 2, washed with a solution from cans No. 3 and 4 (removing alcohol residues)

Having collected sperm, the syringe is held vertically, with the catheter up. The prepared vaginal speculum, moistened with a warm (38-40ºС) sterile 1% sodium chloride solution, is inserted into the female's vagina (previously, the external genital organs are treated with warm water, furazolidone solution, dried with a napkin or cotton wool. The vaginal speculum is inserted, turned with the handles down, carefully open the branches and, having found the cervix, a syringe catheter or an inseminating pipette is inserted into it to a depth of 4-6 cm.

Insemination by rectocervical method

Before insemination, the instruments are prepared as follows:

The corner of the package with disposable sterile pipettes is wiped with a swab moistened with 96% alcohol and broken through with a pipette;

Having extended the pipette by 1/3 of its length, it is connected to the syringe and removed from the bag.

If sperm frozen in straws is used, then a special tool is used consisting of a case, a metal cylinder with a piston, 45 cm long and a fixation spring. The package with protective covers is also treated with a swab moistened with ethyl alcohol, the corner of the package is cut off, a protective cover is put on a pre-prepared syringe with an inserted straw and fixed with a spring (before this, the tip of the straw directed outwards is cut off).

Tools prepared for insemination are placed on a special stand. A drop of sperm is squeezed onto a glass slide and checked under a microscope for activity.

Before insemination, cows (heifers) put on a disposable glove on their hand, moisten it with warm water (preferably soapy) and open the cow's external genitalia, and with the other hand, insert a pipette or insemination tool with a straw at an angle of 25-35º into the vagina to the cervix. Then a hand in a polyethylene glove is inserted into the rectum and the cervix is ​​found, fixing it between the index and middle fingers. With the thumb or little finger, the instrument is directed into the cervical canal to a depth of 6-8 cm, slowly pressed on the syringe plunger or the semen ejector from the straw.

Insemination by manocervical method

Initially, as is customary with any method, a thorough toilet of the cow's external genitalia is carried out. Next, the ampoules with sperm are removed from the thermos or thawed if it was stored in liquid nitrogen, wiped with an alcohol swab, cut off the cap of the ampoule with sterile scissors, squeeze a drop of sperm onto a glass slide to assess activity. Then the ampoule is connected to the catheter. without removing from the plastic bag.

They put a glove on the hand, moisten it with a warm 1% sodium chloride solution, insert the hand into the cow's vagina, feel the cervix and determine its condition. Then the hand is withdrawn to the vestibule of the vagina, with the other hand the prepared ampoule with the catheter is fed into the hand located in the vagina, the catheter is inserted into the cervical canal to a depth of 4-6 cm. The sperm is squeezed out with the thumb and forefinger from the bottom of the ampoule towards the catheter. Without opening the ampoules, carefully remove the catheter from the canal and do a light massage of the cervix.

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF SHEEP AND GOATS

Sheep and goats are inseminated by the visocervical method with diluted or undiluted sperm at artificial insemination stations, both freshly obtained (stored at a temperature of 2-4ºС for 2 days with an activity of at least 8 points), and frozen at a temperature of -196ºС (after thawing, the activity of spermatozoa must be at least 4 points).

A goat or a sheep is brought into the machine and the external genital organs are treated with a napkin moistened with a solution of furacillin 1:500. Before insemination, using a sterile warm vaginal speculum, the female's vagina is examined to check if she has signs of illness - rash, blood, pus. Open the branches at the cervix. Then the syringe catheter is inserted into the cervical canal to a depth of 1-2 cm, the piston is pressed with the thumb so that the sperm does not leak into the vagina, before pressing the piston, the mirror is slightly pulled back. Before insemination of the next sheep (goat), the syringe catheter is wiped with a swab soaked in 96% alcohol so that the alcohol does not enter the cannula.

After each sheep, the vaginal speculum is washed with a warm 2-3% sodium bicarbonate solution, wiped dry and disinfected (flambé). When all the sperm is used up, before filling the microsyringe with sperm from another ram (goat), the syringe is washed with 1% sodium chloride solution (jar No. 1), then with 70% alcohol (jar No. 2) and the alcohol is washed (from jars No. 3 and No. 4).

After work, the catheter syringes are washed with warm water and sterilized by boiling (you can leave 70% alcohol in the syringe until the next insemination).

Sheep (goats) are inseminated twice in one hunt. Sexual hunting is detected by a probe ram 2 times a day - in the morning and in the evening. Sheep, whose hunting lasts more than a day, need to be inseminated twice: the first time immediately after the selection and the second time a day later (after each insemination, the sheep are marked with easily washed off paint on the croup). Sheep and goats, in which it is difficult to detect the cervix, can be inseminated vaginally (paracervically). A short-ended syringe catheter is deeply inserted into the female's vagina and undiluted sperm is squeezed out at a dose of 0.1 ml, diluted - at a dose of 0.2 ml.

A new flock is formed from the inseminated sheep, and from the 12th day after insemination by a probe ram, the sheep that came to the second hunt are selected.

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF PIGS

In contrast to artificial insemination of cattle, where imported thawed sperm is mainly used, in pig breeding, producers are very often kept on farms. Therefore, to organize insemination, semen is first obtained from the boar. As a rule, the regimen of taking is once every 5-7 days.

In the event that the sperm is going to be used for a long time, it must be frozen. Therefore, after taking it, it is filtered from the secretion of the Cooper glands. The filtrate is kept in the dark at a temperature of 18-20ºС for 60 minutes. For freezing, an ejaculate with a sperm activity of at least 7 points and a concentration of at least 150 million/ml is used.

After an hour of exposure at t 18-20 ºС, the sperm is heated to 30 ºС, diluted in a ratio of 1: 1 with a medium heated to the same temperature. Then the sperm is kept additionally at t 18-20 ºС for 4 hours, after which it is placed in a refrigerator (10 ºС) and after 30 minutes. The flask with sperm is transferred for 10-15 minutes into melting ice with water (0 ºС).

If the sperm is frozen in pellets on a block of dry ice, hole diameter 1 cm, pellet volume 0.5 ml after 5 minutes, the pellets are transferred to liquid nitrogen for storage.

The granules are thawed in a special device with water heated to t 42-43 ºС. With the help of the device, the liquid phase of the sperm is separated from the solid phase at the time of its formation.

Sperm activity is about 4-5 points. Sows are inseminated twice in one heat with a dose of 100 ml containing 3-5 billion motile sperm.

The sperm of boars during the insemination of pigs is injected directly into the uterus. During use, the sperm should be t 30-35 ºС, because. cold semen causes uterine contractions and is expelled into the pig's vagina and out. In our time, POS-5 polyethylene devices are widely used.

Pigs are inseminated at points in individual cages or directly in the machines where they are kept. The external genital organs of the female are treated with a solution of furacillin 1:5000. the catheter is inserted into the pig's vagina without a vaginal mirror until it stops into the cervix to a depth of 25-30 cm, then directly into the cervix (which periodically contracts), so sperm should be poured into the uterus for 3-4 minutes. The dose of sperm is 1 ml per 1 kg of live weight of the animal, but not more than 150 ml (3-5 billion active sperm). The fractional method of artificial insemination of pigs consists in introducing into the uterus first slightly diluted (1: 1) or undiluted sperm in a volume of 40-50 ml (2-3 billion motile sperm), and then a diluent (glucose-salt) - 70-100 ml. For this method, a special UZK-5 probe is used, consisting of a metal catheter with a head at the end, which is connected to vials for sperm and diluent. The flasks are connected by rubber tubes to Richardson balls. Vials of 100-250 ml are placed in heated wooden boxes. After inserting the probe into the uterus, I open the vial with sperm and, with the help of Richardson balls, the necessary dose of sperm is forced out into the cervical canal with air; the semen vial is closed, the vial of diluent is opened and a specific dose is administered.

Sexual estrus in sows is detected in the morning and in the evening with the help of a probe boar in specially designated stalls or yards (immobility reflex). Sows in heat are inseminated immediately and then again after 20-24 hours.

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF MARES

Preparation for insemination of a mare is always accompanied by additional measures to prevent injuries. Therefore, to begin with, the mare is brought into the barre or held by the rein, in addition, during the introduction of sperm, the fore limb is raised to the mare so that she cannot hit the rear. Previously, the root of the tail is bandaged. The groom takes the tail of the mare aside and washes the external genitalia from Esmarch's mug with a solution of furacillin 1:5000. mares are inseminated in two ways: visocervical and manocervical. Sperm is injected directly into the uterus (to a depth of 10-20 cm) using a rubber, ebonite or polystyrene catheter.

Artificial insemination of mares can be carried out in two ways.

For the manocervical method, rubber and polystyrene catheters are used. The veterinarian inserts the prepared hand into the mare's vagina, the end of the catheter, advances it through the cervix into the body of the uterus; the assistant lifts the syringe or ampoule and injects the semen.

For the visocervical method of insemination, both ebonite and polystyrene catheters designed by the All-Russian Research Institute of Horse Breeding are used. The catheter is a tube 50 cm long and 0.6 cm thick, one end of which is expanded in the form of a head. The catheter is connected to a syringe or ampoule with a rubber sleeve with a collar. The catheter is used simultaneously with the vaginal speculum, which is sterilized and moistened with 0.9% NaCl solution.

Mares are inseminated freshly obtained or stored at t 2-4ºС for 3 days or thawed. When thawing semen frozen in aluminum bags, they are quickly transferred with tweezers from liquid nitrogen for 1 minute to a water bath at t 40ºС. The dose of freshly obtained sperm is 25-30 ml. The dose should contain at least 150-300 million spermatozoa with PPD. The activity of freshly obtained sperm is not lower than 6 points, thawed - 2 points.

Sperm is injected only heated to t 30-35ºС. Inseminated mares after 8-9 days are checked by a probe stallion for the presence of estrus. 35-40 days after insemination, the mares are checked for pregnancy by the rectal method.

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF BIRDS

Poultry insemination is organized in the afternoon (after oviposition): chickens - 1 time in 5 days, geese - 1 time per day and turkeys at the beginning of the season 2-3 times with an interval of 1-2 days, then 10-12 days.

For the efficiency of the insemination process, the work of the teams is divided into 2 groups. The first group (2 persons) receives sperm from roosters, the second (2-3 persons) inseminates hens. In 1 hour, 120-150 chickens can be inseminated. The assistant holds the chicken with his left hand, and with his right hand presses lightly on her stomach in the area between the pubic bones and the chest, where the oviduct is located. In this case, the cloaca of the bird is slightly extended. With the left hand, the veterinarian slightly stretches the cloaca with a cotton swab moistened with a 1:5000 furacillin solution until the opening of the oviduct, located somewhat to the left, appears. With the right hand, he inserts a catheter into the oviduct to a depth of 4-5 cm, squeezes out a dose of sperm.

The dose is 0.02, 0.03 and 0.05 ml and the content of spermatozoa is not less than 10-15 million, with an activity of 7 points.

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF RABBIT

The main feature of artificial insemination of rabbits is that they ovulate only as a result of irritation of the vaginal receptors. Therefore, the female rabbit is first mated with a vasectomized male. Then they are fixed on a special machine with their backs down. With a cotton swab moistened with a solution of furacillin 1: 5000, the external genital organs of the female are treated. Freshly diluted sperm (0.3 ml) or stored for 5-6 hours at t 0ºС (0.4 ml) with a score of at least 6 points and a content of 5-10 million sperm per dose. You can use sperm thawed in a thermostat at t 38ºС, at a dose of 1 ml with an activity of 3 points, containing at least 4.5 million motile sperm.

During insemination, with the fingers of the left hand, the genital slit of the female is slightly pushed apart, and the syringe catheter is inserted with the right hand, first pointing down and then into the vagina, after the pubic fusion, it is rotated parallel to the axis of the female's spine. When introducing a syringe, sudden movements should not be allowed. Sometimes the syringe catheter is difficult to pass into the vagina as a result of spasm. In this case, you need to pause, after which the catheter is inserted for 12-14 cm, sperm is injected at the cervix (double type of uterus).