What does distance in light mean? Minimum clear distance between pipelines and building structures. shell of ductless laying

3.75. When planting in rows, the distances between trees and shrubs should be no less than those indicated in the table. 8.

Table 8

Characteristics of plantings	Minimum distances between trees and shrubs in axes, m
Trees of light-loving species
Trees of shade-tolerant species
Shrubs up to 1 m high
The same, up to 2 m
The same, more than 2 m

3.76. The distance between the border of tree plantations and cooling ponds and splash pools, counting from the coastal edge, must be at least 40 m.

3.77. The main element of landscaping areas industrial enterprises a lawn should be provided.

3.78. On the territory of the enterprise, landscaped areas should be provided for rest and gymnastic exercises for workers.

The sites should be located on the windward side in relation to buildings with industries that emit harmful emissions into the atmosphere.

The dimensions of the sites should be taken at the rate of no more than 1 sq.m per worker in the largest shift.

3.79. For enterprises with production facilities that emit aerosols, decorative ponds, fountains, and rain installations that increase the concentration of harmful substances on enterprise sites should not be provided.

3.80. Along highways and industrial roads, sidewalks should be provided in all cases, regardless of the intensity of pedestrian traffic, and along driveways and entrances - with a traffic intensity of at least 100 people. per shift.

3.81. Sidewalks on the site of an enterprise or the territory of an industrial hub must be located no closer than 3.75 m from the nearest normal gauge railway track. Reducing this distance (but not less than the dimensions of the approaching buildings) is allowed when installing railings enclosing the sidewalk.

The distance from the axis of the railway track along which hot goods are transported to the sidewalks must be at least 5 m.

Sidewalks along buildings should be placed:

a) with organized drainage of water from the roofs of buildings - close to the building line with an increase in the width of the sidewalk by 0.5 m in this case (against that provided for by the standards of clause 3.82);

b) in case of unorganized drainage of water from roofs - at least 1.5 m from the building line.

3.82*. The width of the sidewalk should be taken as a multiple of the traffic lane with a width of 0.75 m. The number of traffic lanes on the sidewalk should be set depending on the number of workers employed in the largest shift in the building (or group of buildings) to which the sidewalk leads, based on 750 people. per shift per one lane. The minimum width of the sidewalk must be at least 1.5 m.

When the intensity of pedestrian traffic is less than 100 person-hours in both directions, sidewalks with a width of 1 m are allowed, and when moving along them for disabled people using wheelchairs, sidewalks with a width of 1.2 m are allowed.

The slopes of sidewalks intended for the possible passage of disabled people using wheelchairs should not exceed: longitudinal - 5%, transverse - 1% At the intersection of such sidewalks with the roadway of the enterprise's roads, the height of the side stones should not exceed 4 cm.

3.83. When placing sidewalks next to or on a common roadbed with a highway, they must be separated from the road by a dividing strip at least 0.8 m wide. The location of sidewalks close to the carriageway of a highway is allowed only in conditions of reconstruction of the enterprise. When the sidewalk adjoins the roadway, the sidewalk must be at the level of the top of the side stone, but not less than 15 cm above the roadway.

Note. For the Northern construction-climatic zone, sidewalks and

bicycle paths along highways should be designed to

a common roadbed with it, separating them from the roadway with a lawn of at least

1 m, without installing side stones, but with a through fence

between the lawn and the sidewalk.

3.84. When reconstructing enterprises located in crowded areas, it is allowed, with appropriate justification, to increase the width of highways due to planting strips separating them from sidewalks, and in their absence, due to sidewalks with the relocation of the latter.

3.85*. On the sites of enterprises and the territories of industrial hubs, the intersection of pedestrian traffic with railway tracks in places where there is a mass passage of workers is, as a rule, not allowed. When justifying the need for the construction of these intersections, crossings at one level should be equipped with traffic lights and audible alarms, and also ensure visibility no less than that provided for in the chapter of SNiP on highway design.

Intersections at different levels (mainly in tunnels) should be provided in the following cases: intersections of station tracks, including exhaust tracks; transportation along the routes of liquid metals and slag; the production of shunting work on intersecting routes and the impossibility of stopping it during the mass passage of people; standing on the wagon tracks, heavy traffic(more than 50 deliveries per day in both directions).

When disabled people using wheelchairs move around the enterprise, pedestrian tunnels must be equipped with ramps.

Intersections of highways with pedestrian paths should be designed in accordance with the chapter of SNiP on the planning and development of cities, towns and rural settlements.

3.86. The fencing of enterprise sites should be provided in accordance with the “Guidelines for the design of fencing of sites and areas of enterprises, buildings and structures.”

4. LOCATION OF ENGINEERING NETWORKS

4.1. For enterprises and industrial hubs, a unified system of utility networks should be designed, located in technical strips that ensure the occupation of the smallest areas of the territory and connection with buildings and structures.

4.2*. At the sites of industrial enterprises, predominantly ground and above-ground methods for placing utility networks should be provided.

In pre-factory areas of enterprises and community centers industrial nodes should provide for underground placement of utility networks.

4.3. For networks for various purposes, it is necessary, as a rule, to provide for joint placement in common trenches, tunnels, channels, on low supports, sleepers or on overpasses in compliance with the relevant sanitary and fire safety standards and safety rules for the operation of networks.

Joint underground placement of recycling water supply pipelines, heating networks and gas pipelines with process pipelines is allowed, regardless of the coolant parameters and environmental parameters in the process pipelines.

4.4. When designing utility networks at enterprise sites located in special natural and climatic conditions, you should also comply with the requirements stipulated by the chapters of SNiP for the design of water supply, sewerage, gas supply and heating networks.

4.5. Placing external networks with flammable and combustible liquids and gases under buildings and structures is not permitted.

4.6. The choice of method for placing power cable lines should be provided in accordance with the requirements of the “Rules for the Construction of Electrical Installations” (RUE), approved by the USSR Ministry of Energy.

4.7. When placing heating networks, the intersection of production and auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises is allowed.

UNDERGROUND NETWORKS

4.8. Underground networks, as a rule, should be laid outside the carriageway of roads.

On the territory of reconstructed enterprises, it is allowed to place underground networks under highways.

Notes: 1. Ventilation shafts, entrances and other duct devices and

tunnels should be located outside the roadway and in places free from

developments.

2. For channelless installation, it is allowed to place networks within

4.9. In the Northern construction-climatic zone, utility networks, as a rule, should be laid together in tunnels and channels, preventing changes in the temperature regime of the soil foundations of nearby buildings and structures.

Note. Water supply, sewer and drainage networks should be located

in the zone of temperature influence of heating networks.

4.10. In channels and tunnels, it is allowed to place gas pipelines of flammable gases (natural, associated petroleum, artificial mixed and liquefied hydrocarbons) with a gas pressure of up to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf/sq.cm) together with other pipelines and communication cables, provided that ventilation and lighting are installed in channels and tunnels in accordance with sanitary standards.

It is not allowed to place together in the channel and tunnel: gas pipelines of flammable gases with power cables and lighting, with the exception of cables for lighting the channel or tunnel itself; pipelines of heating networks with liquefied gas pipelines, oxygen pipelines, nitrogen pipelines, cold pipelines, pipelines with flammable, volatile chemically caustic and toxic substances and with household sewage effluents; pipelines of flammable and combustible liquids with power and communication cables, with networks fire-fighting water supply and gravity sewerage; oxygen pipelines with gas pipelines of flammable gases, flammable and combustible liquids with pipelines of toxic liquids and with power cables.

Notes: 1. Co-location in common channels and

tunnels of pipelines of flammable and combustible liquids with pressure

water supply systems (except fire-fighting) and pressure sewerage systems.

2. Channels and tunnels designed to accommodate pipelines with fire,

explosive and toxic materials (liquids), must have outlets to

less than every 60 m and at its ends.

4.11*. Underground utilities should be placed parallel in a common trench; at the same time, the distances between utility networks, as well as from these networks to the foundations of buildings and structures, should be taken as minimally acceptable based on the size and placement of cameras, wells and other devices on these networks, the conditions of installation and repair of networks.

The horizontal distances (in clear distance) from the nearest underground utility networks, with the exception of gas pipelines for flammable gases, to buildings and structures should be taken no more than those indicated in the table. 9. The distances from flammable gas pipelines to buildings and structures indicated in this table are minimal.

The horizontal (clear) distances between adjacent underground utility networks when they are placed in parallel should be taken no more than those indicated in the table. 10.

4.12. When laying a cable line parallel to a high-voltage line (OHL) with a voltage of 110 kV and above, the horizontal distance (in the clear) from the cable to the outermost wire must be at least 10 m.

In the conditions of reconstruction of enterprises, the distance from cable lines to the underground parts and grounding conductors of individual overhead line supports with voltages above 1000 V is allowed to be at least 2 m, while the horizontal distance (in the clear) to the outermost wire of the overhead line is not standardized.

4.13*. When crossing utility networks, the vertical (clear) distances must be no less than:

a) between pipelines or electrical cables, communication cables and railway and tram tracks, counting from the base of the rail, or highways, counting from the top of the coating to the top of the pipe (or its case) or electrical cable - based on the strength of the network, but not less than 0 .6 m;

b) between pipelines and electrical cables placed in channels or tunnels and railways, the vertical distance, counting from the top of the channel or tunnel ceiling to the base of the rails railways, - 1 m, to the bottom of a ditch or other drainage structures or the base of a railway embankment roadbed- 0.5 m;

c) between pipelines and power cables with voltage up to 35 kV and communication cables - 0.5 m;

d) between power cables with voltage 110 - 220 kV and pipelines - 1 m;

e) in the conditions of reconstruction of enterprises, subject to compliance with the requirements of the PUE, the distance between cables of all voltages and pipelines may be reduced to 0.25 m;

f) between pipelines for various purposes (with the exception of sewer pipelines crossing water pipelines and pipelines for toxic and foul-smelling liquids) - 0.2 m;

g) pipelines transporting water drinking quality, should be placed 0.4 m above sewer or pipelines transporting toxic and foul-smelling liquids;

h) it is allowed to place steel pipelines enclosed in cases transporting drinking water below sewer pipes, while the distance from the walls of the sewer pipes to the edge of the case must be at least 5 m in each direction in clay soils and 10 m in coarse and sandy soils , and sewer pipelines should be provided from cast iron pipes;

i) utility and drinking water supply inlets with a pipe diameter of up to 150 mm may be provided below sewer lines without installing a casing, if the distance between the walls of intersecting pipes is 0.5 m;

j) when laying ductless pipelines for water heating networks open system heating supply or hot water supply networks, the distance from these pipelines to the sewer pipelines located below and above should be taken as 0.4 m.

4.14. When placing utility networks vertically on the sites of industrial enterprises and the territories of industrial hubs, the norms of the chapters of SNiP on the design of water supply, sewerage, gas supply, heating networks, structures of industrial enterprises, and PUE must be observed.

4.15. When crossing canals or tunnels for various purposes, gas pipelines should be placed above or below these structures in cases extending 2 m on both sides from the outer walls of the canals or tunnels. It is allowed to lay underground gas pipelines in a casing with a pressure of up to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf/sq.cm) through tunnels for various purposes.

Table 9

Horizontal distance (clear), m, from underground networks to

building foundations

foundations fencing supports,

railway track axes

tram axles

roads

foundations of overhead power transmission line supports

Network engineering

and structures

galleries, overpasses pipelines, contact network and communications

gauge 1520 mm, but not less than the depth of the trench to the bottom of the embankment and excavation

side stones, edges of the roadway, reinforced no roadside strip

the outer edge of the ditch or the bottom of the embankment

up to 1 kV and outdoor lighting

St. 1 to 35 kV

1. Water supply and pressure sewerage

2. Gravity sewerage and drains

3. Drains

4. Gas pipelines for flammable gases a) low pressure up to 0.005 MPa (0.05 kgf/sq.cm)

b) average pressure St. 0.005 (0.05) to 0.3 MPa (3 kgf/sq.cm)

c) high pressure from 0.3 (3) to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf/sq.cm)

d) high pressure over 0.6 (6) to 1.2 MPa (12 kgf/sq.cm)

5. Heat networks (from the outer wall of the channel, tunnel or shell of a ductless installation)

2 (see note 4)

6. Power cables of all voltages and communication cables

7. Channels, tunnels

* Refers only to distances from power cables. The distance from communication cables must be taken according to special standards approved by the USSR Ministry of Communications.

Notes*: Notes 1 and 2 are excluded. 3. In the Northern construction-climatic zone, the distance from the networks according to pos. 1, 2, 3 and 5 during construction with preservation of the permafrost state of the foundation soils should be taken according to thermal engineering calculations; during construction, when the foundation soils are used in a thawed state, - according to Table. 9. 4. The distance from heating networks for ductless installation to buildings and structures should be taken as for water supply. 5. It is allowed to provide for the laying of underground utility networks, with the exception of networks fire water supply and gas pipelines of flammable and toxic gases, within the foundations of supports and overpasses of pipelines, galleries, contact networks, provided that measures are taken to exclude the possibility of damage to networks in the event of settlement of foundations, as well as damage to foundations in the event of an accident on these networks.

Table 10

Horizontal distance (clear), m, between

gas pipelines for flammable gases

heating networks

Network engineering

sewerage

drainage or gutters

low pressure up to 0.005 MPa (0.05 kgf/sq.cm)

average pressure St. 0.005 (0.05) to (3 kgf/sq.cm)

high pressure St. 0.3 (3) to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf/sq.cm)

high pressure St 0.6 (6) to 1.2 MPa 12kgf/sq.cm)

power cables of all voltages

communication cables

outer wall of a channel, tunnel

the shell is without- gasket

lami, tunnels

1. Water supply

(see note 2)

2. Sewerage

(see note 2)

3. Drainage and wastewater

4. Gas pipelines for flammable gases: a) low pressure up to 0.005 MPa (0.05 kgf/sq.cm)

(see note 3)

b) average pressure from 0.005 (0.05) to 0.3 MPa (3 kgf/sq.cm)

(see note 3)

c) high blood pressure St. 0.3 (3) to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf/sq.cm)

(see note 3)

d) high pressure over 0.6 (6.0) to 1.2 MPa (12 kgf/sq.cm)

(see note 3)

5. Power cables of all voltages

6. Communication cables

7. Heating networks: a) the outer wall of the channel, tunnel

b) shell of channelless gasket

8. Channels, tunnels

* In accordance with the requirements of the PUE. Notes: *Note 1 has been deleted. 2. The distances from the sewerage system to the drinking water supply must be taken as follows: to the water supply system made of reinforced concrete and asbestos cement pipes laid in clay soils - 5 m, in coarse and sandy soils - 10 m; to a water supply system made of cast iron pipes with a diameter of up to 200 mm - 1.5 m, with a diameter of more than 200 mm - 3 m; to the water supply system made of plastic pipes - 1.5 m. The distance between the sewerage networks and the industrial water supply system, regardless of the material and diameter of the pipes, as well as the nomenclature and characteristics of the soil, must be at least 1.5 m. 3. When two or more gas pipelines of flammable gases are placed together in one trench, the clear distances between them should be for pipes with a diameter of: up to 300 mm - 0.4 m, more than 300 mm - 0.5 m. 4. The table shows the distances to steel gas pipelines. The placement of underground gas pipelines made of non-metallic pipes should be provided in accordance with the chapter of SNiP on the design of internal and external gas supply devices. Notes 5 - 9 have been deleted.

4.16. Intersections of pipelines with railway and tram tracks, as well as with roads, should be provided, as a rule, at an angle of 90 degrees. In some cases, with appropriate justification, it is possible to reduce the intersection angle to 45°.

The distance from gas pipelines and heating networks to the beginning of the points, the tail of the crosspieces and the points of connection to the rails, suction cables should be taken at least 3 m for tram tracks and 10 m for railways.

4.17. The intersection of cable lines laid directly in the ground with the tracks of electrified rail transport should be provided at an angle of 75 - 90° to the axis of the track. The intersection must be at a distance of at least 10 m for railways and at least 3 m for tram tracks from the beginning of the points, the tail of the crosspieces and the points where the suction cables are connected to the rails.

In the case of a transition of a cable line into an overhead line, the cable must exit to the surface at a distance of at least 3.5 m from the base of the embankment or from the edge of the railway or highway bed.

GROUND NETWORKS

4.18. When terrestrial networks are located, it is necessary to provide protection from mechanical damage and adverse atmospheric influences.

Ground nets should be placed on sleepers laid in open trays, at elevations below the planning elevations of the sites (territories). Other types of above-ground placement of networks are allowed (in channels and tunnels laid on the surface of the territory or on a continuous bedding, in channels and tunnels of a semi-buried type, in open trenches, etc.)

4.19. Pipelines for flammable gases, toxic products, pipelines through which acids and alkalis are transported, as well as domestic sewerage pipelines are not allowed to be placed in open trenches and trays.

4.20. Ground networks are not allowed to be placed within the strip reserved for laying underground networks in trenches and channels that require periodic access to them during operation.

OVERGROUND NETWORKS

4.21. Aboveground utility networks should be placed on supports, overpasses, in galleries or on the walls of buildings and structures.

4.22. The intersection of cable overpasses and galleries with overhead power lines, intra-factory railways and roads, cable cars, overhead communication and radio lines and pipelines should be carried out at an angle of at least 30°.

4.23*. The placement of overhead networks is not allowed:

a) transit on-site pipelines with flammable and combustible liquids and gases along overpasses, free-standing columns and supports made of combustible materials, as well as along the walls and roofs of buildings with the exception of buildings of I, II, IIIa degrees of fire resistance with production categories B, D and D;

b) pipelines with flammable liquid and gaseous products in galleries, if mixing of products can cause an explosion or fire;

c) pipelines with flammable and combustible liquids and gases, along combustible coatings and walls;

on coatings and walls of buildings in which explosive materials are located;

d) gas pipelines for flammable gases;

on the territory of warehouses for flammable and combustible liquids and materials.

Note. The on-site pipeline is transit in relation to

those buildings whose technological installations do not produce or consume

liquids and gases transported through these pipelines.

4.24. Aboveground pipelines for flammable and combustible liquids, laid on separate supports, overpasses, etc., should be placed at a distance of at least 3 m from the walls of buildings with openings; from walls without openings, this distance can be reduced to 0.5 m.

4.25. Pressure pipelines with liquids and gases, as well as power and communication cables should be placed on low supports, located:

a) in technical zones of enterprise sites specially designated for these purposes;

b) on the territory of warehouses for liquid products and liquefied gases.

4.26. The height from ground level to the bottom of pipes (or the surface of their insulation) laid on low supports in a free area outside the passage Vehicle and the passage of people, no less than:

with a pipe group width of at least 1.5 m - 0.35 m;

with a pipe group width of 1.5 m or more - 0.5 m.

The placement of pipelines with a diameter of 300 mm or less on low supports should be provided in two rows or more vertically, reducing the width of the network route as much as possible.

4.27*. The height from ground level to the bottom of pipes or insulation surfaces laid on high supports should be taken as follows:

a) in the impassable part of the site (territory), in places where people pass - 2.2 m;

b) at intersections with roads (from the top of the roadway) - 5 m;

c) at intersections with internal railway access roads and general network tracks - in accordance with GOST 9238-83;

d) excluded;

e) at intersections with tram tracks - 7.1 m from the rail head;

f) at the intersection with the trolleybus contact network (from the top of the road surface) - 7.3 m;

g) at the intersection of pipelines with flammable and combustible liquids and gases with internal railway access roads for transporting molten cast iron or hot slag (to the rail head) - 10 m; when installing thermal protection of pipelines - 6 m.

Clear distance- 2.40. Clear distance is the smallest distance between two outer surfaces. Source …

The distance between the internal edges of the structure supports (Bulgarian language; Български) světlost (Czech language; Čeština) světlost ( German; Deutsch) lichte Spannweite; Lichtweite (Hungarian language; Magyar) szabad nyílás (Mongolian language)… … Construction dictionary

Clear width of the stairs- 3.7. The clear width of the staircase is the minimum distance between the internal surfaces of the staircase strings. Source: NPB 171 98*: Manual fire ladders. General technical requirements. Test methods 3.8 Clear width of stairs: Minimum... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Clear width of floating dock- 21. Clear width of a floating dock Clear width Sun The smallest distance measured perpendicular to the center plane of a floating dock between the protruding structures of its inner sides Source: GOST 14181 78: Floating docks. Terms... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

span- The distance between the internal edges of the structure supports [Terminological dictionary for construction in 12 languages ​​(VNIIIS Gosstroy USSR)] Topics: other construction products EN clear span DE lichte SpannweiteLichtweite FR portee libre … Technical Translator's Guide

clear height- 3.1.4 headroom e: The smallest vertical distance above the center line free from all obstructions (such as crossbars, risers, etc.) (see Figure 1). Source: GOST R ISO 14122 3 2009: Machine safety. Facilities… … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Clear distance between supports, measured at the design level mark high waters minus the width of the intermediate supports (Bulgarian language; Български) opening to the bridge (Czech language; Čeština) světlé rozpětí mostu (German language; Deutsch)… … Construction dictionary

The horizontal (clear) distances between adjacent underground utility networks when they are placed in parallel should be taken as follows:

according to table 5.13;

At least 0.5 m at utility network inputs in buildings rural settlements.

If the difference in the depth of adjacent pipelines is more than 0.4 m, the distances indicated in Table 5.13 should be increased taking into account the steepness of the slopes of the trenches, but not less than the depth of the trench to the base of the embankment and the edge of the excavation.

The distances indicated in Tables 5.12 and 5.13 may be reduced:

when performing appropriate technical measures to ensure safety and reliability requirements;

Laying underground gas pipelines with a pressure of up to 0.6 MPa in cramped conditions (when the distances regulated by regulatory documents cannot be met) on certain sections of the route, between buildings and under the arches of buildings;

Laying gas pipelines with pressure over 0.6 MPa when bringing them closer to detached ancillary buildings (buildings without permanent presence of people) - up to 50%.

1. When utility networks intersect each other, the vertical (clear) distances should be taken at least:

1) when laying a cable line parallel to a high-voltage line (VL) with a voltage of 110 kV and above, from the cable to the outermost wire - 10 m;

2) between pipelines or electrical cables, communication cables and railway tracks, counting from the base of the rail, or highways, counting from the top of the coating to the top of the pipe (or its case) or electrical cable - based on the strength of the network, but not less than 0.6 m ;

3) between pipelines and electrical cables placed in canals or tunnels and railways, counting from the top of the canals or tunnels to the bottom of the railway rails - 1 m, to the bottom of the ditch or other drainage structures or the base of the embankment of the railway subgrade - 0, 5 m;

4) between pipelines and power cables with voltage up to 35 kV and communication cables - 0.5 m;

5) between pipelines and power cables with voltage 110-220 kV – 1 m;

6) between pipelines and communication cables when laid in collectors - 0.1 m, while communication cables should be located above the pipelines;

7) between communication cables and power cables when laid in parallel in collectors - 0.2 m, while communication cables should be located below the power cables.

In conditions of reconstruction:

the distance from cable lines to underground parts and grounding conductors of individual overhead line supports with voltages above 1000 V can be taken at least
2 m, while the horizontal distance (in the clear) to the outermost wire of the overhead line is not standardized;

Subject to compliance with the requirements of the PUE, the distance between cables of all voltages and pipelines can be reduced to 0.25 m.

Table 5.12

Network engineering	Distance, m, horizontally (clear) from underground networks
	to the foundations of buildings and structures	to the foundations of fences of enterprises, overpasses, contact and communication supports, railways	to the axis of the extreme path		to the side stone of the street, road (edge ​​of the roadway, reinforced shoulder strip)	to the outer edge of the ditch or the soles of a road embankment	to the foundations of overhead power transmission line supports
			1520 mm gauge railways, but not less than the depth of the trenches to the base of the embankment and the edge of the excavation	railway gauge 750 mm			up to 1 kV of outdoor lighting, trolleybus contact network	St. 1 to 35 kV	St. 35 to 110 kV and above
Water supply and pressure sewerage	5	3	4	2,8	2	1	1	2	3
Gravity sewerage (domestic and rainwater)	3	1,5	4	2,8	1,5	1	1	2	3
Drainage	3	1	4	2,8	1,5	1	1	2	3
Associated drainage	0,4	0,4	0,4	0	0,4
Gas pipelines for flammable gases pressure, MPa;
low to 0.005	2	1	3,8	2,8	1,5	1	1	5	10
average over 0.005 to 0.3	4	1	4,8	2,8	1,5	1	1	5	10
high:
over 0.3 to 0.6	7	1	7,8	3,8	2,5	1	1	5	10
over 0.6 to 1.2	10	1	10,8	3,8	2,5	2	1	5	10
Heating network:
from the outer wall of the channel, tunnel	2	1,5	4	2,8	1,5	1	1	2	3
from the shell of the channelless laying	5*	1,5	4	2,8	1,5	1	1	2	3
Power cables of all voltages and communication cables	0,6	0,5	3,2	2,8	1,5	1	0,5*	5*	10*
Channels, communication tunnels	2	1,5	4	2,8	1,5	1	1	2	3*
External pneumatic waste chutes	2	1	3,8	2,8	1,5	1	1	3	5

* Applies only to distances from power cables.
It is allowed to provide for the laying of underground utility networks within the foundations of supports and pipeline overpasses, contact networks, provided that measures are taken to exclude the possibility of damage to the networks in the event of settlement of the foundations, as well as damage to the foundations in the event of an accident on these networks. When placing utility networks to be laid using construction dewatering, their distance to buildings and structures should be established taking into account the zone possible violation strength of foundation soils.

Distances from heating networks for ductless installation to buildings and structures should be taken in accordance with SNiP 41-02-2003 “Heating networks”.

Distances from power cables with a voltage of 110–220 kV to the foundations of enterprise fences, overpasses, contact network supports and communication lines should be 1.5 m.

In irrigated areas with non-subsidence soils, the distance from underground utility networks to irrigation canals should be taken (to the edge
channels), m:

1 – from low and medium pressure gas pipelines, as well as from water supply systems, sewerage systems, drains and pipelines of flammable liquids;

2 – from high-pressure gas pipelines up to 0.6 MPa, heating pipelines, domestic and storm sewerage;

1.5 – from power cables and communication cables.

Table 5.13

Network engineering	Distance, m, horizontally (clear)
	to water	before the domestic sewerage	before drainage and rainwater drainage	to gas pipelines pressure, MPa (kgf/sq.m)				to all power cables	to ka-be-lay communications	to heating networks		to the ka-na-lovs, to-nne-lay	to external stumps in mo-mu-so-ro-pro-vo-dov
				low up to 0.005	middle St. 0.005 to 0.3	high				external channel wall, tunnel	ob-loch-ka channelless wiring
						St. 0.3 up to 0.6	St. 0.6 up to 1.2
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
Water pipes	1,5	*	1,5	1	1	1,5	2	1*	0,5	1,5	1,5	1,5	1
Domestic sewerage	*	0,4	0,4	1	1,5	2	5	1*	0,5	1	1	1	1
Rain sewer	1,5	0,4	0,4	1	1,5	2	5	1*	0,5	1	1	1	1
Gas pipelines pressure, MPa:
low to 0.005	1	1	1	0,5	0,5	0,5	0,5	1	1	2	1	2	1
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13
average over 0.005 up to 0.3	1	1,5	1,5	0,5	0,5	0,5	0,5	1	1	2	1	2	1,5
high
over 0.3 to 0.6	1,5	2	2	0,5	0,5	0,5	0,5	1	1	2	1,5	2	2
over 0.6 to 1.2	2	5	5	0,5	0,5	0,5	0,5	2	1	4	2	4	2
Power cables of all voltages	1*	1*	1*	1	1	1	2	0,1-0,5	0,5	2	2	2	1,5
Communication cables	0,5	0,5	0,5	1	1	1	1	0,5		1	1	1	1
Heating network:
from the outer wall of the channel, tunnel	1,5	1	1	2	2	2	4	2	1			2	1
from the shell of the channelless gasket	1,5	1	1	1	1	1,5	2	2	1			2	1
Channels, tunnels	1,5	1	1	2	2	2	4	2	1	2	2		1
External pneumatic waste lines	1	1	1	1	1,5	2	2	1,5	1	1	1	1

* It is allowed to reduce the specified distances to 0.5 m, subject to the requirements of section 2.3 of the PUE.
The distance from the domestic sewerage system to the drinking water supply should be taken, m:

a) to the water supply system made of reinforced concrete and asbestos-cement pipes – 5;

B) to a water supply system made of cast iron pipes with a diameter of:

Up to 200 mm – 1.5;

Over 200 mm – 3;

C) to the water supply system made of plastic pipes – 1.5.

The distance between the sewerage networks and industrial water supply, depending on the material and diameter of the pipes, as well as the nomenclature and characteristics of the soil, should be 1.5 m.

When laying gas pipelines in parallel, for pipes with a diameter of up to 300 mm, the distance between them (in the clear) is allowed to be 0.4 m and more than 300 mm - 0.5 m when two or more gas pipelines are placed together in one trench.

Table 5.13 shows the distances to steel gas pipelines. The placement of gas pipelines from non-metallic pipes should be provided in accordance with SNiP 42-01-2002 “Gas distribution systems”.

For special soils, the distance should be adjusted in accordance with SNiP 41-02-2003 “Heating networks”, SNiP 2.04.02-84* “Water supply. External networks and structures", SNiP 2.04.03-85* "Sewerage. External networks and structures":

1) between pipelines for various purposes (except for sewer pipelines crossing water pipelines, and pipelines for toxic and foul-smelling liquids) - 0.2 m;

2) pipelines transporting drinking water should be placed 0.4 m higher than sewer or pipelines transporting toxic and foul-smelling liquids;

3) it is allowed to place steel pipelines enclosed in cases transporting drinking water below sewer pipes, while the distance from the walls of the sewer pipes to the edge of the case must be at least 5 m in each direction in clay soils and 10 m in coarse and sandy soils , and sewer pipelines should be made of cast iron pipes;

4) utility and drinking water supply inlets with a pipe diameter of up to 150 mm may be provided below sewer lines without installing a casing, if the distance between the walls of intersecting pipes is 0.5 m;

5) when laying ductless pipelines of water heating networks of an open heating supply system or hot water supply networks, the distance from these pipelines to the sewer pipelines located below and above should be taken as 0.4 m;

6) gas pipelines, when crossing with canals or tunnels for various purposes, should be placed above or below these structures at a distance of at least 0.2 m in cases extending 2 m on both sides from the outer walls of the canals or tunnels. It is allowed to lay underground gas pipelines in a casing with a pressure of up to 0.6 MPa through tunnels for various purposes.

Minimum clear distances from pipelines to building structures and to adjacent pipelines

Nominal diameter of pipelines, mm	Distance from surface thermal insulation structure pipelines, mm, not less
to the wall	before overlap	to the floor	to the surface of the thermal insulation structure of the adjacent pipeline
vertically	horizontally
25-80
100-250
300-350
500-700
1000 - 1400
Note - When reconstructing heating points using existing building structures, deviations from the dimensions indicated in this table are allowed, but taking into account the requirements of clause 2.33.

table 2

Minimum aisle width

Name of equipment and building structures between which passages are provided	Clear passage width, mm, not less
Between pumps with electric motors with voltages up to 1000 V	1,0
The same, 1000 V or more	1,2
Between the pumps and the wall	1,0
Between pumps and distribution panel or instrumentation panel	2,0
Between protruding parts of equipment (water heaters, mud pits, elevators, etc.) or protruding parts of equipment and a wall	0,8
From the floor or ceiling to the surface of heat-insulating pipeline structures	0,7
For servicing fittings and compensators (from the wall to the fitting flange or to the compensator) with pipe diameter, mm:
up to 500	0,6
from 600 to 900	0,7
When installing two pumps with electric motors on the same foundation without a passage between them, but with passages around the double installation	1,0

Table 3

Minimum distance in the clear between pipelines and building structures

Name	Clear distance, mm, not less
From protruding parts of fittings or equipment (taking into account the thermal insulation structure) to the wall
From the protruding parts of pumps with electric motors with voltages up to 1000 V with a pressure pipe diameter of no more than 100 mm (when installed against a wall without a passage) to the wall
Between the protruding parts of pumps and electric motors when installing two pumps with electric motors on the same foundation near a wall without a passage
From the valve flange on the branch to the surface of the thermal insulation structure of the main pipes
From the extended valve spindle (or handwheel) to the wall or ceiling at mm
The same, at mm
From the floor to the bottom of the thermal insulation structure of the fittings
From the wall or from the valve flange to the water or air outlet fittings
From the floor or ceiling to the surface of the heat-insulating structure of branch pipes

APPENDIX 2

METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE ESTIMATED THERMAL PRODUCTIVITY OF WATER HEATERS FOR HEATING AND HOT WATER SUPPLY

1. The calculated thermal performance of water heaters, W, should be taken according to the calculated heat flows for heating, ventilation and hot water supply, given in project documentation buildings and structures. In the absence of design documentation, it is allowed to determine the calculated heat flows in accordance with the instructions of SNiP 2.04.07-86* (according to aggregated indicators).

2. The calculated thermal performance of water heaters for heating systems should be determined at the design outside air temperature for heating design, °C, and taken based on the maximum heat flows determined in accordance with the instructions in paragraph 1. When heating and ventilation systems are independently connected through a common water heater, the calculated thermal performance of the water heater, W, is determined by the sum of the maximum heat flows for heating and ventilation:

.

3. The calculated thermal performance of water heaters, W, for hot water supply systems, taking into account heat losses by supply and circulation pipelines, W, should be determined at water temperatures at the break point of the water temperature graph in accordance with the instructions in paragraph 1, and in the absence of design documentation - according to heat flows determined by the following formulas:

For consumers - according to the average heat flow for hot water supply during the heating period, determined according to clause 3.13, and SNiP 2.04.01-85, according to the formula or depending on the accepted heat reserve in the tanks according to Appendices 7 and 8 of the specified chapter (or according to SNiP 2.04.07-86* - );

For consumers - according to the maximum heat flows for hot water supply, determined according to clause 3.13, b SNiP 2.04.01-85, (or according to SNiP 2.04.07-86 * - ).

4. In the absence of data on the amount of heat loss by pipelines of hot water supply systems, heat flows to hot water supply, W, are allowed to be determined using the formulas:

in the presence of storage tanks

in the absence of storage tanks

where is a coefficient taking into account heat loss by pipelines of hot water supply systems, taken according to table. 1.

Table 1

In the absence of data on the number and characteristics of water taps, hourly consumption hot water for residential areas it is allowed to be determined by the formula

where is the coefficient of hourly unevenness of water consumption, taken according to Table 2.

Note - For hot water supply systems serving both residential and public buildings, the coefficient of hourly unevenness should be taken based on the sum of the number of inhabitants in residential buildings and the conditional number of residents in public buildings, determined by the formula

where is the average water consumption for hot water supply during the heating period, kg/h, for public buildings, determined according to SNiP 2.04.01-85.

In the absence of data on the purpose of public buildings, it is allowed when determining the coefficient of hourly unevenness according to the table. 2 conditionally take the number of residents with a coefficient of 1.2.

table 2

Continuation of the table. 2

APPENDIX 3

METHOD FOR DETERMINING PARAMETERS FOR CALCULATING WATER HEATERS

1. Calculation of the heating surface of heating water heaters, sq.m, is carried out at the water temperature in the heating network corresponding to the design temperature of the outside air for heating design, and for the design performance determined according to Appendix 2, according to the formula

2. The temperature of the heated water should be taken:

at the inlet to the water heater - equal to the temperature of the water in the return pipeline of the heating systems at the outside air temperature;

at the outlet of the water heater - equal to the water temperature in the supply pipeline of the heating networks behind the central heating point or in the supply pipeline of the heating system when installing the water heater in the IHP at the outside air temperature.

Note - When independently connecting heating and ventilation systems through a common water heater, the temperature of the heated water in the return pipeline at the inlet to the water heater should be determined taking into account the water temperature after connecting the ventilation system pipeline. When the heat consumption for ventilation is no more than 15% of the total maximum hourly heat consumption for heating, the temperature of the heated water in front of the water heater is allowed to be equal to the temperature of the water in the return pipeline of the heating system.

3. The temperature of the heating water should be taken:

at the inlet to the water heater - equal to the temperature of the water in the supply pipeline of the heating network at the inlet to the heating point at the outside air temperature;

at the outlet of the water heater - 5-10 °C higher than the water temperature in the return pipeline of the heating system at the design temperature of the outside air.

4. Estimated water consumption and , kg/h, for calculating water heaters for heating systems should be determined using the formulas:

heating water

heated water

When heating and ventilation systems are independently connected through a common water heater, the calculated water consumption and , kg/h, should be determined using the formulas:

heating water

heated water

where , are respectively the maximum heat flows for heating and ventilation, W.

5. Temperature pressure, °C, of ​​the heating water heater is determined by the formula

APPENDIX 4

METHOD FOR DETERMINING PARAMETERS FOR CALCULATING HOT WATER HEATERS CONNECTED ACCORDING TO A SINGLE-STAGE SCHEME

1. Calculation of the heating surface of hot water supply water heaters should be carried out (see Fig. 1) at the water temperature in the supply pipeline of the heating network corresponding to the break point of the water temperature graph, or at minimum temperature water, if there is no break in the temperature graph, and according to the calculated productivity determined according to Appendix 2

where is determined in the presence of storage tanks according to formula (1) App. 2, and in the absence of storage tanks - according to formula (2) App. 2.

2. The temperature of the heated water should be taken: at the entrance to the water heater - equal to 5 °C, if there are no operational data; at the outlet of the water heater - equal to 60 °C, and with vacuum deaeration - 65 °C.

3. The temperature of the heating water should be taken: at the inlet to the water heater - equal to the temperature of the water in the supply pipeline of the heating network at the inlet to the heating point at the outside air temperature at the break point of the water temperature graph; at the outlet of the water heater - equal to 30 °C.

4. Estimated water consumption and , kg/h, for calculating a hot water supply water heater should be determined using the formulas:

heating water

heated water

5. The temperature pressure of a hot water supply water heater is determined by the formula

6. The heat transfer coefficient, depending on the design of the water heater, should be determined according to Appendices 7-9.

APPENDIX 5

METHOD FOR DETERMINING PARAMETERS FOR CALCULATING HOT WATER HEATERS CONNECTED ACCORDING TO A TWO-STAGE SCHEME

The calculation method for hot water supply water heaters connected to the heating network according to a two-stage scheme (see Fig. 2-4) with a limitation of the maximum flow rate of network water for input, used to date, is based on an indirect method, according to which the thermal performance of the first stage of water heaters is determined by the balance load of hot water supply, and stage II - according to the difference in loads between the calculated load and the load of stage I. In this case, the principle of continuity is not observed: the temperature of the heated water at the outlet of the first stage water heater does not coincide with the temperature of the same water at the entrance to the second stage, which makes it difficult to use for machine calculation.

The new calculation method is more logical for a two-stage scheme with a limitation on the maximum flow of network water for input. It is based on the position that at the hour of maximum water withdrawal at the calculated outside air temperature for selecting water heaters, corresponding to the break point of the central temperature graph, it is possible to stop the supply of heat for heating, and all network water is supplied to the hot water supply. To select the required size and number of shell-and-tube sections or the number of plates and number of strokes of plate water heaters, the heating surface should be determined based on the calculated productivity and temperatures of the heating and heated water from the thermal calculation in accordance with the formulas below.

1. Calculation of the heating surface, sq.m, of hot water supply water heaters should be made at the water temperature in the supply pipeline of the heating network, corresponding to the break point of the water temperature graph, or at a minimum water temperature, if there is no break in the temperature graph, since in this mode there will be a minimum temperature difference and heat transfer coefficient values, according to the formula

where is the calculated thermal performance of hot water supply water heaters, determined according to Appendix 2;

Heat transfer coefficient, W/(sq.m · °C), is determined depending on the design of water heaters according to Appendices 7-9;

The average logarithmic temperature difference between heating and heated water (temperature pressure), °C, is determined by formula (18) of this appendix.

2. The distribution of the calculated thermal performance of water heaters between stages I and II is carried out based on the condition that the heated water in stage II is heated to a temperature of = 60 ° C, and in stage I - to a temperature determined by technical and economic calculations or assumed to be 5 ° C less than the temperature of the network water in the return pipeline at the break point of the graph.

The calculated thermal performance of water heaters of stages I and II, W, is determined by the formulas:

3. The temperature of the heated water, °C, after stage I is determined by the formulas:

with dependent connection of the heating system

with independent connection of the heating system

4. The maximum flow rate of heated water, kg/h, passing through stages I and II of the water heater should be calculated based on the maximum heat flow for hot water supply, determined by formula 2 of Appendix 2, and heating water to 60 °C in stage II:

5. Heating water consumption, kg/h:

a) for heating points in the absence of ventilation load, the heating water flow rate is assumed to be the same for stages I and II of water heaters and is determined:

when regulating heat supply according to the combined load of heating and hot water supply - according to the maximum flow of network water for hot water supply (formula (7)) or according to the maximum flow of network water for heating (formula (8)):

The largest of the obtained values ​​is accepted as the calculated value;

when regulating the heat supply according to the heating load, the calculated consumption of heating water is determined by the formula

; (9)

. (10)

In this case, you should check the temperature of the heating water at the outlet of the first stage water heater at the formula

. (11)

If the temperature determined by formula (11) is below 15 °C, then it should be taken equal to 15 °C, and the heating water consumption should be recalculated using the formula

b) for heating points in the presence of a ventilation load, the heating water flow rate is assumed to be:

for stage I

for stage II

. (14)

6. Heating water temperature, °C, at the outlet of the second stage water heater:

7. Heating water temperature, °C, at the inlet to the first stage water heater:

. (16)

8. Heating water temperature, °C, at the outlet of the first stage water heater:

. (17)

9. Average logarithmic temperature difference between heating and heated water, °C:

. (18)

APPENDIX 6

METHOD FOR DETERMINING PARAMETERS FOR CALCULATING HOT WATER HEATERS CONNECTED ACCORDING TO A TWO-STAGE SCHEME WITH STABILIZATION OF WATER FLOW FOR HEATING

1. The heating surface of water heaters (see Fig. 8) for hot water supply, sq.m, is determined at the water temperature in the supply pipeline of the heating network corresponding to the break point of the water temperature graph, or at the minimum water temperature, if there is no break in the temperature graph, since in this mode there will be a minimum temperature difference and heat transfer coefficient values, according to the formula

where is the calculated thermal performance of hot water supply water heaters, W, determined according to Appendix 2;

The average logarithmic temperature difference between heating and heated water, °C, is determined according to Appendix 5;

The heat transfer coefficient, W/(sq.m · °C), is determined depending on the design of water heaters according to App. 7-9.

2. Heat flow to the second stage of the water heater, W, with a two-stage connection scheme for hot water supply water heaters (according to Fig. 8), necessary only for calculating the flow of heating water, with a maximum heat flow for ventilation of no more than 15% of the maximum heat flow for heating, is determined by formulas:

in the absence of heated water storage tanks

; (2)

in the presence of heated water storage tanks

, (3)

where is the heat loss of pipelines of hot water supply systems, W.

In the absence of data on the amount of heat loss by pipelines of hot water supply systems, the heat flow to the second stage of the water heater, W, can be determined using the formulas:

in the absence of heated water storage tanks

in the presence of heated water storage tanks

where is the coefficient taking into account heat loss by pipelines of hot water supply systems, adopted according to Appendix 2.

3. The distribution of the calculated thermal performance of water heaters between stages I and II, the determination of the calculated temperatures and water flow rates for calculating water heaters should be taken from the table.

Name of calculated values	Scope of application of the circuit (according to Fig. 8)
industrial buildings, a group of residential and public buildings with a maximum heat flow for ventilation more than 15% of the maximum heat flow for heating	residential and public buildings with a maximum heat flow for ventilation not exceeding 15% of the maximum heat flow for heating
Stage I of a two-stage scheme
Estimated thermal performance of the first stage of the water heater
	, with vacuum deaeration + 5
The same at the outlet of the water heater
	Without storage tanks
	With storage tanks
Heating water consumption, kg/h
Stage II of a two-stage scheme
Estimated thermal performance of the second stage of the water heater
Temperature of heated water, °C, at the inlet to the water heater	With storage tanks Without storage tanks
The same at the outlet of the water heater	= 60 °C
Heating water temperature, °C, at the inlet to the water heater
The same at the outlet of the water heater
Heated water consumption, kg/h	Without storage tanks
Heating water consumption, kg/h	With storage tanks in the absence of circulation In the presence of circulation,	With storage tanks,
Notes: 1 When connecting heating systems independently, it should be taken instead; 2 The value of underheating in stage I, °C, is assumed: with storage tanks = 5 °C, in the absence of storage tanks = 10 °C; 3 When determining the calculated heating water flow for the first stage of the water heater, the water flow from the ventilation systems is not taken into account; 4 The temperature of the heated water at the outlet of the heater in the central heating point and in the IHP should be taken equal to 60 ° C, and in the central heating point with vacuum deaeration - = 65 ° C; 5 The amount of heat flow for heating at the break point of the temperature graph is determined by the formula .

APPENDIX 7

THERMAL AND HYDRAULIC CALCULATION OF HORIZONTAL SECTIONAL SHELL AND TUBE WATER-WATER HEATERS

Horizontal sectional high-speed water heaters in accordance with GOST 27590 with a pipe system of straight smooth or profiled pipes are distinguished by the fact that to eliminate pipe deflection, two-section support partitions are installed, which are part of the tube sheet. This design of the support partitions facilitates the installation of tubes and their replacement under operating conditions, since the holes of the support partitions are located coaxially with the holes of the tube sheets.

Each support is installed offset relative to each other by 60 °C, which increases the turbulence of the coolant flow passing through the inter-tube space and leads to an increase in the heat transfer coefficient from the coolant to the wall of the tubes, and accordingly, the heat removal from 1 sq.m of heating surface increases. Brass tubes with an outer diameter of 16 mm and a wall thickness of 1 mm are used in accordance with GOST 21646 and GOST 494.

An even greater increase in the heat transfer coefficient is achieved by using profiled brass tubes instead of smooth brass tubes in the tube bundle, which are made from the same tubes by squeezing transverse or helical grooves onto them with a roller, which leads to turbulization of the wall fluid flow inside the tubes.

Water heaters consist of sections that are connected to each other by rollers along the pipe space and by pipes along the interpipe space (Fig. 1-4 of this appendix). The pipes can be detachable on flanges or permanently welded. Depending on the design, water heaters for hot water supply systems have the following symbols: for a detachable design with smooth tubes - RG, with profiled ones - RP; for a welded structure - SG, SP, respectively (the direction of the flow of heat exchanging media is given in clause 4.3 of this set of rules).

Fig.1. General view of a horizontal sectional shell-and-tube water heater with turbulator supports

Fig.2. Structural dimensions of the water heater

1 - section; 2 - kalach; 3 - transition; 4 - block of supporting partitions; 5 - tubes; 6 - supporting partition; 7 - ring; 8 - rod;

Fig.3. Connecting roll

Fig.4. Transition

Example symbol split-type water heater with an outer diameter of the section body of 219 mm, a section length of 4 m, without a thermal expansion compensator, for a nominal pressure of 1.0 MPa, with a pipe system of smooth tubes of five sections, climatic version UZ: PV 219 x 4-1, O-RG-5-UZ GOST 27590.

Specifications water heaters are given in Table 1, and the nominal dimensions and connection dimensions are given in Table 2 of this appendix.

Table 1

Technical characteristics of water heaters according to GOST 27590

Outer diameter of the section body, mm	Number of tubes in a section, pcs.	Cross-sectional area of ​​the interpipe space, sq.m	Sectional area of ​​tubes, sq.m	Equivalent diameter of intertrunnel space, m	Heating surface of one Section, sq.m, with length, m	Thermal output, kW, sections length, m	Weight, kg
Pipe system
smooth (version 1)	profiled (version 2)	sections length, m	kalacha, performance	transition
		0,00116	0,00062	0,0129	0,37	0,75					23,5	37,0	8,6	7,9	5,5	3,8
		0,00233	0,00108	0,0164	0,65	1,32					32,5	52,4	10,9	10,4	6,8	4,7
		0,00327	0,00154	0,0172	0,93	1,88					40,0	64,2	13,2	12,0	8,2	5,4
		0,005	0,00293	0,0155	1,79	3,58					58,0	97,1	17,7	17,2	10,5	7,3
		0,0122	0,00570	0,019	3,49	6,98					113,0	193,8	32,8	32,8	17,4	13,4
		0,02139	0,00939	0,0224	5,75	11,51					173,0	301,3	54,3	52,7	26,0	19,3
		0,03077	0,01679	0,0191	10,28	20,56					262,0	461,7	81,4	90,4	35,0	26,6
		0,04464	0,02325	0,0208	14,24	28,49					338,0	594,4	97,3	113,0	43,0	34,5
Notes 1 The outer diameter of the tubes is 16 mm, the inner diameter is 14 mm. 2 Thermal performance is determined at a water speed inside the tubes of 1 m/s, equal flow rates of heat exchange media and a temperature difference of 10 °C (temperature difference in heating water is 70-15 °C, heated water is 5-60 °C). 3 Hydraulic resistance in tubes is no more than 0.004 MPa for a smooth tube and 0.008 MPa for a profiled tube with a section length of 2 m and, accordingly, no more than 0.006 MPa and 0.014 MPa for a section length of 4 m; in the annular space the hydraulic resistance is 0.007 MPa with a section length of 2 m and 0.009 MPa with a section length of 4 m. 4 The mass is determined at an operating pressure of 1 MPa. 5 Thermal performance is given for comparison with heaters of other sizes or types.

Norms, standards and rules for horizontal (clear) distances from the nearest underground utility networks to buildings and structures, between adjacent underground utility networks when they are parallel, and vertical (clear) distances when crossing utility lines. Distance between pipes and cables. Distances between pipelines, cables, garbage chutes, pipes and other utilities and other objects - tables. Distance from pipe to... Distance from cable to... table.

Horizontal distances (in clear distance) from the nearest underground utility networks to buildings and structures should be taken according to the corresponding table "SP 42.13330 Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements"

Horizontal distances (in clear distance) from the nearest underground utility networks to buildings and structures should be taken according to the table below. The minimum distances from underground (ground with embankment) gas pipelines to buildings and structures should be taken in accordance with SP 62.13330 "Gas distribution systems. Updated edition of SNiP 42-01-2002 (the issue is not discussed in this review)."

Table (SP 42.13330) Horizontal distance, m (clear) from underground networks to buildings and structures

Network engineering	Distance, m, horizontally (clear) from underground networks to
	foundations of buildings and structures	foundations of enterprise fences, overpasses, overhead contact and communication supports, railways	extreme path axis		side stone of a street, road (edge ​​of a roadway, reinforced roadside strip)	the outer edge of a ditch or the bottom of a road embankment	foundations of overhead power transmission line supports
			1520 mm gauge railways, but not less than the depth of the trench to the base of the embankment and the edge of the excavation	750 mm gauge railways and trams			up to 1 kV of external lighting, contact network of trams and trolleybuses	over 1 to 35 kV	over 35 to 110 kV and above
Water supply and pressure sewerage
Gravity sewerage (domestic and rainwater)
Drainage
Associated drainage
Heating network:
	2 (see note 3)
Power cables of all voltages and communication cables
Channels, communication tunnels
External pneumatic garbage chutes

* Applies only to distances from power cables.

• Notes
  1. For climatic subregions IA, IB, IG and ID, the distance from underground networks (water supply, domestic and rain sewerage, drainage, heating networks) during construction while maintaining the permafrost state of the foundation soils should be taken according to technical calculations.
  2. It is allowed to provide for the laying of underground utility networks within the foundations of supports and pipeline overpasses, contact networks, provided that measures are taken to exclude the possibility of damage to the networks in the event of settlement of the foundations, as well as damage to the foundations in the event of an accident on these networks. When placing utility networks to be laid using construction dewatering, their distance to buildings and structures should be established taking into account the zone of possible violation of the strength of foundation soils.
  3. Distances from heating networks for ductless installation to buildings and structures should be taken as for water supply.
  4. The distance from power cables with a voltage of 110-220 kV to the foundations of enterprise fences, overpasses, contact network supports and communication lines should be 1.5 m.
  5. Horizontal distances from the linings of underground metro structures made of cast iron tubes, as well as reinforced concrete or concrete with laminated waterproofing, located at a depth of less than 20 m (from the top of the lining to the surface of the ground), should be taken
  • to sewerage networks, water supply, heating networks - 5 m;
  • from linings without adhesive waterproofing to sewerage networks - 6 m,
  • for other water-carrying networks - 8 m;
  • The distance from the linings to the cables should be: voltage up to 10 kV - 1 m, up to 35 kV - 3 m.
• In irrigated areas with non-subsidence soils, the distance from underground utility networks to irrigation canals should be taken (to the edge of the canals), m:
  • 1 - from low and medium pressure gas pipelines, as well as from water supply systems, sewerage systems, drains and pipelines of flammable liquids;
  • 2 - from high-pressure gas pipelines up to 0.6 MPa, heating pipelines, domestic and storm sewerage;
  • 1.5 - from power cables and communication cables;
  • the distance from the irrigation canals of the street network to the foundations of buildings and structures is 5.

The horizontal (clear) distances between adjacent underground utility networks when they are placed in parallel should be taken according to the table below "SP 42.13330 Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements"

12.36 The horizontal (clear) distances between adjacent underground utility networks when they are placed in parallel should be taken according to table 16, and at the inputs of utility networks in buildings of rural settlements - at least 0.5 m. If the difference in the depth of adjacent pipelines is more than 0, The 4 m distances indicated in Table 16 should be increased taking into account the steepness of the trench slopes, but not less than the depth of the trench to the base of the embankment and the edge of the excavation. The minimum distances from underground (ground with embankment) gas pipelines to utility networks should be taken in accordance with SP 62.13330. and at the inputs of utility networks in buildings of rural settlements - at least 0.5 m. If the difference in the depth of adjacent pipelines is more than 0.4 m, the distances indicated in Table 16 should be increased taking into account the steepness of the slopes of the trenches, but not less than the depth of the trench up to the base of the embankment and the edge of the excavation. The minimum distances from underground (ground with embankment) gas pipelines to utility networks should be taken in accordance with SP 62.13330. "Gas distribution systems. Updated edition of SNiP 42-01-2002" (the issue is not discussed in this review).

Table (SP 42.13330) Horizontal distance, m (clear) to adjacent utility networks when they are placed in parallel

Network engineering	Distance, m, horizontally (clear) to
	water supply	domestic sewerage	drainage and storm sewerage	power cables of all voltages	communication cables	heating networks		channels, tunnels	external pneumatic waste pipelines
						outer wall of a channel, tunnel	shell of ductless laying
Water pipes	See note. 1	See note 2
Domestic sewerage	See note. 2
Rainwater drainage
Power cables of all voltages
Communication cables
Heating network:
from the outer wall of the channel, tunnel
from the shell of the channelless laying
Channels, tunnels
External pneumatic garbage chutes

* In accordance with the requirements of section 2 of the PUE rules.

• Notes
  1. When laying several water supply lines in parallel, the distance between them should be taken depending on the technical and geotechnical conditions in accordance with SP 31.13330.
  2. The distances from the domestic sewerage system to the drinking water supply should be taken, m:
     • to the water supply system made of reinforced concrete and asbestos-cement pipes - 5;
     • to a water supply system made of cast iron pipes with a diameter of up to 200 mm - 1.5,
     • with a diameter over 200 mm - 3;
     • to the water supply system made of plastic pipes - 1.5.
  3. The distance between the sewerage networks and industrial water supply, depending on the material and diameter of the pipes, as well as the nomenclature and characteristics of the soil, should be 1.5 m.

When utility networks intersect each other, vertical (clear) distances should be taken in accordance with the requirements of SP 18.13330. "CODE OF RULES MASTER PLANS FOR INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES Master plans for industrial enterprises" Updated edition of SNiP II-89-80

• When crossing utility lines, the vertical (clear) distances must be at least:
  • a) between pipelines or electrical cables, communication cables and railway and tram tracks, counting from the base of the rail, or highways, counting from the top of the coating to the top of the pipe (or its case) or electrical cable - based on the strength of the network, but not less than 0 .6 m;
  • b) between pipelines and electrical cables placed in canals or tunnels and railways, the vertical distance, counting from the top of the canals or tunnels to the bottom of the railway rails, is 1 m, to the bottom of the ditch or other drainage structures or the base of the railway earthen embankment canvas - 0.5 m;
  • c) between pipelines and power cables with voltage up to 35 kV and communication cables - 0.5 m;
  • d) between power cables with a voltage of 110-220 kV and pipelines - 1 m;
  • e) in the conditions of reconstruction of enterprises, subject to compliance with the requirements of the PUE, the distance between cables of all voltages and pipelines may be reduced to 0.25 m;
  • f) between pipelines for various purposes (with the exception of sewer pipelines crossing water pipelines and pipelines for toxic and foul-smelling liquids) - 0.2 m;
  • g) pipelines transporting drinking water should be placed 0.4 m higher than sewer or pipelines transporting toxic and foul-smelling liquids;
  • h) it is allowed to place steel pipelines enclosed in cases transporting drinking water below sewer pipes, while the distance from the walls of the sewer pipes to the edge of the case must be at least 5 m in each direction in clay soils and 10 m in coarse and sandy soils , and sewer pipelines should be made of cast iron pipes;
  • i) utility and drinking water supply inlets with a pipe diameter of up to 150 mm may be provided below sewer lines without installing a casing, if the distance between the walls of intersecting pipes is 0.5 m;
  • j) when laying ductless pipelines of water heating networks of an open heating supply system or hot water supply networks, the distance from these pipelines to the sewer pipelines located below and above should be taken as 0.4 m.