What is included in the master plan. General plan

(as amended by Federal Law No. 41-FZ of March 20, 2011)

1. The preparation of the master plan of a settlement, the master plan of an urban district (hereinafter also referred to as the master plan) is carried out in relation to the entire territory of such a settlement or such urban district.

2. The preparation of a master plan may be carried out in relation to individual settlements that are part of a settlement, urban district, with the subsequent introduction of amendments to the master plan relating to other parts of the territories of the settlement, urban district. The preparation of a master plan and the introduction of amendments to the master plan in terms of establishing or changing the boundaries of a settlement can also be carried out in relation to individual settlements that are part of a settlement, urban district.

3. The master plan contains:

1) regulation on territorial planning;

2) a map of the planned placement of objects of local importance of a settlement or urban district;

3) map of borders settlements(including the boundaries of the formed settlements) that are part of the settlement or urban district;

4) a map of the functional zones of a settlement or urban district.

4. The provision on territorial planning, contained in the master plan, includes:

1) information about the types, purpose and names of the settlements, urban districts planned for placement of objects of local importance, their main characteristics, their location (for objects of local importance that are not linear objects, functional zones are indicated), as well as characteristics of zones with special conditions of use territories in the event that the establishment of such zones is required in connection with the placement of these objects;

2) the parameters of functional zones, as well as information about the objects of federal significance planned for placement in them, objects of regional significance, objects of local significance, with the exception of linear objects.

5. On the maps specified in paragraphs 2-4 of part 3 of this article, the following shall be displayed respectively:

1) planned for placement objects of local importance of the settlement, urban district, related to the following areas:

a) electricity, heat, gas and water supply to the population, water disposal;

b) local roads;

v) physical education and mass sports, education, healthcare, processing, disposal, neutralization, disposal of solid municipal waste in the event of the preparation of a master plan for the urban district;

(as amended by Federal Law No. 458-FZ of December 29, 2014)

d) other areas in connection with the resolution of issues of local importance of a settlement, urban district;

2) the boundaries of settlements (including the boundaries of settlements being formed) that are part of a settlement or urban district;

3) the boundaries and description of functional zones, indicating the objects of federal importance, objects of regional importance, objects of local importance (with the exception of linear objects) and the location of linear objects of federal significance, linear objects of regional significance, linear objects of local importance planned for placement in them.

6. Materials on its justification in text form and in the form of maps are attached to the general plan.

7. Materials on the justification of the master plan in text form contain:

1) information about plans and programs for comprehensive socio-economic development municipality(if any), for the implementation of which the creation of objects of local importance of the settlement, urban district is carried out;

2) substantiation of the chosen option for locating objects of local importance of the settlement, urban district based on an analysis of the use of the territories of the settlement, urban district, possible directions for the development of these territories and predicted restrictions on their use, determined, among other things, on the basis of information contained in information systems ensure urban planning activities, federal state information system of territorial planning, including materials and results engineering surveys contained in the indicated information systems, as well as in the state fund of materials and engineering survey data;

(as amended by Federal Law No. 373-FZ of July 3, 2016)

3) assessment of the possible impact of the settlement, urban district planned for placement of objects of local importance on the integrated development of these territories;

4) approved by territorial planning documents Russian Federation, territorial planning documents of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, information on the types, purpose and names of objects of federal significance, objects of regional significance planned for placement in the territories of a settlement, urban district, their main characteristics, location, characteristics of zones with special conditions for the use of territories in the event that the establishment of such zones is required in connection with the placement of these objects, the details of these territorial planning documents, as well as the rationale for the chosen option for placing these objects based on an analysis of the use of these territories, possible directions for their development and predicted restrictions on their use;

5) approved by the territorial planning document municipal district information on the types, purpose and names of objects of local significance of the municipal district planned for placement on the territory of a settlement that is part of a municipal district, their main characteristics, location, characteristics of zones with special conditions for the use of territories in the event that the establishment of such zones is required in connection with the placement of these objects, the details of the specified territorial planning document, as well as the rationale for the chosen option for the placement of these objects based on an analysis of the use of these territories, possible directions for their development and predicted restrictions on their use;

6) a list and description of the main risk factors for natural and man-made emergencies;

7) list land plots, which are included in the boundaries of settlements that are part of the settlement, urban district, or excluded from their boundaries, indicating the categories of land to which it is planned to attribute these land plots, and the purposes of their planned use;

8) information about the approved objects of protection and the boundaries of the territories of historical settlements of federal significance and historical settlements of regional significance.

(clause 8 introduced federal law dated December 30, 2015 N 459-FZ)

8. Materials on the justification of the master plan in the form of maps display:

1) the boundaries of the settlement, urban district;

2) the boundaries of existing settlements that are part of the settlement, urban district;

3) the location of existing and under construction objects of local importance of the settlement, urban district;

4) special economic zones;

5) specially protected natural areas of federal, regional, local significance;

6) territory of objects cultural heritage;

6.1) the territories of historical settlements of federal significance, the territories of historical settlements of regional significance, the boundaries of which are approved in the manner prescribed by Article 59 of the Federal Law of June 25, 2002 N 73-FZ "On objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation";

(Clause 6.1 was introduced by Federal Law No. 459-FZ of December 30, 2015)

7) zones with special conditions for the use of territories;

8) territories subject to the risk of natural and man-made emergencies;

9) other objects, other territories and (or) zones that influenced the establishment of functional zones and (or) the planned placement of objects of local significance of a settlement, urban district or objects of federal significance, objects of regional significance, objects of local significance of a municipal district.

Urban Planning Code (GRK) of the Russian Federation specializes in the regulation of urban planning activities aimed at developing the territories of cities, various settlements and individual (related to these works, services) relations. Contributes to ensuring the stable development of territories on the basis of territorial planning and urban zoning. Controls the balance of accounting for economic, environmental, social, etc. factors in the implementation of urban development work. Proclaims the provision of appropriate conditions for persons with disabilities for their unhindered access to objects for various purposes. Raises such issues as the participation of people and their associations in the implementation of urban planning, ensuring the freedom of such participation, the responsibility of the state authorities of our country, government agencies of the subjects of the Russian Federation and local self-government for ensuring decent living conditions for a person, etc.

General plan (general plan, GP) in a general sense - a project document, on the basis of which planning, building, reconstruction and other types of urban development of territories are carried out. The main part of the master plan (also called actual master plan) is a large-scale image obtained by the method of graphic overlay of a drawing of a projected object on a topographic, topographic or photographic plan of the territory. At the same time, the design object can be both a land plot with a separate architectural structure located on it, and the territory of an entire city or municipal district.

Encyclopedic YouTube

General plan of the settlement

Any master plan contains an analytical block and a project proposal block. Each of them, in turn, includes graphic materials presented in the form of maps (diagrams), and a text part. Among the mandatory schemes in the composition of the master plan, the Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation provides for:

scheme of facilities for electricity, heat, gas and water supply to the population within the boundaries of the city;
road map common use, bridges and other transport engineering structures within the boundaries of settlements;
scheme of the use of the territory of the municipality with the display of the boundaries of lands of various categories, other information on the use of the relevant territory;
the scheme of boundaries of the territories of cultural heritage sites;
the scheme of boundaries of zones with special conditions use territories;
a diagram of the boundaries of territories at risk of natural and man-made emergencies;
a diagram of the boundaries of the zones of negative impact of capital construction objects of local importance in the case of the placement of such objects;
a diagram of the planned boundaries of functional zones with a display of the parameters of the planned development of such zones;
schemes showing the zones of the planned placement of capital construction objects of local importance;
maps (schemes) of the planned boundaries of the territories, the planning documentation for which is to be developed as a matter of priority;
scheme of existing and planned boundaries of industrial, energy, transport, and communications lands.

General plans of cities and settlements in various countries different in name, composition, functions and legal status. Reconstruction, building and development of territories of a number of major cities carried out without any single document of planning and zoning of the territory. In Russia, as in many Western countries, the general plan as a legal document is advisory in nature, that is, it is not. At the level of the city, settlements, the rules land use and development, including the map urban planning zoning , urban planning regulations, act as such. As the country transitions to market rails, there is a gradual reduction in the validity period and a decrease in the urban regulatory role of the general plan in favor of documents of a lower level - planning and survey projects.

General plans of Russian cities

General plan (section of working documentation)

(GP). V project documentation subject to examination, the term "Scheme of planning organization is used land plot(PZU)” (section 2, clause 12 of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 16, 2008 No. 87).

The composition of the main set of drawings of the general plan at the stage of "working project" includes:

general data on working drawings;
layout plan;
relief organization plan;
plan of earth masses;
master plan of engineering networks;
land improvement plan;
external elements (fragments, nodes)

General plan (general plan, GP) in the general case - a project document, on the basis of which planning, building, reconstruction and other types of urban development of territories are carried out. The main part of the master plan (also called actual master plan) is a large-scale image obtained by the method of graphic overlay of a drawing of a projected object on a topographic, engineering-topographic or photographic plan of the territory. At the same time, the design object can be both a land plot with a separate architectural structure located on it, and the territory of an entire city or municipal district.

General plan- a scientifically substantiated long-term plan for the development of the city (in relation to the old city - its reconstruction and further development) or any other settlement. According to the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, it is one of the main documents of territorial planning.

The timing of the implementation of the master plan is specified in a special document - master plan implementation plan adopted no later than 3 months from the date of approval of the relevant general plan, and, as a rule, are about 20 years.

Any master plan contains an analytical block and a project proposal block. Each of them, in turn, includes graphic materials presented in the form of maps (diagrams), and a text part. Among the mandatory schemes as part of the master plan, the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation provides for:

scheme of facilities for electricity, heat, gas and water supply to the population within the boundaries of the city;
scheme of public roads, bridges and other transport engineering structures within the boundaries of settlements;
scheme of the use of the territory of the municipality with the display of the boundaries of lands of various categories, other information on the use of the relevant territory;
the scheme of boundaries of the territories of cultural heritage sites;
scheme of boundaries of zones with special conditions for the use of territories;
a diagram of the boundaries of territories at risk of natural and man-made emergencies;
a diagram of the boundaries of the zones of negative impact of capital construction objects of local importance in the case of the placement of such objects;
a diagram of the planned boundaries of functional zones with a display of the parameters of the planned development of such zones;
schemes showing the zones of the planned placement of capital construction objects of local importance;
maps (schemes) of the planned boundaries of the territories, the planning documentation for which is to be developed as a matter of priority;
scheme of existing and planned boundaries of industrial, energy, transport, and communications lands.

Master plans of cities and settlements in different countries are different in name, composition, functions and legal status. Reconstruction, development and development of the territories of a number of large cities is carried out without any single document of planning and zoning of the territory. In Russia, as in many Western countries, the general plan as a legal document is advisory in nature, that is, it is not a source of urban planning law. At the city level, these are the land use and development rules, together with the obligatory attached graphic part in the form urban zoning maps(zoning, schemes of regulations). As the country transitions to market rails, there is a gradual reduction in the validity period and a decrease in the urban regulatory role of the general plan in favor of documents of a lower level - planning and survey projects .

General plan (architectural design section)

English site plan

General plan architectural structure in the suburbs of Stockholm

General plan - an architectural drawing, which is a large-scale image of a building, structure or complex being designed (reconstructed) on a sub-base with a schematic designation of entrances and entrances to it, landscaping and landscaping elements on an adjacent site, transport routes. Most often, the master plan is a top view, but in some cases it is combined with the ground floor plan (the so-called "opened plan") of the building being designed. The most common scales for master plans are 1:2000, 1:500, 1:200. V architectural project forms a separate section General plan or GP. At the stage of "draft design" ("training project"), in addition to the master plan itself, as a rule, it also includes:

Situational plan -
Basic plan -
Greening scheme (dendroplane) -
Functional diagram (diagram functional zoning) -
Transport scheme (diagram of transport and pedestrian links) -

The composition of the main set of master plan drawings at the "detailed design" stage includes:

general data on working drawings;
layout plan;
relief organization plan;
plan of earth masses;
master plan of engineering networks;
land improvement plan;
external elements (fragments, nodes)

Town-planning plan of the land plot, abbreviated GPU- One of the territory planning documents. It is provided to the developer by the authorities and in fact is the coordination of the main design decisions, which makes it possible to carry out further actions to implement the investment project.

[edit] Significance of the town planning plan of the land plot

concept Town-planning plan of the land plot introduced by the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, adopted in 2004. The first edition of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, adopted in 1998, did not provide for the preparation of such a document; coordination with authorities or local self-government was carried out after the design documentation had been completed. The development of project documentation was carried out on the basis of architectural and planning assignments(APZ), which were issued in accordance with the Federal Law of November 17, 1995 N 169-FZ "On Architectural Activities in the Russian Federation". In Moscow, in 2004-2008, a document of a similar purpose was called the “Act for the Permitted Use of a Plot of Territory (Land) for Construction, Reconstruction” (introduced by Law of the City of Moscow No. 50).

The introduction of such a document as the GPZU makes it possible to transfer the main part of the approvals to the pre-project stage, to reduce the design time and the duration of the investment cycle. At the same time, approvals in construction still take 1.5-2 years or more; President DA Medvedev intends to simplify these procedures and reduce the terms of approvals to 3-4 months.

The legislation provides for the following types of documents on territory planning:

territory planning projects
land surveying projects
town planning plans for land plots.

urban plan of a land plot is developed either as part of a land surveying project, or in the form of a separate document. GPZU as a separate document can be issued to legal entities and individuals upon their application.

GPZU is used to develop project documentation, develop a project for the boundaries of a built-up (or to be built up) land plot, and subsequently - to issue a construction permit and a permit to put the facility into operation.

[edit] Composition of the GPZU

The form of the town-planning plan of the land plot was approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation. Instructions on the procedure for filling out the GPZU form are published by the Ministry of Regional Development. The town planning plan of the land plot includes:

plan number, cadastral number and name of the applicant (preamble);
drawing of the town-planning plan of the land plot;
Information about urban planning regulations land plot;
information on the permitted use of the land plot;
information about the objects of capital construction and cultural heritage;
Information about specifications connections to networks of engineering and technical support;
information about the possibility of division of the site.

The legislation of Moscow in certain cases also provides for the development of an urban planning justification, which is absent in federal legislation.

[edit] Preparation and issuance of GPZU

The preparation of a GPZU for built-up plots as part of a land surveying project can only be carried out on the basis of territorial planning documents. The preparation of the GPZU in most cases can be carried out by the applicant, but is still approved by the authorities. V Urban Planning Code It is indicated to whom and on what basis the Urban Planning Plan is issued. The procedure for issuance is determined by the authorities. Therefore, as a rule, a GPZU is issued only to a person interested in the construction or reconstruction of an object (developer), who must prepare all the basic documents.

According to the law, the issuance of a GPZU is free of charge for the applicant. In fact, only the approval of the GPZU is free of charge, the applicant performs the main part of the preparation on his own.

Cadastral passport

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Cadastral passport- an extract from the state real estate cadastre containing the necessary state registration rights to real estate and transactions with him information about the property. The need for owners of premises to obtain a cadastral passport during registration actions is determined Law on State Cadastre of Real Estate . Cadastral passport- one of the elements of the emerging modern system registration of real estate in the Russian Federation, currently required for registration of rights.

The influence of Ufa on the surrounding area is largely determined by the development of transport, engineering infrastructure and housing and communal sector - power supply systems, gas supply, sewerage, industrial and domestic waste landfills, cemeteries, etc.

The city of Ufa and the Ufa region represent a single complementary system, the elements of which cannot successfully function separately from each other. Further formation of the urban district "Ufa" is the realization of the potential of the capital of the republic, expanding its capabilities and means of resolving emerging urban problems. Autonomous city on present stage does not correspond to the intensity of the development process, which requires a wider territorial base.

Within the existing borders, the city of Ufa is a multifunctional economic, transport, scientific and cultural center of the republic. The area of its territory is 76.5 thousand hectares. The city consists of seven administrative districts and five village councils. There are 28 settlements within its borders.

The stretching of the city from north to south (at a distance of 44 km) and the spatial separation of residences from the main places of employment increase the burden on the transport system and the time spent on movement.

Ufa, a generator of economic development in the republic, needs to restructure the economic structure, support the most promising, including science-intensive and high-tech industries, change the employment structure in favor of tertiary and quaternary areas of activity.

The main factors hindering the successful development of Ufa include:

depreciation of fixed assets in many sectors of the economy. Despite the positive dynamics of the introduction of new fixed assets and the liquidation of old ones, the intensity of renewal of funds in the city, given the limited investment resources of economic entities, is insufficient;
the relative high cost of production factors, especially those industries in which the entire complex resource-intensive production process takes place in urban areas;
the slow growth of investments in the city's economy, caused, firstly, by a relatively low rate of return on invested capital, secondly, by the weak protection of investments, and thirdly, by the low efficiency of stimulating investments;
low efficiency in the use of many industrial areas, especially in the city center.

Informational aspects of design. In the process of territorial planning, the movement of information at all stages of project development is of particular importance. It is difficult to find information in its huge, continuously growing streams. It is not clear what information might be useful. Specialists wittily compare units of information with the Central Asian way of measuring distances - chakryms (migrations), the value of which cannot be determined in kilometers, but depends on the nature of the terrain, the presence of water, etc. Meanwhile, losses due to lack of information are very large, although cannot always be unambiguously measured and often lead to wrong decisions. In addition, information must necessarily reach the level of decision-makers. The movement of information at all stages of design is criss-cross character, wherein there are losses and distortions. Without considering here subjective factors (lack of qualifications, experience, etc.), we note the significant objective factors of loss and distortion of information: too much information (inability or inability to select the necessary information); uncertainty or unavailability of sources of information; gaps in the source information; misunderstanding by specialists of related disciplines of each other and the objectives of the work; lack of skill and ability of systematic thinking; lack of orientation of graphic and textual interpretation of information to the consumer.

It is important to emphasize the following common features that are characteristic of the use of information in the process of territorial planning: the breadth of contacts with other branches of knowledge and the multiplicity of objects that the designer deals with; increasing volumes of various information characteristics of objects and connections between them when iterating through solutions; the kaleidoscopic nature of the problematics in the case of the frequent change of design objects generally accepted in design organizations.

The situation in which the need to process the growing volumes of information will become more and more aggravated is determined by the growth of arrays of scientific and technical information in all areas related to or contiguous with the design of settlements and cities. The development of the most advanced methods, especially mathematical modeling, thematic mapping, and questioning, will require the involvement and careful development of new vast arrays of initial information, which will increase information flows many times over and complicate the task of processing them in the design process.

With the growth of the total amount of information, the paradoxical lack of it on issues of greatest interest increases. More acutely than in many other areas of engineering, there is a sense that extensive, important information does not reach the decision-making level. If earlier, with a relatively limited amount of information, one could hope to exhaust more or less important sources, now a territorial planner often does not see ways to master all the essential information and ceases to strive for this. A dangerous practice is being created of superficial familiarization with easily accessible, and often random, materials and the construction of forecasts and design decisions based on intuitive ideas.

The design results (the form and content of the material presentation) should be focused on multiplicity and diversity of consumers: specially differentiated coverage of issues in the text, including headings and a clear reference apparatus; various forms of interpretation of text and graphic materials - in a reduced and expanded volume in the form of structural diagrams and layouts and specially designed drawings detailed for this purpose, brief summaries of the type of preprints sent to interested organizations, and popular materials addressed to a wide consumer and promoting the main ideas of the project; maximum use of oral communications (reports, direct communication) and the work of authors in various kinds of commissions for the selection of sites for the construction of industrial enterprises, the implementation of field supervision, etc. (keeping in mind the words of D. Price that (the best container for transporting and disseminating information is the scientist himself).

In the process of territorial planning, an organic weave is needed traditional methods with new ones, especially economic and mathematical modeling, questioning, systematized expert assessments.

mathematical methods belongs to a potentially huge place in the territorial design. The use of these methods is stimulated by: 1) the use of modeling in a broad sense as the main way of thinking; 2) the need for a wide enumeration of alternative solutions and taking into account many interrelated and often conflicting factors; 3) accumulated experience in the application of quantitative methods due to the traditional and widespread use of technical and economic calculations. Significant difficulties are associated with the complexity of the system being designed, the insufficient development of adequate methods for the mathematical interpretation of factors and characteristics of the city's development.

When setting optimization planning tasks, it became obvious that the use of mathematical methods should be preceded by the development of the main set of problems using traditional methods and the subsequent selection of factors and alternatives, in relation to which it is advisable to use the mathematical apparatus. When comparing planning solutions, it is advisable to limit ourselves to a relatively small number of truly competitive options. It is much more important to expand the range of characteristics and factors compared for each of the options. The necessity of setting tasks in relation to the taxonomic level of planning with a large number of possible models and modifications was clearly revealed.

In territorial planning, when not only a general search for patterns is important, but also a specific design solution, the imperfection of existing models, initial data, and results is felt especially acutely. Here it is appropriate to recall P. Haggett's remark about attempts to apply mathematical methods in geography. According to him, many of these attempts come across as mathematical extravagance, and most of the models are "primitive, allowing many exceptions, and any of them is easier to reject than to defend."

Since then, the situation has not fundamentally changed. What's the matter? Why does the use of electronic computing technology and very sophisticated methods not always increase the reliability of urban planning decisions, but often gives negative results? The objective reasons for this in relation to a wider area of social forecasting were convincingly analyzed by G. Kh. Shakhnazarov (1983) . He drew attention to the fact that any new direction in science is going through three stages: an outbreak of public interest, generous investments and subsidies, an influx of personnel and exorbitant hopes; disappointment, loss of popularity among the public and enthusiasm among specialists, meager rations, vegetation; the gradual restoration of prestige, the establishment of a balance between moderate aspirations and modest results, funding on merit.

As the scale of application of mathematical modeling expands, the zone of the unknown, obscure, unknown does not decrease at all. Here it is appropriate to recall the following statement by V. I. Vernadsky: “... The area beyond the boundaries of mathematics and mechanical models does not decrease with the course of centuries of scientific knowledge, but rather increases. In general, even now mathematical formulas and mechanical models do not play a greater role than before, if only we pay attention not to individual areas of knowledge, but to the whole of science as a whole. The work of Sisyphus is going on: nature turns out to be more complex than the variety - infinite - of symbols and models created by our consciousness" (Vernadsky, 1977). The foregoing should not be understood as an underestimation of the role of mathematical modeling: in the age of computerization, this would be ridiculous. But it is important not to fetishize this role, to strive to reveal and understand (including with the help of mathematical apparatus) the essence of the phenomenon, not to substitute "playing in the model" for a meaningful analysis of the trends and regularities under study. It is necessary to clearly assess the nature, volume and adequacy of the data entered into the calculations on a computer, to understand how they will "work".

Any specialist knows that excessive complication of the procedures for their processing after a certain limit does not contribute to finding the right solution and only confuses the situation under study. In this regard, the statements of S. Beer are not without interest. “You can continue to search for data indefinitely and arrange them, all this serves as great entertainment,” emphasizes S. Beer, “but we must ask the question: why?” He formulates his thought almost paradoxically: “Data is a malignant tumor, the latest form of environmental pollution. As long as we think in terms of data processing, the problem of using information and knowledge to organize the regulation of society is not solved, and will not be solved. “Technically” it’s easier to do data processing… It’s clear that data is a prime cash commodity… But let me reiterate: data by itself is worthless.” Before using data processing procedures, it is necessary to understand the essence of the studied. If there is a lot of data and they go beyond the limits of their perception, says S. Beer, then most of them turn out to be completely worthless and should be filtered out.

For the qualitative formation of an array of initial information, the participation of specialists is necessary, highly qualified- cation and able to understand the meaning, nature and scope of the introduced indicators. It is especially difficult to take into account the interaction and mutual influence of all factors and indicators in the process of solving the problem. Trial omissions of the problem cause the need to clarify, refine and supplement the initial information, which requires preparation, and the solution of an economic and mathematical problem in parallel with the development of basic solutions as an integral part of the work. At all design stages, it is necessary to maintain control over the modeling process: to clearly assess the degree of conditionality of the input information; competently comprehend intermediate and final results; to widely use information obtained on the basis of design experience and traditional calculation methods in all cases when it is difficult or impractical to obtain it in a rigorous mathematical way. Mathematical modeling work cannot be outsourced; constant creative contact and close cooperation of all groups of specialists participating in it is necessary.

Regardless of the immediate results of solving certain mathematical problems, their formulation in the design process is of great scientific and practical importance, it allows you to better identify the structure, relationships and parameters of phenomena, thereby contributing to a deeper and more perfect development of planning projects. Even now, the development of mathematical modeling in the design of settlements and cities is hampered not so much by the lack of methods for formalizing the initial information and satisfactory models, but by the insufficient conceptual development of a number of basic problems.

Along with optimization models that take into account a large number of specific factors and parameters, abstract theoretical models can become important for designing the human environment. The high degree of abstraction inherent in mathematical models contributes to the elucidation of organic relationships and regularities in the distribution of populated areas. The accumulated experience in constructing and testing abstract models indicates the great importance of correction factors and modifications depending on regional characteristics. The study of these features, apparently, should also be given a general theoretical character, which will make it possible to approach models that adequately characterize the patterns studied for a given territory. The search for a general theory of the organization of space in the future, perhaps, will give more important conclusions than operating with specific data, the conventions and limited time frames of which are inevitable.

It is important to warn against ideas about the possibilities of a simplified solution to the problems of territorial planning. So, the mentioned "new urban thinking of the twentieth century." (Le Corbusier and others), formed in the 20s and 40s under the influence of gigantic political and social changes, sought a way out of the most acute cataclysms that shook cities in the life-building potential of architecture, mistakenly believing that the main problems of human life could be solved urban planning. Under the strange slogan "Revolution or architecture!" were looking for ways to replace social transformations with architectural innovations. It was believed that the city planner could develop and “prescribe” to cities such new planning and volumetric solutions that would definitely turn out to be effective, real, and optimal. Clearly designed functional areas, huge complexes of standard residential and public buildings devoid of unnecessary decorations promised a clear, logical perspective for the development of cities.

Something similar happened in other sciences. For geographers and economists, for example, it seemed that the constructions of V. Kristaller, A. Lesh, G. Zipf made it possible to reveal the fundamental patterns of settlement. The “quantitative revolution” in geography opened up new horizons, it seemed that models and programs would soon be created, the use of which on a computer would provide miraculous results that ensure accurate forecasting and purposeful development of cities.

These hopes were not destined to come true. Life turned out to be more complex, richer, multifaceted. New complex problems are emerging that need to be addressed. People don't want to live in faceless, molded cities. Architectural innovations do not solve social problems. The sources of urban growth are not revealed by simplified diagrams. Forecasts cannot be replaced by sophisticated calculation procedures that are unable to adequately reflect the richness of the factors influencing urban development. Fantastic projects of cities of the future, so fashionable until quite recently, are more and more clearly presented as mirages, remote from the real trajectories of urban development.

Design organization. The geographer participating in the development of the project becomes a member of the team of authors, which includes representatives of many specialties. It is extremely important that it be a team of like-minded people, each of which, based on their special knowledge and skill, develops their part of the problem, but together they strive to find the best solution to the problem as a whole. At the same time, it is necessary that the specialists involved in the development of the project “hear” and understand each other, so that everything significant in the proposals of each specialist reaches the decision-making level, is carefully discussed and accepted or rejected only after a comprehensive analysis of all options for a comprehensive solution. This analysis should take place in a democratic environment: any neglect on the part of the project manager or the approving authority of the opinion of a specialist, authoritarianism in the discussion and decision-making can result in serious losses in the implementation of the project. With development publicity and strengthening the role of the public in substantiating, discussing and evaluating urban planning decisions, the participants in the design process face a very difficult task - to identify and take into account literally grains of public opinion on the issues being developed, which requires large organizational effort and delicacy. It is important not only to pay tribute to fashion and even not only to fulfill the requirement of maximum democracy in decision-making regarding the daily life of millions of people - residents of cities and residential areas for which projects are being developed, but also to provide objectively more high level decisions. The way to this is a detailed explanation of all parties and arguments taken into account in a particular design decision; wide familiarization of the public with the use of mass media; thoughtful organization of public discussions with a competent presentation of the goals and content of projects; organization of sociological surveys with clearly and correctly formulated questions that allow you to get answers that are valuable for design.

The team of authors for territorial planning includes: architect-urban planner (project manager), engineer-economist (economic-geographer), engineers - specialists in the assessment of natural conditions (physical geographer, geologist, climatologist, hydrologist, etc.) , specialists in engineering support (transport, water supply and sewerage, energy supply, landscaping, engineering preparation of the territory, etc.), ecologist (geoecologist). The range of tasks of the economic geographer includes: analysis of the current state of the city; substantiation of the prospects for its development (assessment of the city-forming potential and calculation of the population); substantiation of the design organization of the city (calculation of the volume of housing and cultural and domestic construction, analysis and selection, together with other specialists, of options for the territorial formation of the city and the development of its planning structure); determination of the necessary investments (together with specialists designing engineering systems). Solving these problems is an extremely important part of the design process. An ecologist (geoecologist) provides an ecological justification for any territorial planning projects: analysis and mapping of component and complex environmental pollution, including a zone of noise discomfort and radioactive contamination, participates in the development of measures for its stabilization, etc.