Centralized or central heating of residential buildings. How to disconnect from the central heating system? Central heating

Central heating is a heating method in which heat is transported from a thermal power plant heat source through a pipeline system (in some cases through air ducts) to connected houses. The coolant in this case is water, air, steam.

Materials and types of pipes

The main role in central heating, as in any other piping system, is played by pipes. Moreover, the material from which they are made is no less important for their reliability and resistance to mechanical shock and chemical corrosion. For example, if central heating is based on class “A” steel and types 20-35, then such a system will have a service life of 10 years.

Pipe marking

Main types and technical characteristics of heating devices (pipes):

• pn 10 - used in cold pipelines that require special strength. Such a pipe does not tolerate high temperatures: the maximum possible is + 20°C (under normal conditions), and the minimum should not be lower than -45°C;
• pn-16 is the optimal option for most pipeline systems; it can withstand up to +60°C heat. The usual pressure of this design is 1.6 MPa, which not all types of pipes can withstand;
• pn-20 is a pipe unique in its technical characteristics, which can withstand up to 90°C and is the best option for hot water supply. Typically used in central piping heating systems. Operating optimal pressure - 2.0 MPa;
• pn-25 is a reinforced pipe, similar to PN-20, and similar to it not only in technical characteristics, but also in pipeline systems. Withstands up to 95°C; optimal pressure is 2.5 MPa.

Nuances

The layout of each of the listed types of pipelines in the central heating system is similar to the most ordinary heating system. By and large, the user will not notice the difference between PN-20 or PN-10, since they differ only in technical characteristics.

However, the pipeline heating system in a private house and the pipeline in an apartment have their differences. In an apartment building, class A steel pipe and its connections are usually used.

Refusal from the central heating center

If the central heating does not sufficiently heat a private home, or requires repairs, the user has the right to refuse the services of the supplier: this clause is specified in the contract.

You must obtain official permission from the city executive committee - a document that will allow you to refuse centralized heating. If problems arise with the issuance of a permit, you must contact the administration.

To refuse, a list of all heating devices is compiled, for which housing department specialists are called, and then these devices are removed. It is clear that this can only be done during the inter-heating season, since shutting down would require unbalancing the entire system.

If you refuse central heating, it will be necessary to remove the existing elements of the heating system.

After abandoning the central heating system, the user's account remains obligated to pay for heating sewer pipes, water supply systems and other systems that pass through basement drains. Of course, the amount will be several times less, but you cannot completely refuse the service.

Composition of central heating for apartments

Central heating can be considered highly reliable, in which some types of pipes from the Borealis manufacturer are used as heating devices - in particular, Borealis RA-E130. Technical characteristics of the E130 are distinguished by high grade steel and powerful construction. The heating system in an apartment building using a pipe of this type will last more than 35 years.

Pipes marked PN-10.

The previously presented pipe options - from PN-10 to PN-25 - differ strikingly in the quality of steel and its alloy. The service life of pipes depends on the pressure, manufacturer and material of manufacture. Modern centralized heating systems are assembled either on Pn-10 - Pn-25 pipes, or on Borealis pipes. The latter option is more expensive, but also more reliable.

Disadvantages of CO

The main disadvantages are all the factors that negatively affect heating devices:

• high activity in the pipeline;
• a sharp increase in pressure;
• climatic instability leading to the destruction of pipes;
• loss of up to 10% of thermal energy during transportation;
• errors in heat use (applies to individual consumers).

Advantages

The central heating system has the following advantages:
the ability to use a source of cheap heat;

• reliability;
• environmental friendliness;
• convenience and practicality.

From an economic point of view, using centralized heating is very profitable: the costs will be several times lower compared to other options. Therefore, when abandoning central heating, it is necessary to make accurate calculations, weigh the costs - in any case, do not rush to switch off.

To understand what central heating is (the term “centralized” is more often used to define it), we need to understand how it all works together. The fact is that the method of supplying coolant to radiators can be very different from each other.

Therefore, in such cases, your approach to the installation or replacement of heating devices will also change. We will figure out how single-circuit systems differ from double-circuit systems, find out which radiators are better to use, and watch a video clip that reinforces the topic.

Centralized systems

Note. The main difference that defines central heating systems is their operation from a general boiler house or CHP, while autonomous heating is carried out using a home boiler house. For the average user, this, in fact, does not matter, but if it comes to routine or major repairs, then attention has to be paid to this.

Independent and dependent system

• If the system is independent, then powerful central heating boilers supply coolant not directly to the circuits of residential or non-residential premises, but first to heating points, where redistribution occurs. That is, hot water from a thermal power plant or a powerful boiler house enters such transformer stations through large-diameter pipes, then, depending on the needs of a group of buildings, a house or an entrance, it is distributed according to the power of the coolant pressure. At such TPs, circulation pumps are installed, which, if necessary, can increase the flow power (for example, for a nine-story building).

• In cases where the project is made according to a dependent scheme, the central heating system supplies hot water directly to the radiator circuits of each residential or non-residential premises, without prior distribution of flow power. It should be noted that the circulation pump, during its operation, does not in any way affect the temperature of the coolant - with its help, additional pressure is created, which is necessary for the upper floors of high-rise buildings.

Single-circuit system

This scheme is used quite often, but there are significant disadvantages of central heating (single-pipe) due to large heat losses during liquid transportation. Usually they are compensated for by increased pressure in the system, but, nevertheless, one can very often hear complaints from residents living in such houses.

The essence of the functioning of such a scheme is as follows: hot liquid is supplied through a pipe, to which radiators for central heating are connected using the inlet and outlet pipes. That is, the heated water during circulation along the fins of the device cools down and again enters the central distribution pipe.

This means that the temperature of the liquid for the next battery will already be lower, and so on. No more than three or four, maybe five devices can usually function without losses.

But in apartment buildings there are problems even with so many radiators per supply pipe, and the reason most often lies in the poor thermal insulation of the premises. Residents, instead of insulating windows and doors, and possibly walls, begin to increase the number of sections on radiators with their own hands - in some cases their number exceeds 20 pieces!

Now - simple arithmetic - if in the riser of a five-story building there used to be 5 batteries of 10 sections, for which the design capacity was calculated, now there are twice as many of them - here usually only the first two floors receive enough heat (upper or lower - depending on where the feed starts).

In order to reduce heat loss in such systems, bypasses are often installed in front of the radiators, as you can see in the photo above, but taps are usually not provided for them. It turns out that part of the hot flow can circulate with minimal heat loss if it does not completely enter the battery sections.

But the tap embedded there (in the bypass) in the closed position allows you to redirect the water through the radiator, that is, with maximum temperature loss.

Double-circuit circuit

A double-circuit heating system of an open or closed type allows the supply of liquid in a continuous temperature regime for all floors, although the price of materials and installation here is slightly higher than that of a single-circuit one. The funds are spent on pipes for central heating.

In a double-circuit system, central heating radiators are independent of each other, since they return the cooled liquid to the return pipe and this coolant flows back to the heating point (CHP or boiler room), without affecting the temperature of other batteries. Hot water is also supplied through one pipe.

Note. Considering the fact that there is high pressure in centralized systems, cast-iron radiators are provided there according to the project. But if you want to improve the interior design, then the instructions allow you to replace them with steel or, which also hold pressure well.

Conclusion

So, in the direct (generally accepted) sense, centralized or central heating is a system that functions from a CHP plant or from a common boiler house. But it can also be considered as such, if we consider it from each room, since they are all powered from a common point.

If residents of city apartments take heating for granted, then the owners of country cottages have to take care of the heat themselves. What are the possible options here? What is everyone’s convenience, what difficulties can they encounter?

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On the picture:

Main Difference

It is important where the “boiler” is installed. In other words: when organizing the heating of a private house, it is of fundamental importance where the primary fluid heater is located in the heating system. If the device is located, for example, in the nearest settlement or on the territory of a cottage village, then the heating in the house is called central. At the same time, all concerns related to its operation, maintenance and repair are beyond the competence of the owner of the cottage, and he can only pay the bills. If the boiler is in the personal use of the homeowner, the heating of the house is autonomous.

Systems with connection to the city heating network

Everything is like in a city apartment. If you have the opportunity to organize centralized heating for your home, then in a sense you are lucky: in terms of operation, such a heating system is the most convenient. You are not responsible for its repair or maintenance. True, you expect difficulties in coordinating the project and significant material costs for its implementation. Read more about the pros and cons of such heating and how to connect to it.

Heating system

Convenient, profitable, but all maintenance is on you. Autonomous heating involves installing a primary water heater in the cottage. This method gives more freedom and complete independence, even if the house is not connected to the main gas and the owner is forced to decide for himself the issue of purchasing and storing a supply of fuel - gas, diesel fuel, firewood, etc. With such a heating system, the only organizations that are important for the cottage owner are the fuel supply company and the equipment maintenance company. Read more about the pros and cons of autonomous heating.

Common boiler room for the entire cottage village

Industrial heating network with its own staff plus constant state control. Such “joint” heating functions more rationally than systems connected to the city heating network, where almost nothing depends on you. However: according to existing standards, the village heating network is considered industrial (and not at all private), and for its operation it is necessary to obtain licenses. Such a heating network must have permanent maintenance personnel who have permission to carry out work on the operation and repair of equipment and pipelines. In addition, constant monitoring is carried out by supervisory authorities, prescribed state inspections and other activities are carried out. All this is a “headache” for the administration and extra expenses for homeowners.

Images used in this article: carron.uk.net

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Heating is a complex system where general design decisions, correct pipe laying, and many other subtleties are important. Where can the reasons for the inefficient operation of the system be hidden?

The “Battle for Heat” has unfolded in Europe: the construction of energy-efficient houses. In "three-liter" houses for heating 1 sq. meter area enough 3 liters of fuel per year. Fiction or reality?

To make it comfortable to live in various buildings in big cities, special enterprises are built that produce electricity and heat - thermal power plants, on the basis of which central heating is created. Thus, thanks to such stations, there is no need to build many boiler houses, which will only pollute the atmosphere - and this has a positive effect on human health and the surrounding nature of the region.

In addition, a large supply of good quality fuel is not required, so the country's fuel reserves are conserved. Centrals are easier to maintain, but they still have disadvantages. The main one is that pipelines interact with oxygen, resulting in pipe breaks and fistulas.

The centralized heating system is designed to provide heat and hot water to residents of residential buildings and owners of industrial premises.

For the system to be effective, it is installed near buildings, divided into levels, each of which is assigned specific functions. And the more levels, the less will be the load on the previous level.

Central heating allows you to reduce the cost of purchasing fuel of the highest quality, since a low grade is also suitable for normal operation. In addition, central heating improves sanitary standards for all residential areas and areas.

Central heating structure

The central heating system consists of several elements:

• Source of heat carrier. This is a thermal power plant that produces heat and electricity.
• The source of heat transportation is heating networks.
• Source of heat consumption. These are heating devices located in homes, offices, warehouses and other premises of various types.

If we compare the volume of heat loads, then heating systems can be seasonal in the type of heat transfer and constant in the type of hot water transferred to the end consumer. All this depends on what the end consumer’s needs for the heat carrier are, as well as on the economic component of the feasibility of supplying it to the supplier’s enterprise. The last parameter depends on how far the heating plant is from the end consumers.

Types of heat supply systems

The classification of heat supply systems will directly depend on what type of heat carrier enters the heating network - water, steam or air. Accordingly, when the system supplies consumers with water - it is water heating, steam - steam, air - air.

Also, systems providing centralized heating are divided depending on the method of connecting the hot water source to the heating network. So, there are closed systems, when the heat carrier - water is taken from the water supply and heated in the central network heat exchanger, and open systems, where water is taken directly from the heating network. Also, depending on the method used to connect the system to the central heating system, there are dependent and independent heating systems.

Each type of system has different characteristics. Steam central heating in an apartment is a more economical option compared to others, as it requires less operating costs, and the steam lines are made from smaller pipes, so the final cost will be lower. Note that the steam system is perfect for those buildings in which people are not present all the time, but periodically, and the coolant is supplied according to a schedule, as a result of which freezing and rupture of pipes is prevented.

If you take an air system, then it is capable of not only heating the room, but also ventilating it. But the cost of equipment for such a system is quite high, so it is rarely used.

A water central heating system for an apartment building is the most common option. And this is not without reason, since such systems are characterized by excellent sanitary and hygienic qualities.

The water temperature in central heating reaches 60 degrees Celsius; when transporting to end consumers, less energy flow is spent than with steam, here the density is greater, and it can be used over long distances.

For 1 kilometer of the way, the temperature of the heat carrier decreases by 1 degree Celsius. Note that the temperature supplied by water central heating in an apartment building can be controlled at a centralized level, and the system is easy to operate, since there are no condensation pumps, condensate pumping pipes and drains.

Advantages and disadvantages of connecting to central heating

So, the central heating scheme for an apartment building provides the following advantages to those who choose it:

• First of all, it is an opportunity to use cheap fuel. After all, even if a thermal power plant is not installed in your region, boiler houses usually use fairly cheap options and their analogues. In any case, gas is the cheapest heating.
• The next factor is reliability. After all, the city authorities undertake to monitor the condition of the equipment and pipes for central heating, and to repair the heating system in a timely manner.
• Boilers that use central heating are environmentally friendly in most cases.
• Another important point is ease of operation. In this case, you do not have to monitor the equipment, since the radiators will always give you a stable temperature (provided there are no changes).

However, central heating also has a number of disadvantages.

We are used to apartments being connected to central heating. At the same time, the houses are heated with autonomous heating. But it happens that our private house operates with central heating. And this, of course, is a big problem, because there is a lot of pressure in the central heating system. Due to this pressure, home owners cannot use plastic pipes as there is a risk of rupture.

Central heating uses specially prepared water with the addition of various chemicals. And since the central heating system is also a hot water supply system, the water not only comes with different chemicals, but it also contains a large number of air bubbles.

Together, the chemistry and oxygen in the air bubbles destroy most radiators. This is why owners of houses connected to central heating can only use cast iron radiators, but they are not a panacea.

How would you like to mount, for example, steel, aluminum or copper-aluminum radiators, but you can’t. They are corroded less than during the heating season.

Also, due to the fact that there is a rapid construction of floors and these floors are connected to central heating, I often observe a picture of weak coolant circulation. Due to the fact that new houses with central heating are connected to old pipes, which, due to their throughput, are not designed for additional floors. By the way, these new floors themselves suffer from the same problems.

And if you live in a private house or apartment connected to central heating and don’t know how to protect yourself from thermal power plants and how to make sure that you can install good and modern radiators in your home and connect them with plastic pipes, hiding them in the walls, without fear their failure?

Read this article to the end and you will understand how to do it.

In my plumbing work, I often see houses connected to central heating and see how people suffer. I do my best to tell people how, using CHP, they can create autonomous heating in their home with their own low pressure, plastic pipes and beautiful modern radiators.

If it's warm outside, the CHP reduces the temperature. And if you have a north side, then your house is cool. We cannot influence this.

High pressure in the central heating system. We also cannot influence it, since the system is designed to operate at exactly this pressure.

We also cannot influence the chemical composition of the coolant from the thermal power plant, since the water undergoes special physical and chemical preparation before it enters the heating and hot water supply system.

How can I upgrade?

And in order to save your centrally heated home from these problems, I recommend everyone to use a special device called a plate heat exchanger.

This occurs due to the fact that different liquids in terms of temperature, pressure and chemical composition do not clearly touch each other. These liquids come into contact with each other indirectly.

This happens thanks to the heat transfer plates. Due to the alternate arrangement of the plates, these plates act as a barrier to liquids. But at the same time, they allow them to transfer heat or cold to each other through the wall of the plate.

And what happens to a house with central heating when a heat exchanger is installed at the entrance of the central heating pipelines? In this case, the coolant from the thermal power plant passes through its series of plates and goes back into the pipeline of the thermal power plant. At the same time, the coolant of our autonomous heating or water supply system circulates on the other side of the plate. And everyone is happy.

We helped the thermal power plant because, thanks to the insertion of a heat exchanger, we reduced the resistance of the entire house. We also reduced the volume of coolant for the thermal power plant.

This means that the thermal power plant will spend less coal or fuel oil to heat this coolant. This will reduce the harmful effects of smoke released into the atmosphere and ultimately on you and me.

Now in our house with central heating and a heat exchanger, we can install any modern heating system with any pipes. We can install any radiators or even heated floors.

At the same time, we will have stable and constant pressure. And we can adjust the temperature according to our needs. But feeling and the ability to control are what we lack

And perhaps today your anxiety, bad mood, insomnia is directly or indirectly related to the fact that you cannot influence it in your own house with central heating. And all you need to sleep peacefully is to install a heat exchanger in your home with central heating!

Thank you for reading this article to the end. Leave your comments about the use of central heating in your houses and apartments.

Central (or centralized) heating - heat supply system a large number of residential properties.

It is most often used for heating apartment buildings, office buildings, and industrial facilities.

Understand essence, structure and principle of operation This article will help you understand the types of central heating systems.

Central heating: what is it?

The structure of district heating is several interconnected elements among themselves.

Heat source and heat exchanger

Can act as a source of thermal energy CHP or boiler rooms Heat and power plant heats the coolant due to the thermal energy generated by steam from water in steam turbines.

With the help of a heat exchanger, the already heated water transfers heat to the cold water. In boiler houses, thermal energy is obtained from hot water.

It is believed that one thermal power plant can replace several boiler houses, but the latter also remain in demand.

Heating networks

Represent system of interconnected pipelines for heat transfer to residential buildings. Heat supply networks can be located both underground and above it, and thermal insulation measures must be observed in both cases.

Heat consumer

This equipment for heat production and distribution throughout the facility.

The operating principle of a central heating system is based on: principle of circulation of hot water (or steam) through supply and return pipes, which can be with top or bottom filling. Both of these pipes can be located in the basement of the house, or you can install the water supply pipe in the attic or a specially equipped technical floor, and the return pipe in the basement.

When can a bottom or top spill scheme be installed?

Pipe system with bottom filling is a pair of risers connected by jumpers. Such a system can be installed either on the top floor of the facility, or in the attic.

Pipe systems with top filling installed on technical floor.

Must be connected here air vent and special valves, which would allow each individual riser to be blocked.

This option is considered more advanced and in demand when installing central heating, but has a number of nuances:

• As hot water moves downward, its temperature is decreasing, which means that it will be colder on the lower floors of a heated building than on the upper ones. Therefore, when installing such a system, you should think about increasing the number of radiators or the area of ​​convectors.
• When discharging hot water from a specific riser, you must first detect and cover this riser is on the technical floor, and then also find and turn off the valve this riser in the basement, which is considered a rather complicated procedure.

However, the top-spout system allows you to start heating quickly. You just need to open the valves and vent on the expansion tank. After this, heat will begin to flow to the object.

Principle of operation

First, the residential property that needs to be provided with heat is connected to the heating network from the boiler house or thermal power plant. To do this, they install in the pipelines of the facility valves, from which the thermal units come. Then they put mud scavengers— devices that will prevent the accumulation of dirt and metal oxides in the pipeline.

After installing the valves and mud traps, the main unit of the entire heating system is installed - elevator. Its function is cool down overheated water from thermal power plants to the optimal temperature.

The fact is that the water entering the thermal power plant for heating is overheated to too high a temperature - 130-150 degrees Celsius, and so that the liquid does not turn into steam, optimal pressure is created in the heating network. Therefore, it became necessary to cool the overheated water using an elevator.

Photo 1. This is what an elevator looks like - a mixing unit for heating a house, which works as a circulation pump and mixer.

Based on the condition of the elevator, you can also determine the level of temperature difference in the heating network: when this happens, the elevator nozzle changes diameter.

The heating elevator is followed by one more valves, with the help of which the heating in residential buildings is turned off and on.

Installation of discharges- another important detail of central heating installation. Resets are special valves, intended for restart the system. Last but not least, heat meters are installed to determine the amount of heat transferred to the object.

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Connection on a balcony or loggia

Connecting a central heating system on a balcony or loggia - a very controversial phenomenon. The fact is that the connection work plan will need to be agreed upon with the BTI. In addition, freezing water in pipes is also not pleasant. For heating a balcony it is better to use electric heater or do heating floor.

Garage installation - no polypropylene

It is possible to install central heating in the garage if it is equipped with heating system line. If there is no highway, then you can equip it.

It is important to choose the right material for the pipeline. It is not recommended to use polypropylene as a material for pipes.

But this is possible when the garage is attached to a residential building. If the garage is a separate building, then it would be appropriate to build next to it autonomous boiler room, which will heat his premises, however, this will take a large amount of money.

Advantages and disadvantages

A centralized heating system has both advantages and disadvantages.

Among the advantages are:

• reliability and quality of service due to constant monitoring of the system by technical services;
• relatively inexpensive fuel;
• environmentally friendly equipment;
• simplicity in use.

As for the disadvantages, they are as follows:

• pressure drops in the heating system;
• dependence of the work schedule on the seasons of the year;
• expensive equipment;
• inability to independently regulate temperature on heating appliances;
• colossal heat loss during its transportation through pipes and units.

On what basis is water heating divided into types?

Depending on certain factors, there are several types of centralized heating systems.

​

1. By consumption pattern thermal energy:
   1. year-round- requires constant heat supply;
   2. seasonal- requiring heat only in the cold season.
2. By type coolant:
   1. air- a system that not only heats the building, but also ventilates it; due to expensive equipment it is used extremely rarely;
   2. water— intended only for heating a residential building; widely used for heating apartment buildings, easy to operate;
   3. steam system- provides the building with heat and water vapor, is actively used at industrial facilities.
3. 3. By connection method heating:
   1. independent- a heating system in which the coolant heats the water in the heat exchanger;
   2. dependent- the coolant is heated in the heat generator and immediately supplied to consumers through heating networks.
4. 4. By connection method to the water supply system:
   1. open- a system in which hot water is supplied directly from the heating network;
   2. closed- water is supplied from the water supply, and then heated in the heat exchanger.

Is it possible to abandon the centralized system and connect an individual

It is quite possible to turn off the centralized heating system in your apartment if you do this legally, in compliance with the law, which, by the way, does not prohibit this.

There are several reasons for shutting down:

• impressive heat bills;
• quality services (there are often cases when heating is too weak or may be stopped altogether);
• the desire of users to connect to autonomous heating system.

​

Turning off central heating in an apartment building is not an easy procedure.

The fact is that this is a closed system, and the release of any element from it leads to its destruction. In the future it will be necessary complete reconstruction of the system.

We consider the pros and cons of each type of heating in a new building.

Some 30 years ago, almost all houses in the USSR were connected to a centralized heating system. However, today the buyer has the opportunity to choose between several: centralized, autonomous or individual apartment-by-apartment. In this article we will look at the features of each of the systems.

CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEM

A DISTINCTIVE FEATURE OF SUCH A SCHEME IS THE GENERATION OF HEAT OUTSIDE THE HEATED BUILDINGS, WHICH IS DELIVERED FROM THE HEAT SOURCE VIA PIPELINES.

Photo from the archives of the residential complex "Wings"

Pros of a central heating system:

Possibility of using inexpensive fuels;

Lower cost when buying an apartment;

No operating costs;

Safety.

Disadvantages of a central heating system:

The system operates according to a strict seasonal schedule;

Impossibility of individual temperature control of heating devices;

Heat loss during transportation and heating in an apartment building;

Deterioration of networks leads to frequent accidents and interruptions in energy supply.

INDIVIDUAL APARTMENT HEATING

Photo from the archives of the residential complex "Wings"

With this type of heating, the heat source is located directly in the apartment (usually a gas boiler).

Advantages of apartment heating:

Possibility of regulating the temperature in the apartment up to complete shutdown;

With constant attention to gas equipment, compliance with all operating rules and clear accounting, savings are possible;

Guaranteed stable heat supply.

Disadvantages of apartment heating:

Higher purchase cost;

High costs of repairing or replacing gas equipment;

The need for constant monitoring of the serviceability of the gas equipment used;

The need to independently organize repair and maintenance work related to the operation of gas equipment and chimneys;

Entrance and basement spaces are not heated, since some developers do not equip common areas with heating systems;

In the absence of permanently living neighbors, their apartments are not heated, and accordingly your heat loss is increased;

Increased water consumption: it takes time to heat hot water in the circuit, so you will drain part of the volume while waiting for hot water from the tap;

Increased risks of accidents due to improper operation of equipment (by any of the residents).

AUTONOMOUS BOILER ROOM

Photo from the archives of the residential complex "Wings"

In recent years, an increasing number of developers have given preference to this type of home heating. With this type of heating, the heat source is located in a dedicated room (on the roof, such as in or in a separate building). As a rule, one autonomous boiler house supplies heat to one house or a small number of houses.

Advantages of an autonomous boiler room:

Guarantee of stable heat supply;

Complete absence of operational concerns related to heat generation and gas facilities on the part of the owner;

You only pay for heating your apartment, not heating the street;

Low cost of repairing boiler room equipment per apartment;

Heat in common areas;

Safety - the possibility of smoke and open flame entering the premises is virtually eliminated;

Increased safety guarantees due to the planned routine maintenance work.

Disadvantages of an autonomous boiler room:

Inability to completely turn off the heating in the apartment (eliminate heating fees);

Higher cost of an apartment compared to a centralized one;

If the boiler house runs on imported fuel, heating payments are high.

ATTENTION! Whatever the heating system, the apartment will not be warm if the house has poor thermal insulation! We will talk about the nuances of construction technology in one of the following issues.

You can discuss this article and ask any questions you are interested in in our group

Central heating is heating in which the generated heat is transferred using a coolant to the premises of a building through air ducts or pipelines. The heat source is a thermal power plant (CHP) or boiler room.

The heating system must provide the calculated (required by standards) air temperature in the apartment. The estimated air temperature in the apartment should be:

• in the rooms:
  • optimal - +20-22°C,
  • permissible - +18-24°C, (20-24)
• in the kitchen:
  • optimal - +19-21°С,
  • permissible - +18-26°C.

The above required temperature values ​​are maintained by the heat supplied by the heating system, as well as by household heat emissions.

Some malfunctions of the heating system

The main malfunctions of the heating system are a decrease in the temperature in the heated apartment compared to the calculated one and a violation of the tightness of the system elements.

Lowering the temperature in the apartment can be caused by:

• violation of the circulation of the coolant;
• unauthorized, technically incorrect connection of additional heating devices to the system.

When the temperature drops! in an apartment, first of all, you need to make sure that the relevant services do not carry out preventive work or repairs of the heating system. After making sure of this, you can begin to search for and eliminate the causes.

Disturbance in the circulation of the coolant can occur: due to errors in the installation of pipes, fittings, its malfunction, misalignment of the system, a decrease in pressure due to water leaks, complete or partial blockage of the riser, supply to the heating device, air entering the system (“airing” of the system ).

Start finding out the reasons for the coolant circulation disturbance by checking the functionality of the elevator unit (block 2).

If only part of the heating system does not work, the most likely cause of heat loss is a malfunction of the valves or valves on the wing distribution (block 4). The simplest method of checking a valve (valve) is to feel the temperature of the coolant before and after the valve. If there is a temperature difference, this indicates a malfunction of the valve.

During long-term operation of valves, discs may fall off the stem and block the pipeline.

If the valve or valve is faulty, it should be replaced with a new one or an inspected used one. The process of replacing a valve or valve is quite labor-intensive and requires shutting off the heating system of part or the entire house, so it is advisable to contact the appropriate service with a request to replace the valve or valve.

If only one riser, which passes through the apartment, does not work, then check in the heating circuits (block 6) whether the heating riser is blocked by a three-way valve located on one of the heating devices of the apartments (32).

As practice shows, in 40% of cases, when the temperature in the apartment drops, residents begin by adjusting the heating circuit by rotating the handle of a three-way tap. However, ignorance of the design and operation of the faucet often leads to the fact that the faucet closes the riser and stops the flow of coolant to the underlying floors.

When installing the faucet on the top connection, the straight arrow is located at the top; when installing on the bottom connection, the straight arrow is located at the bottom. The arc arrow always shows the position of the valve in the valve.

When installing heating systems according to schemes 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10 (type B indicator), in the “faucet open to passage” position, the handle indicator is located parallel to the axis of the valve to the supply line.

To control the position of the damper in installed heating systems, there is a part of the cylinder at the end of its spindle, which corresponds to the working part of the damper cylinder in the valve body and the possible movement of the coolant through the valve.

In case of discrepancy in the position of the shutter. 1ad-3 taps on the wiring diagram, remount the tap. To do this, remove the handle 8 (32) according to the Vermits lid 6 pa 3-4 turns or unscrew the lid along with the nut and plug, lift the slide, £ and, turning, lower its protrusion into another recess at the bottom of the body / tap, screw roof-^ with a key. Turn the handle pointer to the other side, setting the straight arrow to the horizontal axis of the tap.

The reason for the cessation of coolant flow is the discrepancy between the position of the damper in the valve body and the supply to the heating device.

Check the position of three-way valves on riser heating devices in all apartments. If you detect the position of the three-way valve “the riser is blocked,” put it in the required position. If all three-way valves are in the required position, and there is no coolant circulation, then proceed to the next operation: removing air from the heating system.

Links

• GOST 30494-96 Residential and public buildings
• SNiP 01/31/2003 Residential multi-apartment buildings
• DBN V.2.2-15-2005 Housing units (Basic provisions)

ru.teplowiki.org

Components of a centralized heating system

Centralized city heating allows you to reduce the cost of purchasing high-grade fuel, since a low-grade type is quite suitable for the normal operation of the heating system.

In addition, a centralized heating system makes it possible to improve sanitary standards for all areas and residential areas.

A heating system such as central heating includes the following components:

• coolant source - thermal electric power plant, which produces heat and electrical energy;
• source of heat transportation - heating networks;
• source of heat consumption - heating appliances in houses, offices, warehouses.

Heating systems based on the volume of heat loads are classified into seasonal based on the type of heat transfer, as well as permanent based on the type of transfer of hot water to the end consumer.

It all depends on the needs of the end consumer for the coolant, as well as the economic component of the feasibility of its supply to the supplier’s enterprise.

As the distance of the heating plant from the end consumer increases, which amounts to tens of kilometers, the economic component of the cost of heat and hot water increases in a linear relationship.
How are heating systems classified?

The classification of heat supply systems directly depends on what ultimately enters the heating network - water, air or steam. If the system supplies water, it is called water heating, if it is steam, it is called steam heating, and if it is air, it is called air heating.

In addition, the classification of heat supply systems is divided according to the method of connecting the hot water source to the heating network into a closed system, when the coolant (water) is taken from the water supply and heated in the network heat exchanger of the thermal power plant, and into an open system, where the coolant (water) is taken directly from the heating network. Depending on the method of supplying the heating system to the heating plant, there are independent and dependent heating systems.

Each system presented above is different and has its own characteristics. Thus, a steam heating system, in comparison with others, is more economical, since it requires lower operating costs, and the steam lines are made of smaller pipes, which reduces their final cost. A steam system is preferable in those buildings in which people are periodically occupied, and the coolant flows on a schedule, which prevents freezing and rupture of pipelines. In addition to the function of heating a room, an air system can also perform ventilation, but the cost of maintaining and operating such a system is very high, so it is used in practice extremely rarely.

Water heating systems have excellent sanitary and hygienic qualities. In addition, water heated to 60°C, when transported to the final consumer, consumes less energy flow than steam, since it has a higher density, which allows it to be used over large intervals of the transport route (per 1 km of route, the coolant temperature decreases by 1° WITH). In addition, the temperature of a water heating system can be centrally controlled and easily operated, since there are no condensate pumps, condensate pumping pipelines or condensate drains.

Installation tools

To install heating radiators to which heat is supplied centrally, the installer must have:

• wrench of various diameters;
• adjustable wrench;
• hammer drill;
• fittings for mounting the radiator;
• electrodes;
• welding machine.

The system of centrally heated heating devices must provide the nominal design temperature in the end-user's building in accordance with the standards prescribed in sanitary and hygienic codes. If you want to refuse this type of heating, you will need special permission from the local authorities; you will not be able to switch off on your own.

To prevent such situations, the management of the thermal power plant must comply with the promises given to you, namely, to ensure the nominal design temperature with a minimum deviation from the norm with an uninterrupted supply of hot water and heat in full to your home according to the established seasonal or year-round schedule. On your part, timely payment for the use of these services is required and also maintenance of the installed heating device and connecting pipes in proper condition, that is, their timely painting.

1poteply.ru

Past and future

You've probably noticed that central heating radiators (especially in January-February) almost get hot. The air in the apartment dries out completely, the flowers wither and it becomes completely impossible to breathe. If you open the window, then the icy domestic cold penetrates into the apartment - it turns out that the window is simply impossible to open, and once you close it, it becomes impossible to breathe.

A little theory

The situation with winter heating is ambiguous and only at first glance seems incomprehensible. In general, the central heating system in our country is regulated centrally. Depending on the air temperature (and sometimes simply according to the calendar), the central thermal power plant regulates the supply of hot water to the pipes for central heating. Next, the water passes through boiler houses (district central heating stations) where it is regulated separately for each house, depending on the air temperature.

Interestingly, the minimum is taken as the indicator for the largest buildings in the area (hospital, school, etc.) where high temperatures are required in order to completely warm the room and maintain the optimal temperature in it. It turns out that in remote and large buildings the heating temperature is optimal, but in nearby houses it is stuffy.

Now, as for in-house heating systems, they work on the same principle as district central heating stations. That is, the water is heated to the maximum temperature, which will be sufficient to heat the farthest riser.

What do we get as a result? Old style central heating systems are not regulated. In the best case, you may have a manual valve installed in your apartment, which, as a rule, is simply dismantled due to its unsuitability, frequent leaks and constant breakdowns. Also, the entire system as a whole is practically unregulated and therefore, in the event of a breakdown on the line, the entire city area will be left without heat for the duration of the repair.

It turns out that the central heating system does not take into account human needs for heat. In scientific terms, the operation of the system can be characterized as follows: “a system without negative feedback,” but in simple terms: “take what you give and be satisfied.”

Let's talk about good things

So that the disadvantages of central heating do not overshadow your life, let's look at the positive aspects of such systems:

• The first and most important thing is the possibility of using cheap fuel. Most city boiler houses use coal or fuel oil as fuel. Also, as an alternative, it is customary to use their cheap analogues - forest waste. You can often find stations running on gas - using such a fuel source for public purposes will also be more economical than connecting a private person to gas;


• High reliability is another important factor. If the city municipality monitors the equipment and carries out all work related to the repair of heating systems on time, you can be sure that you will meet the winter in warmth and comfort;
• Central heating boilers are heated in most cases environmentally friendly fuels, as a result of which the environmental situation in the area is becoming significantly better (read also about the advantages of a gas boiler for heating and hot water supply).
• Easy to use. You do not need to monitor the equipment - central heating radiators always produce a stable temperature (regardless of weather conditions).

Our days

When constructing new buildings, engineers approached the heating problem differently - the solution to the problem is based on the principle of regulated heating consumption. In this situation, people themselves can determine their consumer standards.

In general, a modern heating unit is an automated system of energy-saving equipment that adjusts and controls the heat supply to the building. This miracle system is called an automated individual heating point (in the regulatory documents of AITP). But how to turn off the central heating in an apartment, read in other articles on our website.

New central heating boilers control the pressure and temperature of hot water (automatically) both when entering and leaving the house. It turns out that if the temperature difference between hot water is too large or too small, the system should be adjusted and the heat supply mode adjusted.

Temperature sensors installed on the house itself monitor the constant change in air temperature and regulate heat supply modes in accordance with the readings.

Attention! You can also adjust the heat supply mode with your own hands using a special valve installed in each apartment!

Summarize

Now you know what central heating is and have at least a superficial, but nevertheless, idea of ​​how it all actually works and what you pay your money for. The instructions posted on the site, containing photo and video materials, will allow you to more accurately understand the issue of centralized heating and draw the appropriate conclusions - whether it suits you or not.

otoplenie-gid.ru

The main problem of central heating

When heating an apartment using central heating, we encounter the following inconveniences:

1. It is impossible to install the radiators that you want. Essentially, you are limited to two models: cast iron and bimetal. But there are also aluminum, copper-aluminum, steel, designer and others.
2. It is not always possible to hide the pipes and they pass outside. This design spoils the modern interior.
3. A water floor system cannot be used.

There is, of course, a significant advantage - you don’t need to build a boiler room. But how to combine the possibilities of central heating in an apartment and at the same time organize everything the way you want? There is a solution!

How to install any radiators?

The coolant in central heating has special impurities that negatively affect many radiator models. That's why they are not installed in apartments. In fact, to solve this problem, we need to make sure that instead of the thermal power plant coolant, we use our ordinary water.

For these purposes, you need to install a heat exchanger at the entrance of the central heating risers into the apartment.

A heat exchanger is a device that removes heat from one source and transfers it to another source. Simply put, this is our intermediary who will simply take heat from the thermal power plant and transfer it to our own heating system inside the apartment.

What are the benefits of a heat exchanger?

1. Performs the function of a boiler by removing heat
2. Allows you to create your own heating system inside the apartment with your own coolant and pressure.
3. Allows you to implement any heating options

Using a heat exchanger also has its disadvantages:

• It gets clogged from time to time. Requires dismantling and washing
• In addition to the heat exchanger, it is necessary to install an expansion tank, pump and related fittings.

Having installed the heat exchanger, you can mount any radiator system: radiator, two-pipe and others. You can hide the pipes in a screed. You can use any pipe materials without worrying that they will become unusable. Any brand of radiator can be used.

Heating an apartment through the floor

If you want to make water floors from central heating, then you can’t do this directly in any case for the following reasons:

• The pressure in the central heating is quite high. Not every underfloor heating pipe can withstand such a load for a long time.
• The coolant temperature is much higher than what we need. You will feel overheated and uncomfortable
• The CHP coolant will also negatively affect the service life of underfloor heating pipes

How then can you provide your apartment with underfloor heating from central heating? Still through the same heat exchanger. Everything here is similar to a radiator heating system, with the only difference being that the heat exchanger must be calculated taking into account use for water floors.

Keep in mind that the installation of water floors in an apartment is not allowed everywhere. Sometimes this is prohibited by law. Check this point in your region.

Heating in the off-season

Quite often a situation arises when the apartment is quite cool, but the heating has not yet been turned on. What to do in this case?

You can install a separate electric boiler and use it in the off-season. And when central heating is provided, open the heat exchanger and warm up through it.

Essentially the same method can insure you against sudden accidents at thermal power plants. Although this happens rarely, it does happen, and you always have an alternative source of heating.

eurosantehnik.ru

The principle of operation of a centralized heating system

This option for heating a room in an apartment has a lot of features that should definitely be mentioned.

Firstly, central heating in a private house (this option is also found) and in an apartment involves generating heat in a completely different room from where the heating occurs. The place where heat energy is obtained is usually either a local boiler house or a thermal power plant. It is from there that the coolant, heated to the required temperature, enters the apartments through a pipeline.

There are two categories of centralized heating systems - water and steam, which explains the presence of steam and water boilers in boilers. The source of energy in this case is different types of fuel (coal, gas, wood waste, etc.).

After the temperature of the water in the central heating reaches the desired value, it enters the pipes, from where it is subsequently transferred to the heating radiators. In these devices, the water gradually cools down and then returns back to the heating point.

Many boiler houses pre-clean it with a special chemical composition immediately before supplying water to apartments. In this case, first of all, the hardness of the coolant is reduced, in addition, excess oxygen and carbon dioxide are removed from it. The purpose of this treatment is to prevent the appearance of scale and corrosion formations inside the pipe system.

Advantages and disadvantages of centralized heating

Despite the fact that many consider a centralized heating system to be ineffective, this option still has some obvious advantages, which include the following:

• This option for heating a living space is much cheaper than an autonomous one. In addition, there is absolutely no need to purchase expensive heat-generating devices, or to carry out installation work yourself;
• devices that heat the coolant before supplying it to homes are quite capable of operating on inexpensive fuel, which invariably increases the efficiency of the system;
• Moreover, it should be noted that most boiler houses are equipped with special devices that can operate on almost any type of fuel, which cannot but have a positive effect on the reliability of this heating option;
• Before abandoning central heating, do not forget that this heating method is completely environmentally friendly, since no harmful combustion products penetrate into the apartments, which cannot be said about some autonomous systems. Read also: “How to refuse heating in an apartment building - questions and answers, instructions.”

However, such heating also has disadvantages, and the most significant of them are the following:

• Heat losses in such systems are usually very significant. So, when the coolant enters an apartment, it travels a long distance, during which time it has time to cool down considerably. That is why, to maintain a comfortable temperature in a home, a much larger volume of energy source is required compared to autonomous equipment (read: “Autonomous heating of a private house - installation and system diagram”);
• it is almost impossible to regulate the heating temperature, which is due to complete control by the boiler room. At the same time, there are very frequent cases of both lack of heat and excessive overheating, which negatively affects the microclimate in the apartment;
• unauthorized disconnection from central heating is strictly prohibited, since such measures can only be considered in court;

In addition, due to regularly rising tariffs, many owners prefer to equip an autonomous heating system, however, as mentioned earlier, before disconnecting from central heating, it is necessary to obtain special permission from the relevant authorities.

Options for optimizing central heating operation

As you know, the coolant, passing through a pipe system, loses a significant part of its temperature, which necessitates the need to optimize the functioning of the heating system in order to reduce heat loss.

This problem can be solved in one of two ways:

1. The first method will be relevant if the boiler room and the entire pipe system are fully regulated by the owners themselves.

   In this case, improvements could be as follows:
   
   — installation of more modern and efficient equipment with higher performance indicators is allowed. As a result, this will change the pressure in the central heating system, reduce fuel consumption, and also reduce financial costs;
   — the possibility of equipping the system pipeline with high-quality insulating material, which will reduce heat loss as it moves to the batteries. In addition, the thermal insulation material protects the entire structure from possible freezing, which is especially important in cold winters.

2. The essence of the second method is as follows: the thermal energy supplied by a boiler house or thermal power plant to a specific residential premises is strictly fixed. Typically, this method involves the installation of special energy-saving meters (read also: “Energy-saving heating of a private house - choosing an energy-efficient system”). Thus, all subsequent payments for heating services will be made solely based on their readings.

Possibility of switching to autonomous heating

If you are dissatisfied with the operation of the centralized heating system, there is the option of switching to autonomous heating of the apartment. However, as mentioned earlier, such work will be associated with a number of obstacles; in particular, it is especially important to obtain appropriate permission to carry out such work, since any replacement of central heating pipes must be carried out under the control of special authorities of the housing and communal system. Read also: “The operating principle of a heat meter.”

To be more clear, permission to install individual heating equipment can usually be obtained only if the entire house, and not just one of its apartments, is deprived of central heating.

One way or another, any work related to the installation and connection of heating is recommended to be carried out under the supervision of specialists in order to protect yourself and nearby residents from possible troubles caused by improper installation or repair. In addition, professional craftsmen usually have a variety of photo and video materials available that can help in setting up an alternative to centralized heating.

Watch also the video about the possibility of disconnecting from centralized heating:

teplospec.com

Central heating: what is it?

The structure of district heating is several interconnected elements among themselves.

Heat source and heat exchanger

Can act as a source of thermal energy CHP or boiler rooms Heat and power plant heats the coolant due to the thermal energy generated by steam from water in steam turbines.

With the help of a heat exchanger, the already heated water transfers heat to the cold water. In boiler houses, thermal energy is obtained from hot water.

It is believed that one thermal power plant can replace several boiler houses, but the latter also remain in demand.

Heating networks

Represent system of interconnected pipelines for heat transfer to residential buildings. Heat supply networks can be located both underground and above it, and thermal insulation measures must be observed in both cases.

Heat consumer

This equipment for heat production and distribution throughout the facility.

The operating principle of a central heating system is based on: principle of circulation of hot water (or steam) through supply and return pipes, which can be with top or bottom filling. Both of these pipes can be located in the basement of the house, or you can install the water supply pipe in the attic or a specially equipped technical floor, and the return pipe in the basement.

When can a bottom or top spill scheme be installed?

Pipe system with bottom filling is a pair of risers connected by jumpers. Such a system can be installed either on the top floor of the facility, or in the attic.

Pipe systems with top filling installed on technical floor.

Must be connected here air vent and special valves, which would allow each individual riser to be blocked.

This option is considered more advanced and in demand when installing central heating, but has a number of nuances:

• As hot water moves downward, its temperature is decreasing, which means that it will be colder on the lower floors of a heated building than on the upper ones. Therefore, when installing such a system, you should think about increasing the number of radiators or the area of ​​convectors.
• When discharging hot water from a specific riser, you must first detect and cover this riser is on the technical floor, and then also find and turn off the valve this riser in the basement, which is considered a rather complicated procedure.

However, the top-spout system allows you to start heating quickly. You just need to open the valves and vent on the expansion tank. After this, heat will begin to flow to the object.

Principle of operation

First, the residential property that needs to be provided with heat is connected to the heating network from the boiler house or thermal power plant. To do this, they install in the pipelines of the facility valves, from which the thermal units come. Then they put mud scavengers— devices that will prevent the accumulation of dirt and metal oxides in the pipeline.

After installing the valves and mud traps, the main unit of the entire heating system is installed - elevator. Its function is cool down overheated water from thermal power plants to the optimal temperature.

The fact is that the water entering the thermal power plant for heating is overheated to too high a temperature - 130-150 degrees Celsius, and so that the liquid does not turn into steam, optimal pressure is created in the heating network. Therefore, it became necessary to cool the overheated water using an elevator.

Photo 1. This is what an elevator looks like - a mixing unit for heating a house, which works as a circulation pump and mixer.

Based on the condition of the elevator, you can also determine the level of temperature difference in the heating network: when this happens, the elevator nozzle changes diameter.

The heating elevator is followed by one more valves, with the help of which the heating in residential buildings is turned off and on.

Installation of discharges- another important detail of central heating installation. Resets are special valves, intended for restart the system. Last but not least, heat meters are installed to determine the amount of heat transferred to the object.

Connection on a balcony or loggia

Connecting a central heating system on a balcony or loggia - a very controversial phenomenon. The fact is that the connection work plan will need to be agreed upon with the BTI. In addition, freezing water in pipes is also not pleasant. For heating a balcony it is better to use electric heater or do heating floor.

Garage installation - no polypropylene

It is possible to install central heating in the garage if it is equipped with heating system line. If there is no highway, then you can equip it.

It is important to choose the right material for the pipeline. It is not recommended to use polypropylene as a material for pipes.

But this is possible when the garage is attached to a residential building. If the garage is a separate building, then it would be appropriate to build next to it autonomous boiler room, which will heat his premises, however, this will take a large amount of money.

Advantages and disadvantages

A centralized heating system has both advantages and disadvantages.

Among the advantages are:

• reliability and quality of service due to constant monitoring of the system by technical services;
• relatively inexpensive fuel;
• environmentally friendly equipment;
• simplicity in use.

As for the disadvantages, they are as follows:

• pressure drops in the heating system;
• dependence of the work schedule on the seasons of the year;
• expensive equipment;
• inability to independently regulate temperature on heating appliances;
• colossal heat loss during its transportation through pipes and units.

On what basis is water heating divided into types?

Depending on certain factors, there are several types of centralized heating systems.

1. By consumption pattern thermal energy:
   1. year-round- requires constant heat supply;
   2. seasonal- requiring heat only in the cold season.
2. By type coolant:
   1. air- a system that not only heats the building, but also ventilates it; due to expensive equipment it is used extremely rarely;
   2. water— intended only for heating a residential building; widely used for heating apartment buildings, easy to operate;
   3. steam system- provides the building with heat and water vapor, is actively used at industrial facilities.
3. 3. By connection method heating:
   1. independent- a heating system in which the coolant heats the water in the heat exchanger;
   2. dependent- the coolant is heated in the heat generator and immediately supplied to consumers through heating networks.
4. 4. By connection method to the water supply system:
   1. open- a system in which hot water is supplied directly from the heating network;
   2. closed- water is supplied from the water supply, and then heated in the heat exchanger.

Is it possible to abandon the centralized system and connect an individual

It is quite possible to turn off the centralized heating system in your apartment if you do this legally, in compliance with the law, which, by the way, does not prohibit this.

There are several reasons for shutting down:

• impressive heat bills;
• quality services (there are often cases when heating is too weak or may be stopped altogether);
• the desire of users to connect to autonomous heating system.

Turning off central heating in an apartment building is not an easy procedure.

The fact is that this is a closed system, and the release of any element from it leads to its destruction. In the future it will be necessary complete reconstruction of the system.

Therefore, you should take this matter seriously and under no circumstances disconnect from heating networks. without permission.

First, you need to notify all homeowners of your intention and conduct general meeting, and then contact the relevant authorities with a package of documents, most often the management company.

Required documents

List of documents:

1. Statement.
2. Technical passport of the apartment, in which it is planned to turn off the central heating.
3. Ownership of the apartment.
4. Consent of all residents to turn off the heating.
5. Conclusion on the re-equipment of the heating system.
6. Heating conversion project, which must be developed by engineers and verified by relevant authorities.

If shutdown of the central system is approved, it will be necessary to dismantling the system: remove the batteries, install autonomous heating, etc.

Useful video

Watch the video which explains the process of starting up your central heating.

Conclusion

A central heating system is a heating system used in residential buildings that allows you to provide heat several rooms at once. The principle of its operation is based on the circulation of coolant (hot water or steam) through heating networks.

The most common type of central heating is water system. It is very convenient and easy to use.

Disable if necessary apartment has central heating needs to be agreed upon this is a decision with the tenants of the house and prepare a package of documents.

Central heating in an apartment building, cottage, private or country house and other buildings is intended for their high-quality heating. This happens with the help of one thermal center in which heat generators or heat exchangers are located. They can be located either in a building, for example, in a boiler room or a heating point, or outside it, for example, in a central heating station, a thermal station or a combined heat and power plant.

Central heating is divided into water, steam and air. Combined heating has also become widespread in recent years.

Central heating installation for an apartment building

To heat apartment buildings, water central heating is most often used, consisting of the following elements:

1. Inlet valves that cut off the house from the heating main. With their help, the pipeline is divided into external and internal parts. Thermal service employees are responsible for the serviceability of the first one. Responsibility for the internal part lies with the utility workers.
2. Insertion of hot heating pipes on supply and return pipelines. With their help, water is distributed to heated towel rails located in apartments.
3. A heating elevator, with the help of which the water temperature in the system is regulated. This is possible due to the fact that hot water in it is mixed with already cooled water from the return. The volume of the latter depends on the diameter of the elevator opening. It can be changed, which allows you to adjust the water temperature in.
4. House valves necessary for cutting off an apartment building from the heating main during unheated periods.
5. Drains are valves through which, in the event of repairs, water is drained from the system.

Attention: Central heating in a multi-storey building requires the presence of special spills inside the building, which are pipes through which the coolant enters the vertical risers. If you live in an old Soviet five-story building, then in the basement there will be lower spills, from which there are risers that connect to each other in the attic or in the upper part of the building.

But this type of connection has a significant drawback. There is a high probability of freezing of the central heating coolant of an apartment building in winter if the water circulation is stopped. To avoid this, you should pay attention to their high-quality insulation. Ventilators are usually located at the top of the building to release excess air. Quite often they are represented by the Mayevsky crane.

If you live in a nine-story building, then the spill will not be in the basement, but in the attic. This arrangement makes it possible to almost immediately distribute water through the risers when heating is started. There are no problems with air getting into the risers. This is the great advantage of the upper spill over the lower one.

Indoor heating devices and temperature conditions

The type of batteries installed in apartments depends on the year the building was built. If it was built in the Soviet era, then one of the following types of radiators will be installed in the apartments:

1. Steel convectors having a metal body in which there are coils of DU-20 pipe and connected by a cross section.
2. Cast iron sectional batteries, which not only have a significant weight, but also significant heat transfer. Each radiator provides up to 150 W. Their disadvantages include the risk of leaks and unattractive appearance.

The size of radiators or sections in them depends on what floor the apartment is on and what type of coolant circulation in the house. For example, if it is upper, then the coolant reaching the first floor will lose its temperature. This means that in order for the heating of an apartment building to be effective, in the apartment, if it is located on the lower floors, the number of sections should be increased or larger radiators should be installed.

In modern multi-storey buildings, bimetallic radiators are usually installed. Of course, if it is water. Attention: Such radiators are made of aluminum and have excellent heat dissipation, which is approximately 200 W per battery. But the cost of such radiators is quite high. But their efficiency is also excellent. The apartment owner must answer a fairly common question - whether to install bimetallic batteries or not - by deciding for himself whether he is ready to “fork out” so that he can have heat.

The temperature regime in apartments is indicated in the current provisions of SNiP. If there is central heating, it is:

• bathroom – 25 degrees;
• living rooms and bedroom – 20 degrees;
• kitchen - 22 degrees;
• corner rooms - 22 degrees.

The maximum water temperature in the heating system pipes has also been established. It should not exceed 95 degrees.

Centralized heating of an apartment building allows you to effectively warm the room, but at the same time, the temperature in the apartment completely depends on the operation of the boiler room and other external factors. In this, this system is significantly inferior, which is devoid of this drawback.

Central heating in a private house

The presence of central heating in a private house is quite common. It has a lot of advantages. The concept of central heating implies the presence of a coolant generator, the function of which is taken over by the central boiler room.

Connection

Heating connection occurs after the conclusion of an appropriate agreement between the owner of the building and the organization providing this service. There are three options for connecting central heating to a private house:

• dependent direct-flow circuit;
• independent scheme;
• dependent circuit with installation of an elevator.

Each house presented above has its own advantages and disadvantages that should definitely be taken into account.

Independent system

Quite often, it is used for heating private houses. It is ideal in cases where for some reason it is not possible to increase the heating system. Most often this happens for structural reasons. In particular, if a residential building has a heating system consisting of plastic pipes, an independent circuit using a circular pump will be required. In the house, the system can be filled from the water supply or from the heating plant using a special shut-off valve. But it must have an expansion tank.

dependent scheme

Central heating of a country or private house can also be done using a dependent circuit. But it requires the installation of a transition device. This function is performed by an individual heating point with an elevator unit. The latter is designed to transfer heat energy. After all, in a central heating system, the coolant temperature is approximately + 150 degrees, while in the house itself, it should not be more than + 90 degrees.

Attention: The elevator is responsible for reducing the temperature. It is worth noting that despite the temperature of +150 degrees, the water in the central system does not boil. High blood pressure prevents this.

The elevator is necessary to transfer heat from the main heating network. Thanks to the presence of an injection nozzle, it makes the water flow in the home heating system much faster. Thanks to its presence, the water will be heated due to partial mixing with the coolant from the central heating system, the temperature of which is very high. The elevator has a steel body with a mixing chamber located inside it. It is also equipped with a nozzle in the form of a narrowing hole.

Rapid mixing of water in the heating system of a house occurs due to its high speed at the outlet of the nozzle. Its rarefaction occurs behind the jet. Already cooled water from the return heating system enters this rarefied space.

If you have an elevator, you can also control the amount of hot water consumed. This occurs due to the ability to adjust the cross-section of the nozzle. Control occurs by blocking part of the hole with a “needle”, which has the shape of a cone with a slight slope on top. It moves using a special mechanism equipped with an external control handle. Proportional to the heating temperature of the water, its flow rate changes as it passes through the nozzle.

The elevator also simultaneously serves as a temperature regulator, mixer and pump. These devices are characterized by quiet operation and reliability. Thanks also to them, the dependent water circulation scheme is very popular.

Dependent direct-flow circuit

The simplest central heating scheme for a country house is dependent direct-flow. This system does not have faucets, expansion tank, mixer and other additional elements. It consists only of pipes and radiators. The system, even at high pressure and temperature, perfectly ensures the safety of the elements. But it also has a significant drawback. The temperature in a private house depends entirely on the central boiler room.

Attention: Plastic pipes, which are now in great demand, should not be used in a dependent flow diagram.

Experts believe that of the three systems listed above, with the help of which central heating is produced in a cottage or in a private house, the most universal is the dependent one, which has an elevator. This is due to the fact that it does not require the use of a bilge pump.

Despite the presence of some disadvantages, central heating is the most common. With its help, you can effectively heat an apartment or private house even in severe frosts.