The largest number of altitudinal zones is in the mountains. Economic activity of the population. Where mountain desert and forest landscapes prevail
How do air temperature and atmospheric pressure change with altitude?
With altitude, the air temperature drops, atmospheric pressure decreases.
How does the sequence of zones in the mountains change?
Sequence natural areas in the mountains is the same as in the plains. The first (lower) altitudinal belt of mountains always corresponds to the natural zone in which the mountain is located. So, if the mountain is located in the taiga zone, then when you climb to its top, you will find the following altitudinal belts: taiga, mountain tundra, eternal snow. If you have to climb the Andes near the equator, then you will start your journey from the belt (zone) of equatorial forests. The pattern is as follows: the higher the mountains and the closer they are to the equator, the more altitudinal zones and the more diverse they are. In contrast to zoning on the plains, the alternation of natural zones in the mountains is called altitudinal zoning or altitudinal zoning.
Differences in knowledge were identified in the following areas. Africa, Asia, North America and South America- all results Global - fire hazard, avalanche risk and flood risk Key mountain ranges - including the Rocky Mountains, Andes, Caucasus, Himalayas, Karakorum, the Great Dividing Range and the Urals. The relief of the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan is very diverse and complex. The average height is 384 meters. The main orographic units of the Republic of Azerbaijan are the mountain systems of the Greater Caucasus, Lesser Caucasus and Talysh, the Samur-Divichinskaya lowland, and the Kura lowland.
Where mountain desert and forest landscapes prevail?
The mountainous desert landscape is typical for the Taimyr Peninsula and the Arctic islands.
Mountain-forest landscapes are typical for Transbaikalia, Southern Siberia, Altai, Sikhote-Alin.
Where and in Russia are the high-altitude zones most fully represented?
The mountains located near the sea coasts are dominated by mountain-forest landscapes. The mountains in the central regions of the mainland are characterized by treeless landscapes. Mountain belts are most fully represented in the North Caucasus.
Only the southeastern part of the Greater Caucasus mountain system is included in the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Here the main orographic units are the Main Caucasian Ridge and the Lateral Ridge. The Main Caucasian ridge, which makes up a significant part of the Greater Caucasus, on the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan, starting from the Tinov Rosso peak on the border of the Republic of Georgia and the Dagestan Autonomous Republic, extends in a southeastern direction.Only the southern slope between the peaks of Tinov-Rosso and Bazarduzi enters the territory of the republic. , as well as both slopes to the southeast of it.
questions and tasks
1. What is altitudinal zonality?
Altitudinal zonality is a natural change natural conditions, natural zones, landscapes in the mountains.
2. Do you think the altitudinal zonality is a deviation from the norm or confirmation of the law of latitudinal zoning?
Altitudinal zonation rather confirms the laws of latitudinal zoning, since in the mountains the change of natural zones is also the result of changes in climatic conditions.
The Main Caucasian ridge is nowhere crossed by river gorges. To the southeast of the Babadag peak, this ridge descends and expands. Expanding the fan-shaped upper Dubrar to the southeast, the Main Caucasian ridge, located near the Caspian Sea, is divided into the ridges of the river gorges Gadi-Kyurkechidag, Aladash, Kamchi and others. These mountain ranges, then divided into smaller ones, then move to the Gobustan low-lying region and from there continue to the Absheron peninsula. The part located to the north of the Main Caucasian ridge and parallel to the other ridge, from the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan, gradually decreases from Shahdag to the southeast and ends on Mount Beshbarmag.
3. Why is the change in natural conditions in the mountains occurring vertically and is manifested more sharply than on the plains?
The change in natural zones in the mountains occurs more abruptly, since the pressure, temperature, humidity indicators change more sharply with height.
4. What altitude zones prevail in the mountains of Russia? With what areas of the world can they be compared?
Lateral ridge valleys, carved out of the main rivers of the Caucasus Range, are divided into separate plateaus-massifs. In parallel with the lateral ridge, the Tilyabi-Gaynarka series stretches in the southeast. Varieties and valleys were separated by shooting ranges, intermontane depressions. The southern slope of the Greater Caucasus mountain range up to the Alazan-Airichay depression, in many places, runs parallel to the ridge. In some scientific publications, the Alazan-Irichai depression is given as part of the Kura depression. In the southeast lies the Niyaldag ridge, separated from the Main Caucasian ridge by the Lagich lowland.
In the northern regions, high-altitude zones of coniferous forests and tundra, mountain deserts prevail. They are similar to the mountains of Alaska and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
In the southern and central regions of the country, mountain-steppe and mountain-desert landscapes are expressed, which are also characteristic of other mountains of Central Asia.
5. What determines the set of altitude zones?
The Samur-Divichinskaya lowland runs along the Caspian Sea from northwest to southeast, on the territory of Azerbaijan it continues from the Samur River to Sumgaychay. Its part between the rivers Atachay and Sumgayit is called Bogaz Dusu. The sloping plain in the southwest extends to a lateral ridge. The marine part of the lowland is 28 meters below ocean level.
Part of the mountain system of the Lesser Caucasus, located on the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan, is mainly represented by several ridges that do not have a main watershed and stretch in several directions: Murovdag, Karabakh, Mukhtoyan; Part of Shahdag, East Goychay, East Goych, Zangezur, Derlyai, volcanic regions, lowlands. In many works, the ridges of Zangezur, Destifur and the Karabakh mountains are not considered to belong to the Lesser Caucasus.
The set of altitude zones depends on the latitude of the area in which the mountains are located and the height of the mountains.
6. If in the north of the Russian Plain there were mountains above the Caucasus, would they be richer in terms of the number of altitudinal zones?
The mountains in the north of the Russian Plain would not have been richer in terms of the number of altitudinal zones of the Caucasus. The Caucasus is located to the south. And the farther south the mountains are, the greater the number of altitudinal zones.
The Shahdag range begins in the northwest of the peak of the same name and continues northeast to the summit of the Khinaldag. To the east of Khinaldag is the Murovdag ridge. To the north of these ridges is the Bashkend-Destyafur depression, to the north of the Shamkir domed upland. This hill is the Shahdag and Murovdag ranges.
The Pant mountain range and the isolated Kapas mountain in the east share the Bashkend-Destifaur depression from the Ajjakend basin. The northern slopes of the Caucasus, decreasing to the north along the steep slope of the Srednekurinskaya depression, go to the Ganja-Gazakh plain. The Eastern Goy Range forms a watershed between the basins of Lake Goycha and the Tartar River. The highest peak is Kyati-dag. The Karabakh ridge occurs in the north and extends from northwest to southeast to the Araz River. Its watershed line consists of alternating individual rocky peaks and relatively flat surfaces.
7. How do mountains affect human life and health?
Life in the mountains affects human health. In the mountains with less oxygen, many body systems change. Work is intensifying chest and lungs, the person begins to breathe more often, respectively, the ventilation of the lungs and the delivery of oxygen to the blood improve. There is an increase in heart rate, which increases blood circulation, and oxygen reaches the tissues faster. This is facilitated by the release of new erythrocytes into the blood, and, consequently, the hemoglobin contained in them. This explains the beneficial effect of mountain air on the vitality of a person. Coming to mountain resorts, many notice that their mood is improving, vitality are activated. Especially if a vacation in the mountains is combined with a vacation at the sea. However, it should be noted that the inhabitant of the plains will feel bad during a rapid ascent already at an altitude of 3000 m. He will be tormented by mountain sickness.
There are transverse channels and grooves on the northern slope of the ridge. The Karabakh area in the northwest is connected with the Mkhtyokyan ridge. The southwestern and southern slopes of the Zangezur and Deryalai ranges are not the territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The Zangezur range continues to the Araz River. It is the highest among the ranges of the Lesser Caucasus. The highest peaks - Gapichig and Gazangoldag - are in the southern part of the ridge. Many transverse channels are separated from the Zangezur ridge to the southwest. The Piedmont regions are characterized by extrusion and laccoliths.
To the west of the Zangezur ridge is the Deryalyai ridge, which approaches the Araz. South of the ridge, not the foothills, the main place is occupied by plateaus and shooting galleries. The southern and southwestern slopes of both mountain ranges are separated by tiers and hills and run along the left bank of the Araz to the inclined plains. The Karabakh plain, mainly located between the Zangezur and Karabakh ridges, has cones of extinct volcanoes on an undulating surface and occupies a relatively large territory.
Life in the mountains also has its drawbacks. First, mountain dwellers will receive more ultraviolet radiation, which negatively affects health. In the mountains, there are difficulties in doing business, building housing and roads. Often, transport links may be absent for one reason or another. In the mountains, the likelihood of natural phenomena is higher.
In summer, it decreases, narrowing from north to west. Ends at the junction of the Akeri and Bazarchay rivers. The Talish mountain system is located in the southeast of the Lower Araz depression. It mainly consists of the Talysh, Peshtyasar and Burovarsky ridges, which run parallel from the northwest to the southwest. Of these, the Talysh ridge is the longest and highest, running along the state border with Iran. In some places, ridges connected by transverse tracks created closed cavities. The Lankaran Lowland stretches between the Talysh Mountains and the Caspian Sea.
>> Altitudinal zonality
Section 36. Altitudinal zonation
How do air temperature and atmospheric pressure change with altitude? How does the sequence of zones change when climbing mountains?
The influence of mountains on nature and man. Mountains are the main reason for the disruption of the horizontal arrangement of natural zones on the globe. Individual components of nature change with height, and the whole natural complex... When climbing up, the air temperature decreases, the amount of precipitation increases (especially on the windward slopes of the mountains), and the humidity of the air changes. All this affects the characteristics of the soil cover and the organic world. The higher the mountains, the more "multi-storey" they are and give space to a greater number of natural zones.
The Kurin lowland occupies the central part of the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The relief consists mainly of wide plains and foothills. The main orographic unit of the Kura lowland, located between the mountain systems of the Greater and Lesser Caucasus, is the Kura-Araz lowland - the largest plain of the South Caucasus. The Kura and Araz lowlands are divided into Mil-Karabakh, Shirvan, Mugan-Salyan plains. The eastern and central parts of the lowland are 28 m below sea level.
Ganja The North Gazakh plain and the Kura-Araz lowland are located in the foothills of Ajinohur, Langabiz-Alat. The largest of them is the foothills of Ajinuro. The complexity of the terrain on the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan makes it possible to distinguish high mountains, lowlands, and a flat belt here.
In the mountains, in comparison with the plains, the timing of the development of plants differs. The way of life of people, their clothes, traditional occupations are different here. It is colder in the highlands, lower atmospheric pressure, less oxygen, more ultraviolet rays. Specificity climate and even mechanisms feel the heavens: the boiling point of water, the proportions of the combustible mixture in motors, the properties of lubricating oils change with height. A person with normal health up to an altitude of 3000 m feels quite comfortable, not feeling the effect of low atmospheric pressure on the body. Even well-trained athletes have problems above.
This includes: in the Greater Caucasus - the Main Caucasus, the Lateral ridge, in the Lesser Caucasus - Zangezur, Murovdag and the lateral parts of the Shahdag ridge. A narrow zone is created in many places. This belt is characterized by poor soil and vegetation development, slopes and rocky cliffs. There are many sharp and ridged peaks here. Remaining forms of ancient relief. There are small modern glaciers.
They are cut off by deep mountain rivers. The slopes have terraced surfaces. Terraces develop in places where canyons expand, especially in intermontane depressions. On some mountain slopes there are landslide and landslide areas. In this belt, the slopes are inclined, the watersheds are smooth. This includes most of the Kura depression, the Alazan-Irichay lowland, the Samur-Divichin lowland and the Priaras plain. In this belt, accumulative relief forms are widely developed. The main landforms in the foothill areas are cones, on the coast of the Caspian Sea - dunes.
And yet man has mastered the mountains. In our country, barley is cultivated up to an altitude of 2500 m in the Caucasus. Barley, oats, rye, and wheat are grown up to a height of 1600 m in Altai. In some areas of the Eastern Sayan, up to a height of 2240 m, barley, oats are cultivated, vegetables are grown: radishes, potatoes.
Altitudinal zonality... The attention of naturalists and geographers has long been attracted by the change soils and vegetation as you climb the mountains. The first to draw attention to this as a general rule was the German natural scientist A. Humboldt (19th century). PP Semenov-Tyan-Shanskiy noted that in the mountains “the zones are located, as it were, in floors one above the other”. V. V. Dokuchaev, on the basis of studies of the soils of Transcaucasia (1898), wrote: climate, both vegetation and fauna are the most important soil-formers ... "
Mass projects combine economic development communities of indigenous peoples with the preservation of biodiversity and cultural heritage... Mouthpieces make up one fifth of the earth on our planet. About ten percent of the world's population and many species of flora and fauna live on their slopes. Their height changes create different agro-climatic conditions and diverse ecosystems; their seclusion and remoteness have made them the last bastions of globally significant biodiversity and cultural heterogeneity.
The mountains are also the world's repositories for many resource-intensive resources - fresh water, fuelwood and timber, minerals, hydropower, feed, resins, plant fibers, medicines. They are the source of most of the water on the earth's surface and the supply of fresh water for at least half of humanity. About a third of the world's biodiversity conservation areas are located in mountainous areas. They contain valuable medicinal and food plants, rare and beautiful species of animals and are important biological corridors and sanctuaries for plants and animals that have long been removed from the more transformed lowlands.
Thus, altitudinal zonation is a natural change in natural conditions, natural zones, landscapes in the mountains.
In contrast to the plains in the mountains, both flora and fauna are 2-5 times richer in species. The number of altitudinal zones in the mountains depends on the height of the mountains and on their geographic location.
Compare the table with the atlas map, indicate where mountain desert or forest landscapes prevail.
The isolation engendered by high mountain ranges has helped develop many tribes with unique cultures that include languages, social structures, and spiritual traditions. This knowledge is often more holistic in nature than modern systems, and may have solutions to many of our contemporary problems. Ecosystems today are under serious threat due to growing pressure on them and overexploitation of their resources. Their fragility and complexity make mountain environments particularly vulnerable to unsustainable resource use, unplanned development and global climate change.
Determine from the pictures. in which mountains Altitude zones are most fully represented in Russia, explain this.
Environmental impacts lead to deforestation and liquefaction, extinction of endemic species and increased environmental threats. The unique cultures of mountainous lands today are threatened by the winds of change and the negative consequences of modernization. And local mountain communities, which manage invaluable and irreplaceable treasures of cultural and biological diversity, remain some of the poorest in the world, the valleys in which they inhabit the least developed in terms of basic infrastructure and facilities.
Livelihood options are also limited due to environmental, demographic and technological constraints. While the repositories of much of the world's diversity - both biological and cultural, and many resource-intensive resources - the world's mountainous regions, such as the Himalayas, are severely underestimated and deprived, and are increasingly under environmental threat. At the same time, the unique cultures of the mountain lands, a source of support for these communities, are threatened by the consequences of modernization.
Changing natural zones in the mountains is often compared to moving across a plain from south to north. But in the mountains, the change in natural zones occurs more sharply and contrastingly and is felt at relatively short distances. The largest number of altitudinal zones can be observed in the mountains located in the tropics, the smallest - in the mountains of the same height as in the Arctic Circle.
The nature of the altitudinal zonation changes depending on the exposure of the slope, as well as with the distance of the mountains from the ocean. The mountains located near the sea coasts are dominated by mountain-forest landscapes. The mountains in the central regions of the mainland are characterized by treeless landscapes.
Each high-altitude landscape belt surrounds the mountains on all sides, but the tier system on opposite slopes of the ridges can be dramatically different.
Only at the mountain foothills are the conditions close to those typical for the neighboring plains. Above them are "floors" with a harsher nature. Above all is the layer of eternal snow and ice. The higher the colder.
But there are exceptions. There are regions in Siberia where the climate at the foothills is more severe than on the overlying slopes.
This is due to the stagnation of cold air at the bottom of the intermontane basins.
The set of altitude zones is the greater, the further south the mountains are. This can be seen very well in the Urals. In the south of the Urals, where the heights are lower than in the Northern and Polar Urals, there are many altitudinal belts, and in the north there is only one mountain-tundra belt (Fig. 60).
The altitudinal belts on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus are changing in a very contrasting way. In less than an hour, a car can lift hikers from the subtropics on the coast to the subalpine meadows.
Questions and tasks
1. What is altitudinal zonality?
2. Do you think the altitudinal zonality is a deviation from the norm or confirmation of the law of latitudinal zoning?
3. Why is the change in natural conditions in the mountains occurring vertically and is manifested more sharply than on the plains?
4. What altitude zones prevail in the mountains of Russia? With what areas of the world can they be compared?
5. What determines the set of altitude zones?
6. If in the north of the Russian Plain there were mountains above the Caucasus, would they be richer in terms of the number of altitudinal zones?
7. How mountains affect life and health man?
Geography of Russia: Nature. Population. Household. 8 cl. : textbook. for 8 cl. general education. institutions / V. P. Dronov, I. I. Barinova, V. Ya. Rom, A. A. Lobzhanidze; ed. V.P. Dronov. - 10th ed., Stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2009 .-- 271 p. : ill., maps.
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