The meaning of the suffix a in nouns. The suffix "nickname". Russian language. Prefix-Suffixed Words

Suffixes play a very important role in the Russian language. With their help, not only new words are formed, but also grammatical forms, and they also serve to convey the emotional component of speech. That is why it is simply necessary to know what suffixes are and what they are used for.

What is a suffix?

The suffix is ​​the morpheme behind the root. Sometimes there are times when the suffix comes after the ending. In this case, it is called "postfix". First of all, this concerns the morpheme -я - / - сь-: they wash their face (ending -yut, postfix -sya-), going, flaunting and others.

The main function of the suffix is ​​the formation of new words, however, there are cases when this morpheme plays a formative role. There are many expressive-emotional suffixes in the language.

It is so numerous that it begins to study at school since primary grades... What are the suffixes in Russian, grade 2 takes place in the middle of the year.

By this morpheme, it is easy to find out which part of speech is in front of us. So, thanks to the specific -usch / -ych and -asch - / - yasch- we understand that we have a participle in front of us, and -v- unambiguously says that the word in question is a gerunds. Let's first consider these morphemes from the point of view of purpose, and then talk about belonging to any part of speech.

The word can exist without a suffix, but it is he who gives the lexeme a special meaning. Also, the opposite cases are not uncommon, when there are two or even three suffixes. So in the word teaching there are two: -tel- and -stv-, and in the word "to teach" there are three: the verb -ova- was added to the two previous ones.

What are the functions?

Let's consider what are the suffixes in terms of their functionality.

Shades of values

Also, suffixes can be subdivided depending on which shade of meaning is being conveyed. It is no secret that the root carries the main semantic load. The suffix only clarifies, makes the word more expressive. Let's analyze what suffixes are from this point of view and the values ​​they convey:

• Diminutive: table-table; lamb ram; handsome - handsome; a child is a child.
• Magnifying: boots, hands, kulachische, giant.
• Baby animals: duck, calf, kitten, baby elephant.
• Designation of belonging to a profession: saleswoman, crane operator, barmaid; also localities: Siberian, Petersburger, Muscovite, southerner; nationalities: Ukrainian, Georgian, German, Finn.
• Subjective attitude to an object or a person: a thief, a little girl, a sly, a greedy person, a laughing woman.

Noun suffixes

In high school, they begin to study morphology in detail, therefore, for each part of speech, they determine what suffixes are in Russian (grade 5). Let us examine this morpheme from this point of view.

We will cite as an example only the most characteristic suffixes, by which one can unambiguously say about their morphological affiliation.

Noun suffixes:

Adjective suffixes

Now let's talk about the adjective suffixes.

This is perhaps the richest part of speech for these morphemes.

Verb suffixes

What are the suffixes for verbs in Russian? Most often they are shaping (we wrote about them earlier). However, there are those who are endowed with certain meanings. So -ova - / - yva- will tell us that the action has not ended, but is in the process (planning, fantasizing, courting) - these are all imperfect verbs.

Suffixes -я - / - сь-, although they form a reflexive verb, are not inflectional. They are included in the basis entirely.

Pronoun suffixes

The last thing left to talk about is what are the pronoun suffixes. There are only three of them: something, something, something. All of them are hyphenated and participate in the education of someone, any, something.

In the Russian language there are many suffixes, there are tens, and each of them has a specific meaning. Some of them are extremely rare in modern language, for example, the suffix -дь- (as in the word "priest"), while others are used constantly. The most common suffixes are -ec- and -ik-. The stress on these suffixes never falls, which makes it difficult to write them. Schoolchildren and even adults sometimes confuse the letters "i" and "e" in these suffixes.

Meaning of suffixes -ec - / - uk-

These suffixes are part of nouns.

The suffix -ik- should not be confused with another very similar to it - -nik-. The latter forms words denoting profession, occupation ("") or a person's attitude to any subject ("virgin land"). It can also indicate the purpose of the item ("wallet", ""). Words formed with this suffix can denote books ("reference book", "problem book") or spaces covered with something ("fir-tree"). The similarity of suffixes is aggravated by the fact that in a number of cases the suffix -nik- is used without the letter “n” (“chemist”), but in this case it can also be distinguished by its meaning. This suffix is ​​always with the letter "and" and never with the "e".

The suffixes -ek - / - ik- have a completely different meaning. They are among the subjective evaluation suffixes that give words an emotional coloring, expressing an attitude towards the subject. These suffixes indicate either the small size of the object ("key", "handkerchief"), or a gentle, affectionate attitude towards it ("", "kitten"). Such suffixes are called diminutive.

Another difference between these suffixes and -nik- is in the stress setting: -nik- in some cases turns out to be stressed (“mushroom picker”), and from diminutive-affectionate suffixes under stress, -ok- (“sailor”) is used, but not -ek - or -ik-.

Spelling suffixes

In order to decide which diminutive suffix - "-ek-" or "-ik-" - you need to write in this case, you need a noun. Whenever the word changes in cases, the suffix -ik- remains unchanged (“ticket - ticket, ticket”), and in the suffix -ek- a vowel drops out, and it turns into -k- (“little man - little man, little man”).

Thus, if the vowel in the suffix is ​​preserved when the noun is changed in cases, the suffix -ik- should be written in the nominative case, and if it disappears - -ek-.

One of the most productive in the Russian language is the suffix -nik- (-nits-). I must say that it has an alternation of consonants k / c. The variant with the letter "k" forms words that refer to the masculine gender, the variant with the letter "t" refers to the words of the feminine gender.

It forms words with a general objective meaning, that is, it happens in nouns. Words with the suffix -nik- can be divided into groups according to their lexical meaning.

Face words

This is a very large semantic group. All words in it denote a person by his activity, by profession.

If it is gender, they have the suffix -nik-, examples of such words: boatman, tanner, gardener, forester, pupil, repairman, dirty trick, robber, agrarian, altynnik, apparatus operator, balalaika, spoiled man, baluster, ramman, shopkeeper, shoemaker, white ticker , shoreline, bead, fornicator, bribe-taker, gallows, out-of-order, waterman, warlord, wizard, freedman, supporter, eighties, eighth-grader, rider, repeater, second-grader, sophomore, graduate, eyeball, holoshtannik, hunter, miner, landlord, landlord , sinner, mushroom picker, summer resident, janitor, ninth-grader, tenth-grader, foreman, graduate student, debtor, pre-conscript, road worker, preschooler, defender, pickpocket, convict, cinematographer, brick-maker, slanderer, collective farmer, nomad, seditious, bloody, kryuchnik, puppet master, magician , a cult worker, a health worker, a paramedic, a miller, a rider, a classmate, an excellent student, a gunsmith, a submariner worker, a scout, a libertine, a lovemaker, a raiser, a razys knick, schismatic, libertine, warrior, interlocutor, counselor, companion, prisoner, magician, artist, chastushnik, chasnik, misanthropist, warlock, fourth-grader, fourth-year student, drummer, glutton, shabashnik, hatter, ball skier, sixth grader, shinnik, schoolboy, schoolboy, saddler, skewer, skater, sneak, pagan.

If these are female persons, the nouns denoting them have the morpheme -nits-: teacher, interlocutor, woman in labor, damsel, witness, worker, artisan, sorceress, etc.

Words for Plants

There are nouns in Russian with the suffix -nik-, denoting a plant or a place on which it grows.

For example: barberry, birch, vineyard, cherry, wolfberry, lichen, blackhead; veil, bryozoan, alder, gooseberry, sunflower, broom, currant, raspberry, strawberry, blueberry, lingonberry, spruce, aspen, wren, buckthorn, hazel, wild rose, barley, berry.

Words with the meaning of a household item

Words with the suffix -nik- (-nits-) denote dishes or some other things in the house. Examples of these words: teapot, salad bowl, teapot, coffee pot, stewpan, washstand, gravy boat, scrubber, pepper shaker, tureen, cracker, roaster.

There is a group of words with the meaning of a device, an instrument: an alarm clock, a conductor, a water collector, a water settler, a damper, a thermometer, a milking machine, a lift, a garbage collector, a collar, a radio, a boiler, a refrigerator, a freezer, a soldering iron, a candlestick.

A special group is made up of words that call food or food intake: evening party, afternoon tea, potato pancake, chicken cake, gingerbread, pickle, cheese pan.

It is possible to distinguish a category of words denoting premises and buildings: an upper room, a stall, a sennik, a pigsty, a cowshed, a chicken coop, a calf barn.

The suffix -nik- also forms words with the meaning of "clothes": summer jacket, quilted jacket, oversleeve, saddle jacket, companions, kosoklininik.

Prefix-Suffixed Words

Some words that have the suffix -nik- are formed by the simultaneous addition of a prefix and a suffix. Such words also have a substantive meaning:

• an object located underneath something: a window sill, an armrest, a cup holder, a headrest.
• an object that covers something: head guard, tip, knob, armband, knee pad, muzzle, headphones.
• a person who does not have anything: free rider, unmercenary, horseless, shameless, homeless, spineless, atheist, dowry.
• people or objects located along something: border guard, plantain.

The subject meaning of such words is formed with the help of a suffix, and the spatial meaning is introduced with a prefix.

How to distinguish between suffixes -nik- and -ik-.

What is the suffix in a word, for example, mechanic? If you say that -nik-, then it will be wrong. In the word mechanic, the word-forming morpheme is -ik-. To prove this, it is necessary to make a derivational analysis: a mechanic is a person who has the ability to handle mechanisms, in the producing base there is the letter "n". It follows from this that the suffix here is -ik-.

By the same principle, in the word "sandstone", the same morpheme -ik- is distinguished, and not -nik-, since the producing word is sandy. And at the heart of this word there is the letter "n".

And in the word lichen, unambiguously, the suffix -nik-. It is derived from the word "lichen". As you can see, this word is not based on the letter "n".

How do doubled consonants НН appear in nouns

A doubled consonant in a word appears, as a rule, at the junction of morphemes, unless, of course, the word is foreign in origin. This means that one "n" refers to the stem of the producing word, and the second "n" is the first letter of the suffix. You can cite as an example the words with -nik-: bannik (bath), wanderer (country), chosen one (chosen), guard (guard), fable (fable), root (root), supporter (party), birthday (name day), swindler (purse), elderberry (elderberry), insomnia (sleep), woodpile (log).

Difficulty may arise when distinguishing the suffix -nik- or -n- and -ik:

Consider the examples: the guard is the guard (-nik-), the chosen one is the chosen one (-ik-). What needs to be learned in this case? A very simple circumstance: -nik- is used when a noun is formed from another noun, and -ik- produces a noun from an adjective or participle.

Here are examples of words where the suffix is ​​-nik- or -n- and -ik:

• -nik-: druzhin-nick (druzhina-present), mountain ash-nik (rowan-present), arshin-nick (arshin-present), patrimony-nick (patrimony-present)
• -n + -ik: hryvnia-n-ik (hryvnia -add.), con-n-ik (equestrian -add.), root-n-ik (root -add.), captive-n-ik (captive - adj.), priest-n-ik (sacred-adj.), own-n-ik (own-adj.), public-n-ik (public-adj.), sent-n-ik (sent-pr. ), production-n-ik (production - adj.), relative-n-ik (related - adj.), seed-n-ik (seed - adj.), modern-n-ik (modern - adj.), exiled-n-ik (expelled - acc.)

Words with one letter "n"

One letter "n" is written for nouns that are formed from adjectives or participles with one letter "n". Examples of words in which one letter n is written: varen-ik (boiled), windy-ik (windy), gostin-itz-a (living room), drovyan-ik (wood), hemp-ik (hemp), kostyan-ik -a (bone), butter-itz-a (butter), peat-ik (peat).

Suffix -nik- in English

This suffix with the words "satellite" and "beatnik" got into the English language. The first word is known to the whole world after the launch of the first Earth satellite.

Associated with the second word is the name of the journalist Herba Kein, who suggested calling the generation of broken youth the word "beatniks".

Thus, the Russian suffix entered the English language and formed a whole nest of words in it with the meaning of a person adhering to a certain style of behavior.

V English language he gives words a mocking, dismissive meaning. This property is common in relation to borrowings, remember Leo Tolstoy: he used French for negative characteristics their negative heroes.

About two dozen English words have a nickname suffix. Examples of some of them:

• neatnik - taking care of himself;
• peacenik - opposing war;
• refusenik - restricted to travel abroad;
• protestnik - protester;
• draftnik - called up for military service;
• Vietnik - who served in Vietnam;
• folknik - a fan of folklore;
• nudnik - boring person;
• no-goodnik - an unworthy person from whom nothing good is expected;
• Freudnik is a follower of Freud;
• Goethenik - Goethe's worshiper;
• detentenik - supporter of detente;
• computernik is a computer fanatic;
• real-estatenik is a real estate dealer;
• sitnik is an adherent of Buddhism.

Thus, there is a suffix -nik- in Russian, which has made a good career in English.

To disassemble a word by its composition means to make itmorphemic analysis , or indicate which morphemes the word consists of.Morpheme- the minimum significant part of the word.
Let us recall what parts a word can be split into:

Root

the main significant part of a word that related words have.

In Russian there are words that consist of one root:mushroom, underground, lane O, Island, weather a.
Also, there are words consisting of two roots:warm O move, waters O pad, myself O var.
Of three roots: waters O mud e lay down motherfucker.
Of four roots:electr O light O waters O lay down enie.

Suffix

significant part of the word, which comes after the root and is intended for the formation of new words.

Some words may have two suffixes: podberezovhic - suffixes - ov - and - uk - .

Prefix

this is the significant part of the word, which is located in front of the root and is intended for the formation of new words.

The ending

it is a variable part of a word, it serves to connect words in a sentence.

So, in order to parse a word by its composition, it is necessary to find the ending in the word, for which it is necessary to change the word.

For example, in the wordthe trip.

Changing the word: trip Oh , or trip at , then you can see - the variable part -a . Let's circle it with a frame, this isthe ending.

Next, we find the root, for this we select a single-root word -on rides , per rides ... Comparing these words, we see that part of the word does not change.rides ... That's what it is root.

Then we find prefix, for this you need to pick up the same root words again -on rides, under ride. It can be seen that the prefix is ​​in front of the root, i.e. in our case, it is part of the wordon .

Finally, we findsuffix, which stands after the root and is intended to form a word, in our case it is part of the wordTo .

We made it:

Now let's look at the most common noun suffixes:

The most common adjective suffixes are:

Suffixes for verbs:

Samples of parsing words:

schooly

1. Highlight the ending, looking for the same root words: schooloh, schoolchildren. The endingth.

2. Find the root: school -schools a, school Nick. Root school

3. Looking for a suffix: coldn oh, youth nth - adj. Suffix in the word prikoln th - n.

4. Now the prefix:at manor, atmarine. That is, the prefixat.

boletus

1. End, change the word: aspen, aspenam, boletus ov... The ending and .

2. Root: boletus -aspen a, aspen Nick. Root aspen .

3. Suffix: nut ov oh, aspen ov th, - ov -. And the suffix - uk -: birch uk, moss uk.

4. Prefix: under blanket, underbirch. Prefixunder .