Booklets “information and explanatory work in preparation for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language.” Brochure on the Russian language "types of dictations" Booklet about the Russian language
Types of dictations
(memo for Russian language lessons)
Compiled by : teacher of Russian language and literature
Kurbangalieva O.D.
Dictation is one of the effective forms
control and assimilation of knowledge and skills by students,
helping to improve their literacy.
year 2014
Precautionary dictation using an algorithm.(Spelling personal endings of verbs)
Goal: to learn the logical structure of the new rules, the ability to work with the algorithm.
You are a lot you decide tasks. Will knock carefully out the window. First sheet smells Earth. Easily breathing in the homeland.
Precautionary dictation using tables.
Goal: consolidate and generalize students’ knowledge.
Smells There are bird cherry trees in the garden. Horse jumps on loose arable land. I can hear Birdsong. Occasionally rises light wind. The reeds sway slightly by the river.
Letter dictation.
Goal: to develop thinking, writing speed, and the ability to check several spellings at the same time.
Task: indicate gender indeclinable nouns
Highway, subway, coffee, avenue, relay, tulle, piano, taxi, cocoa, kohlrabi.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
s s m f s m m s s f
Sign dictation
Goal: develop thinking, writing speed
Task: indicate in which word there is no (+) prefix, in which there is a particle (-)
A small bush, not a big one, but a small house, an uninteresting interlocutor, unworthy behavior, inexpensive, but a beautiful chintz, far from beautiful in appearance, invisible to the eye, did not do the job without doing evil, not a beautiful bud at all.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
+ - + + + - + - - -
Graphic dictation.
Goal: to develop abstract thinking abilities, the ability to see the structure of a sentence.
1) There were white, green, orange sheets on the table.
2) Pale, dim stars were barely visible in the sky.
3) The birds flew in and filled the forest with their singing.
4) In the steppe, along the roads, across the river - everywhere it was empty.
5) Small, but remote.
1) [O, O, O]. 2) [Oh, Oh]. 3) [O and ].
4) [O, O, O - O]. 5) [Oh, yes Oh].
Explanatory dictation
Goal: to develop the ability to think logically, to apply practical knowledge of the theory of one or more spellings.
Task: place punctuation marks, explain their placement.
The road was covered with snow, and we were advised to spend the night in the village. We need to catch the hour when the slanting rays of the sun begin to pierce the forest. In the place where the sun had set, the sky still glowed with crimson stripes. Talent has this precious property that it cannot lie.
Selective dictation
Goal: to develop logical thinking, the ability to highlight a given spelling.
Assignment: write down the numbers of sentences with introductory words in the left column, and without them in the right column.
Unfortunately, I can't come. Unfortunately, there was more frustration. The train is rushing me towards happiness. Fortunately, along its entire length the river has greater depth. The truth does not burn in fire and does not drown in water. He, however, soon realized this.
Dictation with clapping
Goal: to develop attention and auditory memory.
Assignment: Use cotton to highlight words that are written with a hyphen.
Half a stall, half a sky, half a school, half an Astana, half a minute, half an equator, half a cloud, half a briefcase, half an earth, half a needle.
Mini and maxi dictations
Purpose: to test spelling and punctuation knowledge and skills.
Assignment: Explain the spelling n And NN V different parts speech.
There were a lot of mushrooms growing in the ruts of the untraveled road. His falcon eyes are burning, they are looking intently at the guardsman. The huge flywheel was spinning furiously. She was wearing a knitted sweater and a blue skirt. The evening was windless and hot.
Purpose: to test the knowledge and skills acquired while studying the topic.
Text from the collection.
Vocabulary dictation with generalizationGoal: develop awareness general patterns, underlying a number of spellings, common features characteristic of a certain group of spellings
Assignment: write down the words in 3 columns:
1) vowels, checked by stress;
2) the spelling of vowels is checked by the rule;
3) unverifiable vowels.
Fusion, sprout, spring, addition, addition, fashionable, picture, ship, plant, bucket.
Visual dictation
I approached a steep cliff. A wonderful picture unfolded before me. A huge distance could be seen. Endless fields stretch to the horizon.
Self-dictation.
Goal: to develop spelling vigilance, visual memory, attention.
Text from the book.
Creative dictation
Goal: repeat and generalize the spellings of certain spellings.
Assignment: replace the highlighted words with synonyms with prefixes z-, s-
Rooks for a long time went(walked) around the yard and began to build nests in the birch grove. Starlings too moved(located) closer to human habitation. Father reported(said) that he saw a flock of swans.
Dictation “Test yourself”
Goal: to promote the development of spelling vigilance and a critical attitude towards one’s own work.
A person realizes himself and confirms himself by deeds. Therefore, the choice of business is the choice of fate. The path to the greatness of a person lies in his highest recognition, which is expressed in one thing: work, work, work.
CMM blocks
In each block of 4 options, one essay topic 15.3 is given, reflecting the key word-concepttext for presentation .
Composition of an essay-reasoning
1. Introduction. Thesis.
Statement of the definition and commentary on it.
2. Main part. Proof.
Two example arguments.
3. Conclusion. Conclusion.
Each part of the essay is written on a red line.
Evaluation criterion
S1K4 Compositional harmony of work
The work is characterized by compositional harmony and completeness; there are no errors in the construction of the text -2 b.
The work is characterized by compositional harmony and completeness,
But
One mistake was made in the construction of the text -1 b.
There were two or more errors in the construction of the text in the work -0 b.
Introduction. Thesis
According to the terms of the assignment asthesisLet's take the formulated definition.
There are differentways of interpretation lexical meaning of the word.
1. Conceptual
Friendship is a selfless personal relationship between people based on love, trust, sincerity, mutual sympathy, common interests and hobbies.
2. Synonymous
Humanity - This is humanity, philanthropy.
3. Descriptive
Good – everything is positive, good, useful.
4. Combined
Compassion – This pity, sympathy caused by the misfortune or misfortune of another person or animal.
A comment
This definition need tocomment,i.e. give an explanation, explanatory notes.
The meaning of the commentis to show the importance, relevance, vitality, and moral validity of the ethical concept.
For example:Humanity is a moral quality that presupposes respect and sympathy for people, benevolence and tolerance. IN modern world There is enough evil already, people need to be more attentive and kinder to each other.
Evaluation criterion
S3K1 Interpretation of the meaning of the word
The examinee (in one form or another in any part of the essay) gave a definition and commented on it -2 b.
The examinee (in one form or another in any part of the essay) gave a definition,
But didn't comment on it -1 b.
The examinee gave an incorrect definition
or
there is no interpretation of the word in the examinee’s work –0 b.
Transition to reasoning
To tieintroduction to the main part can be done using such speech cliches:
Let's try to understand the meaning of this concept.
How can we understand this definition?
Let's try to explain this definition.
Main part. Arguments
In the main partis arguedthesis.
It is necessary to give 2 example arguments
1) from the specified text;
2) from life experience (an incident that actually took place in the author’s life; eyewitness testimony, etc.).
Examples should
correspond to this concept;
illustrate this definition.
Including Examples
To enableThe following speech clichés can be used in writing example arguments:
To confirm what has been said, let us turn to the text ( author ).
This concept can be illustrated using the example of text ( author ).
The sentence ... confirms the idea that ... .
Examples ( concept ) can be found in life.
This definition can be proven with the following example.
To support this, I will also give an example from life.
Evaluation criterion
C3K2 Availability of example arguments
The examinee gave two example arguments: one example argument was given from the text he read, and the second from life experience.
or
The examinee gave two example arguments from the text he read -3 b.
The examinee gave one example-argument from the text he read -2 b.
The examinee gave an example(s)-argument(s) from life experience–1 b.
The examinee did not give a single example-argument -0 b.
Conclusion. Conclusion
The conclusion, like the introduction, should not exceed the volume of the main part of the essay.
Taskconclusions - to summarize, to summarize what has been said.
The conclusion must be logically connected with the previous presentation and should not contradict the thesis and arguments in meaning.
Start conclusionmaybe in introductory words
means, therefore, therefore, in this way
or speech cliches
we came to the conclusion, summing up, drawing conclusions from the above etc.
Evaluation criterion
S3K3 Semantic integrity, speech coherence and sequence of composition
The work of the examinee is characterized by semantic integrity, verbal coherence and consistency of presentation:
– there are no logical errors, the sequence of presentation is not broken;
– there are no violations of paragraph division of the text in the work -2b.
The work of the examinee is characterized by semantic integrity, coherence and consistency of presentation,
But
one logical error was made,
and/or
There is one violation of paragraph division of the text in the work -1 b.
The examinee’s work reveals a communicative intent,
But
more than one logical error was made,
and/or
There are two cases of violation of paragraph division of the text -0 b .
About handwriting
Rememberwhat tasks1 (statement) and15 (essay) will be checked by experts, so try to write not onlycompetently, but alsoneatly, legiblyso that what is written can be read without difficulty.
Used sources
Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades: textbook. for general education institutions / V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova. – M.: Bustard, 2014. – 319 p.
OGE 2015 Russian language. Standard exam options / Ed. I. P. Tsybulko. – M.: National education, 2014. – 240 p.
(Project of a demonstration version of CMM OGE-9 2015)
Good luck on the exam!
teacher of Russian language and literature
Municipal educational institution No. 25, Kursk station
State final certification
Main state exam
In Russian
Writing Tips
essays-reasonings
Task 15.3
Brief dictionary of the Unified State Examination:
Unified State Exam- The Unified State Exam is one of the forms of conducting the State Examination.
The Unified State Examination is carried out using tasks of a standardized form - control measuring materials (CMM).
Appeal- statement from a Unified State Exam participant about a violation of the established procedure for conducting the Unified State Exam in a general education subject and (or) about disagreement with the assigned points.
Unified State Examination form- a specially designed form in which the Unified State Exam participant is obliged to enter his personal data and answers in strict accordance with the filling template and instructions in the KIM. There are 3 types of forms: registration form, answer form No. 1 for tasks of types A and B, answer form No. 2 for tasks of type C.
Demos- CMM options that are publicly available for training students. These options have NOT been used and will not be used during the Unified State Examination. They were created and published specifically to familiarize yourself with the structure and content of the upcoming exams in the form of the Unified State Exam.
CMM- control measuring materials - examination materials various types(texts, topics, assignments, etc.), which are developed in accordance with the requirements of the federal state educational standard secondary (complete) general education to the results of mastering basic general education programs secondary (complete) general education.
IR- an individual set of examination materials for the Unified State Examination participant.
HES - state examination commission of the subject Russian Federation, is created in each subject of the Federation. They include representatives of regional government authorities, local governments, educational institutions, institutions of secondary and higher vocational education, as well as other organizations. The personnel of the State Enforcement Committee is approved by Rosobrnadzor. The State Examination Committee organizes, coordinates and controls the work on preparing and conducting the Unified State Exam on the territory of the subject, approves the results of the Unified State Exam at its meeting, and also makes decisions on their cancellation.
PPE- Points for conducting the Unified State Exam. PEE are located in OS or other buildings that meet the necessary requirements for this. For Unified State Examination participants with disabilities The PPE must be equipped taking into account their individual characteristics.
FCT- Federal Center testing - the institution responsible for processing the results of the Unified State Examination federal level.
Delivery package- a secret package in which Unified State Exam options are delivered from FCT to PPE in the regions. It also contains the participants' completed answer forms for the exam.
Type A task- a task with a choice of an answer from several proposed options.
Type B job- a task for which the student must write down the answer in a word, phrase or number.
Type C assignment- a task for which the student must write down the answer in the form of one or more sentences or formulas. Checking the correctness of answers to these tasks is done using independent experts(inspectors) on site.
Public observers– representatives of government bodies, the media, various educational institutions, as well as parents, boards of trustees, etc., who have received accreditation and are present during the Unified State Examination. Public observers have the right to be in the audience where the exam is being held, and also to send to the State Examination Committee (FEC) whether the body executive power subject of the Russian Federation information about identified violations
Commissions- to organize and conduct the State Examination, including in the form of the Unified State Examination, examination, subject and conflict commissions are created annually.
Examination commissions organize, conduct and approve the results of the State Examination. Subject commissions check examination papers .
Conflict commissions ensure the objectivity of evaluating examination papers and resolving controversial issues that arise during the State Examination. State examination commissions (SEC) are created in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
OU - educational institution.
Primary points- preliminary Unified State Exam score, which is obtained by directly summing the number of correct answers taken with certain coefficients (usually integer). Using scaling, the primary Unified State Examination scores are converted into test scores.
Test scores- final scores based on the results of the Unified State Examination, which are assigned on a scale of one hundred as a result of scaling procedures that take into account all statistical materials received during the Unified State Examination session of a given year. Test scores should be distinguished from primary points.
Organizer of the Unified State Exam- as a rule, a teacher who conducts the Unified State Exam in PPE classrooms. When appointing organizers, the presence of subject teachers in the relevant or related subject at the Unified State Exam should be excluded.
Experts- specialists - teachers in a particular subject, who are involved in processing the results of the Unified State Examination to evaluate completed forms for type C assignments.
Certificate of Unified State Examination results- issued to persons who have passed the State Examination in the form of the Unified State Exam. the form and procedure for issuing the certificate is established by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia. The certificate includes Unified State Examination results in those general education subjects in which the graduate has scored at least the minimum number of points.
Due dates- The Unified State Examination is conducted ahead of schedule (April), on the main dates (May-June) and additional dates (July).
FIPI- Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements - the institution responsible for organizing the development of test measurement materials for the Unified State Exam.
TO THE 2017 GRADUATE
VIEW ON THE INTERNET PAGES:
Municipal autonomous educational institution
secondary school 18
with UIOP Armavir
REMINDER
FOR 11TH GRADE GRADUATES
“Let’s pass the Unified State Exam”
Mukhortova
Valentina Fedorovna, teacher
Russian language and literature
2016 – 2017 academic year
IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW! 
The time spent on preparatory activities (instructing Unified State Exam participants, filling out the registration area of Unified State Exam forms) is not included in the duration of the Unified State Exam.
You need to make sure that:
The individual kit in which graduates received the exam materials is not damaged.
The individual kit should contain:
Testing and measuring materials;
Registration form;
Answer form No. 1;
Answer form No. 2
The start time (the time after all participants have completed the registration portions of all forms) and the end time of the exam are recorded on the board.
If graduates notice printing defects in the examination materials, or find extra (or missing) Unified State Exam and KIM forms, they should immediately report this to the organizer who is in the audience. In this case, he is obliged to completely replace your kit or offer you to take the exam on a reserve day.
In order to correctly and quickly complete the task, Unified State Exam participants must strictly follow the instructions for completing the task specified in the KIM.
At the request of the Unified State Exam participant, the organizer is obliged to issue an additional answer form No. 2.
Allowed early delivery examination materials at the organizers' table, which stops 15 minutes before the end of the exam.
After the exam time has passed, the organizers independently collect the exam materials, while the graduates remain in their places.
The exam participant does not have the right not to submit examination materials.
Unified State Examination participants are prohibited from:
Carry to PPE mobile phone or other means of communication and technical devices;
Conversations, getting up from seats;
Transplants;
Exchange of any materials and items;
Walking around the PPE during the exam unaccompanied.
Answer forms are sealed in special bags in the presence of at least 3 exam participants.
For graduates who missed the final certification for valid reasons, additional deadlines for the final certification (reserve days) are provided.
Graduates who fail to appear for the exam on time without a valid reason are not entitled to take the Unified State Examination on reserve days.
WITH Unified State Exam results graduates officially meet in their educational institutions.
During the certification period, preliminary results of the Unified State Exam will be available individually on the website of the regional Processing Center.
Graduates participating in the Unified State Examination have the right to file appeals about violations of the exam procedure (only on the day of the exam directly at the PPE) and about disagreement with the assigned scores (after the official announcement of the exam results).
Unified State Exam... We’ll sweat a lot with you,
Although, let’s face it: we’ll also get smarter.
You, Unified State Exam, have thousands of questions,
Finding answers to which is not easy.
Exam -
difficult stressful situation
and it is very important not to get lost in
extreme situation.
During the exam it is necessary
control your emotions!
Emotions are the wind that blows the sails. It can set a ship in motion, or it can sink it.
Voltaire
Municipal Autonomous
with UIOP Armavir
REMINDER
FOR 11TH GRADE GRADUATES
“Let’s pass the Unified State Exam”
Mukhortova
Valentina Fedorovna, teacher
Russian language and literature
2016 – 2017 academic year
A graduate participating in the Unified State Exam must appear at the Unified State Exam point on the day and time specified in the pass and have with him:
pass to the Unified State Exam;
passport;
gel pen with black ink
10 short tips
for exam:
1. FOCUS!
2. START EASY.
3. SKIP!
4. READ THE TASK TO THE END!
TASKS!
6. ELIMINATE!
7. PLAN 2 LAPS!
8. CHECK!
9. GUESS!
10. DON'T BE UPset!
Information about the final certification is posted on the stand
"Unified State Exam"
(second floor, lobby).
Basic Internet resources
on Unified State Exam issues
www. ege. edu. ru
www. gas. kubannet. ru
http:// www. gas. kubannet. ru/ forum/
www. ege- info. ru
www. fipi. ru
Municipal Autonomous
general educational institution secondary school 18
with UIOP Armavir
ALL about the Unified State Exam 2017
11th grade graduates
Mukhortova
Valentina Fedorovna, teacher
Russian language and literature
2016 – 2017 academic year
Changes in KIM Unified State Exam in Russian -2017
The structure of the Russian language task will remain unchanged: a block of tasks with short answers and an essay analyzing the problems posed in the journalistic or artistic text proposed to the examinee.
In 2017, changes in the Unified State Exam in Russian are only in three tasks, and they will not be very significant. In all cases, we are talking about expanding the language material:
in task No. 17(punctuation in sentences that include isolated constructions) not only introductory words will be presented, but also addresses;
in task No. 22(lexical analysis of a word in context) examinees previously had to find in a given fragment only one word or expression (for example, a phraseological phrase) that met the criteria of the task. Now the task becomes more complicated: from several “suitable” lexical units you will have to choose the one that most accurately meets the conditions of the task.
in task 23(write down the numbers of sentences related to the previous ones in a certain way) now both one and several correct answers are possible. That is, the student needs to find all such sentences in the passage and enter either one or several numbers in the form.
How to learn to write an essayThe greatest difficulty is usually in constructing the introductory part of an essay. Entry options.
1. Definition in the introductory part of the topic and mainthoughts of the text with specification and comments afterblowing parts.
Morning is the time when all living things awaken from sleep.The freshness and brightness of morning colors, the morning coolness,the sparkle of dew creates a special mood in nature, whichwhich is transmitted to people who rise from the first raysthe sun, as a priceless gift, as the highest reward for discoverysadness to this world. The text of the wonderful Russian pi is about thisby Vladimir Soloukhin.
Using this option for constructing the introductory part, you need to strive for a capacious and comprehensive definition of the main ideas of the text, and also remember the need for their further commentary.
2. The definition in the introductory part of the problems thatwhich the author raises or touches on in the proposal fortext analysis.
What is true friendship? What value does it have?friendship compared to the most important, urgent work?How to savethose cordial, kind relationships that connect a person with friends? What does it mean for a person to be friendly?support in difficult moments of his life? The text by V. Astafiev makes us think about this.
This version of the introduction is suitable for constructing a discussion on a problematic text, the analysis of the content of which requires the identification of those questions (problems) that worried the author. In subsequent parts, the following should be revealed: a) the author’s position in relation to the problems raised by him; b) graduate position; c) analysis of the linguistic means used by the author.
3. The expression in the introductory part of his
positions.
Intelligent people are now usually called those who, due to their occupation, have to engage in mental work.labor: teachers, doctors, engineers. But in my opinionnot everyone who is engaged in intellectual activitycan be called an intelligent person. I'm sure:he is a deeply decent man,polite, honest towards people around himand to yourself. Reading Zalygin’s text, I once again confirmedexpressed her opinion on this issue.
Don't go away from the text!
Remember that essays written without reference to the proposed text will not be checked or evaluated.
text: about the main problems that he
touched upon in his works, and about the connection
problems raised in the text with general
the direction of his creativity.
Information about the writer must be given in an extremely condensed volume (no more than 3 sentences). This introduction is appropriate if you know well
other works of the writer.
Based on materials from the book by Egoraeva G. T.
"Completing task 25." Ed. "Exam", M., 22015.
Preparation
to writing an essay
1. Define a topic and name the problem
source text.
SUBJECT- what is said in the text.
PROBLEM- this is a theoretical or practical question that requires solution and research, which the author considers in this text.
FOR EXAMPLE:
The theme is war. The problem is the moral assessment of war.
Ways to formulate a problem:
What shapes a person’s personality:
native data, environment or self-education?
How the media shapes public opinion?
Are loneliness and happiness compatible?
When are traditions evil?
With the help of a noun in R.p.
: The problem (who? what?) of war, economic
miki, the role of art in human life
century, modern education,
attitude towards work, dangers of computer
thorn addiction, use in
speeches foreign words and so on.
! PROBLEM (what?) Complex, difficult, important, serious, deep, basic, serious, deep, basic, main, relevant, topical, acute, etc.
You can use the following speech patterns:
“In his article (story, text), the author (name) touches on the issue, examines (raises, puts forward for general discussion, touches on, draws the attention of readers to the problem (talks about the problem), (the problem is in the spotlight, the author’s field of view...) "
“The article is devoted to the consideration (solution) of the issue...”
You can start your essay with a series of interrogative sentences, completed with a standard phrase: “It is these questions that the author reflects on in his article (work) ...”
“After reading the text of (give last name), I was once again convinced that the problem ... has always been relevant.”
“The problem that (name name) wanted to show us is this: ....”
Phraseologisms in fiction
I believe:
under one star
You and I were born.
(Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov. “To Countess Rostopchina”)
Nikolai Matveevich was distinguished by his superstition. He usually went out hunting or fishing early in the morning. This was done with the goal that - God forbid - some womandidn't cross the road.
Dmitry Narkisovich Mamin-Sibiryak. "Green Mountains"
In a time of darkness and sadness.
How the Russian people were silent,
Voice in the wilderness
One was heard in a foreign land.
Nikolai Platonovich Ogarev. Preface to Herzen's "Bell"
He received a pension (one hundred and fifty francs) for being wounded in the war, and these pennies allowed him not to rush headlong on too risky ventures.
Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy. "An Incident on Basseynaya Street"
If they talk like that, we will do it ourselves turn from the gate .
Elizar Yurievich Maltsev. "From the heart"
Wikipedia. org
razumniki. ru
dictionary. yandex. ru›TSB› Phraseology
Phraseological synonyms -these are phraseological units that have similar meanings.
“experienced” - shot sparrow, poisoned wolf, grated kalach, ate a dog;
“smart” - a bright head, a chamber of intelligence, a head on the shoulders, seven spans in the forehead;
“cry” - shed tears, shed tears, roar roaring, let out a nurse;
“necessarily” - no matter what,
no matter what it takes, at any cost, even
die, even crack, nosebleed.
Phraseological antonyms - phraseological units with opposite meanings.
the cat cried (“little”) - at least a dime a dozen (“a lot”);
rolling up his sleeves (“diligently” - after his sleeves “carelessly”);
by leaps and bounds (“fast”) - at a snail’s pace (“slowly”);
soul to soul (“friendly”) - like a cat and a dog (“in constant quarrel, enmity”).
Phraseological homonyms- phraseological units identical in composition,
but not related in meaning
to point 1 - “precisely, thoroughly, down to the smallest details (to know)”;
to point 2 - “to despair, to hopelessness (to reach).”
“In phraseological units there is the soul and wisdom of the Russian people.”
Performed:
Supervisor:
Frafrazeo
Phraseologisms
Russian origin
bring to clean water(whom) - “to expose, solve a crime”;
down in the mouth- “dull, sad person”;
went through fire, water and copper pipes- “about an experienced, experienced person” ;
rake in the heat with someone else's hands-
“to use the result of someone else’s labor”;
two boots pair, made for one last- “identical, similar”;
ate too much henbane– “to do stupid things”;
like looking into the water– “correctly predict future events”
Phraseologisms
Old Slavonic origin
to contribute- “to take part in some matter to the best of your ability”;
antediluvian times– “prehistoric times”;
manna from heaven– “unexpected luck, wonderful help”;
until the second coming- “wait indefinitely”
Phraseologisms- These are stable expressions with independent meaning. Each individual word has lost its original meaning. They acquired a completely different, common meaning for them.
(dictionary by S. I. Ozhegov)
Signs of phraseological units:
1) in a sentence they are one member(subject, predicate, definition, etc.), due to similarity in grammatical reference to any part of speech: not of this world(adj.); Procrustean bed(noun); to the fullest(adv.); holy priests!(int.);
2) phraseological units are used figuratively(for example, in the meaning of “grated kalach” - there is no shabby kalach, but there is a meaning - experienced in some matter);
3) phraseological units into other languages are not translated literally– they must be replaced with phraseological units corresponding in meaning and stylistic coloring, existing in the language into which the translation is being made.
Types of phraseological units
from a stylistic point of view
1. Neutral – used in all styles of speech : a vicious circle, a just cause, live out your life, with a sinking heart, know your worth, a play of imagination, come to consciousness.
2. Books – used in book styles, mainly in written speech : probe the waters, follow in the footsteps, tempt fate, disappear from the face of the earth, Egyptian execution, stumbling block, Augean stables.
3. Conversational – used primarily in oral communication : live happily, behind seven locks, the eye rejoices, as if on pins and needles, through teeth, the first pancake is lumpy, seven Fridays a week.
4 . Vernacular – differ from colloquial ones by lowering, rudeness : on Kudykina Mountain, make a mistake, fool your head, it’s a trifle, get to the point.
Phraseologisms
I didn't even notice the elephant(I. Krylov) - “not to notice the main thing”;
to grandfather's village(A.P. Chekhov) - “a message to nowhere, without an address, inaccuracy, ambiguity”;
stigma in fluff (in fluff)(I.A. Krylov) - “to be involved in an unseemly act, action, event”;
shoe a flea(N.S. Leskov) - “show skill, extraordinary invention in any matter”;
and Vaska listens and eats(I.A. Krylov) - “one speaks, and the other does not pay attention to him”;
sharing the skin of an unkilled bear(J. Lafontaine) - “denotes unfounded hopes.”
Phraseologisms from myths Ancient Greece
ride Pegasus -"start writing poetry"
gifts of the Danaans -"gifts that are disastrous for the recipient"
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