Rating of building materials for building a house. How to choose a wall material for your home. Use of wood-based products

Before starting the design, you should figure out what the walls of a private house are made of, since the selected materials determine not only appearance buildings, but also set the parameters of the foundation, the volume, the duration of the work, the equipment used, estimated cost construction and transportation.

Any of the above factors (in conjunction with the bearing capacity of the soil and the climatic characteristics of the region) can radically change the original ideas.

With this full, they can bounce off the wine without a glass of Martian spring water. Choice best type roof trusses for a house are quite difficult. Functionality and aesthetic conditions will lead to consideration of the type of truss you will choose when constructing houses and buildings. Weather conditions should also be taken into account when choosing a roof truss for your structure.

The common truss is recognized by its triangular shape and is most commonly used in roof construction. Each roof truss has pros and cons and should be designed according to specific conditions and goals. It is important to keep in mind what look you want your finishing building to look like when choosing a roof truss type. The parallel chord or flat truss is named for its parallel top and bottom chords and is often used for construction.

It is necessary to consider what is best to apply for the construction of walls with the technology of work. Construction is carried out in 2 ways:

The need to comply with the technology for all stages will set the task of determining the possibility of making walls for the house with your own hands or inviting a contractor.
Usually used in cathedral ceilings. Its cost is higher because it requires the use of members as reinforcements. Another disadvantage is the complexity and the many elements used. Thermal overlap caused by steel braces can be reduced.

This method improves energy efficiency. This roof truss reduces condensation problems and mold conditions as they create vapor barrier. This requires soffit siding and additional siding that complement the construction costs. It can be designed to cover the area and provide full depth to the attic space.

Expanded clay concrete blocks will create a heavy load on the foundation

For a long stay, you can build the walls of the house from various materials, which are conventionally divided by their weight into light and heavy types.

The products from which massive walls are obtained that create a large load on the base include:

Also for use in cathedral ceilings, which are commonly used in cathedral ceilings, this type of roof truss reduces the need for a load-bearing beam. It uses downward sloping chords rather than horizontal ones. One of the disadvantages of using this type of truss is the problems that need to be met as well as the construction costs.

Consists of a fictitious truss, with an auxiliary truss suspended below to help reduce the elevation of the truss. Like a planing heel, this type also creates a vapor barrier that creates great performance. The vapor barrier requires additional blocking and siding at the intersection of walls and ceilings, which is associated with construction costs.

brick (red, silicate, decorative);
foam concrete;
aerated concrete;
cinder block;
natural and artificial stone;
concrete floor beams.

Lightweight materials are called massive wood, glued products from it, insulation used to reduce the thickness of the main wall material at a given thermal resistance.
Why does a farm roof sometimes make sense?
Sometimes a roof truss can make sense as it will be able to accommodate certain weather considerations that can cause specific building code requirements. These are the following benefits that can be obtained by using roof trusses.

Workers with less experience can install roof trusses, reducing labor costs and making installation easier. Some designs may require less load-bearing walls as these trusses can be used to achieve longer spans, creating open living spaces. There may be some savings depending on the type of farm used building materials by using lighter and smaller materials. The installation of the trusses can be achieved in 1 day, as they can be pre-built close to the site and installed using a light crane or construction equipment. There are certain factors that will have an important impact on how much a farm will cost.

Comparison of performance indicators is shown in the table:

Wood is considered a fairly light material for building a house.

Reducing the total load on the ground is achieved by combining light and heavy components in the wall structure (insulation, wooden beams overlap).

Other studies have shown that conventional tooling can take up to 66% longer to assemble than a pre-mill, conventional tooling uses 33% more lumber and wood than pre-mill, and even waste and waste disposal can increase when the traditional cropping method is used.

The illustration on the right represents the elements modern building... Each part of a building has its own function, and good design is critical. Most people would agree that walking on sand is more difficult than walking on a concrete path. This is because your feet tend to sink into the sand as you try to move forward. This happens when a house is being built - it sinks into the ground. Of course, the degree to which the house sinks into the soil is so small that it is not noticeable.

In this case, you need to adhere to the rule - to choose materials that are comparable in terms of service life, so that in a stone house you do not have to make major repairs every 25-50 years due to load-bearing wooden elements.

Internal walls

Simultaneously with the outer perimeter, they decide from what to build the wall of the house inside it. In this case, in addition to the supporting function for the ceiling, it performs the task of separating the rooms and isolating them from each other.

This is because research is being done to ensure that the soil is strong enough to support the weight of the building prior to construction. This is done by checking what type of soil is below ground level. Some soils support the load well, others do not. By establishing the type of soil and comparing it to known performance metrics, the designer can be confident that the building will not sink when completed.

The base is the part of the structure that transfers the loads from the structure to the ground. It is very important that weights are distributed safely and evenly over the substructure to ensure the stability of the building. In most cases, we do not see the foundation of the building because it is below ground level.

What to make partitions from can be determined using the table:

You can win the space of a room by reducing the thickness of the wall if you make it from solid brick with plastering.

Allotted time

Lay at least 1 year for building a house

The design of the building has a significant impact on how long the construction will be completed.

In addition to supporting the weight of the building, the foundation provides a level bed on which to build. While we usually think in terms of the weight of the building holding it in place, in some cases, especially for more tall buildings, the foundation actually anchors the building to the ground. A properly designed framework will constrain the setting, i.e. the tendency for the new building to sink into the ground. It is normal for a building to experience some kind of setting. This is because most soils are a mixture of soil, air and water.

Cement mixtures gain strength for a long time, various technologies self-leveling surfaces made of polymer compositions also require exposure, as determined by the manufacturer's instructions - for the construction of a stone house with an area of up to 150 m2 on concrete foundation it takes at least a year.

The time distribution looks like this:

When the building load is applied to the soil, air and water are displaced and the soil is compacted. Above right, a properly designed foundation will safely and evenly transfer the load to the supporting surface to ensure the stability of the building. Now there are no cracks on the facade of the house.

The foundation function can be summarized as follows. The base is always wider than the element it supports. This is so that the load is spread over a large area. The bearing pressure exerted on the ground by the structure is the force per unit area. Therefore, when the area increases, the force exerted by the decrease. By increasing the area of the foundation under the house, the force exerted per square meter on the soil decreases. For this reason, the traditional strip foundation is always three times wider than the total wall width.

the foundation will gain 80% of the fortress in 1 month and it will be possible to start laying out the external and load-bearing walls on it;
for masonry walls (without finishing works) will take about 2 months;
installation of ceilings, fabrication of a roof, work on glazing, insulation and communications will take 3-4 months;
plastering, finishing, installation of a finished floor, laying of topcoats in total will amount to 2 - 3 months. For how long it can take to build a house, see this video:

Internal work can be spent in the cold season

It is advisable to plan the construction stages of a stone private household in two blocks:

In this figure, a structure without foundations will flow. A tree with a much wider base will support all the load without moving. Base of the strip: The bottom of the strip stretches when the foundation flexes under load. Placing steel reinforcement in the foundation counteracts this and ensures that the foundation remains stable.

Consolidation: When stress is applied to the soil, it causes the soil particles to clump together more densely, thus reducing its bulk. The process by which soils are reduced in volume. Gravel: Small stones and pebbles, or a mixture of these with sand. Bearing capacity: the ability of the soil to support the loads applied to the ground.

The start of work is in the spring, when the weather is stable. Until the autumn cold, the box must be closed (the outer walls are on a plinth, the roof is finished, windows and doors are installed).
Internal works and exterior decoration begin at the end of winter, when the temperature building structures subject to further work does not fall below + 10 ° С.

Compared to concrete work, lightweight wooden walls installed quickly. Frame house(log house) turnkey will rise in a maximum of 1-2 months. When preparing the necessary set of materials, the construction assembly operations themselves are carried out at a clear, fast pace.

Also known as "Concrete" hollow block: It is a building material made up of cement, sand, water, and other materials like cement. Tiles: A thin slab or curved piece of baked clay, sometimes painted or glazed, is used for a variety of purposes, such as forming one piece of roofing or flooring.

A piece of this rock is cut out for use as a roof. A writing tablet made of similar material. Plaster: a composition of, for example, limestone or gypsum, sand and water, applied in a pasty form to walls, ceilings, etc. Settlement: Defined as the downward movement of the soil or any structure thereof resulting from soil consolidation, usually caused by the load applied by the structure.

A frame house can be built in 1 - 2 months

In this case, the terms are determined by the following conditions:

the size and layout of the building;
self-fabrication of the frame or purchase of a ready-made large-panel assembly.

The principal factor in reducing the time spent on the installation of lightweight structures is the ability to perform (sequentially or combining) all operations, including fine finishing finished plots. There is no need to wait for the walls to dry, fresh materials will shrink as required.

Clay: A natural earthy material that is ductile when wet, composed mainly of hydrated aluminum silicates: used to make bricks, ceramics, etc. Our last post was about what the architect viewed as a multiparty attorney and mediator. This was the latest in a series that explored the interactions between the stakeholders of these buildings and how the original design intent could hinder or encourage their rehabilitation and reuse.

With this post we will begin a series that will focus on technical aspects. modern materials and assemblies, including how construction methods from this period influence today's decisions to renovate and improve the envelopes of mid-century buildings. From the very beginning, materials have been significant for the design purposes of modern architects and for the execution of their buildings. This trend first emerged in Europe before World War I, when design convincingly lined up into industrial production, evoking centuries-old architectural values and design approaches.

If the stages of design and preparation are carried out by the performer well and efficiently, the housewarming will take place in the same season.

Durability

Stone buildings can last over 50 years

In any house, repairs are periodically done, finishing coatings renewal, interior design changes. The house, as a whole, is used as long as the walls and foundation can withstand.

Visually, buildings no longer reflected history. Instead, they reflected the aesthetics of construction and industrial structures. Traditional handicrafts have been replaced with factory-made components assembled on site with minimal expressive hand-crafting, just as glass, steel and concrete have come to be seen as expressive elements. This shift represented a deliberate insult to exquisite stone surfaces, the intricacy of carvings, and the social hierarchies implied in previous building facades and spaces.

When using quality materials in the right combination, their technical specifications The stone building will serve 75-100 years by scrupulous adherence to technological processes.

Timely overhaul significantly extends the possibility of safe operation. Natural stone of magmatic origin has served without any significant changes in the walls of buildings for 500 years. The mortars that bind the elements in the seams of the masonry are subject to the greatest destruction. They are protected (sheltered) from external influences waterproofing, insulating and plastering layers.

Within the formal grammar of modernism that spread in Europe after the war, these new materials helped convey an optimistic message: the built environment could be reconfigured to eliminate the "social evil" of the past. Industrial tools and processes, such as a mechanical cam hammer and reinforced pre-casting, have allowed architects to bring huge textures and deep elements into these facades en masse, contributing greatly to the construction economy.

Simultaneously, real estate calculations and innovations in the enclosure moved building facades towards flatness and repetition.

Building science has taken over aesthetic considerations for most mid-century American architects. Comfort standards were more forgiving than they are today. And uninsulated monolithic concrete towers have been built in schools including Boston University, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and New York University. Their architects seemed to ignore the historical lessons in a particular assembly.

Frame buildings usually have a design life of 25 to 50 years.

The direct dependence of this indicator on the type and type of wood, high-quality treatment with protective impregnations, insulation from moisture, temperature extremes and pests.

Subsequent refurbishment of such a house is carried out only on the outer surface of the outer walls.

Comparative characteristics of different options

They begin to calculate options for building a house first of all, starting from the allocated budget, the availability of procurement and timely delivery of materials, the availability of the required equipment and the number of workers.

In terms of financial costs, a structure made of lightweight elements is cheaper than a similar one in area hard house 2-4 times.

The following table will help to visually compare the main characteristics of building materials:

In the perspective of heredity of generations, brick or block house on monolithic foundation is unmatched. In terms of price / quality ratio in medium-term planning, private wooden buildings will be an advantageous and simple solution.

Use of wood-based products

Wooden structures have been popular among the people since ancient times

Traditionally, wood is a widely used raw material for the manufacture of large-sized elements, beams, boards, slats, used at all stages of construction.

Indicators of thermal conductivity, strength, accessibility, the possibility of processing and installation with your own hands make it indispensable at every stage of work.

The development of technologies for processing all parts of the plant contributed to the emergence of chipboards and glued competitors to the natural massif.

Rounded logs (blockhouse).

Drying logs can shrink, which will affect the geometry of doors and windows

A method dating back many centuries makes it possible to quickly build a house, especially in regions rich in forests. The support for the crown is a platform raised above the soil level at least 0.2 m. An important point is the device to prevent the rise of moisture on the walls.

Shrinkage of wood fibers causes significant shrinkage of fresh logs, which can affect the geometry of window frames and door strips.

It is advisable to keep the laid log house in the local climate for 1 year before installing these positions. When installing windows and doors, large gaps are left for subsequent shrinkage over time.

Periodically, a type-setting wall requires inspection and sealing of cracks. You still have to caulk or seal with liquid nails.

Seasonal fluctuations associated with changes in humidity can reach 2%.

Logs require timely treatment with antiseptics and fire retardants.

If the wall thickness is less than 0.4 m, it is advisable to insulate it.

Insulation in private estates refers to an indicator of the owner's zeal, and not the requirement of SNiP.

Beams

Solid wood sawn timber practically does not differ in performance from logs. Qualitatively made glued laminated timber almost does not shrink. For a detailed film about building a house from a bar, see this video:

Profiled timber will be convenient for installation. In addition, the complex shape blocks air leakage through the gaps at the joints of the type-setting parts.

With all this, it remains a wood product and requires protection and periodic maintenance.

Combines the performance characteristics of wood and polymer insulation. For its device, in addition to the bars, chipboard, OSB plates, sheets of drywall (inner lining), a board - lining, a block house are taken.

Walls frame house

The advantages are the absence of shrinkage, strength and the ability to distribute deforming loads without destruction.

The disadvantages of the design include the possibility of the appearance of rodents in the internal cavities.

This is an option frame wall, in which a ready-made material of a 3-layer structure is used. Between OSB boards insulating polystyrene foam is pressed in.

The finished product greatly speeds up the assembly of walls and floors, which only need to be finished.

Bricks

The material, tested in all situations, is produced in different versions (hollow, red, silicate, corpulent, clinker, figured, decorative).

They are used both for load-bearing walls, and for filling openings, cladding.

Requires a solid foundation.

Ceramic blocks

They are based on clay, fired in a special way that increases the porosity of the mass. The thermal resistance of such a block is higher than that of a brick, but it is more fragile and requires masonry skills. For more information on the qualities of a ceramic block house, see this video:

Aerated concrete, foam concrete

Lightweight porous materials with good compressive strength. Aerated concrete differs in that, in addition to sand and cement, lime is included in its composition, therefore it is very sensitive to wetting.

Drying a wet pain completely will not work.

Representative modern technologies there will be a house made using permanent formwork. Forms of expanded polystyrene are poured inside with concrete (with reinforcement). The result is warm and durable walls.

There is still no definite answer to the question of what material is better to make the walls of a residential building. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. Builders and designers cannot come to the same opinion regarding the choice of the most optimal product for making walls. The thing is that in each specific case best material must be selected based on the purpose of the building, its configuration, climatic conditions of the area and the financial capabilities of the owner. In our article, we will consider the most common wall materials, describe their properties, pros and cons, and you yourself can choose the best one based on the construction conditions.

Factors influencing the choice

A quarter of all construction costs go towards building walls. Since the incorrectly selected material for the construction of walls in the future can lead to even greater expenses, when choosing it, the following factors should be taken into account:

If you want to save on the arrangement of the foundation by making a shallow lightweight version, then choose lightweight material for the walls. Additional savings in the case of using light elements for the walls of the house will be during transportation and installation, because it can be done by hand without using expensive lifting equipment.
Choose building materials with good thermal insulation characteristics. Otherwise, cold walls in winter will cost you dearly due to heating costs.

Advice: it is best to perform a heat engineering calculation taking into account the climatic conditions of the construction region. This is the only way to be sure that you have chosen the right material and wall structure. So, in the northern regions of our country, even walls made of materials with high thermal insulation properties need to be insulated.

If you use piece materials, for example, brick, to build the walls of a house, then a considerable share of the costs will be the cost of wages for bricklayers. Even if you do all the work yourself, then consider the time and physical costs. It is much more profitable and faster to build from large-sized elements. The highest speed of wall erection is near houses built using frame-panel and frame-panel technology.
When choosing building materials for walls, it is worth considering how easy they are to finish and whether they need it at all. For example, the walls of a frame house made of OSB may not be finished at all, but simply painted, and a house made of logs needs a thorough finishing outside and inside.

To understand what to build your house from, you need to understand the characteristics of building materials, so further we will describe the properties of each of them, list the advantages and disadvantages.

Brick

A house built of bricks can last a century or even a century and a half. There are many types of bricks that differ in important operational and technical characteristics.

So, for the construction of walls, silicate and ceramic types of bricks are used. Let's consider their features:

Ceramic brick made from burnt red clay. It is a durable, moisture resistant, environmentally friendly material. There are solid and hollow bricks on sale. The more voids in the brick, the higher its thermal insulation performance.
Silicate brick made on the basis of lime, sand and some additives. It also comes in corpulent and hollow forms. The latter option is lightweight and has improved thermal insulation properties. Silicate solid products are distinguished by good sound insulation properties, but high thermal conductivity.

Also, this wall material is divided into front and ordinary:

It is better to build the walls of the house from ordinary brick... Products may have small defects in the form of cracks and chips, but due to this, their price is more acceptable. In addition, the appearance of the product is not so important for the internal masonry of the walls as for the front masonry.
Facing brick (front)- this is the wall material with which the facade is made out. All products must have the correct geometric shape, smooth or embossed surface, be free from flaws and defects. Price facing brick higher than that of his ordinary brother.

The strength of this wall material directly related to its brand, which can be from M 75 to M 300. The number indicates the load that one square centimeter of the product can withstand. The higher the brand, the greater the specific gravity of the product. To build 2 or 3 storey house, brick grade 100-125 is enough. To complete the foundation and basement, products with the brand 150-175 are used.

Also, when choosing a brick, it is important to take into account its frost resistance, that is, the number of freezing and thawing cycles that the product can withstand without damage and reducing strength by no more than 20%. This indicator is marked with the letter F and a number from 15 and above. For warm regions, products with frost resistance grade 15 can be used; in colder latitudes, bricks of the F25 grade are used. For facing work, a brick with a frost resistance of at least 50 is suitable.

Advantages and disadvantages of bricks

Among the advantages of this wall material, it is worth listing the following:

Impressive service life.
Aesthetic appeal.
Unlimited possibilities in terms of design and implementation of the most complex projects.
The material is not susceptible to corrosion, damage by fungi and microorganisms.
The product does not burn.
High sound and heat insulation characteristics.

The disadvantages include the following:

Due to the small size and high specific gravity, laying brick walls takes a long time and costs a lot.
Under the brick walls, it is necessary to equip a solid buried foundation, and this entails increased costs for materials and earthworks.
In most cases brick walls you need to additionally insulate.

Ceramic blocks

A ceramic block is a material made from a mixture of clay and sawdust, after which the element is fired in a kiln. This is a fairly durable product that allows you to quickly build walls at home. The strength of the ceramic block is so high that it can be made of multi-storey building... Inside, the material has a porous structure, and the outer surface is corrugated. For a tight connection, the ends of the material have grooves and ridges.

The height of the ceramic block is a multiple of the rows brickwork, and other sizes may vary. Thus, it is possible to build from a ceramic block according to projects that are designed for brick. But the construction speed is much higher, since one ceramic block measuring 238x248x500 mm, which weighs 25 kg, is equal to 15 bricks, each of which weighs 3.3 kg. In addition to increasing the speed of construction, the cost of mortar is reduced, because it will be needed less.

Important: the width of the ceramic block can be 230, 240 and 250 mm, and the length can be in the range of 250-510 mm. On the long side of the product there is a tongue-and-groove lock.

Walls with a thickness of 380 mm or more made of this material do not need insulation, since the thermal conductivity of the product is only 0.14-0.29 W / m²x ° C. Marking of wide blocks M 100. If you need to make thin but strong walls, then you can take elements with marking 150. Frost resistance of ceramic blocks is at least 50 cycles.

Pros and cons of ceramic blocks

The advantages include:

Low specific gravity and high strength significantly expand the scope of this material.
Installation of large-sized products is carried out quickly and without unnecessary labor costs.
Saving mortar due to the size of the elements and the absence of the need to make vertical seams.
Frost resistance of a conventional ceramic block is higher than that of an ordinary brick.
Good fire resistance. The product is able to resist burning for 4 hours.
An optimal microclimate is created in a room made of ceramic blocks, since the walls can "breathe" and regulate the air humidity.
A house can last a century and a half without losing its thermal insulation characteristics.

This has material and disadvantages, among which the following should be mentioned:

The price of ceramic blocks is quite high.
Since these products are relatively new in our market, it is difficult to find a good bricklayer for masonry.
This fragile material must be stored and transported very carefully.

Gas blocks

This material has excellent thermal insulation properties. In terms of thermal conductivity, a wall made of an aerated block with a width of 300-400 mm is not inferior to a multilayer brick structure. Aerated block walls maintain optimal temperature and humidity conditions inside the room. The material is not subject to rot and has an impressive service life. The thermal insulation qualities of the gas block are 3 times higher than that of a brick wall.

Aerated concrete is quite lightweight, so it is easy to transport and lay. It can be easily cut with a regular hacksaw to the desired size. The elements are laid with mortar or special glue, which requires little. The smooth flat surface of the gas blocks is easy to finish. Aerated concrete is considered environmentally friendly and non-combustible. It has a fairly high frost resistance.

Attention: for aerated concrete, the density characteristic is important. This indicator can be in the range of 350-1200 kg / m³. For an ordinary residential building, it is enough to take elements marked 500-900.

Advantages and disadvantages of gas blocks

This wall product has a lot of advantages:

Aerated concrete walls are laid 9 times faster than brick walls.
The low thermal conductivity of the product is a big plus in its favor.
Aerated concrete has a high fire resistance, it does not emit harmful substances even when burning.
The porous structure of the material contributes to high frost resistance.
In terms of steam permeability, aerated concrete is comparable only to wood.

Cons of aerated concrete:

Low flexural strength.
The material is prone to cracking.
Hygroscopicity. After moisture absorption, the thermal insulation performance of aerated concrete decreases, so the facade needs a protective finish.
Floor slabs and beams cannot be laid directly on the gas blocks, therefore, before laying them, you will have to make a monolithic armopoyas. This entails additional expense and time.

Wood

Many people who decide to build a house opt for a tree. This natural material differs in environmental friendliness. It creates a favorable microclimate in the house, maintains optimal humidity and saturates the air with healing phytoncides. V wooden house warm in winter and not hot in summer, since wood has good thermal insulation characteristics.

A wooden house can be built from the following items:

The log can be natural or rounded. In the latter case, the material has the correct shape and a smooth surface, but it needs additional protective treatment, since the natural protective resin layer, which is under the bark, is removed during the rounding process.
You can use glued (profiled) and sawn or planed timber. Better houses are obtained from laminated veneer lumber, which has special grooves and ridges for a snug fit of the elements. Sawn timber is more often used for frame houses.
Frame-panel houses are made of OSB, chipboard, moisture-resistant plywood, which are attached to the frame. Insulation is laid inside the wall.

Main pluses wooden houses- their environmental friendliness, comfort and reasonable price. A lightweight foundation can be made for such a house. Disadvantages - fire hazard, shrinkage.