Design features of the design of multi-storey residential buildings. Basics of designing industrial buildings. The specifics of the design of high-rise buildings

Features of the design of multi-storey industrial buildings

Multi-storey buildings are intended to accommodate production facilities, the technological process of which is carried out according to a vertical scheme, or production facilities with relatively light technological equipment. These buildings are also erected in limited areas, during development within the city, etc. The scope of use of multi-storey industrial buildings until the 70s was not great; by 1975, this volume had increased significantly and has a tendency to increase. A significant share of the increase was made up of two-storey multi-span buildings of continuous development, replacing one-storey buildings (Fig. XVI. 1). The peculiarity of such buildings is that large spans of the second floor allow you to place overhead or support cranes, use overhead lights for lighting, etc., that is, to realize all the positive features of one-story buildings. Heavy equipment is installed on high foundations or at the 1st floor level, but it is mainly serviced at the 1st level.

Only light equipment is located on the floor. The technological process is carried out horizontally, as in one-story buildings. All this, taken together, makes up the specifics of two-story buildings. At the same time, in comparison with one-storey buildings, the building area is reduced by 30 ... 40%,

In terms of the totality of all costs, two-story ones turned out to be more economical than one-story ones, therefore, if the production technology allows, they are increasingly used. Column grids in such buildings are most often used enlarged, square (9X9; 12X12 m); in the upper floors, either the same line is used 5 or it is even more enlarged (18X18; 24X24 m).

Structural solutions and elements of the coatings of these buildings are identical to the corresponding solutions and elements of one-story buildings. Interfloor ceilings of two-story buildings are usually made of elements of multi-storey production facilities. These buildings occupy, as it were, an intermediate position between multi- and one-story buildings. They are separated into a separate group - two-story industrial buildings. At the same time, buildings of three or more floors are conventionally referred to as multi-storey buildings, emphasizing the difference in the nature of their volumetric-spatial and structural features.

When designing industrial buildings classified as multi-storey, three different volumetric-spatial structures are distinguished; regular; the same, with increased spans on the top floor; irregular (fig. XVI.2). Regular structure buildings include those, all floors of which have the same grid of columns and a constant height of all floors, except (if necessary) the first one. When placed on the upper floor of increased spans, which is usually associated with the installation of overhead or support cranes, the regularity of the structure is maintained on all lower floors. The structures of buildings are classified as irregular, in which built-in equipment, bunkers, etc. are located at different levels, requiring their own levels, dimensions, strictly dictated by technology, etc. (Fig. XVI.2, e). Buildings of this type do not lend themselves to unification (or lend themselves to fragments) and, as a rule, are designed individually, with partial use of prefabricated products.

Buildings of regular structures, on the contrary, were the object of unification, which was necessary to overcome the outdated traditions of individual design and the widespread introduction of industrial construction methods into practice. As a result, the number of used spans, steps, heights, floor loads, types and capacities of crane equipment, etc. has been sharply reduced, i.e., the basic construction parameters have been unified. So, for spans and steps of column grids, an enlarged module of 3 m is adopted; for assigning heights of floors more than 3.6 m, a gradation of 1.2 m is adopted (below 3.6 m - 0.3 m). For industrial buildings, three main dimensions of floor heights are adopted Nat = 3.6; 4.8; 6 m. For the first floor, in which the transport equipment can be located, an additional height dimension is adopted equal to 7.2 m. For the upper floor, the heights (Hv) are taken; in the presence of an overhead crane and with a span of 18 m HB = 7.2 m; in the presence of a support crane and with spans of 18 and 24 m, the height of the floor is, respectively, 8.4 and 10.8 m. The maximum lifting capacities are set: for overhead cranes - up to 5 tons, for supporting cranes - up to 10 tons, the column spacing is taken as a single one, equal to 6 m.

These and other basic parameters formed the basis for the developed interbranch unified dimensional schemes of multi-storey industrial buildings - schemes that are mandatory for mass use (Fig. XVI.3).

These schemes subdivide multi-storey buildings into three large groups corresponding to the above two types of regular structures: 1) with a constant grid of columns on all floors (6Xn) X6 m or (9Xn) X6 m (here n is the number of spans, which is assumed to be 2, 10 for six-meter spans and n = 2.,. 7 for nine-meter spans): 2) the same, with unchanged column grids on all floors: (6 + 3 + 6) X6; (9 + 3 + 6) X6 and (12 + 12) X6 m; 3) with an upper crane floor with enlarged grids of columns 12X6; 18X6; 24X6 m and cranes with a lifting capacity of 5 and 10 tons.

The second group differs from the first in the size of the spans and in the strict fixation of their number. In addition to these geometric differences, there are others discussed below.

The unification also includes restrictions on the number of floors. For schemes of the first group, 3 ... 5 floors are recommended; the second group - up to 12 floors; the third group - 8 ... 4 floors (with spans of the lower floors of 9 m) and 3 ... 5 floors (with spans of 6 m).

Multi-storey buildings are usually given a simple plan shape. With a significant length of the building, it is divided into temperature compartments, the length of which does not exceed 60 ... 72 m for heated buildings and 48 m for unheated ones.

Unified circuits within the temperature compartment do not change. When blocking multi-storey buildings with one-story or multi-story ones and with the formation of a more complex plan shape (W-, U-shaped, continuous buildings, etc.), it is necessary to arrange expansion joints: each compartment of the above groups is statically autonomous.

With reference to unified schemes, catalogs of frames from prefabricated products have been developed, based on unified products from the all-Union catalog. This allows the design and construction of multi-storey industrial buildings industrial methods. Thus, over 90% of multi-storey buildings are being erected. Another method of industrial construction involves the use of so-called universal buildings according to ready-made standard projects. This term refers to buildings intended for multipurpose use by various industries with complete technological cycles.

Such buildings can be of varying degrees of flexibility. This term refers to the dimensions of the internal space, allowing the placement of production that requires a certain degree of freedom. For column grids 6X6 m, 6X3 m, the flexibility of the building is called small. With a floor span of more than 24 m, large; with intermediate dimensions of the grids of columns - buildings of medium flexibility. The need for large spans between floors for such buildings required the development of a special type of multi-storey industrial buildings with interfarm floors (Fig. XVI.4). In the interfarm space, communications, auxiliary rooms and equipment are located.

This type of multi-storey buildings, especially of medium flexibility (up to 18 ... 24 m), is increasingly used. Buildings of great flexibility are often designed individually.

Multi-storey industrial buildings are distinguished: according to the equipment with lifting and transport equipment - crane and craneless; for heating systems - heated (warm) and unheated (cold); for lighting systems - with natural, artificial or combined lighting; by capital they are divided into four classes,

Depending on the category of the production located in the building, the maximum number of storeys, the permissible floor area, the degree of fire resistance of structures are established. So, for buildings with structures of I or II degree of fire resistance when placing in them industries of categories A, B, C, the maximum number of storeys does not exceed six, and when placing industries of categories D, D - no more than 10 floors. For the same categories G and E, buildings with structures of III degree of fire resistance should not exceed three floors, etc. All these rules must be taken into account when designing both supporting and enclosing structures.

10. The existing principle of organizing the interior space of the apartment. Possible ways of forming an apartment in the new socio - economic conditions .

Organization of the interior of a residential building. Internal space is the reality for which buildings are created. The interior is always individual, it expresses the originality of the customer. The history of the house, its present and future should be felt in the interior. The designer organizes the interior space of a residential building in accordance with the specific needs of people with the help of various material structures - load-bearing supports, external walls, partitions, ceilings and coverings. Combination structural elements, limiting and enclosing the space, from the outside is perceived as the volume of the building, from the inside - as the interior of the dwelling. The volumes of residential buildings, in turn, serve as a means of organizing open spaces - adjoining plots, courtyards, streets, squares. In the composition of the interior, types of spatial form are distinguished - space, volume and plane, with which the architect forms the internal living space.

The volumetric-spatial composition of the interior is a system of interaction between space and the forms that enclose it. The shape of the volume of a residential building depends on its interior spaces, and vice versa, the interior spaces of the house dictate its volumetric shape. The initial measure for determining the required spatial dimensions of living quarters is a person. In accordance with this general measure, the dimensions of the premises, interior details and equipment are also selected.

The most used form of an element for constructing an architectural space is a parallelepiped. Rectangular elements can be conveniently combined into compact groups and can be easily combined with existing structural systems. Man chose them as the basis for the formation of a dwelling already at a very early stage in the development of architecture. The cylinder cannot be combined with other cylinders in the horizontal plane without loss of space. The sphere cannot be repeated even with the development of the composition in height. Spatial shapes bounded by curved surfaces are not suitable for structures that are created from repeating cells. Their use is effective in special cases, for the formation of single large spaces.

Means for the composition of the internal living space: - solid fences - the main means of constructing elementary closed volumes. The use of solid fences allows you to achieve complete isolation of individual functions (sleep, hygiene); - incomplete fences - partitions, barriers that do not reach the ceiling, partitions made of transparent materials, perforated panels, gratings and balustrades (concrete, metal, wood, etc.), which do not disturb the visual connection of parts of the space, help to separate the zones intended for parts of the same process or homogeneous processes (in the same room or in rooms at different levels); - dotted, discontinuous barrier - delimits parts of the space, but does not impede passage (a row of columns, pillars, walls and partitions that do not form a closed volume).

This structure allows you to streamline the organization of processes that do not need a rigid separation, or to direct the development of these processes.

The first three methods of fencing represent the allocation of internal space using a space of a qualitatively different density - material structures. The following three types of space restrictions are based on the use of qualitatively different properties of open space: - dividing the horizontal plane of the floor into parts located at different levels allows you to maintain a single air volume of the room, but delimit functions; - changing the height or distance between the lateral restraints allows space for a part of a single functional process. For example, a sharp difference in height distinguishes the living room from other rooms in a residential building; - the gradation of illumination of the space, the concentration of light can accentuate certain parts of the space (dining area) and outline its division in accordance with the required organization of the function.
The listed types of fencing of living space are also used to delimit external open spaces in a dwelling - courtyards, landscaped inter-house areas.

Grouping rooms - main principle organization of space inside the building. The grouping of interior spaces affects the compositional solution of the building as a whole, forming symmetrical or asymmetrical compositions.

A symmetrical plan scheme is formed in the case when the main room - the core of the composition - is located along the axis of symmetry, and the secondary rooms are grouped around it. The symmetrical layout is typical for the architecture of the dwelling. Ancient egypt and antique greece, Ancient rome, Renaissance, Classicism and Historicism. An asymmetric scheme of a residential building plan is created in the case when the main room is located eccentrically, and the subordinate elements are freely grouped in relation to it. Asymmetrical circuit, appearing in late XIX century, becomes predominant in the architecture of the XX century. - modern, organic architecture, functionalism, hi-tech.

The grouping of rooms should reflect the functional relationships of the rooms. The interconnections of the premises provide a direct interface between the premises (hall and living room, kitchen and dining room, vestibule and cloakroom, etc.); as well as horizontal and vertical communications (corridors, stairs, passages). The planning of residential buildings, the compositional construction of the interior is developed by grouping the premises in one way or another (Fig. 1).

Cellular scheme - relatively independent functional processes take place in small, equal space cells (personal living rooms). The cells function independently, they can have a common communication linking them with the external environment.

Corridor scheme - relatively small cells that contain parts of a single functional process, are connected by a common linear communication - a corridor. All elements of the process require isolation. The cells can be located on one or both sides of the corridor (bedrooms as part of the functional area of ​​the house).

Anfilade scheme - a series of rooms located one after another directly and connected by passages (openings). A single functional process requires only a slight division of its parts (entrance hall, hall, living room, dining room in the family-wide part of a residential building).

The hall scheme is based on the creation of a single space. The function requires large, undivided areas that can accommodate many people (living rooms, family-wide living rooms in a mansion or villa). All functions are concentrated in one room and do not require isolation.

The pavilion scheme is based on the distribution of premises or their groups in separate volumes - pavilions, interconnected on the site by a single compositional solution ( master plan). The pavilions are functionally independent, they are united by the general purpose of the territory. The building of the estate in a warm and hot humid climate is carried out according to the pavilion scheme.

In practice, all these compositions are found in combinations and form the so-called combined systems

Floor height. The height of the living room depends on its length and width, that is, the overall proportions of the room. The height also depends on the climate and cultural characteristics. Thus, the outstanding architect of the Renaissance in Italy A. Palladio argued that the optimal height should be the arithmetic mean between the length and width of the room. The height of residential premises from floor to ceiling must be at least 2.5 m. In private houses, the height of residential premises is taken more than 2.8 m, most often 3 m).

Rice. 1. Grouping of premises into basic grouping schemes: 1 - cell; 2 - corridor; 3 - suite; 4 - hall; 5 - pavilion; 6 - combined; b) symmetrical and asymmetrical composition of the plan

A low ceiling promotes an intimate, and a high one - a formal atmosphere of communication. In the bedroom with large area they arrange a canopy, and in business offices - high (3-4 m) ceilings. It is important to have rooms with different heights to create cozy spaces. An upward-directed space creates a feeling of lightness, an elongated one - movement in a given direction, and equal space - a feeling of static, calm.

Allocate the semantic and functional load of the room by changing, or differentiating the height of the ceilings. In the hall, the height of the floor is quite large (thanks to the placement of the main staircase, the height of the hall is 1.5-2 times higher than the premises), in the corridor it can be reduced to 2.1 m, in the common room where 10-12 people gather, the height will be 3 -4 m, in large halls they arrange a "second light", that is, they take a double floor height.

The shape of the ceiling is flat, sloping, curved, depending on the structure of the ceiling and based on the interior design. Dome ceiling is best suited for rooms where people perform creative intellectual work (office, workshop, library).

Living rooms, kitchens, unanalyzed toilets, entrance lobbies (except for those leading directly to the house) should have natural lighting. In this case, the ratio of the area of ​​light openings of all living rooms and kitchens of apartments to the floor area of ​​these premises, as a rule, should not be less than 1: 8. For example, a living room with an area of ​​15 square meters must have a window opening of at least 1.85 square meters. Exceeding the minimum limit results in dark rooms. In the case of using roof windows in attic floors it is allowed to take a ratio of 1:10.

Insufficient lighting tires the eyesight and suppresses the human psyche. But excessive room illumination is also tiresome. Long exposure to bright light creates a need for shade, and vice versa. Therefore, it is necessary to alternate between wide-open and brightly lit rooms with shaded and more enclosed ones. In this way, the house, as it were, responds to the cyclical nature of nature.

Connection of the internal space of the building with the external space. The house with the plot forms a single spatial formation. Family life takes place in the premises of a residential building and on the plot - in the yard, in the garden, in the vegetable garden. Open living space must be addressed in close connection with the interior of the dwelling. This will satisfy the psychological need of a person to strive for eye contact with the external environment. Remaining in the comfortable conditions of a residential building, a person must constantly see the open> space, the sky, green spaces, which bring variability and diversity to a person's sensations, connect him with the rhythm of nature. Therefore, the enclosing space of a residential building should not only protect and protect a person, but also ensure his connection with the environment. In addition, a person can visually control the space adjacent to the house.

The window is of particular importance for the organization of internal spaces and the external appearance of a residential building. The window is repeated many times in the composition of a residential building. The size of the window is determined by a compromise between the needs in connection with the external environment (illumination) and isolation from it (heat loss).

The invention of the sash lifted the limitations imposed by the dimensions of the glass sheet used to fill the opening. V wall structures the limitation of the window size is due to the design of the lintel. V frame structure it becomes possible to create openings of any shape and length up to solid glazing.

It was found that light from a wide and low window is distributed more evenly in the room than from a tall and narrow one of equal area. The ability to create one horizontal opening makes it possible for a person to open an undivided panorama of the surrounding landscape. The corner window enhances the emotional impact of a wide view, there is a real feeling of "fusion" of external and internal spaces.

The compositional meaning of the entrance is determined by the fact that its position sets the order of the spatio-temporal organization of processes in the "plot - residential building" system, the starting point of the functioning of the house.

Architectural and artistic organization of the interior of a residential building. The main compositional tasks of creating the interior of a residential building are determined by the need to ensure the structure and integrity of the living space.
The structure of the living space is achieved as a result of the establishment of compositional links between spaces of various purposes and meaning based on the use of modular grids and artistic identification of visual connections with the external environment. The integrity of the artistic organization of the living space is ensured by the separation of the main and the secondary, the identification of the semblance of form. The ultimate goal of the architectural organization of the interior space is to create a visually ordered environment.

The organization of the interior space of a residential building is influenced by the parameters load-bearing structures... In particular, the size of the constructive step is narrow (up to 4.5 m), wide (more than 4.5 m) or mixed. A step width of 3.0 m is considered convenient for the kitchen and living room, 3.6 m for the common room, 4.5 m for the living room. The span of the premises is assumed to be 4-6 m.

The level of consumer wealth is reflected in the nature and way of organizing the interior. So, in cheap mass housing construction, the interior is arranged by the inhabitant independently, in an expensive individual dwelling, the interior is created by a specialist - designer, architect, decorator. In this regard, there is a sharp difference in the means of artistic expression used.

In a mass dwelling, the interior of the whole house is built on the cellular and corridor groupings of premises. The means of expressiveness are the proportions of premises, light, color, furnishings, transformation of premises. In an individual and unique dwelling, when designing an apartment for common premises, hall and enfilade construction schemes are used, for private premises - a cell and corridor. The means of expressiveness in this case are expensive Decoration Materials, technically perfect equipment, landscaping, paintings and objects of art, stylistics and imagery of premises, as well as progressive technologies for creating planes and placing equipment ("renovation"). A comfortable home is a home with history and tradition. Exquisite interior and equipment details help to depict them.

The beauty of the interior of a residential building depends on the good proportions of the rooms and on the ability to create a spatial unification of several rooms, on the use and placement of light openings and the entrance to the house, as well as doors leading to different rooms. The advantage of the house is the presence of a bright entrance hall. The shape of the premises plays a huge role. Premises with a complex plan, with elements of curvilinearity, based on rectangular, octagonal, circular nets and their combinations, are located in the family-wide area of ​​the apartment. The complication of a rectangular plan is achieved by using elements such as a bay window, niche, alcove, etc.

Considerable attention is paid to taking into account the perception of the House's space in time when moving around its premises. Visual links are organized using spatial axes. Spatial axes fix the direction of movement and perception of the apartment, facilitate orientation, determine the order and organization of the architectural space, namely: the placement of entrances, windows, corridors.

The means of architectural expressiveness in the interior of the Residential House are furnishings, equipment and household appliances: appliances, decoration, lighting and color. A promising technique is the creation of a flexible, transformable space. Changing space is the source of the formation of various spatial structures that compositionally enrich the interior.

Very often, the main element of the composition of a residential building becomes a common room, a system of halls or a hall, which are located on the main spatial axis starting from the entrance. The centrality of the position of the room is emphasized by the shape of the plan - square, round, oval, faceted (octagonal).

In almost any architectural composition, including the free one, you can find a kind of structural frame, your own lattice. A modular grid or lattice in the architectural composition of the interior serves as the basis for structural order. It can be the result of the use of certain constructive and technological systems and part of the idea of ​​an architectural form. Modular lattices turn out to be one of the means of proportioning and harmonizing the architectural form, primarily the plans of residential buildings.

V architecture.Characteristic for him ... the organization of the OCA, representatives which was developed ...

1.1. Types of industrial buildings

Industrial enterprises are classified by industry.

In total, there are more than 15 large industries (electric power, ferrous metallurgy, non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, metalworking, etc.)

On the basis of the industrial classification of production, the classification of industrial buildings is constructed. At the beginning of the study of this course, it was said that industrial buildings, regardless of the industry sector, are divided into four main groups: production, energy, transport and storage buildings and auxiliary buildings or premises.

TO production include buildings in which workshops are located that produce finished products or semi-finished products. According to their purpose, industrial buildings are divided into many types according to the branches of production. It can be metalworking, mechanical assembly, thermal, forging and stamping, open-hearth workshops, workshops for the production of reinforced concrete structures, weaving workshops, processing workshops food products, auxiliary production shops, for example, tool, repair, etc.

TO energy include buildings of CHPPs (combined heat and power plants) supplying industrial enterprises with electricity and heat, boiler houses, electrical and transformer substations, compressor stations, etc.

Buildings of transport and storage facilities include garages, parking lots for industrial vehicles, warehouses for finished products, semi-finished products and raw materials, fire stations, etc.

TO subsidiary include buildings for the placement of administrative offices, premises of public organizations, household premises and devices (showers, dressing rooms, etc.), food points and medical centers. Auxiliary premises, depending on the type of production, can be located directly in production buildings.

Space-planning and Constructive decisions industrial buildings depend on their purpose, the nature of the placement of technological processes in them and differ in a significant variety. Such buildings can be classified according to the following criteria:

1. By the number of spans- single-span and multi-span one-storey industrial buildings. Single-span buildings (Fig. 1.1, a) are appropriate for small industrial, energy or warehouse buildings. They are also used to locate industries that require significant spans (from 36 m and more - large-span buildings) and significant heights (over 18 m). Single-span buildings are typical, for example, for industries with the location of technological equipment on special structures - "stacks", not associated with the supporting structures of the building itself (Fig. 1.1, c).

Multi-span (Fig. 1.1, b) - the most common type of single-storey industrial buildings, widely used in various industries. Multi-span buildings with the same or similar span parameters (width and height) without internal open courtyards are called buildings solid building(Fig. 1.2) and can reach significant dimensions in terms of (several hundred meters in width and length).

2. By the number of floors- one-story and multi-story. In modern construction, single-storey buildings prevail (approximately 80% of the total construction volume), since they have certain advantages. They have better conditions for placing equipment, organizing production flows, using various transport and lifting devices. Technological equipment of any weight can be installed anywhere in the building, since it is placed directly on the ground. In one-story buildings, great flexibility is provided when changing the technological process.

The use of multi-storey industrial buildings (Fig. 2.3) is limited to industries with relatively light technological equipment located on the interfloor floors (light industry, instrument making, printing industry, etc.).

Multi-storey buildings are also advisable in cases where the technological process is organized in a vertical scheme and materials can be moved by their own weight (for example, warehouses bulk materials). In addition, multi-storey industrial buildings are designed with a limited area of ​​\ u200b \ u200bthe area. Multi-storey industrial buildings are often made with so-called technical floors (Fig. 1.3, d), in which technological communications are located (ventilation ducts, electrical wiring, pipelines, etc.), as well as, in some cases, auxiliary rooms. In multi-storey buildings, a grid of columns is most often used: 6x6; 6x9; or 6x12 m.In buildings with technical floors, with the height of the supporting structure of the floor (for example, a truss) within the entire height of the technical floor, the spans can be increased to 24 m.The upper floor in all types of multi-storey industrial buildings can be free of intermediate vertical supports (Fig. 1.3, b, c).

Rice. 1.1. Types of one-story industrial buildings: a - one-span; b - multi-span; c - single-span with floor transport; 1 - overhead crane 2 - lantern; 3 - support crane

An industrial building can consist of one-story parts of different heights or of multi-story and one-story parts (Fig. 1.3, c). The latter are called mixed-storey buildings.

In the presence of a technical floor in one-story industrial buildings, interfarm spaces, basements or spaces under work platforms are used. Gradually, this technique led to the emergence of a two-story type of industrial building (Fig. 1.4), in which workshops with heavy equipment installed directly on the ground on the second floor are located on the first floor - productions with light equipment that require good natural lighting. Two-story buildings are used for some light and food industries, electrolysis shops, etc.

3. By the availability of lifting and transport equipment- on craneless and crane (with bridge cranes or overhead transport, see Fig. 1.1 and 1.3).

All industrial buildings (one-story and multi-story), as a rule, are equipped with lifting and transport equipment for moving finished products, products during their manufacture, raw materials or technological equipment during its installation or dismantling. However, when studying the types of industrial buildings, it must be borne in mind that lifting and transport equipment has a great influence on the space-planning and design solutions of buildings.

4. By constructive coating schemes- frame plane (with coatings on beams, trusses, frames, arches), frame spatial (with coatings - shells of single and double curvature, folds), hanging of various types, cross, pneumatic, including air-supported and air-bearing (Fig. 1.5) ...

Rice. 1.5. Structural schemes coatings for frame industrial buildings

planar: a - along the beams; b - by farms; c - along the frames; d - along the arches;

spatial: d - shells of single curvature, e - shells of double curvature; g - shells of double curvature in the form of a hyperbolic paraboloid; and - folds; k - hanging cable-stayed; l - cross; m - pneumatic air support; n - pneumatic air carrier

5. According to the material of the main supporting structures- with a reinforced concrete frame (prefabricated, monolithic, precast-monolithic), a steel frame, brick load-bearing walls and a coating on reinforced concrete, metal or wooden structures (Fig. 1.6). In addition to the listed classification signs, several more can be distinguished, determined by the conditions of the technological process and the required characteristics of the environment of production facilities.

Rice. 1.6. Industrial buildings: a - with a prefabricated reinforced concrete frame; b - with a steel frame; c - with supporting structures in the form of glued three-hinged arches; d - with load-bearing brick walls and a coating on prefabricated reinforced concrete beams; 1 - foundations; 2 - reinforced concrete columns; 3 - reinforced concrete roof beams; 4 - crane reinforced concrete beams; 5 - outer wall; 6 - foundation beams; 7 - cover plates; 8 - the location of the funnels of the internal drain; 9 - bridge cranes; 10 - steel columns; 11 - steel trusses; 12 - light aeration lamp; 13 - aeration lantern, 14 - load-bearing brick wall; H is the estimated height of the workshop; H k - height from floor level to the level of the crane rail head; h - height from floor level to the top of the crane console of the column

6. On the heating system- unheated and heated. Unheated buildings include buildings in which production is accompanied by excess heat (the so-called hot shops: foundries, rolling shops, etc.), as well as buildings that do not require heating (cold shops: warehouses, storage facilities, etc.). All other industrial buildings are classified as heated, where, due to sanitary and hygienic or technological conditions, a positive air temperature is required during the cold season.

7. By ventilation systems- with natural ventilation or aeration through special openings in the enclosing structures; artificial supply and exhaust ventilation using fans and air duct systems; air conditioning, i.e. with artificial ventilation, which creates constant specified parameters of the air environment (temperature, humidity, degree of air purity). Air conditioning is always used in so-called pressurized buildings (completely isolated from the external environment), intended for industries that require special precision or cleanliness in the manufacture of the product.

8. By lighting systems- with natural, artificial or combined (integral) lighting. Natural lighting is provided through light openings in the walls (windows) and in the covering (lanterns).

Artificial lighting is basic in buildings without natural light or in buildings without lanterns. In buildings without natural light and without lampposts, electric lamps are used that give a spectrum close to the natural, making it easier to provide the required sanitary and hygienic and production regimes, in particular, sealed buildings are easier to implement without natural light.

The last three features determine one more classification feature of the space-planning solution of the building.

9. By coating profile- with or without lampposts. Buildings with lampposts (Fig. 1.7) are arranged for the purpose of aeration or natural lighting, or for both. The lampposts complicate the constructive solution of the building and their operation (snow accumulates on the roof in the spaces between the lanterns).

Rice. 1.7. Industrial buildings with lanterns

a - light anti-aircraft (translucent hoods); b - light aeration rectangular profile; в - the profile of the light antiaircraft triangular lantern; d - profile of a light trapezoidal lantern; d - profile of a rectangular light-aeration lantern; e - profile of aeration lantern with wind deflectors: 1 - light aeration lantern; 2 - anti-aircraft skylight; 3 - overhead crane; 4 - bridge crane: 5 - wind shield

Finally, a special group may include special types of buildings, for example, sheds for openly installed equipment, buildings for explosive industries, buildings for industries with a high degree of radiation, buildings combined with technological equipment - the so-called "aggregate buildings".

Part industrial enterprise in addition to industrial buildings usually includes industrial buildings... These include structures for industrial transport(overpasses for bridge cranes, inclined galleries, etc.), communication facilities(tunnels, canals, separate supports and overpasses, etc.), hardware installation devices(foundations for machines), shelves(in buildings and open) for placing equipment, special structures(tanks for storing liquids, bunkers for storing bulk materials, chimneys, cooling towers for cooling circulating water, water towers, etc.) (Table 1.1).

It should be noted that often industrial structures are building elements. For example, an overhead bridge for an overhead crane in a one-story industrial building is part of the building's load-bearing structure.

Industrial buildings are often subdivided according to the size of the spans: small-span(6, 9, 12 m), medium-span(18, 24, 30, 36 m), large-span(over 36 m - 60, 90, 120 m and more). Small spans are used mainly in auxiliary and storage facilities, as well as in multi-storey industrial buildings. Spans of medium size are currently the most widespread.

It can be assumed that large-span industrial buildings will be used more and more in construction practice, since the space free from vertical supports facilitates the placement of equipment, does not hinder the modernization of technological processes. However, it should be borne in mind the capabilities of the device handling equipment. With the use of mobile floor cranes, the possibility of increasing the span of buildings increases significantly.

Table 1

Industrial buildings

Industrial buildings with large spans that meet the requirements of modern automated production can be designed with bearing structures of coatings in the form of arches, shells, folds. Such structures make it possible to place production facilities in single-span buildings (Fig. 1.1, c).

In the context of rapidly accelerating technological progress, the problem of increasing "Flexibility", i.e. the adaptability of the building to the placement of various equipment, various technological processes, which are improved much faster than the building wears out, is of great importance. In this regard, in the post-war period, design and research organizations have done a lot of work to create various types of "Flexible" and "Universal" industrial buildings that differ from the usual themes. that they can be used to accommodate various industries, having the same space-planning and design parameters. An example is an industrial building with two dissimilar industries (textile and electrical).

Currently, various workshops and departments of the same production, as a rule, place or, as they say, "Block" in one big building... This is where the buildings mentioned above arise. solid building... In the recent past, the main place in industrial construction was occupied by the so-called "pavilion" development, in which almost each workshop was located in a separate building. Blocking gives a significant economic effect, reducing the territory of the enterprise, the length of communications, the area of ​​the building envelope and, consequently, operating costs by reducing heat loss, etc.

At the same time, it has not lost its significance and pavilion building... It is used in cases where, for example, blocking is impossible due to technological conditions (harmful effects of the production of one workshop on another) or when pavilion development is expedient for economic reasons (relatively small buildings with an autonomous technological process can be built much faster than large semi-detached building).

As mentioned earlier, buildings with large spans (single and multi-span) are spreading, in which technological equipment is installed on shelves(fig. 1.9). These buildings are used, for example, in the chemical industry. Pavilion buildings are also advisable in cases where the technological process is accompanied by significant gas or heat emissions, which are removed by aeration through openings in the outer walls and covering.

Rice. 1.9. Cross section of an industrial building with built-in shelves

Recently, it has become widely used open placement of technological equipment those industries for which the difference in ambient temperature is not significant. The open placement of a part of the equipment allows to reduce the volume of the building, to simplify and facilitate the space-planning and constructive solution, and to increase the level of safety in explosive industries. In fig. 1.10 shows an ammonia plant with an open arrangement of columns, heat exchange and other equipment.

Rice. 1.10. Ammonia plant with open process equipment

Buildings with lampposts widespread in industrial construction. V lampless buildings Solid buildings often use the so-called "psychological" lighting in the form of windows along the perimeter of the building, with the help of which workers do not lose visual connection with the external environment, since the complete absence of natural light has a negative psychological and physiological effect on workers.

There is no doubt also that buildings without natural light require significant energy consumption, exclude natural ventilation through windows and lanterns. For a number of industries, lampless buildings are generally unsuitable. Therefore, buildings with lampposts of various profiles still retain their importance.

As indicated, in one-story buildings, the interfarm space is used for technological needs, and is often separated from the premises using false ceiling, in which artificial lighting fixtures are mounted. Suspended ceilings significantly improve the interior of the workshop, in addition, by separating communications and auxiliary technological devices from the production area, they improve working conditions.