Horizontal distance in the light. The minimum clear distance between pipelines and building structures. Fig. 3. Kalach connecting
3.75. The distances between trees and shrubs during an ordinary planting should be taken at least as indicated in table. eight.
Table 8
|
Planting characteristics |
The minimum distance between trees and shrubs in the axes, m |
|
Light-loving trees |
|
|
Shade-tolerant trees |
|
|
Shrubs up to 1 m |
|
|
The same, up to 2 m |
|
|
The same, more than 2 m |
3.76. Distances between the border of tree plantations and cooling ponds and spray pools, counting from the coastal edge, should be at least 40 m.
3.77. The main element of landscaping sites industrial enterprises a lawn should be provided.
3.78. On the territory of the enterprise, there should be provided well-equipped areas for rest and gymnastic exercises for workers.
The sites should be located on the windward side in relation to buildings with industries that emit harmful emissions into the atmosphere.
The size of the sites should be taken at the rate of no more than 1 square meter per employee in the most numerous shift.
3.79. For enterprises with industries that emit aerosols, decorative reservoirs, fountains, rainwater installations should not be provided that contribute to an increase in the concentration of harmful substances at the sites of enterprises.
3.80. Along the main and industrial roads, sidewalks should be provided in all cases, regardless of the intensity of pedestrian traffic, and along driveways and entrances - with a traffic intensity of at least 100 people. per shift.
3.81. Sidewalks on the site of an enterprise or the territory of an industrial hub should be located no closer than 3.75 m from the nearest normal gauge railway track. Reducing this distance (but not less than the dimensions of the approach of buildings) is allowed when arranging handrails that enclose the sidewalk.
The distance from the axis of the railway track along which the transportation of hot goods is carried out to the sidewalks must be at least 5 m.
Sidewalks along buildings should be placed:
a) with an organized drainage of water from the roofs of buildings - close to the building line with an increase in the width of the sidewalk by 0.5 m in this case (against that provided for in paragraph 3. 82);
b) in case of unorganized drainage of water from the roofs - at least 1.5 m from the building line.
3.82 *. The width of the sidewalk should be taken as a multiple of 0.75 m in width. The number of traffic lanes on the sidewalk should be set depending on the number of workers employed in the most numerous shift in the building (or in a group of buildings) to which the sidewalk leads, at the rate of 750 people. per shift per lane. The minimum sidewalk width must be at least 1.5 m.
If the intensity of pedestrian traffic is less than 100 person-hours in both directions, sidewalks with a width of 1 m are allowed, and when disabled people using wheelchairs move along them, they are 1.2 m wide.
Slopes of sidewalks intended for the possible passage of disabled people using wheelchairs should not exceed: longitudinal - 5%, transverse - 1% At the intersection of such sidewalks with the carriageway of the company's roads, the height of the side stone should not exceed 4 cm.
3.83. When placing sidewalks next to or on a common subgrade with a motor road, they must be separated from the road by a dividing strip with a width of at least 0.8 m. The location of sidewalks close to the carriageway of the motor road is allowed only under conditions of enterprise reconstruction. When the sidewalk is adjacent to the carriageway, the sidewalk must be at the level of the top of the curbstone, but not less than 15 cm above the carriageway.
Note. For the Northern construction and climatic zone, sidewalks and
bike paths along highways should be designed for
common ground bed with it, separating them from the carriageway with a lawn of at least
1 m, without installing a side stone, but with a through fence device
between the lawn and the sidewalk.
3.84. When reconstructing enterprises located on crowded areas, it is allowed, with appropriate justification, to increase the width of highways due to landscaping strips separating them from sidewalks, and in their absence due to sidewalks with the transfer of the latter.
3.85 *. At the sites of enterprises and territories of industrial centers, the intersection of pedestrian traffic with railway tracks in places of mass passage of workers, as a rule, is not allowed. When justifying the need for the arrangement of these intersections, the crossings at one level should be equipped with traffic lights and sound alarms, and also ensure visibility not less than that provided for in the SNiP chapter on the design of highways.
Crossings at different levels (mainly in tunnels) should be provided in the following cases: crossing of station tracks, including exhaust tracks; transportation along the routes of liquid metals and slag; production of shunting work on the crossed paths and the impossibility of stopping it during the mass passage of people; sludge on the tracks of the wagons, heavy traffic(more than 50 feeds per day in both directions).
When disabled people using wheelchairs move around the territory of the enterprise, pedestrian tunnels should be equipped with ramps.
The intersections of highways with pedestrian paths should be designed in accordance with the chapter of SNiP on the planning and development of cities, villages and rural settlements.
3.86. Fencing of sites of enterprises should be provided in accordance with the "Guidelines for the design of fences for sites and sites of enterprises, buildings and structures."
4. PLACEMENT OF ENGINEERING NETWORKS
4.1. For enterprises and industrial centers, a unified system of engineering networks should be designed, located in technical zones, ensuring the occupation of the smallest sections of the territory and linking with buildings and structures.
4.2 *. At the sites of industrial enterprises, predominantly ground and above ground methods of placing engineering networks should be provided.
In the pre-factory areas of enterprises and community centers industrial hubs should provide for the underground placement of engineering networks.
4.3. For networks for various purposes, as a rule, provision should be made for joint placement in common trenches, tunnels, canals, on low supports, sleepers or on ramps in compliance with the relevant sanitary and fire safety standards and safety rules for the operation of networks.
Joint underground placement of pipelines for circulating water supply, heating networks and gas pipelines with technological pipelines is allowed, regardless of the parameters of the coolant and the parameters of the environment in the technological pipelines.
4.4. When designing engineering networks at the sites of enterprises located in special natural and climatic conditions, the requirements provided for by the chapters of SNiP for the design of water supply, sewerage, gas supply and heating networks should also be met.
4.5. The placement of external networks with flammable and combustible liquids and gases under buildings and structures is not allowed.
4.6. The choice of the method for placing power cable lines should be provided in accordance with the requirements of the "Rules for the Installation of Electrical Installations" (PUE), approved by the USSR Ministry of Energy.
4.7. When placing heating networks, the intersection of production and auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises is allowed.
UNDERGROUND NETWORKS
4.8. Underground networks, as a rule, should be laid outside the carriageway of highways.
On the territory of the reconstructed enterprises, it is allowed to place underground networks under highways.
Notes: 1. Ventilation shafts, entrances and other devices of ducts and
tunnels should be located outside the carriageway and in places free from
development.
2. With channelless laying, it is allowed to place networks within
4.9. In the Northern construction and climatic zone, engineering networks, as a rule, should be laid together in tunnels and canals, preventing a change in the temperature regime of the soils of the foundations of the nearest buildings and structures.
Note. Plumbing, sewerage and drainage networks should be placed
in the zone of temperature influence of heating networks.
4.10. In canals and tunnels, it is allowed to place gas pipelines of combustible gases (natural, associated oil, artificial mixed and liquefied hydrocarbon gases) with a gas pressure of up to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf / cm 2) together with other pipelines and communication cables, provided that ventilation and lighting are installed in canals and tunnels in accordance with sanitary standards.
Joint placement in the channel and tunnel is not allowed: gas pipelines of combustible gases with power and lighting cables, with the exception of cables for lighting the channel or tunnel itself; pipelines of heating networks with liquefied gas pipelines, oxygen pipelines, nitrogen pipelines, cold pipelines, pipelines with flammable, volatile, chemically caustic and toxic substances and with domestic sewage drains; pipelines of flammable and combustible liquids with power cables and communication cables, with networks of fire-fighting water supply and gravity sewerage; oxygen pipelines with gas pipelines of combustible gases, flammable and combustible liquids with pipelines of poisonous liquids and with power cables.
Notes: 1. Co-placement in common channels and
tunnels of pipelines of flammable and combustible liquids with pressure
sets of water supply (except for fire) and pressure sewerage.
2. Channels and tunnels designed to accommodate pipelines with fire,
explosive and toxic materials (liquids) must have outlets to
less often than 60 m and at its ends.
4.11 *. Underground engineering networks should be placed in parallel in a common trench; at the same time, the distances between engineering networks, as well as from these networks to the foundations of buildings and structures, should be taken as the minimum permissible based on the size and location of chambers, wells and other devices on these networks, the conditions for installation and repair of networks.
Distances horizontally (in the light) from the nearest underground engineering networks, with the exception of gas pipelines of combustible gases, to buildings and structures should be taken no more than those indicated in Table. 9. The distances from gas pipelines of combustible gases to buildings and structures indicated in this table are minimal.
The horizontal distances (in the light) between adjacent underground engineering networks when they are placed in parallel should be taken no more than those indicated in table. ten.
4.12. When laying a cable line parallel to a high-voltage line (OHL) with a voltage of 110 kV and above, the horizontal distance (in the light) from the cable to the outermost wire must be at least 10 m.
In conditions of reconstruction of enterprises, the distance from cable lines to underground parts and ground electrodes of individual supports of overhead lines with a voltage above 1000 V is allowed to be at least 2 m, while the horizontal distance (in the light) to the extreme wire of the overhead line is not standardized.
4.13 *. When crossing engineering networks, the vertical distance (in the light) must be at least:
a) between pipelines or electric cables, communication cables and railway and tramways, counting from the foot of the rail, or roads, counting from the top of the coating to the top of the pipe (or its case) or electric cable, according to the calculation for the strength of the network, but not less than 0 , 6 m;
b) between pipelines and electric cables placed in channels or tunnels, and railways, the vertical distance, counting from the top of the overlap of channels or tunnels to the bottom of the rails railways, - 1 m, to the bottom of a ditch or other drainage structures or the base of an embankment of a railway roadbed - 0.5 m;
c) between pipelines and power cables up to 35 kV and communication cables - 0.5 m;
d) between 110 - 220 kV power cables and pipelines - 1 m;
e) in conditions of reconstruction of enterprises, subject to compliance with the requirements of the PUE, the distance between cables of all voltages and pipelines is allowed to be reduced to 0.25 m;
f) between pipelines for various purposes (with the exception of sewer pipelines crossing water pipelines and pipelines for poisonous and foul-smelling liquids) - 0.2 m;
g) pipelines transporting water potable quality, should be placed above the sewer or pipelines transporting poisonous and foul-smelling liquids, 0.4 m;
h) it is allowed to place steel pipelines enclosed in cases transporting drinking water below the sewer, while the distance from the walls of the sewer pipes to the edge of the case must be at least 5 m in each direction in clay soils and 10 m in coarse and sandy soils , and sewer pipelines should be made of cast iron pipes;
i) the inlets of the household drinking water supply with a pipe diameter of up to 150 mm may be provided below the sewer without a case, if the distance between the walls of intersecting pipes is 0.5 m;
j) for channelless laying of pipelines of water heating networks of an open heat supply system or hot water supply networks, the distance from these pipelines to the sewer pipelines located below and above should be taken as 0.4 m.
4.14. When placing engineering networks vertically on the sites of industrial enterprises and the territories of industrial centers, the norms of the chapters of SNiP on the design of water supply, sewerage, gas supply, heating networks, structures of industrial enterprises, PUE should be observed.
4.15. When crossing channels or tunnels for various purposes, gas pipelines should be placed above or below these structures in cases extending 2 m on both sides of the outer walls of channels or tunnels. It is allowed to lay underground gas pipelines in a case with a pressure of up to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf / sq.cm) through tunnels for various purposes.
Table 9
|
Horizontal distance (in the light), m, from underground networks to |
|||||||||||||
|
building foundations |
foundations of the fencing of the supports, |
railroad track axes |
tram axles |
highways |
foundations of overhead power transmission line supports |
||||||||
|
Network engineering |
and structures |
galleries, overpasses pipelines, contact network and communication |
track 1520 mm, but not less than the depth of the trench to the bottom of the embankment and excavation |
side stone, roadway edges, reinforced noah roadside lane |
the outer edge of the ditch or the foot of the embankment |
up to 1 kV and outdoor lighting |
St. 1 to 35 kV |
||||||
|
1. Water supply and pressure sewerage |
|||||||||||||
|
2. Gravity sewerage and gutters |
|||||||||||||
|
3. Drainages |
|||||||||||||
|
4. Gas pipelines of combustible gases a) low pressure up to 0.005 MPa (0.05 kgf / sq. cm) |
|||||||||||||
|
b) the average pressure of St. 0.005 (0.05) to 0.3 MPa (3 kgf / sq. Cm) |
|||||||||||||
|
c) high pressure sv 0.3 (3) up to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf / sq. cm) |
|||||||||||||
|
d) high pressure over 0.6 (6) up to 1.2 MPa (12 kgf / sq. cm) |
|||||||||||||
|
5. Heating networks (from the outer wall of the channel, tunnel or shell of channelless laying) |
2 (see note 4) |
||||||||||||
|
6. Power cables of all voltages and communication cables |
|||||||||||||
|
7. Channels, tunnels |
|||||||||||||
|
* Applies only to distances from power cables. The distance from communication cables should be taken according to special standards approved by the USSR Ministry of Communications. |
|||||||||||||
|
Notes *: Notes 1 and 2 are excluded. 3. In the Northern construction and climatic zone, the distance from the networks according to pos. 1, 2, 3 and 5 during construction with the preservation of the permafrost state of the base soils should be taken according to the thermal engineering calculation, during construction, when the base soils are used in a thawed state, according to table. nine. 4. The distance from heating networks with channelless laying to buildings and structures should be taken as for a water supply system. 5. It is allowed to provide for the laying of underground engineering networks, with the exception of fire-fighting water supply networks and gas pipelines of flammable and toxic gases, within the foundations of supports and overpasses of pipelines, galleries, contact networks, provided that measures are taken to exclude the possibility of damage to networks in the event of foundation settlement, as well as damage foundations in case of an accident on these networks. |
|||||||||||||
Table 10
|
Horizontal distance (clear), m, between |
||||||||||||||
|
combustible gas pipelines |
heat networks |
|||||||||||||
|
Network engineering |
sewerage |
drainage or gutters |
low pressure up to 0.005 MPa (0.05 kgf / sq. cm) |
medium pressure of St. 0.005 (0.05) to (3 kgf / sq. Cm) |
high pressure St. 0.3 (3) to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf / sq. cm) |
high pressure sv 0.6 (6) up to 1.2 MPa 12kgf / sq.cm) |
power cables of all voltages |
communication cables |
outer wall of a channel, tunnel |
shell bezel cash strip |
lami, tonnels |
|||
|
1. Plumbing |
(see note 2) |
|||||||||||||
|
2. Sewerage |
(see note 2) |
|||||||||||||
|
3. Drainage and drainage |
||||||||||||||
|
4. Gas pipelines of combustible gases: a) low pressure up to 0.005 MPa (0.05 kgf / sq.cm) |
(see note 3) |
|||||||||||||
|
b) medium pressure sv 0.005 (0.05) up to 0.3 MPa (3 kgf / sq. Cm) |
(see note 3) |
|||||||||||||
|
c) high pressure of St. 0.3 (3) up to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf / sq. Cm) |
(see note 3) |
|||||||||||||
|
d) high pressure over 0.6 (6.0) up to 1.2 MPa (12 kgf / sq. cm) |
(see note 3) |
|||||||||||||
|
5. Power cables of all voltages |
||||||||||||||
|
6. Communication cables |
||||||||||||||
|
7. Heating networks: a) the outer wall of the channel, tunnel |
||||||||||||||
|
b) shell of channelless laying |
||||||||||||||
|
8. Channels, tunnels |
||||||||||||||
|
* In accordance with the requirements of the PUE. Notes: * Note 1 is deleted. 2. Distances from the sewerage system to the drinking water supply system should be taken: to the water supply system made of reinforced concrete and asbestos-cement pipes laid in clay soils - 5 m, in coarse and sandy soils - 10 m; to a water supply system made of cast iron pipes with a diameter of up to 200 mm - 1.5 m, with a diameter of more than 200 mm - 3 m; to a water supply system made of plastic pipes - 1.5 m. The distance between the sewerage and industrial water supply networks, regardless of the material and diameter of the pipes, as well as the nomenclature and characteristics of soils, must be at least 1.5 m. 3. When two or more gas pipelines of combustible gases are placed together in one trench, the clear distances between them should be for pipes with a diameter of: up to 300 mm - 0.4 m, over 300 mm - 0.5 m. 4. The table shows the distances to steel pipelines. The placement of underground gas pipelines from non-metallic pipes should be provided in accordance with the SNiP chapter on the design of internal and external gas supply devices. Notes 5 to 9 are deleted. |
||||||||||||||
4.16. The intersections of pipelines with railway and tram tracks, as well as with highways should be provided, as a rule, at an angle of 90 degrees. In some cases, with appropriate justification, it is allowed to reduce the angle of intersection to 45 °.
The distance from gas pipelines and heating networks to the beginning of the wits, the tail of the crosses and the points of connection to the rails, suction cables should be taken at least 3 m for tram tracks and 10 m for railways.
4.17. The intersection of cable lines laid directly in the ground with the tracks of electrified rail transport should be provided at an angle of 75 - 90 ° to the axis of the track. The intersection should be at a distance of at least 10 m for railways and at least 3 m for tramways from the beginning of the wits, the tail of the crosses and the points of connection to the rails of the suction cables.
In case of transition of a cable line into an overhead cable, it must come out to the surface at a distance of at least 3.5 m from the foot of the embankment or from the edge of the railway or road bed.
GROUND NETWORKS
4.18. When placing networks on the ground, it is necessary to provide for their protection from mechanical damage and adverse atmospheric effects.
Ground nets should be placed on sleepers laid in open trays, at elevations below the planning marks of the sites (territory). Other types of ground placement of networks are allowed (in canals and tunnels laid on the surface of the territory or on a continuous bed, in canals and semi-buried tunnels, in open trenches, etc.)
4.19. Pipelines for flammable gases, toxic products, pipelines through which acids and alkalis are transported, as well as domestic sewage pipelines are not allowed to be placed in open trenches and trays.
4.20. Ground networks are not allowed to be placed within the strip allocated for laying underground networks in trenches and canals that require periodic access to them during operation.
OVERGROUND NETWORKS
4.21. Overhead engineering networks should be placed on supports, overpasses, in galleries or on the walls of buildings and structures.
4.22. The intersection of cable racks and galleries with overhead power lines, in-plant railways and highways, cable cars, overhead communication and radio communication lines and pipelines should be performed at an angle of at least 30 °.
4.23 *. The placement of overhead networks is not allowed:
a) transit on-site pipelines with flammable and combustible liquids and gases along ramps, stand-alone columns and supports made of combustible materials, as well as along walls and roofs of buildings, with the exception of buildings of I, II, IIIa degrees of fire resistance with production facilities of categories C, D and D;
b) pipelines with flammable liquid and gaseous products in galleries, if the mixing of products can cause an explosion or fire;
c) pipelines with flammable and combustible liquids and gases, along combustible coatings and walls;
on coatings and walls of buildings in which explosive materials are placed;
d) gas pipelines of combustible gases;
on the territory of warehouses of flammable and combustible liquids and materials.
Note. The onsite pipeline is in transit with respect to
those buildings, technological installations of which do not produce and do not consume
liquids and gases transported through the specified pipelines.
4.24. Overhead pipelines for flammable and combustible liquids, laid on separate supports, ramps, etc., should be placed at a distance of at least 3 m from the walls of buildings with openings, from walls without openings, this distance can be reduced to 0.5 m.
4.25. Pressure pipelines with liquids and gases should be placed on low supports, as well as power and communication cables located:
a) in the technical strips of the sites of enterprises specially designated for these purposes;
b) on the territory of warehouses for liquid products and liquefied gases.
4.26. Height from ground level to the bottom of pipes (or the surface of their insulation) laid on low supports in a free area outside the passage Vehicle and the passage of people, should be taken at least:
with a pipe group width of at least 1.5 m - 0.35 m;
with a group of pipes width of 1.5 m and more - 0.5 m.
The placement of pipelines with a diameter of 300 mm and less on low supports should be provided in two rows or more vertically, minimizing the width of the network route as much as possible.
4.27 *. The height from ground level to the bottom of pipes or the surface of insulation laid on high supports should be taken:
a) in the impassable part of the site (territory), in places where people pass - 2.2 m;
b) at intersections with highways (from the top of the carriageway) - 5 m;
c) at the points of intersection with internal railway sidings and tracks of the general network - in accordance with GOST 9238-83;
d) excluded;
e) at intersections with tram tracks - 7.1 m from the rail head;
f) at the points of intersection with the trolleybus contact network (from the top of the carriageway surface) - 7.3 m;
g) at the intersection of pipelines with flammable and combustible liquids and gases with internal railway sidings for transportation of molten iron or hot slag (up to the rail head) - 10 m; when installing thermal protection of pipelines - 6 m.
SNiP 41-02-2003
APPENDIX B (mandatory)
Table B.1 - Vertical distances
| Structures and engineering networks | The smallest clear vertical distances, m |
| To water supply, drain, gas pipeline, sewerage | 0,2 |
| Up to armored communication cables | 0,5 |
| Up to power and control cables up to 35 kV | 0.5 (0.25 in confined spaces) - subject to note 5 |
| To oil-filled cables with voltage st. 110 kV | 1.0 (0.5 in confined spaces) - subject to note 5 |
| To a telephone duct unit or to an armored communication cable in pipes | 0,15 |
| To the foot of the railways of industrial enterprises | 1,0 |
| Ditto, railways of the general network | 2,0 |
| »Tram tracks | 1,0 |
| To the top of the road surface of highways common use I, II and III categories | 1,0 |
| To the bottom of a ditch or other drainage structures or to the base of an embankment of a railway subgrade (when heating networks are located under these structures) | 0,5 |
| To metro structures (when heating networks are located above these structures) | 1,0 |
| Up to the railroad head | Dimensions "S", "Sp", "Su" in accordance with GOST 9238 and GOST 9720 |
| To the top of the carriageway | 5,0 |
| Up to the top of the footpaths | 2,2 |
| To parts of the tram contact network | 0,3 |
| The same, trolley | 0,2 |
| To overhead power lines with the largest sag of wires at voltage, kV: | |
| up to 1 | 1,0 |
Notes (edit)
1 The deepening of heating networks from the surface of the earth or road surface (except for highways of I, II and III categories) should be taken at least:
a) to the top of the overlap of channels and tunnels - 0.5 m;
b) to the top of the chamber overlaps - 0.3 m;
c) to the top of the shell of channelless laying 0.7 m. In the impassable part, overlappings of chambers and ventilation shafts for tunnels and canals protruding above the ground are allowed to a height of at least 0.4 m;
d) at the input of heating networks into the building, it is allowed to take deepenings from the surface of the earth to the top of the overlap of channels or tunnels - 0.3 m and to the top of the shell of channelless laying - 0.5 m;
e) at high level groundwater, it is allowed to provide for a reduction in the depth of the deepening of channels and tunnels and the location of ceilings above the earth's surface to a height of at least 0.4 m, if the conditions for the movement of transport are not violated.
2 In case of above-ground laying of heating networks on low supports, the clear distance from the ground surface to the bottom of the thermal insulation of pipelines must be, m, not less than:
with a group of pipes width up to 1.5 m - 0.35;
with a group of pipes more than 1.5 m wide - 0.5.
3 When laying underground, heating networks at the intersection with power, control and communication cables can be located above or below them.
4 In case of channelless laying, the clear distance from the water heating networks of an open heat supply system or hot water supply networks to the sewer pipes located below or above the heating networks is taken to be at least 0.4 m.
5 Soil temperature at the intersection of heating networks with electric cables at the depth of laying power and control cables with voltage up to 35 kV should not increase by more than 10 ° С in relation to the highest average monthly summer ground temperature and by 15 ° С to the lowest average monthly winter ground temperature at a distance of up to 2 m from the extreme cables, and the ground temperature at the depth of the oil-filled cable should not increase by more than 5 ° С in relation to the average monthly temperature at any time of the year at a distance of up to 3 m from the extreme cables.
6 The deepening of heating networks at the places of the underground intersection of the railways of the common network in heaving soils is determined by calculation from the conditions under which the influence of heat release on the uniformity of frost heaving of the soil is excluded. If it is impossible to provide a given temperature regime by deepening heating networks, ventilation of tunnels (channels, cases), replacement of heaving soil at the intersection or overhead laying of heating networks is provided.
7 Distances to the telephone duct unit or to the armored communication cable in the pipes should be specified according to special standards.
8 In places of underground intersections of heating networks with communication cables, telephone duct blocks, power and control cables with a voltage of up to 35 kV, it is allowed, with appropriate justification, to reduce the vertical distance in the light when installing reinforced thermal insulation and observing the requirements of paragraphs 5, 6, 7 of these notes.
Table B.2 - Horizontal distances from underground water heating networks open systems heat supply and hot water supply networks to sources of possible pollution
| Source of pollution | The smallest clear distances horizontally, m |
| 1. Structures and pipelines of domestic and industrial sewerage systems: when laying heating networks in channels and tunnels with channelless laying of heating networks D y ≤ 200 mm The same, D y> 200 mm 2. Cemeteries, landfills, cattle burial grounds, irrigation fields: in the absence of groundwater, in the presence of groundwater and in filter soils with the movement of groundwater towards heating networks 3. Cesspools and cesspools: in the absence of groundwater in the presence of groundwater and in filter soils with the movement of groundwater towards heating networks |
1,0 1,5 3,0 |
| Note - When the sewerage networks are located below the heating networks with parallel laying, the horizontal distances should be taken at least the difference in the elevation of the networks, above the heating networks - the distances indicated in the table should increase by the difference in the depth of the installation. | |
Table B.3 - Horizontal distances from building structures heating networks or pipe insulation shells for channelless laying to buildings, structures and engineering networks
| The smallest clear distances, m | ||
| Underground laying of heating networks | ||
| To the foundations of buildings and structures: when laying in channels and tunnels and non-subsiding soils (from the outer wall of the tunnel channel) with a diameter |
||
| D y< 500 | 2,0 | |
| D y = 500-800 | 5,0 | |
| D y = 900 and more | 8,0 | |
| D y< 500 | 5,0 | |
| DN ≥ 500 | 8,0 | |
| b) with channelless laying in non-subsiding soils (from shells of channelless laying) with a pipe diameter, mm: |
||
| D y< 500 | 5,0 | |
| DN ≥ 500 | 7,0 | |
| The same, in collapsing soils of type I at: | ||
| DN ≤ 100 | 5,0 | |
| D y> 100 doD y<500 | 7,0 | |
| DN ≥ 500 | 8,0 | |
| To the axis of the nearest track of the 1520 mm track gauge | 4.0 (but not less than the depth of the heating network trench up to | |
| Buildings, structures and engineering networks | |
| the soles of the embankment) | |
| The same, track 750 mm | 2,8 |
| To the nearest construction of the railway bed | 3.0 (but not less than depth |
| roads | heating network trenches up to |
| the base of the extreme | |
| structures) | |
| To the axis of the nearest track of the electrified railroad | 10,75 |
| roads | |
| To the axis of the nearest tramway | 2,8 |
| To the side stone of the street of the road (the edges of the carriageway, | 1,5 |
| reinforced shoulder strip) | |
| To the outer edge of the ditch or the foot of the road embankment | 1,0 |
| To the foundations of fences and pipe supports | 1,5 |
| To masts and poles of outdoor lighting and communication networks | 1,0 |
| To the foundations of bridge supports of overpasses | 2,0 |
| To the foundations of the supports of the overhead railways | 3,0 |
| Ditto for trams and trolleybuses | 1,0 |
| Up to power and control cables up to 35 kV and | 2.0 (see note 1) |
| oil-filled cables (up to 220 kV) | |
| To the foundations of the supports of overhead power lines at | |
| voltage, kV (when approaching and crossing): | |
| up to 1 | 1,0 |
| St. 1 to 35 | 2,0 |
| over 35 | 3,0 |
| Up to the telephone duct block, armored cable | 1,0 |
| communication in pipes and up to radio transmission cables | |
| Before the water pipes | 1,5 |
| The same, in collapsing soils of type I | 2,5 |
| To drainage and rainwater drainage | 1,0 |
| To the industrial and household sewerage (with a closed | 1,0 |
| heat supply system) | |
| Up to gas pipelines with pressure up to 0.6 MPa when laying | 2,0 |
| heating networks in channels, tunnels, as well as with channelless | |
| laying with associated drainage | |
| The same, more than 0.6 to 1.2 MPa | 4,0 |
| Up to gas pipelines with pressure up to 0.3 MPa with channelless | 1,0 |
| laying heating networks without associated drainage | |
| The same, more than 0.3 to 0.6 MPa | 1,5 |
| The same, more than 0.6 to 1.2 MPa | 2,0 |
| Up to the trunk of the trees | 2.01 (see note 10) |
| Before the bushes | 1.0 (see note 10) |
| To canals and tunnels for various purposes (including up to | 2,0 |
| irrigation network canal edges - irrigation ditches) | |
| Before subway structures when lining from the outside | 5.0 (but not less than depth |
| pasting insulation | heating network trenches up to |
| foundation of the structure) | |
| The same, without gluing waterproofing | 8.0 (but not less than depth |
| heating network trenches up to | |
| foundation of the structure) | |
| Before the fencing of the underground lines | 5 |
| Buildings, structures and engineering networks | The smallest clear distances, m |
| To the tanks of automobile filling stations (gas stations): a) with channelless laying b) with channel laying (provided ventilation shafts are installed on the heating network channel) | 10,0 15,0 |
| Overhead laying of heating networks | |
| To the nearest construction of the subgrade of railways To the axis of the railway track from intermediate supports (when crossing railways) To the axis of the nearest tramway To the side stone or to the outer edge of the road ditch To the overhead power line with the greatest deviation of wires at voltage, kV: St. 1 up to 20 35-110 150 220 330 500 Up to a tree trunk Up to residential and public buildings for water heating networks, steam pipelines with pressure Р у< 0,63 МПа, конденсатных тепловых сетей при диаметрах труб, мм: Д у от 500 до 1400 Д у от 200 до 500 Д у < 200 До сетей горячего водоснабжения То же, до паровых тепловых сетей: Р у от 1,0 до 2,5 МПа св. 2,5 до 6,3 МПа |
3
Dimensions "C", "Sp", "Su" in accordance with GOST 9238 and GOST 9720 2.8 0.5 (see note 8) 1 3 4 4,5 5 6 6,5 2,0 25 (see note 9) 20 (see note 9) 10 (see note 9) |
| Notes (edit) 1 It is allowed to reduce the distance given in table EL3, provided that the ground temperature (taken from climatic data) at the place where the cables pass at any time of the year will not increase by more than 10 ° C in the entire area where the heating networks approach the cables. C for power and control cables with voltage up to 10 kV and at 5 ° C - for power control cables with voltage 20 - 35 kV and oil-filled cables up to 220 kV. 2 When laying heat and other engineering networks in common trenches (with their simultaneous construction), it is allowed to reduce the distance from heating networks to the water supply and sewerage system to 0.8 m when all networks are located at the same level or with a difference in laying marks of no more than 0.4 m. 3 For heating networks laid below the foundation of the foundations of supports, buildings, structures, the difference in the elevations of the laying, taking into account the natural slope of the soil, must be additionally taken into account, or measures must be taken to strengthen the foundations. 4 With parallel laying of underground heating and other engineering networks at different depths given in Table B.3. the distances should be increased and not less than the difference in the laying of the networks should be taken. In the cramped conditions of laying and the impossibility of increasing the distance, measures should be taken to protect engineering networks from collapse during the repair and construction of heating networks. 5 With parallel laying of heating and other engineering networks, it is allowed to reduce the distances given in table R3_ to structures on networks (wells, chambers, niches, etc.) to a value of at least 0.5 m, providing for measures to ensure the safety of structures during the production of construction -installation work. 6 Distances to special communication cables should be specified in accordance with the relevant standards. 7 The distance from the ground pavilions of heating networks for placing shut-off and control valves (in the absence of pumps in them) to residential buildings is taken at least 15 m.In particularly cramped conditions, it is allowed to decrease it to 10 m. 8 When laying overhead heating networks in parallel with an overhead power line with a voltage of more than 1 to 500 kV outside settlements, the horizontal distance from the extreme wire should be taken not less than the height of the support. 9 When laying temporary (up to 1 year of operation) water heating networks (bypasses) overhead, the distance to residential and public buildings can be reduced while ensuring safety measures for residents (100% inspection of welded seams, testing of pipelines by 1.5 times the maximum working pressure, but not less than 1.0 MPa, the use of completely covered steel valves, etc.). 10 In exceptional cases, if it is necessary to lay heating networks underground closer than 2 m from trees, 1 m from shrubs and other green spaces, the thickness of the heat-insulating layer of pipelines should be taken twice. |
|
* Taking into account the use of one lane for car parking.
Notes (edit)
1 The width of streets and roads is determined by calculation depending on the intensity of traffic and pedestrians, the composition of elements placed within the transverse profile (roadways, technical lanes for laying underground communications, sidewalks, green spaces, etc.), taking into account sanitary and hygienic requirements and civil defense requirements. As a rule, the width of streets and roads in red lines is taken m: main roads - 50-75; main streets - 40-80; streets and roads of local importance - 15-25.
2 In conditions of difficult terrain or reconstruction, as well as in areas with a high urban planning value of the territory, it is allowed to reduce the design speed for high-speed roads and streets of continuous movement by 10 km / h with a decrease in the radii of curves in the plan and an increase in longitudinal slopes.
3 For the movement of buses and trolleybuses on main streets and roads in large, large and large cities, an extreme lane with a width of 4 m should be provided; for the passage of buses during rush hours at an intensity of more than 40 units / h, and in conditions of reconstruction - more than 20 units / h, it is allowed to set up a separate carriageway with a width of 8-12 m.
On main roads with a predominant movement of trucks, it is allowed to increase the width of the traffic lane up to 4 m.
4 In climatic subareas IA, IB and IG, the largest longitudinal slopes of the carriageway of main streets and roads should be reduced by 10%. In areas with a volume of snow supply during the winter of more than 600 m / m within the carriageway of streets and roads, strips up to 3 m wide should be provided for storing snow.
5 The width of the pedestrian part of sidewalks and paths does not include the areas required for the placement of kiosks, benches, etc.
6 In climatic subareas IA, IB and IG, in areas with a volume of snowfall of more than 200 m / m, the width of sidewalks on main streets should be at least 3 m.
7 In conditions of reconstruction on streets of local importance, as well as with an estimated pedestrian traffic of less than 50 people / h in both directions, it is allowed to arrange sidewalks and paths 1 m wide.
8 When sidewalks are directly adjacent to the walls of buildings, retaining walls or fences, their width should be increased by at least 0.5 m.
9 It is allowed to provide for the gradual achievement of the design parameters of main streets and roads, traffic intersections, taking into account the specific dimensions of traffic and pedestrians with the obligatory reservation of the territory and underground space for prospective construction.
10 In small, medium and large cities, as well as in the conditions of reconstruction and when organizing one-way traffic, it is allowed to use the parameters of main streets of regional significance for the design of main streets of city-wide significance.
Minimum clear distances from pipelines to building structures and to adjacent pipelines
| Nominal diameter of pipelines, mm | Distance from the surface of the heat-insulating structure of pipelines, mm, not less | ||||
| up to the wall | before overlap | to the floor | to the surface of the thermal insulation structure of the adjacent pipeline | ||
| vertically | horizontally | ||||
| 25-80 | |||||
| 100-250 | |||||
| 300-350 | |||||
| 500-700 | |||||
| 1000 - 1400 | |||||
| Note - When reconstructing heat points using existing building structures, a deviation from the dimensions indicated in this table is allowed, but taking into account the requirements of clause 2.33. |
table 2
Minimum width of aisles
| Name of equipment and building structures, between which passages are provided | Clear passage width, mm, not less |
| Between pumps with electric motors up to 1000 V | 1,0 |
| The same, 1000 V and more | 1,2 |
| Between the pumps and the wall | 1,0 |
| Between pumps and switchboard or instrumentation panel | 2,0 |
| Between protruding parts of equipment (water heaters, mud collectors, elevators, etc.) or protruding parts of equipment and the wall | 0,8 |
| From the floor or ceiling to the surface of the thermal insulation structures of pipelines | 0,7 |
| For servicing fittings and expansion joints (from the wall to the flange of the fittings or to the expansion joint) with a pipe diameter, mm: | |
| up to 500 | 0,6 |
| from 600 to 900 | 0,7 |
| When installing two pumps with electric motors on the same foundation without a passage between them, but with the provision of passages around the double installation | 1,0 |
Table 3
The minimum clear distance between pipelines and building structures
| Name | Clear distance, mm, not less |
| From protruding parts of fittings or equipment (taking into account the thermal insulation structure) to the wall | |
| From protruding parts of pumps with electric motors up to 1000 V with a discharge pipe diameter of no more than 100 mm (when installed against a wall without a passage) to a wall | |
| Between protruding parts of pumps and electric motors when installing two pumps with electric motors on the same foundation against a wall without a passage | |
| From the valve flange on the branch to the surface of the thermal insulation structure of the main pipes | |
| From the extended valve spindle (or handwheel) to the wall or ceiling at mm | |
| The same, for mm | |
| From the floor to the bottom of the insulating reinforcement structure | |
| From wall or from valve flange to water or air outlet | |
| From the floor or ceiling to the surface of the insulating structure of the branch pipes |
APPENDIX 2
PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE DESIGNED THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF WATER HEATERS OF HEATING AND HOT WATER SUPPLY
1. The calculated thermal performance of water heaters, W, should be taken according to the calculated heat fluxes for heating, ventilation and hot water supply, given in the design documentation of buildings and structures. In the absence of design documentation, it is allowed to determine the calculated heat fluxes in accordance with the instructions of SNiP 2.04.07-86 * (by aggregated indicators).
2. The design thermal performance of water heaters for heating systems should be determined at the design temperature of the outside air for heating design, ° С, and taken according to the maximum heat fluxes determined in accordance with the instructions in clause 1. With independent connection of heating and ventilation systems through a common water heater, the calculated thermal performance of the water heater, W, is determined by the sum of the maximum heat fluxes for heating and ventilation:
.
3. The estimated thermal performance of water heaters, W, for hot water supply systems, taking into account heat losses by supply and circulation pipelines, W, should be determined at water temperatures at the break point of the water temperature graph in accordance with the instructions in clause 1, and in the absence of design documentation - according to heat fluxes determined by the following formulas:
For consumers - according to the average heat flow for hot water supply for the heating period, determined according to clause 3.13, and SNiP 2.04.01-85, according to the formula or depending on the accepted heat supply in the tanks according to Appendix 7 and 8 of the specified chapter (or according to SNiP 2.04.07-86 * -);
For consumers - according to the maximum heat flows for hot water supply, determined according to clause 3.13, b SNiP 2.04.01-85, (or according to SNiP 2.04.07-86 * - 
).
4. In the absence of data on the amount of heat loss by pipelines of hot water supply systems, heat flows for hot water supply, W, are allowed to be determined by the formulas:
in the presence of storage tanks
in the absence of storage tanks
where is the coefficient taking into account the heat loss by pipelines of hot water supply systems, taken according to table. 1.
Table 1
In the absence of data on the number and characteristics of water-folding devices, the hourly consumption of hot water for residential areas may be determined by the formula
where is the coefficient of the hourly unevenness of water consumption, taken from Table 2.
Note - For hot water supply systems serving both residential and public buildings, the hourly unevenness coefficient should be taken as the sum of the number of residents in residential buildings and the conditional number of residents in public buildings, determined by the formula
where is the average water consumption for hot water supply during the heating period, kg / h, for public buildings, determined according to SNiP 2.04.01-85.
In the absence of data on the purpose of public buildings, it is allowed when determining the coefficient of hourly unevenness according to table. 2 conventionally, the number of inhabitants is taken with a coefficient of 1.2.
table 2
Continuation of table. 2
APPENDIX 3
METHOD FOR DETERMINING PARAMETERS FOR CALCULATING WATER HEATERS
1. The calculation of the heating surface of heating water heaters, sq. M, is carried out at the temperature of the water in the heating network corresponding to the design temperature of the outside air for the design of heating, and for the design capacity determined in accordance with Appendix 2, according to the formula
2. The temperature of the heated water should be taken:
at the inlet to the water heater - equal to the water temperature in the return pipe of the heating systems at the outside air temperature;
at the outlet from the water heater - equal to the water temperature in the supply pipe of heating networks behind the central heating station or in the supply pipeline of the heating system when installing a water heater in the ITP at the outside temperature.
Note - With independent connection of heating and ventilation systems through a common water heater, the temperature of heated water in the return pipeline at the inlet to the water heater should be determined taking into account the water temperature after connecting the pipeline of the ventilation system. When the heat consumption for ventilation is not more than 15% of the total maximum hourly heat consumption for heating, it is allowed to take the temperature of the heated water in front of the water heater equal to the temperature of the water in the return pipe of the heating system.
3. The temperature of the heating water should be taken:
at the inlet to the water heater - equal to the temperature of the water in the supply pipe of the heating network at the inlet to the heat point at the outside air temperature;
at the outlet of the water heater - 5-10 ° C higher than the temperature of the water in the return pipe of the heating system at the design temperature of the outside air.
4. Estimated water consumption and, kg / h, for calculating water heaters for heating systems should be determined by the formulas:
heating water
heated water
With independent connection of heating and ventilation systems through a common water heater, the calculated water flow rate and, kg / h, should be determined by the formulas:
heating water
heated water
where, respectively, are the maximum heat fluxes for heating and ventilation, W.
5. The temperature head, ° С, of the heating water heater is determined by the formula
APPENDIX 4
PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING PARAMETERS FOR CALCULATING HOT WATER HEATERS CONNECTED IN A SINGLE-STAGE CIRCUIT
1. Calculation of the heating surface of hot water heaters should be made (see Fig. 1) at the water temperature in the supply pipeline of the heating network corresponding to the break point of the water temperature graph, or at the minimum water temperature, if there is no break in the temperature graph, and according to the calculated performance, determined according to Appendix 2
where is determined in the presence of storage tanks according to the formula (1) of Appendix 2, and in the absence of storage tanks - according to the formula (2) of Appendix 2.
2. The temperature of the heated water should be taken: at the inlet to the water heater - equal to 5 ° C, if there are no operational data; at the outlet of the water heater - equal to 60 ° С, and with vacuum deaeration - 65 ° С.
3. The temperature of the heating water should be taken: at the inlet to the water heater - equal to the temperature of the water in the supply pipe of the heating network at the inlet to the heat point at the outside air temperature at the break point of the water temperature graph; at the outlet of the water heater - equal to 30 ° С.
4. Estimated water consumption and, kg / h, for calculating a hot water heater should be determined by the formulas:
heating water
heated water
5. The temperature head of the hot water heater is determined by the formula
6. The heat transfer coefficient, depending on the design of the water heater, should be determined according to Appendix 7-9.
APPENDIX 5
PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING PARAMETERS FOR CALCULATING HOT WATER HEATERS CONNECTED IN A TWO-STAGE CIRCUIT
The method for calculating hot water supply water heaters connected to a heating network according to a two-stage scheme (see Fig. 2-4) with a limitation of the maximum flow of network water at the input, which has been used so far, is based on an indirect method, according to which the thermal performance of the first stage of water heaters is determined by the balance load of hot water supply, and stage II - according to the difference in loads between the calculated and the load of the first stage. At the same time, the principle of continuity is not observed: the temperature of the heated water at the outlet of the first stage water heater does not coincide with the temperature of the same water at the inlet to the second stage, which makes it difficult to use it for machine counting.
The new calculation method is more logical for a two-stage scheme with a limitation of the maximum flow of network water at the input. It is based on the position that at the hour of maximum draw-off at the outside air temperature calculated for the selection of water heaters corresponding to the break point of the central temperature graph, it is possible to stop the supply of heat for heating, and all the network water goes to the hot water supply. To select the required standard size and number of shell-and-tube sections or the number of plates and the number of strokes of plate water heaters, the heating surface should be determined by the design capacity and temperatures of heating and heated water from the thermal calculation in accordance with the formulas below.
1. The calculation of the heating surface, sq. M, hot water heaters should be carried out at the water temperature in the supply pipeline of the heating network corresponding to the break point of the water temperature graph, or at the minimum water temperature if there is no break in the temperature graph, since in this mode there will be a minimum temperature difference and values of the heat transfer coefficient, according to the formula
where is the estimated thermal performance of hot water heaters, determined according to Appendix 2;
Heat transfer coefficient, W / (m2 · ° С), is determined depending on the design of water heaters according to Appendix 7-9;
The mean logarithmic temperature difference between heating and heated water (temperature head), ° C, is determined by formula (18) of this appendix.
2. The distribution of the calculated thermal performance of water heaters between stages I and II is carried out based on the condition that the heated water in stage II is heated to a temperature of = 60 ° C, and in stage I - to a temperature determined by a technical and economic calculation or taken at 5 ° C less than the temperature of the supply water in the return pipeline at the break point of the graph.
The estimated thermal performance of water heaters of stages I and II, W, is determined by the formulas:
3. The temperature of the heated water, ° С, after the I stage is determined by the formulas:
with dependent connection of the heating system
with independent connection of the heating system
4. The maximum consumption of heated water, kg / h, passing through the I and II stages of the water heater, should be calculated based on the maximum heat flow for hot water supply, determined by the formula 2 of Appendix 2, and water heating to 60 ° C in the II stage:
5. Heating water consumption, kg / h:
a) for heat points in the absence of a ventilation load, the heating water flow rate is assumed to be the same for the I and II stages of water heaters and is determined:
when regulating the supply of heat according to the combined load of heating and hot water supply - according to the maximum consumption of network water for hot water supply (formula (7)) or according to the maximum consumption of network water for heating (formula (8)):
The largest of the obtained values is taken as the calculated one;
when regulating the supply of heat according to the heating load, the estimated consumption of heating water is determined by the formula
; (9)
. (10)
In this case, the temperature of the heating water at the outlet of the stage I water heater should be checked with the formula
. (11)
If the temperature determined by formula (11) is below 15 ° С, then it should be taken equal to 15 ° С, and the heating water consumption should be recalculated using the formula
b) for heating points in the presence of a ventilation load, the flow rate of heating water is taken:
for stage I
; (13)
for stage II
6. Heating water temperature, ° С, at the outlet of the stage II water heater:
. (15)
7. Heating water temperature, ° С, at the inlet to the stage I water heater:
. (16)
8. Heating water temperature, ° С, at the outlet of the stage I water heater:
. (17)
9. Average logarithmic temperature difference between heating and heated water, ° С:
. (18)
APPENDIX 6
PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING PARAMETERS FOR CALCULATING HOT WATER HEATERS CONNECTED IN A TWO-STAGE CIRCUIT WITH STABILIZATION OF WATER FLOW FOR HEATING
1. The heating surface of water heaters (see Fig. 8) of hot water supply, m2, is determined at the water temperature in the supply pipe of the heating network corresponding to the break point of the water temperature graph, or at the minimum water temperature if there is no break in the temperature graph, since in this mode there will be a minimum temperature difference and values of the heat transfer coefficient, according to the formula
where is the estimated thermal performance of hot water supply water heaters, W, is determined according to Appendix 2;
Average logarithmic temperature difference between heating and heated water, ° С, is determined according to Appendix 5;
Heat transfer coefficient, W / (m2 · ° С), is determined depending on the design of water heaters according to Appendix 7-9.
2. Heat flow to the II stage of the water heater, W, with a two-stage connection scheme for hot water heaters (according to Fig. 8), required only to calculate the heating water flow, with a maximum heat flow for ventilation no more than 15% of the maximum heat flow for heating is determined by formulas:
in the absence of heated water storage tanks
in the presence of heated water storage tanks
, (3)
where - heat losses of pipelines of hot water supply systems, W.
In the absence of data on the value of heat losses by pipelines of hot water supply systems, the heat flow to the II stage of the water heater, W, is allowed to be determined by the formulas:
in the absence of heated water storage tanks
in the presence of heated water storage tanks
where is the coefficient taking into account the heat loss by pipelines of hot water supply systems, is taken according to Appendix 2.
3. The distribution of the calculated thermal performance of water heaters between stages I and II, the determination of the design temperatures and water consumption for calculating water heaters should be taken according to the table.
| Name of calculated values | Scope of the scheme (according to Fig. 8) | |
| industrial buildings, a group of residential and public buildings with a maximum heat flow for ventilation over 15% of the maximum heat flow for heating | residential and public buildings with a maximum heat flow for ventilation no more than 15% of the maximum heat flow for heating | |
| I stage of a two-stage scheme | ||
| Estimated thermal performance of the first stage of the water heater |  |  |
| , with vacuum deaeration + 5 | ||
| The same, at the outlet of the water heater |  |
|
| Without storage tanks | ||
| With storage tanks | ||
| Heating water consumption, kg / h |  |  |
| II stage of a two-stage scheme | ||
| Estimated thermal performance of the II stage of the water heater |  |
|
| Heated water temperature, ° С, at the water heater inlet | With storage tanks Without storage tanks  |
|
| The same, at the outlet of the water heater | = 60 ° C | |
| Heating water temperature, ° С, at the water heater inlet | ||
| The same, at the outlet of the water heater |  |
|
| Heated water consumption, kg / h | Without storage tanks | |
| Heating water consumption, kg / h | With storage tanks in the absence of circulation In the presence of circulation,  | With storage tanks, |
Notes: 1 In case of independent connection of heating systems, instead of should be taken; 2 The value of subcooling in stage I, ° С, is taken: with storage tanks = 5 ° С, in the absence of storage tanks = 10 ° С; 3 When determining the design flow rate of heating water for stage I of the water heater, water flow rate from ventilation systems is not taken into account; 4 The temperature of the heated water at the outlet of the heater in the central heating station and in the central heating station should be taken equal to 60 ° С, and in the central heating station with vacuum deaeration - = 65 ° С; 5 The value of the heat flux for heating at the break point of the temperature graph is determined by the formula  .
|
APPENDIX 7
THERMAL AND HYDRAULIC CALCULATION OF HORIZONTAL SECTIONAL SHELL-PIPE WATER-WATER HEATERS
Horizontal sectional high-speed water heaters in accordance with GOST 27590 with a pipe system of straight smooth or profiled pipes are distinguished by the fact that to eliminate the deflection of the pipes, two-section support walls are installed, which are part of the tube sheet. This design of the support baffles facilitates the installation of the tubes and their replacement in the field, since the holes of the support baffles are located coaxially with the holes of the tube sheets.
Each support is installed with an offset relative to each other by 60 ° C, which increases the turbulization of the coolant flow passing through the annular space, and leads to an increase in the heat transfer coefficient from the coolant to the tube wall, and, accordingly, the heat removal from 1 square meter of the heating surface increases. Brass tubes are used with an outer diameter of 16 mm, a wall thickness of 1 mm in accordance with GOST 21646 and GOST 494.
An even greater increase in the heat transfer coefficient is achieved by using profiled brass tubes instead of smooth brass tubes in the tube bundle, which are made from the same tubes by extruding transverse or helical grooves on them with a roller, which leads to turbulence of the near-wall fluid flow inside the tubes.
Water heaters consist of sections that are interconnected by rolls along the pipe space and nozzles - along the annular space (Fig. 1-4 of this appendix). The branch pipes can be split on flanges or one-piece welded. Depending on the design, water heaters for hot water supply systems have the following symbols: for a detachable design with smooth pipes - RG, with profiled - RP; for a welded structure - SG, SP, respectively (the direction of flows of heat exchanging media is given in clause 4.3 of this set of rules).
Fig. 1. General view of a horizontal sectional shell-and-tube water heater with turbulator supports
Fig. 2. Constructive dimensions of the water heater
1 - section; 2 - kalach; 3 - transition; 4 - block of supporting partitions; 5 - tubes; 6 - supporting partition; 7 - ring; 8 - bar;
Fig. 3. Kalach connecting
Fig. 4. Transition
An example of a symbolic designation of a split-type water heater with an outer diameter of a section body of 219 mm, a section length of 4 m, without a thermal expansion compensator, for a nominal pressure of 1.0 MPa, with a pipe system of smooth tubes of five sections, climatic version UZ: PV 219 x 4 -1, O-RG-5-UZ GOST 27590.
The technical characteristics of water heaters are given in Table 1, and the nominal dimensions and connection dimensions are given in Table 2 of this Appendix.
Table 1
Technical characteristics of water heaters GOST 27590
| Section body outer diameter, mm | Number of tubes in a section, pcs. | Cross-sectional area of the annular space, sq. M | Cross-sectional area of tubes, sq.m | Equivalent diameter of the interstring space, m | Heating surface of one Section, sq.m, with a length, m | Thermal performance, kW, section length, m | Weight, kg | |||||||||
| Pipe system | ||||||||||||||||
| smooth (version 1) | profiled (version 2) | section length, m | kalacha, execution | transition | ||||||||||||
| 0,00116 | 0,00062 | 0,0129 | 0,37 | 0,75 | 23,5 | 37,0 | 8,6 | 7,9 | 5,5 | 3,8 | ||||||
| 0,00233 | 0,00108 | 0,0164 | 0,65 | 1,32 | 32,5 | 52,4 | 10,9 | 10,4 | 6,8 | 4,7 | ||||||
| 0,00327 | 0,00154 | 0,0172 | 0,93 | 1,88 | 40,0 | 64,2 | 13,2 | 12,0 | 8,2 | 5,4 | ||||||
| 0,005 | 0,00293 | 0,0155 | 1,79 | 3,58 | 58,0 | 97,1 | 17,7 | 17,2 | 10,5 | 7,3 | ||||||
| 0,0122 | 0,00570 | 0,019 | 3,49 | 6,98 | 113,0 | 193,8 | 32,8 | 32,8 | 17,4 | 13,4 | ||||||
| 0,02139 | 0,00939 | 0,0224 | 5,75 | 11,51 | 173,0 | 301,3 | 54,3 | 52,7 | 26,0 | 19,3 | ||||||
| 0,03077 | 0,01679 | 0,0191 | 10,28 | 20,56 | 262,0 | 461,7 | 81,4 | 90,4 | 35,0 | 26,6 | ||||||
| 0,04464 | 0,02325 | 0,0208 | 14,24 | 28,49 | 338,0 | 594,4 | 97,3 | 113,0 | 43,0 | 34,5 | ||||||
| Notes 1 The outer diameter of the tubes is 16 mm, the inner diameter is 14 mm. 2 Thermal performance is determined at a water velocity inside the tubes of 1 m / s, equal flow rates of heat exchanging media and a temperature head of 10 ° C (temperature difference in heating water 70-15 ° C, heated water - 5-60 ° C). 3 The hydraulic resistance in the tubes is no more than 0.004 MPa for a smooth tube and 0.008 MPa for a profiled tube with a section length of 2 m and, accordingly, no more than 0.006 MPa and 0.014 MPa for a section length of 4 m; in the annular space, the hydraulic resistance is 0.007 MPa with a section length of 2 m and 0.009 MPa with a section length of 4 m. 4 The mass is determined at an operating pressure of 1 MPa. 5 Thermal performance is given for comparison with heaters of other standard sizes or types. |
7.20 *. Engineering networks should be placed mainly within the cross-sections of streets and roads; under sidewalks or dividing strips - utilities in collectors, canals or tunnels; in the dividing lines - heating networks, water supply, gas pipelines, utility and rain sewers.
On the strip between the red line and the building line, low pressure gas and cable networks (power, communications, signaling and dispatching) should be placed.
If the width of the carriageway is more than 22 m, it is necessary to provide for the placement of water supply networks on both sides of the streets.
7.21. When reconstructing carriageways of streets and roads with the device of road capital pavements, under which underground engineering networks are located, it is necessary to provide for the removal of these networks to the dividing strips and under the sidewalks. With appropriate justification, it is allowed to preserve existing networks under the carriageways of streets, as well as to lay new networks in canals and tunnels. On existing streets that do not have dividing stripes, it is allowed to place new engineering networks under the carriageway, provided they are placed in tunnels or canals; if it is technically necessary, it is allowed to lay a gas pipeline under the carriageways of the streets.
7.22 *. The laying of underground engineering networks should, as a rule, provide for: combined in common trenches; in tunnels - if it is necessary to simultaneously place heating networks with a diameter of 500 to 900 mm, a water supply system up to 500 mm, more than ten communication cables and ten power cables with a voltage of up to 10 kV, during the reconstruction of main streets and areas of historical development, with a lack of space in the cross-section of streets for placing networks in trenches, at intersections with main streets and railways. In the tunnels, it is also allowed to lay air ducts, pressure sewerage and other engineering networks. Joint laying of gas and pipelines transporting flammable and combustible liquids with cable lines is not allowed.
In areas where permafrost soils are spread, when building engineering networks while preserving soils in a frozen state, it is necessary to provide for the placement of heat pipes in channels or tunnels, regardless of their diameter.
Notes *:
1. On building sites in difficult soil conditions (forest subsidence), it is necessary to provide for the laying of water-bearing engineering networks, as a rule, in walk-through tunnels. The type of soil subsidence should be taken in accordance with SNiP 2.01.01-82; SNiP 2.04-02-84; SNiP 2.04.03-85 and SNiP 2.04.07-86.
2. In residential areas in difficult planning conditions, it is allowed to lay ground heating networks with the permission of the local administration.
7.23 *. Horizontal distances (in the light) from the nearest underground engineering networks to buildings and structures should be taken according to Table 14. *
The horizontal distances (in the light) between adjacent engineering underground networks when they are placed in parallel should be taken according to Table 15, and at the inputs of engineering networks in buildings of rural settlements - at least 0.5 m. The 4 m distances indicated in Table 15 should be increased taking into account the steepness of the slopes of the trenches, but not less than the depth of the trench to the bottom of the embankment and the edge of the excavation.
When engineering networks intersect each other, the vertical (clear) distances should be taken in accordance with the requirements of SNiP II-89-80.
The distances indicated in Tables 14 and 15 may be reduced if appropriate technical measures are taken to ensure safety and reliability requirements.
Table 14 *
Table 15
7.24. The intersection of utility networks of metro structures should be provided at an angle of 90 °; in conditions of reconstruction, it is allowed to reduce the intersection angle to 60 °. The intersection of engineering networks of metro station structures is not allowed.
At intersections, pipelines must have a slope in one direction and be enclosed in protective structures (steel cases, monolithic concrete or reinforced concrete channels, collectors, tunnels). The distance from the outer surface of the lining of metro structures to the end of protective structures must be at least 10 m in each direction, and the vertical distance (in the light) between the lining or the foot of the rail (with ground lines) and the protective structure should be at least 1 m. Laying of gas pipelines under the tunnels is not allowed.
Transitions of engineering networks under underground metro lines should be provided taking into account the requirements of GOST 23961-80. In this case, the networks must be brought out at a distance of at least 3 m outside the fences of the underground metro sections.
Notes:
1. In the locations of the metro structures at a depth of 20 m or more (from the top of the structure to the surface of the earth), as well as in the locations between the top of the lining of the metro structures and the bottom of the protective structures of engineering networks of clay, non-fractured rocky or semi-rocky soils with a thickness of at least 6 m The stated requirements for the intersection of utility networks with metro structures are not imposed, and the device of protective structures is not required.
2. At the intersection of metro structures, pressure pipelines should be made of steel pipes with a device on both sides of the intersection of wells with outlets and installation of stop valves in them.
7.25 *. When crossing underground engineering networks with pedestrian crossings, it is necessary to provide for the laying of pipelines under the tunnels, and power and communication cables - above the tunnels.
7.26 *. The laying of pipelines with flammable and combustible liquids, as well as with liquefied gases for the supply of industrial enterprises and warehouses in the residential area is not allowed.
Trunk pipelines should be laid outside the territory of settlements in accordance with SNiP 2.05.06-85. For oil product pipelines laid on the territory of the settlement, SNiP 2.05.13-90 should be followed.
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