Who was born in water and is afraid of water. Research work "born in water, but afraid of water." Salt painting "Starfish

He will be born in water, but he is afraid of water.

Introduction

Among all the salts, the most important is the one
which we call simply salt.
A. E. Fersman

It would seem that interesting could be said about such a banal thing as salt. Salt that is on every table, known and familiar, unknowable and mysterious. It is sold in any grocery store for literally a penny. Right. And why?

Because this "commonplace thing", imagine, is of great importance. A person spices his food with salt and cannot do without it. Salt is the only mineral that you and I eat in pure form, and which cannot be replaced. Moreover, all mammals on our planet consume salt in one form or another. And even today, in the age of technological progress, people could not do without it.

I wondered why salt can be found in every home, it is always put on the table in any decent cafe, but it is not in the school cafeteria. To find out, I decided to do some research.

Object of study: salt

Subject of study: properties and uses of table salt

Relevance: Salt is an irreplaceable food product, but the amount consumed must be respected, since its excessive consumption negatively affects human health. Therefore, we believe that this problem is relevant.

Target: Learn the history of the appearance of salt, study the composition of table salt and the growth of its crystals.

Tasks:

Analyze scientific information on this topic and find out what table salt is, what it consists of;

Grow a crystal of table salt

Hypothesis: If we know that it is possible to live without gold, then without salt, no

Research methods:

Analysis of theoretical material

Sociological survey

Experiment

Main part.

Chapter I The unknown in the known.

1.1 History of the appearance of salt.

Table salt, or, as chemists would say, sodium chloride, cannot be called an ordinary substance. Her properties are amazing and her fate is very interesting. This substance has acquired so much great importance not at all today - it has always been that way. The history of civilization is, to some extent, the history of salt, and you need to know your history.

The flames of a bonfire lit the entrance to the cave. People were sitting around the fire. The women roasted freshly skinned game over the fire, and the men, tired of hunting, ate this half-baked, ash-sprinkled meat.

People did not yet know salt, and they liked the ash, which gave the meat a pleasant, salty taste.

The same taste, but even more pungent, was given to food by a white powder, which women accidentally found on stones near the seashore or on the shores of salt lakes.

Meat, grated with white powder, was preserved for a long time, as well as dried over a fire or in the smoke of a fire. Therefore, the white powder was very much appreciated and they began to look for it.

So salt entered the life of a person.

Acquaintance with salt in different places could happen in different ways. Hunters, tracking down game, noticed how a wild deer or elk licked a transparent stone in the grass that looked like ice. But this ice did not melt either in the hands or in the sun. And when the hunters tasted it with their tongue, imitating the animal, they felt an unusually pleasant and pungent taste. They broke off pieces of stone and carried it away with them. It was rock salt. People, consuming salt in food, felt more cheerful, felt a surge of strength and fatigue disappeared sooner.

A piece of salt was made a jewel of the tribe, and when the salt ran out, they went in search of it.

It is difficult for us to imagine that in the past, in many countries, salt served as a significant source of replenishment of the treasury, was an important subject of trade. In some countries, salt even played the role of a monetary unit. The Venetian traveler Marco Polo, who visited China in 1286, described the coins used there made of rock salt crystals. In some African countries, even inXIXcentury as a monetary unit used rock salt bars. "Salt" allegorically called the payment of Roman soldiers, and from this came the name of the small coin: in Italy "soldi", in France "solid" and the French word "saler" - "salary"

V Ancient rome caravans of salt slowly wandered along the main trade road - Via Solaria, which meant the "Salt Route". Caravans accompanied troops of warriors so that salt, a precious treasure, did not fall prey to robbers. In ancient times, salt was literally worth its weight in gold. The lack of salt also caused popular unrest. Salt riots are known in history.

Many folk proverbs say: "Salt is the head of everything, without salt and grass", "There is no salt and there is no word", "Without salt and a table of a curve" (Appendix 1)

Excavations have shown that ancient salt mines existed in the Slavic cities of the Galician land and in Armenia. Here, in the old adits, not only stone hammers, axes and other tools have been preserved to this day, but also wooden supports of mines and even leather bags, in which salt was carried 4-5 thousand years ago. All this was soaked in salt and therefore could have survived to this day ... (Appendix 2)

1.2. From the history of the development of salt deposits in Russia.

The development of deposits in Russia has its own history and legends.

Long ago in the dry Volga steppe, near the mountain Big God Before, says the Kazakh legend, there lived a bai. Bai's greatest wealth was his beautiful daughter. And she fell in love with the shepherd. Upon learning of this, Bai ordered his execution. The girl burst into tears. Days, weeks passed, tears poured and poured from her eyes. This is how the salt lake Baskunchak appeared in the steppe, or it is popularly called the "Lake of Tears".

The history of salt mining in Russia is reflected not only in ancient manuscripts, but also in the names of Russian cities: Solikamsk, Usolye Sibirskoye.

The city of Solikamsk has existed in the Urals for more than five hundred years, stretching along the banks of the Usolka River, a tributary of the Kama. It has long been famous for its salt. Many millions of years ago there was a huge sea here. Finally the time came when the Permian Sea disappeared. From it there were layers of salt several hundred meters thick. Locals, hunters, fishermen from time immemorial have found salt springs and springs and used brine. In 1430 Novgorod merchants Kalashnikovs built the first salt works in Solikamsk. The brine was pumped out of the earth through wooden pipes and evaporated in large iron pans. Salt mining in those days was a lucrative business. The salt was expensive. For a pood of salt they gave several poods of bread.

In Russia, salt has long been mined from brines, which were pumped out of the depths. The first mention of salt mining dates back to 1037, when Prince Svyatoslav Olegovich in Novgorod ordered to levy a tax on salt from each saltworks.

The ancient method of salt extraction was vividly and accurately described by M. Gorky in his story "On Salt". The work of salt miners appears in it as truly hard labor. Salt was mined by hand. People stood knee-deep in the water barefoot, the salt corroded the skin.

Salt mines of the old type resemble deep adit wells

Already in the 1920s, the hard and primitive labor of salt miners was done away with; the shovel, pickaxe and basket were replaced by salt combines, cutting machines, and vacuum evaporators. The mechanization of mining allowed our country to take one of the first places in terms of the amount of extracted salt.

Salt reserves are located in the Urals (Verkhnekamskoye deposits in the Perm region, Iletskoye deposits in the Orenburg region), in the Lower Volga region (Baskunchakskoye and Eltonskoye), in Eastern Siberia (Usolskoye in the Irkutsk region), in the Far East (Olekminskoye in the Republic of Sakha)

1.3 The structure of salt crystals. ( Appendix 3)

Table salt is the only material that is directly consumed in food. Pure table salt is composed of sodium chlorideNaCI... In nature, salt occurs in the form of the mineral halite rock salt. Table salt is used as food after industrial cleaning of halite.

Salt has a crystal lattice. And the salt "grains" themselves, similar to small cubes, suggest such a structure of the lattice.

Salts are different in structure:

Coarse salt is used for cattle. Even animals need salt. Wild animals find and eat plants containing salt (Solanchiki)

Medium crystalline salt is used for pickling vegetables, for salting and drying fish and meat.

Fine crystalline salt is used for cooking.

I learned that table salt is obtained by evaporating salt water.

It is first washed, then passed through a die (Filter). Then it is evaporated. Therefore, it is called so-table salt.

Sterlitamak, which arose in 1766 as a salt pier, gave its name to one of the seven Ufa hills: Usolskaya Mountain, also called Shikhan Mountain by the Ufa old-timers. It is likely that this hill got its name from the salt pans, located at that time in its plantar part. And salt was delivered here by barges from Sterlitamak. Translated from the Bashkir language into Russian, the word "shihan" means "hill", which is quite consistent with the truth.

As historians say, it is quite possible that the Sterlitamak region was a traditional meeting place and exchange of goods for tribes wandering across the steppe expanses.

Lake Asly-kul is the largest in Bashkortostan: its area is 18 square kilometers, the average depth is 5.1 m. Due to the predominance of table salt, the water in the lake is brackish, which determines its name. "Asy-kul" in translation from Bashkir means "bitter lake".

Here, in natural conditions, swans constantly live. Asly-Kul is the largest fresh water reservoir in the Republic. The coast of the lake has always been a popular vacation spot for residents of the republic.

If the name Muldakkul does not tell you anything, then you are just used to hearing about this lake as about Salt Lake. It is located in the Abzelilovsky district of Bashkortostan. The area of Muldakkul is quite large - 8 km. This lake is unique for our republic, and why?

Firstly, from the name it is clear that the water here is very salty. Because of this, there are no fish and no algae in the Muldakkul Lake. The maximum here you can find unpretentious snails or beetles, and from the flora - saltwort and wheeze.

The second wonderful feature of Muldakkul is the healing salt mud. They are used even by local sanatoriums, not to mention the fact that the Yaktykul health resort was opened on the basis of the mud of the Solenoye Lake. Krasnousolsk mineral springs are one of the seven wonders of Bashkortostan. The Gafuri region is considered one of the sights of the republic. Krasnousolsk mineral springs, on which the famous Krasnousolsk resort was built. Many sources are born on the territory of the sanatorium. When they flow into the Usolka river, they make it salty, while in the upper reaches the river is fresh. Salt was evaporated on Usolka in the 16th century, since it was then very scarce, almost worth its weight in gold. Solovary town is one of the first industries in Bashkortostan.

Yakutovsky salt spring. (Appendix 4). The source consists of small springs. When they come to the surface, they form a small lake. The water is clear, salty in taste, with the smell of hydrogen sulfide. The source is fed by shallow waters in the area of salt karst.

There are mineral springs near the town of Birsk. (Appendix 5) Seven are known today. The Birsky, Kalinnikovsky, Tukhtarovsky, Urzhumovsky sources are of the greatest interest.

The first description of the Birsk mineral springs is found by P.I. Rachkov (1762) by N.A. Gurevich (1883), describing the Birsk springs, indicates that the salt deposit within the Ufa province appears in a dissolved form, that is, in the form of lakes and springs. Both those and others are located in the Birsk, Ufa and Sterlitamak districts.

Birsk mineral water has a salty-bitter taste and acts as a mild laxative. The springs do not freeze in winter.

In their own way chemical composition Birsk springs are closest to some famous mineral springs in Bashkiria (Krasnousolsk, Askinskiy and others)

The first special study of these sources was carried out in 1919. Analysis showed that the solid residue after evaporation contains 80% sodium chloride. A repeated study (a chemical analysis was carried out) showed that the water in the springs contains a large amount of table salt, as well as potassium chloride, calcium and others.

The water temperature in the springs all year round is about + 6 degrees. Therefore, they do not freeze in winter.

At present, in our republic, in the Ishimbay region in the village of Yar-Bishkadak, one of the largest rock salt production in the entire South Urals is located. In terms of production, the Yar-Bishkadak common salt deposit ranks third in Russia. The thickness of the seams is up to 790 meters. (Appendix 6)

A comprehensive lesson on familiarization with the outside world and drawing for preparatory group

Software content:

To develop cognitive abilities, expand and consolidate children's knowledge about the properties of water (using the example of experiments), tell and show children (using the example of experiments) about the properties of salt. Learn to establish a connection and dependence between phenomena in nature. Continue to decorate the starfish with salt. To cultivate a respectful attitude to the world around us, curiosity, observation.

Material:

2 glasses of water, spoons, napkins, salt, a raw egg, paper with a starfish drawn by paints.

Preliminary work:

Acquaintance with the properties of water, demonstration of experiments, viewing color illustrations on the theme "From drop to ocean", experiments with salt water and a thread, conversations about the measure and its inhabitants.

Course of the lesson:

(Music sounds softly. Children sit at tables. The teacher drips water onto each child's hands).

Educator: What happened to your palms?

Children: (answers)

Educator: They are wet, why? Today I invite you to talk about water. What is water for?

Children: (answers)

Educator:

You cannot live without water.

Do not wash or get drunk without water,

A leaf does not bloom without water

They cannot live without water

Bird, beast and man.

And so always

Everyone needs water everywhere.

Educator: We guys know about the properties of water and about the signs of water. You have glasses of water on your tables, pay attention. Tell me, what form did the water take in the glass?

Children: (answers)

Educator: That's right, the water has taken the shape of a glass. And if we pour water into a cube, what shape will it take? (in a plate, vase). This means that water does not have its own form.

Children: (answers)

Educator: What happens to the water in the river, when you open the tap?

Children: (answers)

Educator: Pay attention to what color the water is?

Children: (answers)

Educator: Does water have a taste? Try the water. Can the taste of water be changed? With using what? (salt, sugar).

Children: (answers)

Educator Does the water smell? Try sniffing.

Children: (answers)

Educator: So water is a liquid, it can flow and splash. Water begins with the concept of "drop" and ends with the concept of "ocean". The life of people, animals, plants depends on water. The fate of water on the planet depends on a person.

Now we'll play.

The game is called: "Once upon a time, there was a cloud of mother."

There was a drop at the mother Tuchka's. The cloud mother sent them to the earth to water the forests, fields, birds, people. The droplets flew to the ground, jumped, they got bored one by one, they joined in streams and ran in different directions (running in pairs). Once streams met and became one big river (they run like a snake). The river flowed and fell into the sea (they make a circle), and the sea joined the ocean.

Educator: Today I want to tell you about one sea. But first, guess the riddle: “There is water all around, but trouble with drinking? ”. Who knows where it is?(in the sea).

Educator: Once upon a time, it was a large deep sea, fish, small ships, boats, boats swam in it. And now there is almost no water left in it. These guys are the Aral Sea. Looking at it from afar, it is fashionable to see white sand - this is salt. And this one protrudes on the shores of the seas that dry up. Salt is also mined in Sol-Iletsk, where many of you go to rest. And salt is also mined on the site of the Aral Sea.

Show the children salt.

Educator: What color is the salt?

Children: (answers)

Educator: What is salt? What does it consist of?

Children: (answers)

Educator: What do we need salt for? Without what, lunch is tasteless?

Children: (answers)

Educator: Guys, remember the experience that we had with salt, water and thread. Who will tell you what we did?

Children: (answers)

Educator: Show the children what happened to the thread, salt and water. Explain that the water evaporated and the salt crystallized and remained at the edge of the glass and on the string. And on the Aral Sea, in the same way, salt appeared on the edges of the shores.

Experiments:

Educator: You have glasses of water on the tables. We already know the taste of plain water. Let's try putting a raw egg gently into the water. What happened?

Children: (answers)

Educator: Yes, the egg drowned. Now put 4 tablespoons of salt in another glass, and stir well to dissolve the salt. Try the water, what is it? What happened to the salt.

Children: (answers)

Educator: Yes, it is salty, the salt has dissolved. Now take an egg from a glass of fresh water and put it in a glass of salt water. What happened?

Children: (answers)

Educator: Remember who swam in Sol-Iletsk, the water pushed you out. The egg does not drown in salty water, and a person keeps afloat in salty water.

You see guys -"Salt will be born in water, but it is afraid of water."It dissolves in water, and when the water evaporates, the salt crystallizes and shines.

Physical minutes:

We quickly descended to the sea,

We bent over and washed ourselves.

1-2-3-4,

That's how gloriously refreshed.

And now they sailed together,

You need to do this with your hands:

Together once, this is breaststroke,

One, the other is a crawl.

Came ashore steep

All as one we swim like dolphins.

And went home.

Drawing with salt “Starfish:

(Show by the teacher how to sprinkle the painted starfish with salt).

Lesson summary:

White salt, soluble in water, crystallizes, shines, sinks. That is why they say: "He will be born in water, but he is afraid of water."

He was born in water, but he is afraid of water.

Proverbs of the Russian people. - M .: Fiction... V.I.Dal. 1989.

See what it is "Born in water, but afraid of water." in other dictionaries:

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Explanatory dictionary Dahl

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To start a drink according to the rank. Tea, coffee is not to my liking; there would be vodka in the morning. He does not drink, but he does not spill (he does not pour on the ground). Vinzo is not wheat: you cannot spill it. He doesn't drink, but he doesn't pour. He does not drink, but only pours over the ear (for the collar). How… … IN AND. Dahl. Russian proverbs

Complex lesson on familiarization with the outside world and drawing for children 6-7 years old

Software content:

Material:

2 glasses of water, spoons, napkins, salt, raw egg, paper with a painted starfish.

Preliminary work:

Acquaintance with the properties of water, demonstration of experiments, viewing color illustrations on the theme “From drop to ocean”, experiments with salt water and a thread, conversations about the measure and its inhabitants.

Course of the lesson:

(Music sounds softly. Children sit at tables. The teacher drips water onto each child's hands).

Educator: What happened to your palms?

Children:(answers)

Educator: They are wet, why? Today I invite you to talk about water. What is water for?

Children:(answers)

Educator:

You cannot live without water.

Do not wash or get drunk without water,

A leaf does not bloom without water

They cannot live without water

Bird, beast and man.

And so always

Everyone needs water everywhere.

Educator: We guys know about the properties of water and about the signs of water. You have glasses of water on your tables, pay attention. Tell me, what form did the water take in the glass?

Children: (answers)

Educator: That's right, the water has taken the shape of a glass. And if we pour water into a cube, what shape will it take? (in a plate, vase). This means that water does not have its own form.

Children:(answers)

Educator: What happens to the water in the river, when you open the tap?

Children:(answers)

Educator: Pay attention to what color the water is?

Children:(answers)

Educator: Does water have a taste? Try the water. Can the taste of water be changed? With using what? (salt, sugar).

Children:(answers)

Educator Does the water smell? Try sniffing.

Children:(answers)

Now we'll play.

The game is called: "Once upon a time, there was a cloud of mother."

Educator: Today I want to tell you about one sea. But first, guess the riddle: “There is water all around, but trouble with drinking? ”. Who knows where it is? (in the sea).

Show the children salt.

Educator: What color is the salt?

Children:(answers)

Educator: What is salt? What does it consist of?

Children:(answers)

Educator: What do we need salt for? Without what, lunch is tasteless?

Children:(answers)

Educator: Guys, remember the experience that we had with salt, water and thread. Who will tell you what we did?

Children:(answers)

Educator: Show the children what happened to the thread, salt and water. Explain that the water evaporated and the salt crystallized and remained at the edge of the glass and on the string. And in the Aral Sea, in the same way, salt appeared on the edges of the shores.

Experiments:

Educator: You have glasses of water on the tables. We already know the taste of plain water. Let's try putting a raw egg gently into the water. What happened?

Children:(answers)

Educator: Yes, the egg drowned. Now put 4 tablespoons of salt in another glass, and stir well to dissolve the salt. Try the water, what is it? What happened to the salt.

Children:(answers)

Educator: Yes, it is salty, the salt has dissolved. Now take an egg from a glass of fresh water and put it in a glass of salt water. What happened?

Children: (answers)

Educator: Remember who swam in Sol-Iletsk, the water pushed you out. The egg does not sink in salty water, and a person keeps afloat in salty water.

You see guys - "Salt will be born in water, but it is afraid of water." It dissolves in water, and when the water evaporates, the salt crystallizes and shines.

Physical minutes:

We quickly descended to the sea,

We bent over and washed ourselves.

That's how gloriously refreshed.

And now they sailed together,

You need to do this with your hands:

Together once, this is breaststroke,

One, the other is a crawl.

Came ashore steep

All as one we swim like dolphins.

And went home.

Drawing with salt “Starfish:

(Show by the teacher how to sprinkle the painted starfish with salt).

Lesson summary:

White salt, soluble in water, crystallizes, shines, sinks. That is why they say: "He will be born in water, but he is afraid of water."