Principles of nutrition for patients with diseases of the urinary organs. Basic principles of nutrition for kidney disease. Recommendations for children with inflammatory diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract

An indispensable factor influencing the well-being and minimizing the risk of relapse is the diet for kidney and urinary tract diseases. Along with conservative treatment and physiotherapy, it is necessary to follow certain principles and dietary regimen both during an exacerbation and in remission.

What is the purpose of the diet

As it turned out, a certain table significantly affects the course of the disease and its treatment. Therefore, with diseases of various organ systems, in particular with diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract, it is often recommended to adhere to a certain diet. When studying groups of patients who followed the diet and did not adhere to the diet, it was found that the recovery process in the first group was faster and more intense than in those who did not attach importance to nutrition. Moreover, those who followed the principles of sparing nutrition were much less likely to have cases of relapses and complications.

The main goal of the dietary table is the balance of carbohydrate, water and fat metabolism, as a result of which exacerbations of kidney and urinary system diseases in general are reduced. For such violations, doctors recommend adhering to tables 6, 7 and 14.

The renal table (No. 7) is prescribed for:

• acute and chronic pyelonephritis;
• kidney failure;
• nephrotic syndrome.

• ICD (urolithiasis);
• gout.

The principles of diets are based on minimizing fatty foods, eliminating salty foods, moderate intake of proteins and carbohydrates, increasing daily allowance liquids to revitalize the kidneys.

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Kidney table number 7

Such a diet is prescribed for kidney diseases and is aimed at reducing edema and removing nitrogenous compounds from the body. The diet consists of frequent meals 4-5 times a day. It is necessary to eat food in small portions in compliance with the water regime (up to 1 liter of liquid per day, including soups).

Products are excluded:

• salt;
• meat broths;
• fish products, including canned food;
• any meat fried or stewed;
• sausages and smoked products;
• conservation;
• cheeses;
• chocolate and cocoa;
• coffee and strong tea;
• legumes;
• carbonated drinks.

When compiling a diet, it is necessary to give preference to boiled low-fat varieties of veal, lamb, rabbit and turkey. Vegetarian soups and fresh vegetable salads are preferred. The fruit can be eaten fresh. Potatoes are allowed in any culinary treatment. From cereals, it is worth eating rice, barley, pasta is also acceptable. Fish can be low-fat varieties boiled or baked without salt, from drinks - weak tea, juices, compotes.

Table number 6 and number 14

This table is recommended to reduce the formation of uric acid salts and alkalinization of urine in general. Food should be taken no more than 4 times a day. The liquid is consumed separately on an empty stomach or in between meals. In this case, the liquid is not limited, on the contrary, it is advisable to drink more than 2 liters per day.

• rich meat and fish broths;
• the insides of animals;
• sausages;
• salty types of cheeses;
• legumes;
• chocolate and cocoa products, incl. confectionery fats;
• mushrooms;
• strong tea and coffee.

It is advisable to use bakery products made from flour of 1st and 2nd grade, lean meats (lamb, beef, turkey, rabbit, chicken fillet, lean pork), lean fish. Dairy products of any kind are allowed. You should limit the use of salt and eggs (no more than one per day). Cooking food can be anything, the only exceptions are fried foods using a large amount of oil.

Diet No. 14 is prescribed for urolithiasis and phosphaturia (urine sediment). In this case, it is necessary to regulate the intake of calcium and drink plenty of fluids. The table is characterized by special requirements and restrictions, however, you can accept permitted types of products in different culinary treatments.

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Products excluded:

• smoked meats;
• salinity and preservation of any type;
• milk products;
• vegetables and potatoes;
• fruit and vegetable juices.

Any fish and meat can be eaten, baked goods and pastries with a limited content of eggs and milk. Vegetables include peas and pumpkin in any form, mushroom dishes. Cereals are allowed without restrictions. From drinks, weak tea and coffee, rosehip broth.

A diet for renal ailments, if not decisive, then largely helps in the treatment of the underlying disease. Patients who methodically take medications, drink the recommended herbal decoctions, but do not monitor their diet, are doomed to chronicity of the process. For any kidney disease, it is important to adhere to the principles proper nutrition, and in some cases, tight time constraints are required.

Let's take a look at the basic principles that all people with kidney disease should follow.

The attitude to dietary proteins in kidney disease should be careful. Once in the body, protein breaks down into many components, including nitrogenous substances. With impaired kidney function, they accumulate in the blood and begin their harmful, poisonous activity. With exacerbation of nephritis and other renal pathologies, you are shown a low-protein diet, limited to 50 grams per day. Admission, only half of the protein you need can be obtained from animal products.

A protein-free diet for kidney disease is prescribed for acute renal failure and with exacerbation of chronic. Such a diet does not exist for a long time, since the patient loses not only harmful nitrogenous elements, but also useful amino acids. A protein-free menu is assigned for a period of 2 weeks, after which they switch to a low-protein diet.

Life-giving moisture

Another important aspect of nutrition for people suffering from chronic kidney disease is water. It is difficult for a diseased organ to cope with a large amount of fluid, and the retained fluid begins to form edema. It is by them that you can sometimes recognize a kidney patient on the street - renal edema is located under the eyes, making the face puffy and stale.

With chronic pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, the amount of fluid should be limited. At least up to 1.5 liters.

The daily volume of liquid is not only drinks, but also first courses and fruits.

If with a chronic ailment the water needs to be removed as much as possible, then in some acute conditions its volume is increased. These are diseases provoked by infection. For example, frequent cystitis in women requires drinking plenty of fluids. The more fluid enters the body, the more often a person will urinate, which means that infectious agents will have to leave the body naturally.

With urolithiasis in women and men, you should also drink a lot. Stones prone to dissolution will not withstand a massive water load, turn into sand and leave you safely.

Salt

A product that threatens to be a big nuisance for all kidney patients. Requires a hard limit. Salty will have to be abandoned. Sometimes partially, sometimes completely. Even if you suffer from urinary tract or bladder inflammation, and try to drink more, table salt will try to trap excess water, and with it infection.

Therefore, recipes for people with kidney problems do not contain salt. Basically, any kidney diet is salt-free. It can be used in tiny amounts, adding a little salt to ready-made food.

The approximate allowable amount of salt is 2-3 gr. per day.

We'll have to try to get out of the habit of salty, but there is no other way out. Such a restriction is especially difficult for men, because it is they who are more often adherents of harmful but tasty food.

Nutrition for pyelonephritis in pregnant women

During pregnancy, especially in its second half, pyelonephritis often develops. The reason is the double stress on the kidneys. Therefore, during pregnancy, women should strictly monitor their diet - limit fluid, salt, in the second half, do not consume too much protein. If you think that pyelonephritis that occurs during pregnancy will leave you after childbirth, we hasten to disappoint. This will only happen if your menu is appropriate. If the dietary principles are not followed, the ailment can develop into other complications of pregnancy - hypertension, nephropathy.

Women who already have chronic kidney disease should be especially careful during pregnancy. In this case, your nutritional recipes must be correct from the very beginning. This will help keep you and your unborn child healthy.

We impose a ban

It is quite difficult to calculate the amount of protein, salt and calorie intake on your own. Therefore, it is necessary to start a diet with the exclusion of foods that are frankly harmful to the kidneys. This list is quite lengthy.

Products prohibited for use in diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract:

1. All animal fats.
2. Fatty varieties of meat and fish products.
3. Canned food.
4. Marinades.
5. Smoked products.
6. Strong broths.
7. Pickles.
8. Mushrooms.
9. Chocolate.
10. Coffee, cocoa.
11. Carbonated drinks.

Food for children

A sample menu for children with kidney disease should be carefully calibrated. The calorie content of food for children should be high enough, since metabolic processes in a growing body proceed quickly, and significant restrictions will lead to additional pathologies - anemia, metabolic disorders, and others. Therefore, the protein component of the menu should be supplemented with plant products, sometimes with soy protein. It is better if recipes for children with chronic kidney and urinary tract diseases are prepared by a professional nutritionist. Having in front of you sample menu for two weeks, it is much easier for parents to monitor the diet of their children. There are also special tables of product interchangeability, with the help of which a sample menu for children can be diversified. By the way, recipes for baby dishes can be used during pregnancy. A diet designed for children is quite appropriate here.

Diet for urolithiasis

The optimal diet for urolithiasis depends on what types of stones have settled in your body.

Urate stones do not like an alkaline environment, which means that recipes should help change the reaction of urine to an alkaline side. In addition to general restrictions, exclude all acidic foods from your diet, give preference to a non-acid milk-vegetable diet, eat sweet fruits. Stones of urate composition will not tolerate such mockery. If you eat right, they will simply dissolve and no treatment is needed.

Proceed in a similar manner for uraturia in children or during pregnancy.

An alkaline medium and urates are incompatible.

Urate antagonists are phosphate stones. Phosphaturia often occurs in children if parents fill children's menu recipes with sweet and dairy products. If the phosphates have taken root in the body, the diet should be urgently "acidified". Phosphaturia can also be eliminated during pregnancy with proper nutrition. No special treatment is needed.

Oxalate stones are difficult to defeat with diet alone. Painfully they are tenacious. Your food recipes should be free of oxalic acid. It is she who contributes to the disruption of phosphorus-calcium metabolism, and helps to form oxalate stones. If oxaluria occurs during pregnancy, the woman is prescribed a strict diet and may be hospitalized in the pathology department. Oxaluria will be treated after delivery.

If the bubble hurts

Infections Bladder lead to cystitis. Whoever ran into him at least once remembers how unpleasant it is. Bladder diseases are especially painful for men. Due to the peculiarities of the urinary tract and the excretory canal, they suffer from bladder inflammation much more.

Acute bladder inflammation requires the elimination of all fatty and sugary foods. Coffee, tea, alcohol are completely prohibited.

But you need to drink a lot for pathologies of the bladder. Choose fruit drinks, herbal teas, unsweetened compotes. After the inflammation subsides, switch to your normal diet gradually.

Treatment of cystitis is required. In the chronic course of cystitis, diet disturbances can cause exacerbations.

Renal colic

Pathology causing acute pain. It occurs when kidney stones enter the space of the urinary tract and move outward. If sand is moving, urinary tract damage may not occur. With the advancement of larger stones, injuries of the urinary tract are possible. Against the background of traumatic injuries, inflammation occurs, cystitis develops.

During renal colic you should not feed a person, but you need a lot of drinking. This will speed up the process of removing stones.

What is left?

After reading our material, did you feel that life with chronic kidney disease is cracking? And you don't want to go into the kitchen at all? Unleavened recipes without salt, lack of fried steaks will dishearten anyone! Do not despair. See a dietitian, make a rough menu for your disease. You will see there a much smaller list of restrictions than we have described. Carry out the treatment systematically and recover as soon as possible, and then it will be possible to implement the most refined, albeit slightly harmful, recipes in life. But this is after.

In the meantime, we give you recipes for one day so that you know what to start from.

Breakfast

1. Beetroot salad dressed with sour cream;
2. Cottage cheese.
3. A sandwich made from salt-free bread and butter.

Breakfast number 2

1. Buckwheat porridge cooked in milk.
2. Steam omelet.
3. Herbal tea.

Dinner

1. Vegetable soup.
2. Baked meat with potatoes.
3. Fruits.

Dinner

1. Baked pasta with apples or vegetable stew.
2. Kefir, bun.

Drink a glass of milk and honey at night.

We think we gave an interesting example. Just do not be mistaken in the choice of meat and the method of preparation. Then the treatment will go faster, and with it the mood will improve!

Indications: gout and urolithiasis.

Purpose: to promote the normalization of purine metabolism, reduce the formation of uric acid and its salts in the body, and alkalinize urine.

General characteristics: exclusion of foods containing a lot of purines, oxalic acid; moderate restriction of sodium chloride, an increase in the amount of alkalizing products (dairy, vegetables and fruits) and free fluid (in the absence of contraindications from the cardiovascular system). A slight decrease in the diet of proteins and fats (mainly refractory), and with concomitant obesity - and carbohydrates. Culinary processing is usual, excluding the obligatory boiling of meat, poultry and fish. Food temperature is normal.

Composition: proteins - 70-80 g (50% animals), fats - 80-90 g (30% vegetable), carbohydrates - 400 g (80 g sugar), sodium chloride - 10 g, liquid - 1.5-2 liters and more.

Caloric content: 2700-2800 kcal.

Excluded foods and dishes:

• meat, fish and mushroom broths, from sorrel, spinach, legumes;
• liver, kidneys, tongue, brains, meat of young animals and birds, sausages, smoked meats, salted fish, canned meat and fish, caviar;
• salty cheeses;
• legumes;
• mushrooms, fresh legume pods, spinach, sorrel, rhubarb, cauliflower, purslane; limit - salted and pickled;
• salty snacks, smoked meats, canned food, fish caviar;
• chocolate, figs, raspberries, cranberries;
• sauces based on meat, fish, mushroom broths, pepper, mustard, horseradish;
• cocoa, strong tea and coffee;
• beef, lamb, cooking fats. Limit pork fat.

• bread and flour products: wheat and rye bread, from 1st and 2nd grade flour, various baked goods, including those with the inclusion of ground bran. Limit pastry products;
• vegetarian soups: borsch, cabbage soup, vegetable, potato, with the addition of cereals, cold (okroshka, beetroot), dairy, fruit;
• meat, poultry, fish: lean species and varieties. Up to 3 times a week, 150 g of boiled meat or 170 g of boiled fish. After boiling, use for various dishes- stewed, baked, fried, cutlet products. You can combine meat and fish in approximately equal amounts;
• dairy products: milk, fermented milk drinks, cottage cheese and dishes made from it, sour cream, cheese;
• eggs: 1 per day in any cooking;
• cereals in moderation, any meals;
• vegetables: in increased quantities, raw and in any cooking. Potato dishes;
• snacks: salads from fresh and pickled vegetables, fruits, vinaigrette, vegetable caviar, squash, eggplant;
• a lot of fruits and berries, fresh and any culinary processing, dried fruits, creams and milk jelly;
• marmalade, marshmallow, non-chocolate candies, jam, honey, meringue;
• sauces and spices on vegetable broth, tomato, sour cream, milk. Citric acid, vanillin, cinnamon, bay leaf. Dill, parsley;
• drinks: tea with lemon, milk, weak coffee with milk. Juices of fruits, berries and vegetables, fruit drinks, water with juices, kvass, decoctions of rose hips, wheat bran, dried fruits;
• fats: butter, ghee and vegetable oils.

Sample diet menu number 6:
1st breakfast: vegetable salad with vegetable oil, soft-boiled egg, carrot pudding with apples and millet, tea.
2nd breakfast: rosehip broth.
Dinner: milk noodle soup, fried potato cutlets, jelly.
Afternoon snack: fresh apples.
Dinner: baked cheesecakes, cabbage rolls stuffed with vegetables, with rice, tea.
At night: decoction of wheat bran.

Diet number 7

Indications: acute and chronic nephritis without exacerbation and without kidney failure.

Purpose: to reduce hypertension and edema, improve the excretion of nitrogenous and other metabolic products from the body.

General characteristics: the content of proteins is somewhat limited, fats and carbohydrates are within physiological norms. Food is prepared without salt, salt is given to the patient in the amount indicated by the doctor (3-6 g and more). The amount of free liquid has been reduced to an average of 1 liter. Exclude extractives from meat, fish, mushrooms, sources of oxalic acid and essential oils. Boil meat and fish (100-150 g per day). Food temperature is normal.

Composition: proteins - 80 g (50-60% animals), fats - 90-100 g (25% vegetable), carbohydrates - 400-450 g (80-90 g sugar), liquid - 0.9-1.1 l ...

Caloric content: 2700-2900 kcal.

Diet: 4-5 times a day.

Excluded foods and dishes:

• ordinary baked bread, flour products with the addition of salt;
• meat, fish, mushroom broths, from legumes;
• fatty meats, fried and stewed dishes without boiling, sausages, sausages, smoked meats, canned food;
• fatty fish, salted and smoked fish, caviar, canned food;
• cheeses;
• legumes, onions, garlic, radish, radish, sorrel, spinach, pickled, pickled and pickled vegetables, mushrooms;
• meat, fish and mushroom sauces, pepper, mustard, horseradish;
• chocolate;
• strong coffee, cocoa, mineral water rich in sodium.

• bread and flour products: salt-free bread, pancakes, pancakes with yeast and without salt;
• soups: vegetarian with vegetables, cereals, potatoes; fruit, limited milk. Season with butter, sour cream, dill, parsley, citric acid, vinegar; onions after boiling and browning;
• lean beef, veal, meat and edged pork, lamb, rabbit, chicken, turkey, boiled or baked, lightly fried after boiling, in a piece or in chopped form. Boiled tongue;
• fish: low-fat, boiled, followed by light frying or baking, a piece and chopped, stuffed, jellied after boiling;
• dairy products: milk, cream, sour milk drinks, cottage cheese and curd dishes with carrots, apples, rice; sour cream;
• eggs: yolks added to meals. Whole eggs - up to two per day (soft-boiled, scrambled eggs) with a decrease in meat, fish or cottage cheese;
• cereals: sago, rice, corn, pearl barley and pasta in any preparation;
• vegetables: potatoes and vegetables are widely used in any culinary processing;
• snacks: vinaigrette without pickles, salads from fresh vegetables and fruits;
• various fruits and berries: raw, boiled, compotes, jelly, jelly, honey, jam, candy, popsicles;
• sauces: tomato, dairy, sour cream, fruit and vegetable, sweet and sour gravies, onion from boiled and fried onions. Vanillin, cinnamon, citric acid, vinegar;
• drinks: tea, weak coffee, fruit and vegetable juices, rosehip broth;
• fats: unsalted butter, ghee and refined vegetable oils; limited - lard.

Approximate diet menu number 7:
1st breakfast: soft-boiled egg, loose buckwheat porridge, tea.
2nd breakfast: baked apples.
Dinner: vegetarian borscht with sour cream (1/2 portion), boiled meat with fried potatoes, dried fruit compote.
Afternoon snack: rosehip broth.
Dinner: baked carrot and apple meatballs, noodles with cottage cheese, tea.

Diet number 7A

Indications: acute nephritis and chronic nephritis with renal failure.

Purpose: improving the excretion of metabolic products from the body, reducing hypertension and edema.

General characteristics: a predominantly plant-based diet with a sharp restriction of proteins, with the exception of sodium chloride. The amount of fats and carbohydrates is moderately reduced. Eliminate foods rich in extractives, essential oils, oxalic acid. Cooking: boiling, baking, light frying. Food is prepared without salt, bread is salt-free. The amount of fluid should correspond to or not more than 300-400 ml exceed the amount of urine of the patient for the previous day.

Composition: proteins - 20 g (50-60% animals, and with chronic kidney failure - 70-75%), fats - 80 g (15% vegetable), carbohydrates - 350 g (80 g sugar), liquid - 0.9 -1.1 l.

Caloric content: 2100-2200 kcal.

Excluded foods and dishes:

• ordinary bread, flour products with the addition of salt;
• soups meat, fish, mushroom broths, milk, cereals (except sago) and legumes;
• all meat and fish products (sausages, canned food, etc.);
• other cereals and pasta, legumes;
• salted, pickled and pickled vegetables, legumes, spinach, sorrel, cauliflower, mushrooms, radish, garlic;
• chocolate, milk jelly, ice cream;
• meat, fish, mushroom sauces; mustard, pepper, horseradish;
• cocoa, natural coffee, mineral waters rich in sodium.

• bread and flour products: protein-free salt-free bread on corn starch - 100 g, in its absence, 50 g of wheat salt-free bread or other flour products baked with yeast without salt;
• soups, taking into account the permitted liquid - with sago, vegetable, potato, fruit. Season with boiled browned onions, sour cream, herbs;
• meat, poultry, fish up to 50-60 g of lean beef, veal, meat and edged pork, rabbit, chicken, turkey, fish. After boiling, you can bake or lightly fry, piece or chopped;
• dairy products: 60 g (or more from meat and fish) milk, cream, sour cream. Cottage cheese - with the exclusion of meat and fish;
• eggs: in dishes - 1 / 4-1 / 2 eggs per day or 2-3 per week (soft-boiled, omelette);
• cereals: sago, limited rice, protein-free pasta. On water and milk in the form of cereals, puddings, casseroles, pilaf, cutlets;
• vegetables: potatoes and fresh vegetables (respectively 200-250 g and 400-450 g) in the form of various dishes. Boiled and fried onions are used in dishes. Dill, parsley;
• snacks: vegetable salads and vinaigrette with vegetable oil;
• different fruits and berries: raw, dried, baked, jelly, compotes and jelly. Sugar, honey, jam, non-chocolate candies;
• sauces and spices for "masking" salt-free diets: sweet and sour sauces, tomato, sour cream, vegetable and fruit dressings, vanillin, cinnamon, citric acid. Boiled, fried onions;
• drinks: weakly brewed tea with lemon, fruit and berry juices, tomato, rosehip broth;

Approximate diet menu number 7A:
1st breakfast: carrot and apple cutlets baked in vegetable oil, milk sago porridge, tea.
2nd breakfast: fresh fruits.
Dinner: Vegetarian mixed vegetable soup (1/2 portion), boiled meat with tomato sauce, boiled potatoes, jelly.
Afternoon snack: decoction of wheat bran with sugar.
Dinner: sago pilaf with fruit, vegetable salad with vegetable oil, tea.
At night: fruit juice. If necessary, reduce the amount of free liquid (tea, jelly).

Diet number 7B

Indications: nephrotic syndrome.

Purpose: to replenish proteins lost with urine, to help normalize the metabolism of proteins, fats, cholesterol, to reduce edema.

General characteristics: a diet of normal calories with an increase in protein, a moderate decrease in fat (at the expense of animals), a normal carbohydrate content. Sharp restriction of sodium chloride, liquids, extractives, cholesterol, oxalic acid, restriction of sugar, an increase in the amount of lipotropic substances. Boil meat and fish. Food is prepared without salt. The temperature of the dishes is normal.

Ingredients: proteins - 120-125 g (60-65% animals), fats - 80 g (30% vegetable), carbohydrates - 400 g (50 g sugar), liquid - 0.8 liters.

Caloric content: 2800 kcal.

Diet: 5-6 times a day.

Excluded foods and dishes:

• ordinary bread, butter and puff pastry;
• fatty species and varieties, liver, kidneys, brains, sausages, smoked meats, canned food;
• fatty species, salted, smoked fish, canned food, caviar;
• salty, spicy cheeses;
• radish, garlic, sorrel, spinach, canned vegetables, salted vegetables;
• sausages, smoked meats, cheese, all canned food, caviar;
• meat, fish, mushroom sauces, mustard, horseradish, pepper;
• chocolate, cream products;
• cocoa, sodium-rich mineral waters.

• bread and flour products: salt-free bread, baked goods without salt and soda, with the addition of wheat bran;
• soups: vegetarian with cereals, vegetables, dairy, fruit;
• meat and poultry: low-fat varieties of beef, veal, pork, lamb, rabbit, chicken, turkey boiled or with subsequent baking, roasting, slice and chopped;
• fish: low-fat types, in pieces and chopped, boiled or followed by baking, frying. Seafood;
• milk and fermented milk drinks, especially low-fat, low-fat cottage cheese and dishes made from it (puddings, lazy dumplings and etc.). Limit sour cream and cream;
• 1 egg for cooking, protein omelets. Restrict yolks;
• various cereals and pasta (porridge with water and milk, puddings, cereals, pilaf, etc.);
• vegetables and dishes from potatoes, carrots, white cabbage and cauliflower, pumpkin, zucchini, beets, green peas. Tomatoes, cucumbers, green onions, lettuce, dill, parsley, radish;
• snacks: vinaigrette, vegetable salads with vegetable oil, salads with boiled meat, fish, seafood. Boiled aspic fish;
• any fruits and berries - raw and in the form of various dishes. Milk jelly, jelly, meringue, snowballs. Sugar and confectionery are limited. Honey instead of sugar;
• sauces and spices: milk, sour cream, tomato, marinade sauce, vegetable, sweet and sour vegetable and fruit gravies. Citric acid, vanillin. Dill, parsley;
• drinks: tea with lemon, milk, weak coffee with milk. Fresh juices from vegetables, fruits, berries, rosehip broth and wheat bran;
• fats: unsalted butter, ghee, vegetable oils.

Approximate diet menu number 7B:
1st breakfast: vegetable salad in vegetable oil, protein omelette, tea with milk.
2nd breakfast: soaked dried fruits.
Dinner: vegetarian borscht (1/2 portion), meatballs baked in sour cream, stewed carrots, fresh apples.
Afternoon snack: rosehip broth.
Dinner: boiled fish, steam pudding from low-fat cottage cheese, tea.
At night: kefir.

Diet number 7G

Indications: end-stage renal failure on the background of hemodialysis.

Purpose: providing balanced nutrition taking into account the peculiarities of metabolism in severe kidney failure and side effects hemodialysis.

General characteristics: moderate restriction of proteins (mainly vegetable) and potassium, sharp restriction of sodium chloride and a significant decrease in free fluid. A diet of normal calories from fats and carbohydrates. Food is prepared without salt, bread is salt-free. In the absence of hypertension and edema, the patient is given 2-3 g of sodium chloride. Limit potassium-rich foods. A sufficient supply of essential amino acids is provided by meat, fish, eggs and, to a limited extent, dairy products. Boil meat and fish. The taste of dishes is improved with sauces, spices, citric acid. The temperature of the dishes is normal.

Composition: proteins - 60 g (75% animals), fats - 100-110 g (30% vegetable), carbohydrates - 400-450 g (100 g of sugar and honey), potassium - up to 2.5 g, liquid - 0, 7-0.8 l.

Caloric content: 2800-2900 kcal.

Diet: 6 times a day.

Excluded foods and dishes:

• flour products;
• meat, fish, mushroom broths;
• sausages, salted fish, smoked meats, canned food, caviar;
• legumes;
• salted, pickled, pickled vegetables, mushrooms, rhubarb, spinach, sorrel;
• salty and spicy snacks;
• meat, fish, mushroom sauces;
• cocoa, chocolate, dried fruits, confectionery;
• refractory fats.

• bread: wheat and salt-free rye - 150-200 g;
• soups: up to 250 g vegetarian with various vegetables, borscht, beetroot soup, fresh cabbage soup, fruit. Limit - from cereals, except for sago, and dairy;
• meat, poultry, fish up to 100 g. Low-fat varieties of beef, veal, rabbit, chicken, turkey, fish. Boiled, then baked or roasted, sliced ​​and chopped;
• dairy products: limited, on average 140 g of milk, 140 g of sour cream, 25 g of cottage cheese per day;
• eggs: 2-3 pieces a day, soft-boiled, omelets and for cooking other dishes;
• cereals: limited, sago and rice are preferred (pilaf with fruits, casseroles, less often side dishes);
• vegetables: an average of 300 g of potatoes and 400 g of vegetables (white cabbage, carrots, beets, cucumbers, tomatoes, lettuce, green onions, dill, parsley) in the form of various dishes and side dishes;
• snacks: vegetable and fruit salads, vinaigrette;
• fruits and berries raw, baked and boiled. Mousses, jelly, jelly. Sugar, honey, jam. Limit: apricots, grapes, peaches, cherries, black currants, figs, bananas;
• sauces: milk, sour cream, tomato sauces... Sweet and sour vegetable and fruit gravies. Citric acid, vanillin. In limited quantities: horseradish, mustard, pepper, cinnamon;
• drinks: tea, weak coffee, decoctions of wild rose and wheat bran, juices from the recommended vegetables and fruits;
• fats: butter - 40 g, vegetable - 35 g per day.

Approximate menu of diet number 7G:
1st breakfast: 2 soft-boiled eggs, vegetable salad with vegetable oil, jelly.
2nd breakfast: baked apple with sugar.
Dinner: vegetarian borscht with sour cream (1/2 portion), boiled meat, fruit jelly.
Afternoon snack: fruit mousse.
Dinner: potato zrazy with egg white in vegetable oil, sour cream, jelly.
At night: broth of wild rose or wheat bran.

Diet number 14

Indications: urolithiasis with an alkaline reaction of urine and precipitation of phosphorus-calcium salts (phosphaturia).

Purpose: to restore the acidic reaction of urine.

General characteristics: in terms of calorie content, protein, fat and carbohydrate content, the diet corresponds physiological norms; in the diet, alkalizing products and rich in calcium are limited (dairy products, most vegetables and fruits), products that change the reaction of urine to the acidic side (bread and flour products, cereals, meat, fish) prevail. Cooking and food temperatures are normal. In the absence of contraindications, drink plenty of fluids.

Chemical composition and calorie content: .

Ingredients: proteins - 90 g, fats - 100 g, carbohydrates - 380-400 g, sodium chloride - 10-12 g, liquid - 1.5-2.5 liters.

Caloric content: 2800 kcal.

Diet: 4 times a day, in between and on an empty stomach - drink.

Excluded foods and dishes:

• dairy, vegetable and fruit;
• smoked meats;
• salted and smoked fish;
• milk, fermented milk drinks, cottage cheese, cheese;
• vegetables and potatoes;
• vegetable salads, vinaigrettes, canned vegetables;
• sweet dishes with milk;
• fruit, berry and vegetable juices.

• bread and flour products: different kinds, flour products - with limitation of milk and yolks;
• soups: on weak meat, fish, mushroom broths with cereals, noodles, legumes;
• meat and poultry: various types in any preparation;
• fish: various types in any preparation, in small amount canned fish;
• dairy products: only a little sour cream in dishes;
• eggs: in various preparations and in meals 1 egg per day. Restrict yolks;
• cereals: any, in various preparations, but without milk;
• vegetables: green peas, pumpkin, mushrooms;
• snacks: various meat, fish, seafood, soaked herring, caviar;
• fruits: sour apples, cranberries, lingonberries, compotes, jelly and jelly from them. Merengi, snowballs. Sugar, honey, confectionery, popsicles;
• sauces: mild in meat, fish, mushroom broths. Spices in very limited quantities;
• drinks: weak tea and coffee without milk. Rosehip broth, cranberry or lingonberry fruit drinks;
• fats: butter, ghee and vegetable oils in in kind and for cooking. Limits meat and cooking fats.

Approximate diet menu number 14:
Breakfast: soaked herring, loose buckwheat porridge, tea.
Dinner: noodle soup chicken broth, fried chicken with boiled rice, cranberry jelly.
Afternoon snack: rosehip broth.
Dinner: fried meat cutlets with vegetable oil, green peas, tea.
At night: rosehip broth.

Nephritis is a whole group of kidney diseases that are inflammatory or immune-inflammatory in nature. This group includes immuno-inflammatory diseases: (if the glomeruli of the kidneys are involved in the process) and tubulointerstitial nephritis - when the process affects the interstitial tissue of the kidneys, tubules and vessels located in the tissue, lymphatic ducts and nerve endings. In these diseases, an infection is a provoking factor, and the resulting immune complexes are deposited in the glomeruli or intermediate tissue of the kidneys. This also includes - inflammation of the renal pelvis caused by the bacterial flora.

Symptoms of the diseases differ due to damage to various structures of the kidneys. So, glomerulonephritis occurs with nephritic syndrome ( swelling , hypertension , hematuria ). There is also an increased excretion of protein, which reflects the pathology of the glomerular apparatus. There are pains in the lumbar region due to an increase in the size of the kidneys, and a decrease in urine output associated with a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate. Frequent infections that damage the glomerular apparatus include viral hepatitis ... Kidney damage often develops against a background of chronic or active.

At pyelonephritis patients complain of back pain and frequent urination... In the clinic, intoxication symptoms may prevail - fever, weakness,. A significant amount of bacteria is found in the urine, and ultrasound shows signs of deformation of the calyx-pelvic system.

With tubulointerstitial nephritis, there is a decrease in the specific gravity of urine. Each exacerbation of a renal infection enlarges the affected area, contributing to fibrosis. This disease is characterized by an increase in irreversible changes in the kidneys ( interstitial fibrosis ) and a parallel decrease in their functionality.

All these diseases acquire a chronic course, and now the concept of chronic kidney disease has been introduced and its classification has been recognized throughout the world. CKD includes any damage to the kidneys, regardless of nosological diagnosis, and a decrease in kidney function, which are observed for more than three months. It is diagnosed on the basis of albuminuria (), renal pathology detected by ultrasound and a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate<60 мл/мин/1,73 м2.

The purpose of combining nephrological diseases under this term is the need to assess the state of renal function. This allows you to assess the rate of progression of the pathology and promptly begin treatment and renoprotective measures. The disease has 5 stages, which differ in the risk of terminal development. Nutrition of patients is of great importance in the treatment and prevention.

What should be the diet for kidney and urinary tract diseases? Despite the difference in diseases, diet therapy has general basic principles and is performed within the limits of the therapeutic one.

• Restriction of salt - food is not salted during cooking, and depending on the severity of the disease and kidney failure, it is allowed to add a certain amount of it to ready-made meals. For example, with sharp jade, salt is completely excluded. The presence of high blood pressure makes it necessary to reduce its amount to 5 g, and with chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis without chronic renal failure, it is possible to use 7-8 g per day. The amount of permitted salt is negotiated by the doctor for each patient individually.
• The amount of protein decreases to 80 g (its amount is significantly reduced in severe kidney damage to 20 g or 40 g). Milk proteins and egg whites, as more easily digestible in comparison with proteins of meat and fish, are more preferable for these diseases. Vegetable proteins have less nutritional value.
• Meat and fish (they are allowed 150 g or less, depending on the severity of renal failure). When preparing dishes, meat and fish are first boiled, and then you can bake, stew or fry as you wish. This technique reduces the amount of extractives and, consequently, the burden on the kidneys.
• Products with essential oils that have irritating effects (celery, fresh dill, basil, parsley, radish, radish, fresh garlic and fresh onion) are excluded. Do not use spinach and sorrel as sources of oxalic acid.
• For any kidney disease, the amount of fluid is limited - from 0.5 to 1.1 liters. The exact calculation of the allowed amount of fluid is carried out according to diuresis for the past day and can only exceed it by 300 ml.
• Fractional 5 meals a day are organized.
• In case of kidney diseases, any alcoholic beverages, spicy and salty snacks, pickled vegetables, strong tea and coffee, spices and spices, cocoa and chocolate are excluded.

Nutrition for kidney disease is gentle on the kidney and is aimed at reducing swelling and pressure because food is cooked without salt. In addition, the diet promotes the elimination of nitrogenous metabolic products, since its second main point is the restriction of protein in the diet. Moreover, with diseased kidneys, its amount varies depending on the severity of renal failure - from 20 g per day to 80 g.

In this regard, the diet for kidney disease has several varieties, which are recommended at different stages of the disease (exacerbation, recovery, remission) and taking into account the function of the organ (presence of kidney failure or its absence). This is due to the fact that with kidney disease, their function is impaired to varying degrees. For example, Table number 7A completely salt-free, this is a predominantly plant-based diet with a protein restriction of up to 20 g.

It is prescribed for severe acute nephritis and chronic with severe renal failure ... The diet is recommended for a short time, since it is not balanced, and when the process subsides and azotemia decreases, patients are transferred to Table 7B ... The amount of protein in it is already increasing to 40 g and it is a transitional table to Diet number 7 , in which 80 g of protein is allowed.

Table 7B on the contrary, it is characterized by a high protein content (125 g), since it is recommended for nephrotic syndrome, when there is a loss of protein in the urine. The increased protein content in the diet compensates for its loss. The amount of fluid and salt consumed is limited.

Diet 7 G is prescribed for patients with end-stage renal failure. This type of diet contains 60 g of protein, 0.7 L of free liquid and 2-3 g of salt.

Allowed Products

• Lean types of meat are chosen (chicken, beef, turkey, lamb, tongue). Do not forget about boiling meat and fish products before the final preparation of dishes from them. Meat can be eaten in chunks, or boiled and chopped (cabbage rolls, stuffed pancakes and vegetables).
• Soups are prepared only in water or vegetable broth. There are no restrictions on vegetables and cereals added to soups. You can cook soups with pasta, borscht, cabbage soup and beetroot soup, but make sure that they are not very sour and spicy. Soups and borscht can be seasoned with sour cream and butter. Add dill and parsley to ready-made dishes. Onions are used in soups after boiling or blanching.
• Low-fat fish is recommended. It is boiled in a piece, then baked or prepared as jellied vegetable broth. As an addition to meat and fish dishes, you can use various sauces: sour cream, milk, tomato or other vegetable, onion (for which onions are pre-boiled and sauteed). Dried dill, parsley, cumin can be added to sauces.
• Any cereals and pasta are used as a side dish. You can make puddings, cutlets, casseroles with cottage cheese, pilaf with fruits from cereals. Pasta casseroles with dried apricots, raisins, prunes or jam.
• Milk, yogurt, yogurt, cream, cottage cheese and dishes made from it with the addition of fruits, carrots, pumpkin and other things are allowed. Sour cream is added only to dishes.
• Subject to a decrease in the amount of proteins (due to cottage cheese, meat or fish), you can eat 2 eggs a day - scrambled eggs, soft-boiled, egg porridge.
• All vegetables (except celery, radish, garlic, radish, fresh onion). Vegetables are boiled, stewed, baked, adding caraway seeds, dried parsley and dill. They can be used to make salads and cutlets, casseroles with pasta and cereals. You cannot eat sauerkraut and cucumbers.
• Ripe fruits and berries, fresh and processed: compotes, jam, jelly, mashed potatoes, jelly or baked. It is allowed to add cinnamon to desserts.
• Any juices, weak coffee, rosehip infusion, tea with lemon and sugar, caramel, marshmallow, candy, honey, popsicles.

Approved Products Table

Fully or partially limited products

In case of kidney problems, it is not allowed:

• Salt food, and in some cases, significantly limit or eliminate salt. You can not even eat regular bread due to the salt content - it is recommended to use salt-free home-baked bread. Salt is also not added to all flour and confectionery products (pancakes, cookies, pancakes, cakes, pies). For the same reason, any cheese is excluded from the diet.
• Rich broths (meat / fish / mushroom), pea, bean soups, decoctions of legumes.
• Exclude fatty meats (pork, duck, fatty lamb, goose), sausages, fried foods, smoked meats, canned food, baked or stewed meat without boiling.
• Animal fats, limited to lard, cream, sour cream, milk porridge and milk soups.
• Fatty smoked fish, salted fish, fish caviar, canned fish.
• All legumes, spinach, onions, sorrel, garlic, radishes, radishes, mushrooms.
• Hot spices and sauces, mayonnaise, pepper, horseradish, mustard.
• All pickled and pickled vegetables.
• Strong coffee, sodium mineral waters, cocoa.

Prohibited Products Table

* data are indicated per 100 g of product

Kidney Diet Menu (Diet)

The food menu can be developed without difficulty, especially since it practically does not differ from ordinary food, with the exception of salt, spices and spicy dishes. The diet can be varied, since the diet contains all cereals, meat, cottage cheese and almost all vegetables.

You can add dried herbs to your meals and enhance the flavor with a variety of homemade sauces. The main limitation in kidney disease is salt, and this must be borne in mind when preparing food. You can diversify the menu with homemade baked goods without salt - bread, to which you can add carrots, pumpkin, dried dill, parsley and cumin. You can bake sweet muffins with raisins, prunes, apples, dried apricots, and add cinnamon for flavor. The amount of permitted salt should be checked with a doctor.

Recipes

First meal

Vegetable soup

Potatoes, squash, green peas, carrots, onions, asparagus beans, bell peppers.

Dip potatoes, beans, carrots into boiling water. After 10 minutes, add bell pepper, zucchini and onions, previously seasoned in boiling water. Cook until tender.

Brussels sprouts soup

Potatoes, cabbage, salad peppers, onions, tomatoes.

Cut the vegetables into cubes, cut the large cabbage heads and leave the small ones intact. Boil the vegetable broth and dip vegetables in it, except for cabbage. Boil for 10-15 minutes, add cumin and Brussels sprouts.

Second courses

Pasta casserole with cottage cheese

Pasta, cottage cheese, egg, sugar, butter, sour cream.

Boil pasta, rub cottage cheese, combine with pasta, add melted butter, beaten egg and sugar. Knead the mass well, put in a mold, grease with sour cream on top and bake.

Carrot cutlets

Carrots, butter, chicken proteins, semolina, sugar, sour cream or honey.

Grate the carrots and stew in butter. Introduce semolina, proteins and sugar into the warm carrot mass. Stir and leave for 20 minutes to swell the semolina. Form into round patties, bake in the oven or sauté. Serve with honey (sour cream).

Therapy for diseases affecting the kidneys and urinary system is always carried out under the supervision of a urologist or nephrologist. It is directed against the cause and involves the mandatory use of nutritional therapy.

Diet for kidney and urinary tract diseases is the main component of complex treatment, which allows not only to reduce the clinical manifestations of the disease, but also to reduce the risk of complications.

A history of diseases of the urinary system is always reflected in the quality of life of a person. Both renal tissues and organs of the genitourinary system (ureters, bladder, urethra, urethra) can be involved in the pathological process.

The urinary system reacts sharply to inflammatory processes, so it is very important to recognize them in time.

In the practice of doctors, the most common diseases are:

• nephritis;
• pyelitis;
• pyelonephritis;
• renal failure;
• glomerulonephritis;
• urolithiasis disease.

Diet for kidney disease enhances the effect of drugs, helps to normalize the functioning of the digestive tract. In women and men, kidney pathologies develop with the same frequency, medical nutrition does not differ. All toxic and harmful substances are excreted by the kidneys, therefore, it is necessary to preserve their full-fledged work, to protect them from negative influences.

The causes of kidney disease are varied, but infections are to blame in 80% of cases. Clinical manifestations of diseases affecting the kidneys and urinary system, pronounced and accompanied by:

• violation of urination;
• pain or discomfort in the lower back;
• increased blood pressure;
• swelling of the limbs, face;
• signs of intoxication.

Nutrition for kidney and urinary tract pathologies includes foods with a minimum content of animal and plant proteins. Without dietary nutrition, the effect of therapy will not be, even when the patient is taking medications.

The benefits of dietary nutrition

For diseases affecting the kidneys and urinary system, doctors prescribe diet number 7. Depending on the diagnosis, table number 7 is divided into several.

1. 7a (low-protein diet) allows you to remove from the body under-oxidized metabolic products, nitrogenous toxins, has a hypotensive effect, reduces the signs of uremia.
2. 7b is prescribed for chronic kidney pathologies.
3. 7c allows you to replenish the loss of proteins.
4. 7g is recommended for renal failure, especially for those patients who are on hemodialysis.
5. 7p, the main indication for the appointment of which is renal failure, constant hemodialysis.

In addition to diet # 7, the doctor may prescribe a table # 6 or # 14. The choice of dietary tables directly depends not only on the diagnosis, but also on the stage of development of the disease.

The basic principles of proper nutrition:

• unloading of the urinary system;
• cleansing the blood from harmful and toxic substances;
• stabilization of metabolic processes;
• reduction of edema;
• normalization of water-salt metabolism;
• bringing blood pressure indicators back to normal;
• elimination of inflammation;
• improvement of the digestive tract.

Diet for kidney disease is one of the main components of therapy, therefore, patients must strictly follow the doctor's recommendations on nutrition and lifestyle, eat only permitted foods.

• wheat bread;
• lean meat;
• vegetable soups;
• lean boiled or baked fish;
• dairy products;
• greens and vegetables;
• berries and fruits;
• mild cheese;
• tea with milk;
• rosehip broth.

The meals included in the diet should contain a minimum amount of salt.

What products should be discarded

In case of kidney and urinary tract diseases, it is forbidden to consume alcohol, alcoholic and carbonated drinks.

List of prohibited foods:

• salty foods;
• black bread;
• mushrooms;
• smoked meats;
• sausages;
• canned food;
• legumes;
• coffee.

Proper nutritional therapy for diseases of the urinary system will help improve kidney function, relieve swelling, normalize blood pressure, and improve the patient's overall well-being. The effect of diet therapy can be seen within 2-3 days.

Features of diet number 7

All meals consumed by the patient must be balanced in composition, contain vitamins and be healthy. The patient should consume per day:

• 3000 kcal;
• 70 g protein;
• 90 g fat;
• 400 g of carbohydrates.

To reduce the load on the organs of the urinary system, they limit the intake of proteins and salt, regulate the amount of fluid. For some pathologies, it is recommended to abandon salt, include vegetable and fruit juices in the diet. The duration of the diet to be followed depends on the stage of the disease, the final diagnosis.

In the presence of kidney stones, a diet is prescribed taking into account the composition of the stones. Kidney disease often requires a protein-free diet, since it is the excessive consumption of protein foods that provokes the formation of harmful substances. But protein is an important building material of the body, therefore, it is not completely excluded, but only limited to use.

Therapy for kidney disease also includes single-product fasting days. This helps to increase the amount of urine, accelerate the elimination of protein metabolic products from the body, and normalize blood pressure.

The diet is prescribed for how many weeks or months. In chronic pathologies with severe disorders in the work of the kidneys, a strict diet will have to be adhered to all life.

After the diagnosis is established, the patient is individually assigned a treatment regimen, which includes diet therapy.

General rules.

1. Eat small meals.
2. Eat only high quality and fresh food.
3. Products should be steamed, baked or boiled.
4. It is recommended that you schedule five meals a day.
5. Drink at least 1.5 liters of liquid per day.
6. Add salt not during cooking, but to the plate.
7. Increase your intake of vegetables and fruits.
8. When preparing food, do not use salt, spices or herbs.
9. Give up fatty and "heavy" foods.
10. Avoid overeating.
11. Do not neglect diet and doctor's recommendations.

By following simple rules, you can improve the general condition of the patient. In addition to medical nutrition, the patient is prescribed drugs, diuretic herbs, adherence to the regime of work and rest. For some diseases diagnosed at the earliest stages, diet is considered the only treatment.