The upper protruding part of the entablature supporting the roof of the building. Architectural and structural elements of the walls

The surface of the wall has vertical and horizontal divisions, which are its main elements. Horizontal divisions are formed by the device of the base, cornices, belts; vertical - using pilasters and rippers. In addition, the surface of the wall has openings (window and door) and piers (sections between openings) - Fig. 1.

Rice. 1 - Architectural structural elements walls

1 - base;

2 - window opening;

3 - doorway;

4 - jumpers;

5 - private pier;

6 - the same, angular;

7 - crowning cornice;

8 - the same, intermediate;

9 - belt;

10 - sandrik;

11 - parapet;

12 - pediment;

14 - pilaster;

15 - buttress;

16 - bleed;

17 - ripping

The basement is the lower part of the wall located directly above the foundation. The upper border of the plinth is called a cordon. The cordon is always done strictly horizontally, since in this case the basement is visually perceived as a pedestal on which the building is erected. The plinth protects the building from the effects of precipitation and accidental mechanical damage, therefore it is made of strong durable materials. The plinths are made of brick, lined with selected, well-fired bricks with jointing; plastered with cement mortar (often with an additive in the form of granite chips); lined with plates of durable artificial or natural materials; from concrete foundation blocks.

Zabirka - lightweight base. A thin wall between the pillars of the foundation, under the lower frequent walls of the veranda, insulating under the full space, protecting from moisture, snow, etc. It is made of the same materials as the main wall, for example, in one or half brick; buried in the ground by 300-500 mm.

Cornices are horizontal projections of the walls that serve to drain water falling on the walls and at the same time have architectural significance, giving the building a finished look. The cornice located along the top of the wall is called the crowning (or main) one. The shapes and designs of the main cornices depend on the architectural design of the building and its dimensions. Prefabricated reinforced concrete cornices from cantilever textured slabs are used; with small overhangs beyond the wall surface (up to 30 cm), the cornices can be performed by overlapping masonry rows.

At the level of interfloor floors, intermediate cornices, called belts, are sometimes arranged. They are usually formed by the release of bricks.

Separate small cornices above window and doorways called sandrikas.

If the wall of the building extends above the crowning cornice, then this part of the wall is called a parapet. The parapet usually has a height of 0.5 ... 1 m and can enclose the roof along the entire perimeter or on two or three sides.

The triangular wall covering the space of the attic with gable roofs and framed by a cornice is called a pediment. The same wall, but without cornices, is called a tong.

Often, blind recesses are arranged in the walls to accommodate various equipment (built-in cabinets, radiators, etc.), which are called niches.

Vertical thickenings (protrusions) of rectangular walls, which serve to strengthen the walls and increase their stability, are called pilasters, and the same protrusions of a semicircular section are called semi-columns.

Rice. 2 - Jumpers

A - profiles reinforced concrete lintels;

B - precast reinforced concrete non-bearing lintel;

B - the same carrier;

G - brick private;

B - arched;

E - wedge-shaped;

1 - slope (lintel);

2 - quarter;

3 - overlap;

To increase the stability of the wall when horizontal forces are applied to it, thickenings with an inclined front face are arranged in it. Such protrusions are called buttresses.

If the wall has a different thickness in height, then this transition from larger to smaller thickness is performed in the form of a ledge on the inside and is called a cut. The ledges formed by changing the thickness of the walls along their length (in plan) are called ripping.

The structure that blocks the window or door openings in the walls and supports the upper part of the wall is called a lintel. Lintels are load-bearing and non-load-bearing. Bearing lintels, in addition to their own weight and the weight of the wall located above, perceive and transfer to the walls loads from floor elements or other structures. Non-bearing lintels take the load only from their own weight and from the masonry of the above wall.

Currently, prefabricated reinforced concrete bulkheads are mainly used (Fig. 2, a). Jumper marks consist of two parts - alphabetic and numeric.

Non-bearing lintels are marked with the letters B (slab) and BP (slab); carriers - BU (reinforced) and BG (with a support shelf). The digital part of the mark means the length of the element in decimeters, for example BU-20. Non-bearing lintels are sealed with their ends into the wall by at least 120 mm, and bearing ones - by 250 mm.

The number of elements in the lintels depends on the thickness of the wall. In the load-bearing lintels (Fig. 2, b), the outermost inner element is used with a reinforced profile (Fig. 2, c). To form a quarter, the outermost bar is laid one row below the rest.

In addition to the considered prefabricated reinforced concrete lintels, ordinary and arched lintels are also used in the walls.

Ordinary lintels (Fig. 2, d) are used for openings up to 2 m wide. by launching the ends of the rods into the masonry of the walls by 250 mm and poured with cement mortar with a thickness of 20 ... 30 mm. Laying above openings in ordinary lintels with a height of at least four rows of bricks and at least 1/4 of the width of the opening is carried out using mortars of higher grades (at least 25).

Arched lintels are currently used in the construction of buildings along individual projects when, for architectural reasons, the top of the opening has a curved outline (Fig. 2, e). The laying of stones in these lintels is carried out on the edge along the formwork in inclined rows with wedge-shaped joints between them. The number of rows is always odd; the middle row is called a lock, since when it is destroyed, the arch loses its strength. The contact planes of the arch with the supports are called its heels.

The wedge lintel is a type of arched.

Piers - sections of walls located between two openings. They can be rectangular and with quarters holding window and door blocks. The planes of the walls are called top and side slopes.

To create additional amenities, as well as to form an external appearance and individual architectural expressiveness, balconies, loggias, bay windows are arranged on the outer walls of the building

Balconies - platforms, fenced with railings and protruding from the plane of the wall.

Loggias are open spaces, fenced on three sides by walls. Bay windows are glazed projections on the façade of the outer walls.

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SECTION 4. WALLS

Basic concepts and definitions

The walls are the main structural part of the building. Specific cost of outdoor and indoor load-bearing walls up to 30% of the total cost of the building.

Wall requirements and their classification

The walls of the building must meet the following basic requirements:

- static - to be strong and stable;

- fire-fighting - depending on the degree of fire resistance of the building, have a flammability group and a fire resistance limit not lower than standard (SNiP -)

- heat engineering - to provide the necessary temperature and humidity conditions inside the premises;

- acoustic - to have sound insulating properties sufficient for the enclosed premises;

- special, depending on the purpose of the enclosed premises;

- economic - to have a structure that allows the construction of walls by industrial methods at the lowest labor and cost.

If all technical requirements are met, have the minimum weight and cost per square meter of surface. The thickness of the walls should also be as small as possible, however, not less than a certain limit determined by calculations (heat engineering and bearing capacity).

By the nature of the material, the walls can be divided into:

- stone;

- wooden;

- walls made of other materials.

By design and method of construction, stone walls are divided into four groups:

- masonry of small stones;

- masonry of large stones (large blocks);

- large-panel;

- monolithic.

Masonry is a structure made of separate stones, the seams between which are filled with mortars.

There is a fundamental difference between the laying of their small and large stones in the way they were erected. Small stones are laid by hand, and large blocks are assembled with a crane.

Large-panel walls are walls that are mounted with cranes from individual large-sized prefabricated slabs, called wall panels.

Monolithic walls are made by placing a concrete mixture in a special formwork, which, as the walls are erected, moves along the height, and sometimes along the length of the wall.

Architectural and structural elements and details of walls

Figure 4.1 shows the architectural and structural elements of the walls.

Figure 4.1 Architectural and structural elements and wall details:

1- base; 2 - window opening; 3 - doorway; 4 - jumpers; 5 - private pier; 6 - the same, angular; 7 - crowning cornice; 8 - intermediate cornice; 9 - belt; 10 - sandrik; 11- parapet; 12 - pediment; 13 - niche; 14 - pilaster; 15 - buttress; 16 - bleed; 17 - ripping

Bottom part outer wall located on the foundation is called base. The upper border of the basement is always strictly horizontal, which is of great architectural importance, since the basement is visually perceived as a pedestal on which the building is erected.

Due to the fact that the basement is primarily exposed to atmospheric and mechanical influences, it is performed with continuous masonry of solid clay bricks or concrete blocks. Silicate bricks, hollow and lightweight, as well as lightweight concrete stones are allowed to be used only above the horizontal waterproofing layer, and then on condition of their outer facing with durable moisture and frost-resistant materials to a height of at least 500 - 600 mm.

Constructive decisions plinths brick walls in fig. 4.19.

The horizontal protrusions of the walls are called cornices. The upper cornice is called crowning or main. It removes the water flowing from the roofs from the walls and at the same time has an architectural significance, giving the building a finished look. The shapes and designs of the main cornices may vary.

The facades of buildings are sometimes dissected in height by intermediate cornices and belts of various shapes... They are usually formed by the release of bricks. Small cornices above windows and doors are called sandrikami.

Parapets and pediments are sometimes located above the main cornice. NS arapet - a rectangular wall above the cornice with a height of 0.7 - 1 m, enclosing the roof. F ronton- a triangular wall covering the space of the attic with a gable roof and framed on all sides by cornices. The same wall, but without cornices, is called a tong which rises above the roof plane.

Non-penetrating recesses in the walls, used for the construction of built-in cabinets, the installation of radiators, and also sometimes for expanding the area of \ u200b \ u200bthe premises, are called niches.

Vertical thickenings (protrusions) of rectangular walls, which serve to strengthen the walls, support beams or to increase the stability of walls of great length and height, are called pilasters, and the same protrusions of a semicircular section - half columns... Protrusions with an inclined front edge, used when it is necessary to resist horizontal loads on the wall (for example, expansion from vaults), are called buttresses.

The change in the thickness of the walls along the height, usually at the level of interfloor ceilings, is made by steps, which are called trimmed... The ledges formed by changing the thickness of the walls along their length are called loosening.

Small holes (through and blind) left in the walls for laying pipes, sealing the ends of the beam, etc., are called nests.

The individual appearance of the building depends on the design of the outer walls, on the location and size of windows and other architectural and structural elements.

On the outer surface of the walls, horizontal and vertical elements are distinguished (Fig. 1). The lower part of the wall, which is located directly above the foundation, is called the plinth.

A portal is a ceremonial decoration of an entrance or entrance (doors, gates) to large, mainly public, buildings or to their territory. The entrance is decorated with framing architectural forms (arches, pediments, cornices, etc.), often in combination with sculpture, stucco molding, painting, etc.

Rice. 1. Architectural and structural elements of the walls: a - a fragment of the facade; b - pediment; c - parapet; d - pilasters; d - the main cornice; e - intermediate cornice; e - belt; w - sandrik; 1 - base; 2 - opening; 3 - pier (corner); 4 - the same (private); 5 - jumper; 6 - cornice

Gable(Fig. 1 b) - a triangular part of the wall that protects part of the attic and is marked along the perimeter with a cornice.

Parapet(Fig. 1 c) - rectangular end of the wall, protruding 0.7 - 1 m above the roof.

Local thickening of the walls (Fig. 1 d): pilasters- vertical projections of rectangular cross-section. Serve to strengthen or articulate the wall, framing openings, etc.

Half columns- vertical protrusions of a semicircular section;

Cornice(Fig. 1 e, f) is a horizontal protrusion from the plane of the walls, designed to drain atmospheric water. The cornice, which is located at the top of the wall, is called the main one.

Intermediate cornices, which have a smaller offset, are usually arranged at the level of interfloor floors. Small intermediate cornices are called belts (Fig. 1 e). Sometimes they make separate cornices above the openings of windows and doors - sandriks.

Sandriki(Fig. 1 g) - the architectural decoration of the building wall above the window or doorway. As a rule, it is a relief image of a cornice or a whole entablature, which is sometimes crowned with a pediment.

Buttress- vertical auxiliary supporting structure (protrusion in the wall, transverse wall, pillar, etc.), designed to strengthen load-bearing structures(walls, dams, etc.) when they perceive expansion or other horizontal forces (soil pressure on the retaining wall, water on the dam, etc.)

Wall- a thickened part of the wall that protrudes forward relative to the plane of the wall.

Niche- recess in the wall for appliances, built-in wardrobes or for other purposes. If the vertical wall has different thicknesses (for example, in multi-storey brick buildings), then this transition from larger to smaller thickness is performed in the form of a ledge on the inside and is called a cut. If it is located on the outside, then this requires its protection from atmospheric precipitation.

Plinth- this is the lower part of the outer wall, protrudes (or sinks) beyond the plane of the wall and protects it from the effects of precipitation and mechanical damage (Fig. 2). The plinth is visually perceived as the base on which the building is built. The upper limit of the cap is called the border and is always horizontal.

The basement parts of the building are made: brick with jointing or plastered with cement mortar; lined with natural stone, or slabs of artificial or natural materials; from concrete blocks, cut.

Rice. 2. Types of plinth construction: a - brick-faced; b - plastered; c - lined with slabs; d - from concrete blocks to undercut; d - from reinforced concrete panels to undercut; e - the construction of the blind area;

1 - foundation; 2 - blind area; 3 - brick; 4 - wall; 5 - waterproofing; 6 - construction of the ground floor floor; 7 - plaster; 8 - side plinth stone; 9 - facing plates; 10 - roofing steel; 11 - concrete block; 12 - foundation wall panel; 13 - crushed stone; 14 - side stone; 15 - 30 mm thick asphalt; 16 - concrete of class B7.5; 17 - crumpled clay, -150 mm thick; 18 - sand - 100 mm; 19 - stone

Figure 4.1 shows the architectural and structural elements of the walls.

Figure 4.1 Architectural and structural elements and wall details:

The lower part of the outer wall located on the foundation is called base. The upper border of the basement is always strictly horizontal, which is of great architectural importance, since the basement is visually perceived as a pedestal on which the building is erected.

Constructive solutions for the plinths of brick walls in Fig. 4.19.

The facades of buildings are sometimes dissected in height by intermediate cornices and belts of various shapes. They are usually formed by the release of bricks. Small cornices above windows and doors are called sandrikami.

Small holes (through and blind) left in the walls for laying pipes, sealing the ends of the beam, etc., are called nests.