Determination of the optimal level of unification and standardization of products. Assessment of the level of unification. Collection output
2.4.1. The main areas of unification are:
c + development of parametric product lines
c + development of standard products
в- classification of objects of standardization
2.4.2. The main directions of unification are:
c- selection of specific objects that are recognized as appropriate for further use in production
c + limitation to a reasonable minimum of the range of products and materials permitted for use
c + development of standard products
c - finding the optimal main parameters, as well as all other indicators of quality and efficiency
c + development of unified technological processes
2.4.3. Depending on the area of implementation, unification can be:
c + intersectoral
c- interspecific
c + industry
c- interproject
in + factory
2.4.4. Depending on the methodological principles of implementation, unification can be:
b + intraspecific
c- intersectoral
c + interproject
c- industry
3.1 State control and supervision over compliance with the requirements of state standards
3.1.1. State control over compliance with the requirements of technical regulations is carried out in relation to:
in + products
в- banking services
c + production processes
in + operation
c- educational services
3.1.2. State control over compliance with the requirements of technical regulations is carried out in relation to:
in + products;
in + storage
c + recycling
c- production of products
3.1.3. With regard to products, state control over compliance with technical regulations is carried out ...
Sample answer at the stage of circulation.
3.1.4. Bodies of state control (supervision) have the right:
c + require the manufacturer to present a declaration of conformity or a certificate of conformity
c + issue orders to eliminate violations of the requirements of technical regulations
3.1.5. Bodies of state control (supervision) have the right:
c + suspend or terminate the declaration of conformity or certificate of conformity
c + carry out measures for state control over compliance with the requirements of technical regulations
c- issue certificates confirming quality
c + hold the manufacturer liable under the laws of the Russian Federation
c- issue certificates confirming safety
3.1.6. Bodies of state control (supervision) are obliged to:
c + observe commercial secrets and other secrets protected by law
c + comply with the procedure for the implementation of measures for state control over compliance with the requirements of technical regulations
3.1.7. Bodies of state control (supervision) are obliged to:
c + take measures to eliminate the consequences of violations of the requirements of technical regulations
в- to evaluate products for quality
c + conduct explanatory work on the application of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the course of measures for state control (supervision)
c + send information on non-compliance of products with the requirements of technical regulations
c- carry out product certification
3.1.8. The state control bodies within ... are obliged to inform the persons whose rights have been violated about the measures taken against the officials guilty of violating the legislation
Sample answer months
3.1.9. The manufacturer, who became aware of the non-compliance of the product with the requirements of technical regulations, is obliged to report this to the state control body within ...
Sample answer ten days
3.1.10. The seller, who received information about the non-conformity of the product, within ... is obliged to bring it to the manufacturer
Sample answer ten days
3.1.11. Upon receipt of information on non-conformity of products, the state control body within … must notify the manufacturer
Sample answer ten days
3.1.12. During the inspection, state control (supervision) bodies have the right to:
c + demand from the manufacturer materials for verifying the reliability of information on non-compliance of products with the requirements of technical regulations
c + send inquiries to other federal executive bodies
c- impose penalties on the manufacturer;
c +, if necessary, involve specialists to analyze the materials received
3.1.13. State control (supervision) body:
c + promotes the dissemination of information on the timing and procedure for carrying out measures to prevent harm
c + asks the manufacturer for documents confirming the implementation of the measures specified in the program of measures to prevent harm
c- determine the punishment of the manufacturer for non-conformity of products;
c + verifies compliance with the deadlines specified in the harm prevention program
c- impose penalties on the manufacturer
3.3.1. Accreditation of certification bodies and testing laboratories (centers) is carried out in order to:
c - increasing the competitiveness of products, works, services in the Russian and international markets
в- assistance to buyers in a competent choice of products, works, services
3.3.2 Accreditation of certification bodies and testing laboratories (centers) is carried out in order to:
c- voluntary application of standards
c + confirmation of the competence of certification bodies and testing laboratories (centers) performing work on confirmation of conformity
c + ensuring the confidence of manufacturers, sellers and purchasers in the activities of certification bodies and accredited testing laboratories (centers)
c + creating conditions for the recognition of the results of the activities of certification bodies and accredited testing laboratories (centers)
3.3.3. Accreditation of certification bodies and testing laboratories is carried out on the basis of the following principles:
c + voluntariness
c + openness and accessibility of accreditation rules
c- maximum consideration in the development of standards of the legitimate interests of stakeholders
c + the competence and independence of the accreditation bodies
3.3.4. Accreditation of certification bodies and testing laboratories is carried out on the basis of the following principles:
c + ensuring equal conditions for persons applying for accreditation
c- providing conditions for uniform application of standards
c + voluntariness
c- maximum consideration in the development of standards of the legitimate interests of stakeholders
c + inadmissibility of combining powers for accreditation and confirmation of conformity
3.3.5. Accredited testing laboratories (centers) conduct research (tests) and measurements of products within their scope of accreditation on the terms ... with certification bodies
Sample answer treaties
3.3.6. Certification bodies provide accredited testing laboratories (centers) with information about the applicant ...
b + not entitled
v- have the right
3.3.7. An accredited testing laboratory draws up the results of research and measurements as appropriate ...
Sample answer protocols
3.3.8. An accredited testing laboratory, experts in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the contract are responsible for ...
Sample answer unreliability or bias of research results.
The main work carried out in the course of standardization: systematization of objects, phenomena or concepts; coding and classification of technical and economic information; unification and simplication of parts, assembly units, units, assemblies, machines, devices; typification of structures, products and technological processes; aggregation of machines and other products.
Systematization objects, phenomena or concepts pursues the goal of arranging them in a certain order and sequence, forming a clear system that is convenient for use. The systematization takes into account the relationship of objects. The simplest form of systematization is the alphabetical system of the arrangement of objects. The ordinal numbering of the classified objects or their arrangement in chronological sequence is also used (Gosstandart of Russia registers GOSTs in numerical order, after which each standard indicates the year of its approval or revision).
Computing technology works with information presented only in coded form, in the form of a combination of various numbers and letters. Coding information assumes mandatory systematization and classification. Coding is a formation according to certain rules and the assignment of codes to an object or a group of objects, which makes it possible to replace the names of these objects with signs (symbols). With the help of codes, objects are identified with a minimum number of characters. Unification - this is the reduction of objects of the same functional purpose to uniformity (for example, to an optimal design) according to an established criterion and a rational reduction in the number of these objects on the basis of data on their effective applicability. During unification, the minimum necessary, but a sufficient number of types, types, assembly units and parts with high quality indicators and full interchangeability are established. Unification helps to single out individual samples, the prototypes of which in various sizes and parametric options are used in many products. In the process of development of unification, its two main directions are determined: restrictive and layout. The restrictive direction is characterized by analyzing the range of manufactured products and limiting it to the minimum required range of standard sizes of products and their elements. The layout direction is characterized by analyzing the needs and identifying the range of products required by the national economy. In terms of content, unification is subdivided into:
intra-dimensional, when the unification covers all varieties (modifications) of a certain machine both in relation to its basic model and in relation to modifications of this model; interdimensional, when not only modifications of one basic model are unified, but also basic models of machines of different sizes of a given parametric series; intertype, when unification extends to machines of different types included in different parametric series. Unification can be carried out at the plant, sectoral and inter-sectoral levels. The restrictive direction of unification is called simplication. Simplification - a form of standardization, the purpose of which is to reduce the number of types or other varieties of products to a number sufficient to meet current needs. Typing product designs - development and establishment of standard designs containing design parameters common to products, assembly units and parts. When typing, they not only analyze the existing types and sizes of products, their component parts, but also develop new, promising ones, taking into account the achievements of science and technology and the development of industry. Typification of technological processes - development and establishment of a process for the production of the same type of parts or the assembly of the same type of components or products of a particular classification group. Aggregation - the principle of creating machines, equipment from unified standard units (autonomous assembly units), installed in the product in various numbers and combinations. These units must have full interchangeability in all performance characteristics and dimensions. The selection of units is carried out on the basis of the kinematic analysis of machines and their components, taking into account their use in other machines. At the same time, they strive to create the maximum number of equipment layouts from the minimum number of standard sizes of autonomous units. Determination of the optimal level of unification and standardization It is advantageous for manufacturers to have a more rarefied range of products, which makes it possible to reduce the cost of mastering production and reduce the range of tooling. For consumers, a dense row is more profitable, which allows them to optimally use their own resources (space, energy, consumables, etc.)).
The criterion for choosing the compared series is the minimum cost of manufacturing and operating the product. Comprehensive standardization makes it possible to ensure the technical and economic efficiency of a group of objects as a whole, and depends on the solution of the problem of its optimal limitation. Insufficient coverage of the elements of complex standardization and their indicators by normative and technical documentation will not lead to the desired result. Too deep coverage is economically unprofitable, since, starting from a certain maximum, further expansion of the boundaries of standardization sharply increases the cost of standardization work, but has little effect on the quality level of standardization objects.
The question of the optimal limitation should be decided on a case-by-case basis.
Output data of the collection:
ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF STANDARDIZATION AND UNIFICATION OF MODERN HARDWARE TECHNICAL SUPPLY COMMUNICATIONS
Kochetkov Vyacheslav Anatolievich
Associate Professor, Cand. tech. Sci., Associate Professor of the Department of the Academy of the Federal Security Service of Russia, RF, Orel
Email:shahmatisto@ mail.ru
Soloviev Alexander Mikhailovich
Lecturer of the Department of the Academy of the Federal Security Service of Russia, RF, Orel
Email:
Antipov Alexander Olegovich
cadet Academy of the FSO of Russia, RF, Orel
Email:
ASSESSMENT LEVEL STANDARDIZATION AND UNIFICATION OF MODERN HARDWARE TECHNICAL SUPPORT COMMUNICATION
Vyacheslav Kochetkov
candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor Academy FSO Russia, Russia Orel
Alexander Soloviev
lecturer, Academy FSO Russia, Russia Orel
Alexander Antipov
cadet Academy FSO Russia, Russia Orel
ANNOTATION
The analysis of the requirements for modern hardware and technical support for communication has been carried out. On the basis of analytical expressions, estimates of the indicators of standardization and unification of hardware equipment for technical support of communications were obtained and possible ways of their increase were proposed.
ABSTRACT
The analysis of requirements for modern hardware technical -ray connectivity. Based on the analytical expressions obtained estimates indicators of standardization and unification of equipment hardware technical communication and the possible ways of improving them.
Keywords: communication hardware room; requirements; applied to hardware technical support; indicators of standardization and unification; measuring and auxiliary modules.
Keywords: hardware technical support communication requirements regulations relevant quirements to hardware technical support; performance standardization and the Unification of; measuring and auxiliary modules.
The technical support hardware (ATO) of communication is designed for automated maintenance and diagnostics of telecommunication equipment parameters, identification of faulty radio-electronic modules, as well as recovery (current) repair in the field of equipment and equipment of nodes and communication hardware. Modern ATOs, as a rule, have a modular design, which includes a basic transport module, workstations, a service communication console, power supply equipment, auxiliary equipment, a basic set of tools and a set of structural modules for technical diagnostics, maintenance and repair of telecommunications equipment.
Analysis of the current stage of development of hardware and technical support for communication allows us to identify the following basic requirements for them:
· Requirements for the developer and manufacturer of ATO (ATO equipment and equipment must comply with the technical specifications, have a certificate of conformity of the certification system in the field of "Communication", provide warranty and post-warranty repairs and technical support at all stages of the product life cycle);
· Requirements for the equipment of ATO workplaces (availability of an automatic diagnostic system with the issuance of information on the PC monitor screen and sound alarms about faulty radio-electronic modules, subscriber and channel interfaces, providing technical diagnostics at the command of the operator (repair specialist);
· Requirements for operational documentation (technical descriptions of equipment and instruments from the ATO; manuals for the operation of measuring instruments; user manual for the software installed on the PC as part of the ATO, in Russian);
Requirements for software and specialized software (software must use Russian, have a certificate confirming copyright; protection against erroneous actions of the operator, safety of information entered into the system in case of failures or failures; the possibility of expansion and modification to adapt it to changes in the functions performed; software update (when a new version is released) should be carried out by the developer free of charge; software configuration of workplace equipment; accounting and storage of signs of failure, damage and defects in communication technology; testing (measurement and analysis) of the automated ATO diagnostic system);
Requirements for reliability and maintenance (ATO equipment should be designed for long-term round-the-clock operation, refer by the nature of its application to equipment for continuous long-term use, serviced and restored; the main method of routine maintenance of equipment in ATO is aggregate; the possibility of storing the mothballed ATO in unheated storage conditions );
· Requirements for resistance to climatic and mechanical factors (resistance of ATO equipment to external influences according to the operation group for field communications; the possibility of ATO transportation by rail, water and air);
Requirements for the design and technical performance of ATO (the design of ATO equipment should ensure the availability and convenience of maintenance (MOT) and routine repair. Assembly (disassembly) operations should be carried out using standard tools and devices; preservation of the installed configuration of equipment of ATO workplaces when the power supply is cut off ; maintenance and repair of equipment of ATO workplaces should be carried out without access to the rear panel, replacement of faulty modules without turning off the power).
To calculate the indicators of unification and standardization of modern hardware and technical support for communication, calculated expressions are used, on the basis of which the level of indicators of ATO unification is assessed, such as:
The coefficient of applicability ( TO pr), characterizing the level of constructive continuity of constituent parts (SC) in the product being developed and calculated as a percentage by the formula:
where: n- the total number of standard sizes of the midrange in the product;
n 0 - the number of standard sizes of the original midrange.
Repeatability coefficient of midrange TO n products in kind is calculated by the formula:
where: N- the total number of CPs in the product;
n- the total number of standard sizes of the midrange in the product.
When calculating unification indicators, the following elements are not taken into account: fasteners, plugs and plugs, electrical parts, wire ends, jumpers, lamps, pads, strips, hooks, seals and other parts due to the inexpediency of their unification for the developed communication hardware.
In modern ATO, built on the basis of the use of platforms of instrument-modular means using technologies VXI (PXI) subracks for technical diagnostics, maintenance and current repair of communication facilities, indicators of unification and standardization can reach the following values:
1. Coefficients of applicability of components in percentage terms, calculated by the number of standard sizes, components and manufacturing cost:
· at the level of details near
where: n- the total number of standard sizes in the product;
n 0 - the number of original standard sizes.
· at the level of assembly units about
where: n- the total number of standard sizes of component parts (SC) in the product;
n 0 - number of standard sizes of original components.
2. Coefficients of repeatability of components in kind:
· at the level of details about
where: N- the total number of parts in the product;
n- the total number of standard sizes in the product.
· at the level of assembly units average
where: N- the total number of components in the product;
n- the total number of standard sizes of component parts in the product.
The analysis of the estimates obtained shows that the fulfillment of the requirements for standardization of modern hardware and technical support for communication provides for the maximum use of standard parts and assembly structural units. This can be achieved by:
· Unification of the structure of the general hardware structure of the ATO;
· Unification of the construction of general and special software for automated workstations;
· Application of standardized measuring modules;
· A limited number of used standard sizes of measuring modules (no more than 2-3 types);
· Use of standard auxiliary units (secondary power supply, air conditioning, protection against external influences);
· Use in ATO of standard computer facilities for displaying, managing, storing and documenting information;
· Providing standard computer interfaces for interaction with external metrological devices.
Bibliography:
1. GOST R 15.207-2005. Military equipment. General requirements for standardization and unification.
2. GOST R 20.39.303–98. Comprehensive system of general requirements. Equipment, instruments, devices and equipment for military purposes. Reliability requirements. The composition and order of the assignment. M .: IPK, 1998.
3. Kazantsev A.N. Prospects for the development of field communication systems based on the introduction of new information technologies / Appendix to the thematic collection "Communication in the RF Armed Forces". 2007, 2nd edition. - S. 37-39.
4. Kochetkov V.A., Lutokhin I.V., Zbinyakov A.N. Analysis of options for the structure of hardware technical support of communications as elements of a geographically distributed system of maintenance // Telecommunications - № 7, - 2010. - P. 15-19.
5. Control systems, communications and electronic warfare. Volume XIII. Encyclopedia “Arms and Technologies of Russia. XXI century "M .: Publishing house" Arms and technologies ", 2006. - 695 p.
6.Smelov A.V. Perspective directions of development of the system of technical support of communications and ACS / Supplement to the thematic collection “Communications in the RF Armed Forces”. 2007, 2nd edition. - S. 16-19.
Solve Problem 1 according to the given option.
The work carried out in the course of standardization makes it possible to improve the design processes and manufacture of a wide variety of machines, units and devices, as well as the development of high-tech industries and services, which significantly reduces the time required for mastering new products and ensures quality stability.
The main work carried out on standardization includes the unification of parts, assemblies, assemblies, machines, devices.
Unification- this is bringing objects of the same functional purpose to uniformity (for example, to an optimal design according to an established criterion and a rational reduction in the number of these objects based on their effective applicability).
The effectiveness of work on unification and standardization is characterized by its level, i.e. saturation of products with unified, including standardized, parts, assemblies and assembly units.
One of the indicators of the level of unification is the coefficient of applicability (unification) TO etc.
Applicability coefficient TO pr shows the level of applicability of the constituent parts, i.e. the level of use in newly developed designs of parts, assemblies, mechanisms that were previously used in previous similar designs. Calculated by the number of standard sizes, by the component parts of the product or in value terms.
The coefficient of applicability in various industries is mainly determined using differentiated indicators characterizing the level (degree) of product unification (in%):
1.the number of standard sizes is determined by the formula:
where n- the total number of standard sizes;
n 0 - the number of original standard sizes that were developed for the first time for this product.
Standard size they call such an item of production (part, assembly, machine, device) that has a specific design (inherent only to this item), specific parameters and dimensions and is recorded as a separate item in the column of the product specification.
2.the constituent parts of the product are determined by the formula:
where N - the total number of component parts of the product;
N 0 - the number of original parts of the product.
3.In terms of value, it is determined by the formula:
where WITH- the cost of the total number of component parts of the product;
WITH 0 is the cost of the number of original component parts of the product.
Any of the above formulas characterizes the level of unification only from one side. A more complete description of the level of product unification can be given by a complex indicator - the coefficient of applicability, which can be represented as:
where A u.v - the weight of all standardized parts in the product;
WITH y is the average cost of the weight of the material of the standardized parts;
A u.t - total labor intensity of manufacturing standardized parts;
A d.v - the total weight of the product;
WITH t is the average cost of the weight of the material of the product as a whole;
A d.t - the total laboriousness of the manufacture of the product.
h- average cost per standard hour;
Repeatability factor of component parts in the total number of component parts of this product TO n (%) characterizes the level of unification and interchangeability of component parts of products of a certain type:
where N- the total number of component parts of the products,
n- the total number of original standard sizes.
The average repeatability of components in a product is characterized by the repeatability coefficient:
Problem 1
Determine the coefficients of applicability and repeatability for vehicle components.
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