What are the types of buildings. §1.1. Types of buildings and structures: Residential and public buildings
Industrial buildings - buildings intended for the location of industrial production, providing the necessary operating conditions and normal life of a person involved in the production process.
The functional purpose of buildings mainly determines their shape. And the functional purpose is primarily determined by the social needs of society, which depend on the nature of production relations inherent in them. Therefore, typology in architecture reflects the nature of production relations in society.
The primary typological classification of buildings and structures that exist at present includes four of their main groups, corresponding to the main types of human activity: everyday life, work and social and administrative activities:
Public buildings and structures
Residential buildings
Industrial buildings and structures
Buildings and structures intended for the needs of agriculture
Each of these groups, in turn, has its own typological structure, depending on the specifics of this group. The main feature of a building, which determines its belonging to a particular group, is its purpose as a reflection of the needs of society in a building of a certain type for a particular purpose.
For example, public buildings and buildings are classified according to the areas of cultural and consumer services for the population:
1) healthcare; 2) science, education and training; 3) education and training: 4) physical education and sports: 5) mass recreation; 6) transport and communications; 7) public catering; 8) trade: 9) household services; 10) management and administrative activities; 11) utilities.
The system of organizing a full-fledged cultural and consumer services for the population must satisfy all the needs of society, in accordance with which it has a ramified structure of institutions and a significant number of types of buildings and structures.
In addition to the typological classification, that is, the classification of buildings by purpose, there is a division of buildings into classes by importance.
Each class of buildings (there are four of them) is subject to certain requirements regarding capital (building materials and structures, fire resistance, etc.), the degree of urban planning and national economic importance, and performance characteristics.
Class I buildings. Residential and public buildings that meet increased requirements (public buildings that play a particularly important role in the composition of cities, residential buildings above six floors, etc.).
Class II buildings. Buildings of mass construction, residential buildings of 4-5 floors.
Class III buildings. Low-rise buildings with a small capacity.
Class IV buildings. Buildings that meet the minimum requirements.
By the nature of the relationship between functional groups of premises, the following main types of volumetric solutions are distinguished:
1. Centralized type of building (all groups of premises are located within one, main, volume; the connection between them is internal. The main development of the volume is vertical).
2. Blocked type of building (the main groups of premises are located in separate blocks, interconnected by heated walkways).
3. Pavilion type of building (separate groups of rooms are connected by covered unheated passages or a section. The main development of the volume is horizontal). However, such a division is conditional. Very often there are compositions that include individual features of several of the listed types.
Classification residential buildings
According to their purpose, that is, according to the contingent of settlement for which they are intended, and the time of residence, residential buildings are divided into four main types:
Residential apartment buildings for family settlement and permanent residence;
Dormitories for temporary (long) residence of workers for the period of work and students for the period of study;
Hotels for short-term accommodation of periodically changing contingents arriving from other populated areas;
Boarding schools for permanent residence of the disabled and the elderly
In terms of number of storeys, residential buildings are subdivided into:
Low-rise (1 - 2 floors);
Mid-rise (3-5 floors);
Multi-storey (6 or more floors);
Increased number of storeys (11-16 floors);
High-rise (more than 16 floors)
By the number of apartments:
For single-family (individual)
Semi-detached
Multi-apartment.
Residential apartment buildings according to their space-planning structure, they can be subdivided into:
Sectional;
Corridor;
Gallery;
Corridor and gallery-section;
Blocked.
Based on materials load-bearing structures(walls, coverings, columns) residential buildings are subdivided into:
Stone;
Wooden;
Mixed type.
In stone buildings, walls can be made of large prefabricated concrete elements (panels, blocks) or small-sized products (bricks, ceramic, concrete blocks), natural stones, as well as monolithic ones made of lightweight concrete. Overlappings are made of reinforced concrete prefabricated panels or reinforced concrete monolithic. Residential multi-storey buildings up to 9 floors must have stone walls, reinforced concrete floors and have a fire resistance of the II degree, and with a height of 10 or more floors - I degree. In terms of capital, stone buildings are classified as class I. The durability of this type of building is 100 years.
In wooden residential buildings walls and ceilings can be wood panels, in areas abounding in forest, the walls can be made of beams and logs, and the floors can be made of shields on wooden beams. Wooden buildings belong to the IV, V degree of fire resistance, to the IV class of capital. They can have no more than 1 - 2 floors. The durability of this type of buildings is 25 years.
In buildings with mixed structures, the walls are stone, and the floors can be wooden. Due to the discrepancy between the durability and performance of walls and floors, this type of construction has little use.
According to their purpose, buildings are classified into civil (residential and public), industrial (production, administrative and auxiliaries) and agricultural.
Civil buildings classified by purpose, number of storeys, main material of supporting structures, method of construction, fire resistance, durability, classes.
By designation, civil buildings are divided into residential, public and special purposes. Residential buildings include both those intended for long-term residence (individual residential buildings, apartment buildings, boarding houses for the disabled and the elderly), and for short-term residence (hostels, hotels, mobile residential buildings).
Public buildings are intended for all types of social and everyday life of people. Conventionally, public buildings can be divided into two groups: to serve the daily needs of people (kindergartens, schools, shops, administrative buildings and others) and for occasional visits (theaters, museums, libraries, circuses, sports palaces, railway stations, etc.).
Special buildings- to serve the population with special services (crematoria and colum barium).
By number of storeys(depending on the number of above-ground floors) civil buildings are distinguished. Low-rise - up to two floors, Mid-rise - from three to five floors, Increased - six to ten floors, Multi-storey - from ten to 29 floors and High-rise - over 30 floors, or over 100 m. Evacuation from all types of buildings, except for high-rise buildings, can only be carried out by stairs of various types. From High-rise buildings evacuation is organized additionally by elevators or other devices specially designed for this purpose. The building design standards in force in Russia are divided in height into buildings up to 75 m in height and over 75 m in height.
Unless otherwise specified, the height of the building is determined by the height of the upper floor, excluding the upper technical floor. The height of the floor is determined by the difference in the marks of the passage surface for fire engines and the lower border of the opening window opening in the outer wall.
By material the main supporting structures of the building are classified into Stone (made of bricks, natural or artificial stones), Concrete(including from the lung concrete, reinforced concrete), metal, wood, mixed type.
By the way of construction distinguish between buildings of the traditional type (the main vertical load-bearing constructions made of bricks, small natural or artificial stones, overlap prefabricated or monolithic), prefabricated from small - or large-sized elements(pre-fabricated prefabricated parts and products, large blocks, panels, volumetric the elements full factory readiness), Monolithic (from heavy or light concrete, including reinforced directly at the construction site in special forms - formwork), Precast-monolithic (prefabricated parts are combined with elements from monolithic concrete or reinforced concrete.
By fire resistance, buildings are subdivided according to degrees of fire resistance, classes of constructive and functional fire hazard.
Fire resistance the building is determined in accordance with SNiP 21-01-97 * fire resistance of its building structures. The indicator of fire resistance is the fire resistance limit - in terms of the time (in minutes) of the onset of one or more normalized for a given constructions signs of limiting states: loss of bearing capacity (/?); loss of integrity (E); Thermal insulation loss (/). Fire resistance limits of construction constructions and them legend installed in accordance with GOST 30247.
By the degree of fire resistance. Distinguish between buildings of 1-IV degrees of fire resistance, while for buildings of IV degree of fire resistance, the limits of fire resistance of construction constructions are not standardized.
By constructive fire department building hazards are subdivided into classes CO, CI, C2 and SZ. In accordance with this, the minimum required class of fire hazard for construction constructions: KO - nonflammable; K1 - low-fire hazardous; K2 - moderately fire hazardous; KZ - fire hazardous. Fire hazard class of building structures Established in accordance with GOST 30403.
For functional fire hazard. Civil buildings and parts of buildings - premises or groups of premises that are functionally interconnected - are subdivided into classes depending on the method of their use and on the extent to which, in the event of a fire, the safety of those present in them is endangered. people (taking into account their age, physical condition, the possibility of being in a state of sleep and other factors):
F1. For permanent and temporary (including round-the-clock) stay, these buildings are characterized by the presence of sleeping quarters:
H1.1. Preschool institutions, homes for the elderly and disabled, hospitals, dormitories of boarding schools and children's institutions;
H1.2. Hotels, hostels, dormitories of sanatoriums and general-type rest homes, campgrounds, motels and boarding houses;
Form 1.3. Multi-apartment residential buildings;
H1.4. Single-family, including blocked, residential buildings;
F2. Spectacular and cultural and educational institutions (the main premises in these buildings are characterized by the massive presence of visitors at certain periods of time):
F2.1. Theaters, cinemas, concert halls, clubs, circuses, sports facilities with stands, libraries and other institutions with an estimated number of seats for visitors in enclosed spaces;
F2.2. Museums, exhibitions, dance halls and other similar indoor institutions;
F2.3. The institutions specified in F2.1 are outdoors;
F2.4. The establishments specified in F2.2 are outdoors;
FZ. Public service enterprises (the premises of these enterprises are characterized by a greater number of visitors than service personnel):
Form 3.1. Trade enterprises;
Form 3.2. Public catering enterprises;
Form 3.3. Railway stations;
Form 3.4. Polyclinics and outpatient clinics;
Form 3.5. Premises for visitors to consumer and public services (post offices, savings banks, transport agencies, legal advice, etc.) with an off-design number of seats for visitors;
Form 3.6. Sports and recreation complexes and sports and training institutions (without stands for spectators), household premises, baths;
F4. Educational institutions, scientific and design organizations, management institutions (premises in these buildings are used during the day for some time, as a rule, there is a permanent contingent of people of a certain age and physical condition accustomed to local conditions):
Form 4.1. Schools, out-of-school educational establishments, secondary specialized educational institutions, vocational schools;
Form 4.2. Higher educational institutions, secondary specialized educational institutions, vocational schools;
Form 4.3. Institutions of governing bodies, design organizations, information and editorial and publishing organizations, research organizations, banks, offices, offices;
Form 4.4. Firefighters depot.
By durability(the duration of the building's service, after which its operation is impossible) buildings are divided into three degrees: 1Degree - service life over 100 years; 2 Degree - Service life over 50 to 100 years; 3 Degree - service life from 20 to 50 years.
Buildings with an expected service life of less than 20 years are considered temporary.
By Class to select economically feasible solutions, depending on the degree of capital of the building, they subdivide:
Class I - large public buildings, residential buildings
one hundredth more than nine floors;
Class II - public buildings of medium mass construction, residential buildings with a height of six to nine floors;
Class III - small public buildings, residential buildings with a height of 3-5 floors;
IV class - low-rise residential buildings, temporary buildings.
By capital. Depending on the urban planning requirements and the purpose of the building, they are divided into four classes (determined by the degree of durability, fire resistance, livability, quality of finishing and engineering equipment).
Depending on the class, the maximum number of storeys of buildings is set:
1st class - the number of storeys is not limited;
2nd class - up to nine floors;
3rd class - up to five floors;
4th class - up to two floors.
Types of buildings and structures.
Any significant building that is administratively recognized as suitable for use for a specific purpose, corresponding to the land allocation and project documentation, called a building structure or structure. The concept of "building" is also included in the variety of building structures. Building - ground building structure having an internal space intended for a certain type of human activity and recreation, or architectural and construction objects, the purpose of which is to create conditions for work, living, social and cultural services for the population, storage of material values, etc. The main task of buildings is the spatial organization of household, labor processes and recreation of people.
Therefore, buildings must correspond to the function and the activity for which they are intended.
The functional characteristics of buildings are diverse. They reflect the diversity and complexity of the needs and capabilities of man and society, such as the level of scientific and technological development, the direction of the main activity, natural and climatic features of the area, aesthetic qualities, rational structure and reasonable economy, successful placement of an object in a natural or man-organized environment. ... Complexes of structures for various purposes form an environment for human life and activities, organize open spaces of streets, squares, neighborhoods, settlement zones (residential, industrial, recreational). The classification of buildings and structures by a set of common features is studied by the typology.
Typology of buildings is a science that classifies and studies architectural objects in their comparison and correlation according to common features: functional purpose; types; space-planning parameters; patterns of formation; urban planning functions and requirements for them; operational qualities.
By their functional purpose, buildings are subdivided into: - civil (residential and public) - to meet the everyday needs and social activities of people; - industrial - for a variety of industrial activities; - agricultural - for various branches of agricultural production. Building types are classified according to their functional purpose. For example, residential buildings are subdivided into the following types: - single-family (one-story, attic, two-story); -locked (two-apartment one two-storey, four-apartment two-storey; multi-apartment one two-storey); -sectional (one-section three-storey and higher, multi-section two-storey and above); -corridor, corridor-sectional; -gallery, gallery-sectional.
According to space-planning parameters, buildings are classified by number of storeys, planning schemes, functional zoning buildings on master plan and premises in the building itself.
According to the laws of shaping, buildings are divided into those formed by simple geometric bodies and elements (parallelepipeds, prisms, cubes) and complex ones (cylinders, domes, cones, their intersections, etc.). The general shape of buildings is also dismembered by various elements: bay windows, balconies, loggias, window and doorways, niches, columns, pilasters, cornices, belts, sandriks, pediments, parapets, etc. The shape of the building is directly related to the structural scheme.
Residential multi-storey buildings(sectional) is given a simpler form, low-rise (estate) and public - more complex. The form also depends on the urban planning functions of the building and affects its position in the planning structure of the settlement (microdistrict, quarter, central part of the urban space). For urban planning functions, public buildings and engineering structures, to a lesser extent - residential and industrial buildings with enhanced architectural qualities.
Public buildings and engineering structures are the main compositional elements of the development of the city center, centers of urban areas, microdistricts, they define the silhouette of the city and form, together with the system of streets and squares, the main ensembles and zones of the city. The operational qualities of buildings are determined by their durability, fire resistance, capital, moral depreciation, etc. Requirements for buildings Buildings, regardless of their functional purpose, are subject to General requirements: technical - ensuring the protection of premises from the external environment, sufficient strength, durability; fire-fighting - ensuring the possibility of structural elements of buildings to preserve bearing and enclosing capacities in case of fire; aesthetic - the formation of the external appearance of the building and the surrounding space due to a certain choice building materials, constructive form, colors; economic - ensuring the minimum reduced costs (reducing labor costs, materials, construction time and operating costs). Technical requirements are determined by ensuring the protection of premises from the effects of the external environment, sufficient strength, stability, durability and fire resistance of the supporting structures and the entire building.
The technical requirements are determined by the class of the building. For each class, the following are established: operational requirements that ensure the normal operation of a building and structure during their entire service life and are determined for residential, public and auxiliary buildings by the composition of premises, the norms of their areas and volumes, the quality of outdoor and interior decoration technical and engineering equipment (ventilation, plumbing and electrical devices, etc.); for industrial buildings- the size of the spans of the premises, technical equipment, installation of special equipment, ease of installation and dismantling of equipment, etc .; requirements for durability and fire resistance of the main structural elements, provided by the use of appropriate building materials and products and their protection in structures from physical, chemical and other influences.
The assignment of a building to a particular class is made depending on their purpose and significance and is determined by the following features and requirements: economic value, category and capacity (capacity) of the object; urban planning requirements; concentration of material values and unique equipment installed in the building; capital; durability; fire resistance; factors of moral depreciation; operational requirements that determine the composition of the premises, the norms of their areas and volumes, the quality of external and internal finishing, the convenience of conducting functional processes in these premises.
According to the totality of the above characteristics (durability, fire resistance and capital), buildings are divided into classes.
The division into classes is established separately for each group of their types and types, similar in functionality (residential, public, industrial, agricultural) and will be considered when studying these types of buildings.
In terms of durability (service life), all buildings are subdivided into four stages: I - with a service life of more than 100 years; II - 50 - 100 years old; III - 25 - 50 years old; IV - more than 5 - 20 years (temporary buildings). Durability should be understood as the time during which the main structural elements resist destructive external influences, retain strength, heat-shielding qualities, moisture, airtightness and other important physical, technical and mechanical properties.
A more detailed classification of buildings by durability is given for each type, depending on the operational characteristics.
Fire-technical classification of buildings, parts of buildings, premises, structures, building materials is based on their separation according to properties that contribute to the occurrence of hazardous factors of fire and its development - fire hazard; according to the properties of resistance to fire and the spread of its dangerous factors - fire resistance (SNiP 21-01-97). 3. Elements of the facade.
Facades are the front, back and side views of the building. The view of the building from the front, from the side of the street or square is called the main facade, from the side of the courtyard - courtyard, and the side views - end. Facade A - B Examples of building facades are shown in the figures: Facade of a civil building: Facade of an industrial building.
Residential buildings usually do not have a main façade. In building projects, the names of facades are indicated by the numbers of the extreme coordination axes, for example, facade 1-20, facade А-В or along one axis - respectively, the facade along the A axis, the facade along the axis 20. On the drawings of the building facades, they show the external appearance of the building, the arrangement of windows, doors, balconies, platbands, etc. ... Dimensions in the drawings of the facades are not applied, only the extreme coordination axes are shown. To the right or to the left of the image of the facade, mark heights - ground level, basement, bottom and top of openings, cornice, top of the roof, etc. On the facades of buildings they mark structural elements, which were not shown in the drawings of plans and sections.
The basis of the drawing of the facade is a solid thickened line, approximately 1.5-2s thick. Depending on the design stage, size and purpose of residential and public buildings, facade drawings are performed on a scale of 1: 100, 1: 200. Facades industrial buildings performed on a scale of 1: 200, 1: 500. Complex sections of the facades are performed in the form of fragments on a larger scale - 1:10, 1: 20. The drawing of the building facade can be performed in the following sequence: 1. Draw a horizontal straight line with the thickness adopted for the outline of the facade.
It is taken out of the contour of the building facade by about 30 mm. 2. Draw a second horizontal line at a distance of 1.5 mm from the first - the blind area line. 3. Draw thin lines the horizontal lines of the basement, bottom and top of the openings (window and door, cornice, ridge and other elements of the building. 4. Draw vertical lines of the coordination axes, walls, window and doorways and the like 5. Draw out the balconies, chimneys and ventilation pipes and other architectural details of the facade.
Reference circles are drawn, designate elements of the facade depicted on the fragments, circles of coordination axes, extension lines and marks of elevations. 6. Provide elevation marks, marks of axes, dimensions, inscriptions.
The facade drawing gives an idea of appearance building, its functional belonging, architecture and the relationship of its individual parts. The dimensions available on the plan and cross-section make it possible to draw the facade of the building. The drawings of the facades indicate the marks of the ground level, the top of the walls, the elements of the facades. The figure shows, on a scale of 1:20, an architectural fragment of the entrance to a residential building. The drawing shows all the dimensions, marks, inscriptions and marks of the elements necessary for their installation.
The drawing shows entrance doors, vestibule, bench, flower girl, reinforced concrete canopy above the entrance, etc. List of used literature: 1. Architectural design residential buildings, M 1990 2. Milovidov NN Civil buildings, M 1987 3. Kapustyan ED Multi-storey residential buildings, M 1975.
End of work -
This topic belongs to the section:
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