Biography of Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev 1686 1750. V.N. Tatishchev is the founder of historical science in Russia. Instruction "On the order of teaching in schools at the Ural state-owned factories"

Tatishchev Vasily Nikitich (1686 - 1750)

Historian, geographer, writer, linguist, diplomat, ethnographer, translator. He went down in history as one of the associates of Peter I, whom A.S. Pushkin figuratively called Petrov's nest chicks.

This is how Tatishchev himself wrote about the influence of Peter I on his fate: “Everything that I have - rank, honor, possession and, above all, reason, the only thing I have is by the grace of His Majesty, for if he had not sent me to foreign lands, I didn’t use to noble deeds, and didn’t encourage me by mercy, then I couldn’t get anything ”.

Vasily Nikitich was born in 1686 into the family of a Pskov landowner. Studied at the Moscow Engineering and Artillery School. At the age of 18, he began military service and in the very first year he took part in the capture of Narva, fought near Poltava.

Several times Peter I sent Tatishchev abroad on diplomatic assignments. These trips enriched his knowledge in philosophy and history, geography and mining, artillery and statistics, in the field of economic and political teachings. His range of scientific interests was very wide, but history became his main affection. The main work of Tatishchev "Russian History" is the first scientific generalizing work on Russian history in Russia. In the manner of the arrangement of the material, it resembles the ancient Russian annals-events, set out in a strictly chronological order.

Tatishchev paid great attention to the origin, mutual connection and geographical location of the peoples inhabiting our country. With this, he laid the foundation for the development of ethnography and historical geography in Russia.

In addition to the "History of the Russian", Tatishchev left many other works concerning various issues, but pursuing one goal, which was the goal of the historian's entire life - the achievement of public and state good.

In "Discourse of two friends on the benefits of sciences and schools," he ardently preaches the spread of education and enlightenment among all strata of the population, including among the serfs.

Acquaintance with the Arzamas region from V.N. Tatishchev refers to the early summer of 1720, when he, the plenipotentiary representative of the government to the Urals, with the rank of lieutenant captain, set off on plows from Moscow to Nizhny Novgorod along the Moscow River and Oka. On June 8, after passing the Murom, the plow Tatishchev, at his direction, turned at the mouth of the Tesha River and walked more than 20 miles upstream.

Tatishchev inquisitively gets to know the new land and writes down in the dictionary “Lexicon” he compiled all the information that can be obtained from a cursory survey of the land: “Arzamas province, in the province of Nizhny Novgorod, on the Teshe river. In it cities and borders are not described for insufficient news. Arzamas was built in 1654. From Nizhny to the west 120 versts. Name Arzamas: Tatar - desire, Persian - a request or a report. The county is very extensive. In vitae, cattle and abundant honey ... "

Sources:

V.N. Tatishchev. Lexicon of Russian historical, geographical, political and civil: at 3 o'clock - St. Petersburg, 1793.

Currently V.N. Tatishchev is known primarily as a historian, the founder of Russian historical science. Indeed, research on Russian history was the main vocation of his soul, and in this area his scientific activity turned out to be the most fruitful.

Its main result is the extensive work "Russian History from the Most Ancient Times", which became the foundation of Russian historical science. But apart from Russian history, Tatishchev was engaged in a number of other sciences: mathematics, geography, geology, economics, politics, philosophy, philology, pedagogy. He also studied law. And in all these sciences, including jurisprudence, Tatishchev has achieved significant results. He discovered handwritten texts of such monuments of domestic law as the Russian Truth and the Code of Laws of 1550. His comments on them were the first attempt at their scientific research. He was the first to collect the texts of Russian laws for the purpose of their scientific study. This is evidenced by the very name of the collection of Russian legislative monuments compiled by him in 1738 - "Collection of laws of the ancient Russians, for the benefit of all the wise, collected and somewhat interpreted by the secret adviser Vasily Tatischev". In his works, Tatishchev often turned to the problems of justice and legality, he expressed many deep thoughts about law and laws, about law-making, about the essence of jurisprudence. He considered the study of law to be the most important element of the education of a civil servant. Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev is the founder of not only Russian historical science, but also Russian scientific jurisprudence.

In the history of Russia in the 18th century V.N. Tatishchev also entered as a prominent statesman, a talented manager. IN. Klyuchevsky wrote about him: “An artilleryman, mining engineer and a prominent administrator, for almost his entire life he was in the stream of the most urgent needs, living current interests of the time - and this practical businessman became a historiographer, Russian history was among these urgent needs and current interests of the time; not a fruit of the idle curiosity of a patriot or an armchair scientist, but an urgent need for a business person. So [them] the image of [th] Tatishchev is doubly interesting, not only as the first collector of materials for the complete history of Russia, but also as a typical example of educated Russian people of the Peter's school "* (1).

Vasily Tatishchev was born on April 19, 1686 * (2) in the family of a small-scale Pskov nobleman Nikita Alekseevich Tatishchev. His mother, Fetinya Tatishcheva, belonged to the noble family of the Arshenevsky family, the beginning of which was laid by a native of the Lithuanian principality Nikolai Arshenevsky, who transferred to the Russian service in 1654. His father was a representative of a noble family, which, according to the "Genealogical book of princes and noblemen of Russia and abroad", compiled in 1682-1687, was a branch of the princes of Smolensk. In the book dedicated to the Tatishchevs, it was reported: "By the decree of the Great Sovereigns, Tsars and Great Princes John Alekseevich, Peter Alekseevich and the Great Empresses, the Blessed Princess and Grand Duchesses Sophia Alekseevna, all the Great and Small and White Russian autocrats, Tatishchevs according to their painting, according to the Zabolotskys' fairy tale. And according to their painting: Prince Glebov's son Svyatoslavich Smolensky, Prince Dmitry's son Prince Ivan Shakh. Prince Ivan Shah's children: Yury, yes Fedor, yes Semen Solomersky. "* (3).

In the "Alphabetical list of those surnames, about which the genealogies of the list in Rozryad were submitted" about the Tatishchevs it was said that they "came from the Smolensk princes. Russia was already known as Solomersimi * (4) After one of them had a son Vasily Tatishch, whom, being governor in Novgorod, and hearing about treason, secretly wrote about it to the sovereign, and having caught the chief, sent him to him; and therefore was named Tatishchev. Yet they, their descendants and the originator of the genealogy were not written by the princes. " On the basis of such facts, the historian Sergei Spiridonovich Tatishchev (1846-1906) compiled the book "The Tatishchev Family. 1400-1900. Historical and Genealogical Research", published in St. Petersburg in 1900. Meanwhile, the information recorded in the "Genealogical book of princes and noblemen of Russia and abroad" was received from representatives of surnames and was based in a number of cases on legends, the reliability of which was questionable. The message that Vasily Yuryevich Tatishch served as governor in Novgorod refers to such cases. The Novgorod governor with a similar name is not mentioned in any historical document. And it could not have been in Novgorod at the time at which, as it was assumed, this event took place (the end of the XIV century), the grand-ducal governor.

It is known that the genealogy list submitted by the Tatishchevs to the Discharge Order in 1682 was declared false by representatives of the princely families Dashkov and Kropotkin, whose origin from the Smolensk princes was never questioned. The question of including it in the official genealogy book was resolved only after the Tatishchevs recorded their descent from those princes of Smolensk who allegedly left for Lithuania and began to be called "Solomerskie".

In fact, the Tatishchev family was an ordinary noble family, whose representatives occupied a position no higher than the average in the hierarchy of servicemen of the Russian state. In the "History of the Russian" V.N. Tatishchev under the date 6889 (1381) it is said that the Grand Duke sent to the Horde to Khan Tokhtamysh "his ambassadors Tolbuga and Moshkiy on October 29 with many gifts. The Rostov ambassador Vasily Tatischa" * (5). In the 40s of the 15th century, Vasily Yuryevich Tatishcha was a landowner in the Dmitrovsky district: he is mentioned as a message (witness) in one of the deeds of sale. In the 60s of the 16th century, among the possessions of the Simonovsky Monastery, there was the village of Vasilyevskoye-Tatishchevo, which, judging by the name, previously belonged to Vasily Tatishchev and his descendants.

At the time of the oprichnina, Ignatiy Petrovich Tatishchev (? -1604) played a prominent role in the entourage of Ivan IV. His name is found in the list of guardsmen of the formidable tsar * (6), compiled in 1573 and opening with the words: "In the summer of 7081, on the 20th day, the tsar and Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich marked all Russia as a boyar, and an okolnichy, and a diyak, both the nobleman and the orderly people their salary according to the salary "* (7). In this list, among the guardsmen, who were assigned a salary of 80 rubles, is mentioned "Ignaty Petrov, son of Tatishchev" * (8). In the Livonian campaign of 7085 (1577), he was the commander of the left-hand regiment and, in this capacity, besieged the city of Golbin. In the campaign against Nevel, Ignatiy Petrovich Tatishchev was the second commander of the advanced regiment and one of the chiefs of the guards in the tsarist camp * (9). Subsequently, he became the sovereign's treasurer. His son, Mikhail Ignatievich Tatishchev, was a clerk at the end of the 16th century and a Duma nobleman, actively participated in the events of the Troubles at the beginning of the 17th century, for which he paid: in 1609 he was killed in Novgorod by a crowd that suspected him of treason to Tsar Vasily Shuisky.

Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev's grandfather - Alexei Stepanovich Tatishchev - from 1647 served as a steward at the court of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, and in 1659 he was appointed to the post of governor in Yaroslavl. He left a small patrimony in the Dmitrovsky district as an inheritance to his daughter Natalya, and an estate to his eldest son Fyodor. Nikita, as the youngest son, did not inherit either an estate or an estate from his father: therefore he had to live for several years only on a salary for serving in the court rank of a tenant. In the years 1689-1690, he served as a governor in the Bezhetskiy Verkh.

In the early 80s of the 17th century, Nikita Alekseevich managed to get 300 cheets (150 dessiatines * (10)) of land from the hereditary property of a deceased relative - the Pskov landowner Vasily Petrovich Tatishchev. The estate passed into the possession of Nikita Alekseevich Tatishchev was located not far from Pskov. Vasily Tatishchev was born here and spent several years of his childhood and adolescence. He received, like his brothers Ivan * (11) with Nikifor * (12) and his sister Praskovya * (13), a good education at home. In 1693, at the age of seven, Vasily was taken into service at the royal court as the steward of Praskovya Fedorovna, the wife of John Alekseevich. Born Saltykova, she was his distant relative. The boy's court service continued until the death of Tsar John in 1696. After that, Vasily returned to his father's estate.

Reading books as a child became his passion and at the same time the main means of improving knowledge in various sciences. At the age of thirteen, he attended trials in Pskov in order to acquire knowledge about Russian justice. In a number of biographies of V.N. Tatishchev says that he studied at the beginning of the 18th century at the Moscow "artillery and engineering school", but no documents confirming this fact are given.

At the beginning of 1704, seventeen-year-old Vasily Tatishchev passed the exam and was enrolled (together with his twenty-year-old brother Ivan) as an ordinary cavalryman in the Preobrazhensky Dragoon Regiment * (14). His baptism of fire was the battle of Narva in August 1704.

In 1706, Vasily Tatishchev was elevated to the rank of lieutenant. In this rank, he took part in the Battle of Poltava, which took place on June 27, 1709: "Happy was that day for me," Vasily Nikitich later recalled, "when on the Poltava Field I was wounded next to the sovereign, who himself ordered everything under cannonballs and bullets, and when, as usual, he kissed me on the forehead, congratulating the wounded for the Fatherland. "

In 1712-1716, Lieutenant-Captain Tatishchev made several trips to Germany "to look after the local military bypass". After spending a total of two and a half years in the cities of Prussia and Saxony, the young officer acquired knowledge in engineering and artillery sciences, got acquainted with the latest works of Western European scientists in the field of geometry, geology, geography, philosophy, history. He bought here many books on all these sciences * (15) and, upon his return to Russia, continued to improve his education with their help.

In the spring of 1716 V.N. Tatishchev was assigned to the artillery, but he did not have to serve for a long time as an artilleryman. Tsar Peter sent him to Gdansk in 1717, instructing him to negotiate with the city leadership on the transfer of an ancient icon to Russia as an indemnity * (16), which was said to be painted by the creator of the Cyrillic alphabet, Saint Methodius. The city magistrate refused to include the relic in the contribution, but Vasily Nikitich did not insist on fulfilling the requirements of the Russian tsar. Having examined the icon, he easily established that it was a fake, having nothing to do with the shrine, and was able to easily prove this to Peter I. This trip allowed him to replenish his library with Freitag's book "Military Architecture" published in 1665 in Amsterdam and printed in Jena in 1717 "Course of Mathematics" by I. Rashub.

Upon his return from Gdansk to St. Petersburg, Tatishchev was appointed to serve under Yakov Vilimovich Bruce (1670-1735). Together with him, the plenipotentiary ambassador of Russia, he attended the Aland Congress - negotiations on the conditions of peace, which took place from May 1718 to October 1719 on the island of Aland.

In 1719, J.V. Bruce suggested that Peter I begin work on compiling a detailed geography of Russia. As the most capable performer of such works, he named Tatishchev * (17). The Emperor agreed with this reasonable proposal. Geographical research led Tatishchev to study Russian history. Having begun to collect information concerning the geography of Russia, he, in his words, “saw that it was impossible to start and produce a new one from an ancient state without sufficient ancient history and a new one without perfect with all the circumstances, for it was necessary first to know about the name name, what language it was, what it means and from what reason it happened.In addition, one should know what kind of people lived in that limit since ancient times, how far the borders at which time were spread, who were the owners, when and by what case they came to Russia. .."*(eighteen). Therefore, Tatishchev began to find and study the chronicle sources.

The first of them in his hands turned out to be the annals of Nestor, a list of which was in the library of Peter I.

Studying Russian history, collecting and studying historical documents became from that time the main business of V.N. Tatishchev. And Vasily Nikitich under no circumstances forgot about him.

The personal, announced in the Senate, Decree of Peter I of December 12, 1718 provided for the creation of the Berg and Manufacturing Collegium, which would be in charge of "mines and all other crafts and handicrafts and factories thereof and reproduction, with the same artillery" * ( 19). Chief Tatishcheva Ya.V. Bruce was named its president. Vasily Nikitich remained at his disposal. By a decree of December 10, 1719, the Berg Collegium was created as an independent government institution in charge of mining * (20). In the spring of 1720, the Berg Collegium sent Tatishchev to the Urals with the assignment "in the Siberian province, on Kungur and in other places where convenient places would be searched, to build factories and smelt silver and copper from ores." Vasily Nikitich stayed in this region for a year and a half, during which he managed to study the basics of mining, get acquainted with the state of the local mining industry, develop and partially implement measures to improve it and build new plants, collect a collection of minerals, open at the Alapaevsky plant primary school for teaching reading and writing and a school in which arithmetic, geometry, mining were taught. He moved the Uktuk plant to the Iset River, "the local place has now become in the middle of all the factories," and thus founded a new settlement, which he named in honor of the wife of Peter I, Catherine Catherine. This settlement laid the foundation for the city of Yekaterinburg.

A stay in the Urals allowed Tatishchev to discover and acquire a large number of old books and documents. His most valuable acquisition was the list of the Nestorov Chronicle, which was very different in content from the one in the sovereign's library.

Tatishchev's activities in the Urals, which fully corresponded to state interests, ran counter to the private interests of local entrepreneur Akinfiy Nikitich Demidov (1678-1745), the owner of more than two dozen mining plants. At that time, his father, Nikita Demidovich Demidov (1656-1725), was still alive, enjoying special favor from Tsar Peter. Building the fleet and arming the army required a lot of copper and iron. Demidov's factories produced most of the metal, the highest quality in all of Europe and at very low prices * (21). Peter repeatedly personally addressed letters to the Demidovs * (22) and allowed them to write directly to himself. In addition, the Demidovs enjoyed special patronage from the dignitaries close to the sovereign - primarily A.D. Menshikov. All this allowed them to establish procedures in their industrial empire that did not correspond to the legislation of the Russian Empire, and not to obey the officials who represented the state power in the Urals.

Under these conditions, the measures taken by Tatishchev to revive the work of the existing state-owned factories and the construction of new ones, his attempts to limit Demidov's arbitrariness, to force the breeder to pay the monetary fees established by law to the treasury could not but generate a conflict between them. Akinfiy Nikitich used everything he was capable of in the fight against Vasily Nikitich: slander, threats, blackmail, bribery, but he did not achieve success. Nikita Demidov himself, who was the official owner of the mining plants under his control, also came to the Urals to help his son. Trying to settle the conflict peacefully, he offered Tatishchev a rather large sum of money, but he did not accept the bribe. Then the Demidovs decided to turn to Peter I. for help.

In the spring of 1722, Nikita Demidovich had a conversation with the sovereign, during which he complained about Tatishchev's actions in the Urals. Vasily Nikitich just arrived at this time on business in Petersburg, and Peter I considered it necessary to listen to him. Realizing that the conflict between Tatishchev and Demidov is not simple and very harmful in its consequences for the development of the Ural mining industry, the tsar decided to transfer the management of the state copper and iron factories to the commandant and head of the Olonets mining plants to a Dutch-born Major General Vilim Ivanovich (Georg Wilhelm) Gennin (1676-1750), instructing him at the same time to understand the essence of this conflict.

In May 1722 V.I. Gennin went to the Urals with the sovereign's instruction dated April 29, 1722, in which he instructed the factories "to fix everything and put them in good condition and to reproduce," for whom, and to write about it to the Senate, also to the Berg-Collegium and to Us "* (23).

Vasily Nikitich also went to the Urals in July, and after him the order of the Berg-Collegium was sent to him: “Captain Tatishchev should be in Siberia while searching with Demidov with Major General Gennin, and with the mining authorities ... ".

On December 1, 1722, Vilim Gennin met with Nikita Demidov and demanded that he state in writing all complaints against Captain Tatishchev. When he began to refuse to do this, claiming that he wanted to make peace with Tatishchev, the general told him that he could not accept a world petition without the will of His Majesty, since he was sent not to reconcile, but to make a search. If Demidov refuses to file a complaint, then "everyone will think that he is to blame" and "brought the complaint in vain to Tatishchev." As a result, Nikita Demidov was forced to state the accusations against Tatishchev in a letter. All of them boiled down, as it turned out, to the fact that, by order of Tatishchev, outposts were erected on the roads that prevented the transportation of products from Demidov's factories, and part of the pier built by Demidov on the Chusovaya River (on the territory of the treasury land holdings) was taken away. These actions of Tatishchev, violating the interests of the Demidov breeders, were completely legal. At the end of 1722, the Berg Collegium received a written complaint from Nikita Demidov, and thus there was an official basis for conducting search actions * (24).

After thoroughly examining the situation in the mining industry of the Urals and collecting information about Tatischev's activities, General Gennin returned to St. Petersburg in February 1723 and submitted a report to the sovereign, in which he described the essence of the conflict between Tatishchev and Akinfiy Demidov in the following words: “Demidov is a stubborn man .. until now no one dared to utter a word to him, and he turned around as he wanted. and the free workers would all go to his factories, and not to yours. and even then he (Demidov - VT) was also annoyed and did not want to see the one who indicated it to him. they were in charge of them, they were idle a lot, and there was no fruit from the factories, but the peasants from the spoiled Gagarin commissars * (25) went bankrupt, and Demidov was not mad from them, and they could not resist him, and Demidov did what he wanted, and tea he liked that there was little work at the factories of Your Majesty, and they were desolate. Most of all, Tatishchev seemed proud to him, then the old man did not like to live with such a neighbor, and was looking for him to survive from his border, he couldn’t buy Tatischev with money, so that Your Majesty would not have factories ”.

The general reported all this, knowing well how much Tsar Peter was benevolent to the Demidovs. Therefore, I tried to divert from myself any suspicions of bias towards the one whom I justified. "I am this Tatishchev," he declared, "I imagine without passion, not out of love or some intrigue, or whose sake; I myself do not like his Kalmyk face, but seeing him in this matter is very right and is clever about the construction of factories, discerning and diligent. " At the end of his report, General Gennin asked the sovereign: "Perhaps, do not bear anger on him, Tatishchev, and bring him out of sorrow, and order him here (in the Urals - VT) to be chief director or chief adviser."

In the first half of July 1723, the Senate, having considered Demidov's complaint against Tatishchev and the circumstances of the conflict between them, described in the report of Vidim de Gennin, fully acquitted Tatishchev. The senators made a decision from Nikita Demidov for "not beating his brow about his grievance against Tatishchev at the proper court, but despising the decrees, His Majesty dared to bother verbally, instead of punishing him with a fine of 30,000 rubles" * (26 ). In addition, the breeder was charged by the Senate with the obligation to compensate Tatishchev for all the losses he incurred during the investigation, paying 6,000 rubles in his favor.

In December 1723, Tatishchev arrived from the Urals to St. Petersburg to present to the emperor V.I. Gennin on improving the mining industry. Peter I received Tatishchev in January 1724, the sovereign was very friendly and talked to him for a long time about the sciences, the development of education in Russia, and the establishment of the Academy of Sciences.

In June 1724, Tatishchev was appointed by a Senate decree to the position of adviser to the Berg Collegium, but he did not have to go to the Urals. Peter I decided to send a capable official to Sweden with the assignment "to watch and be notified of the political situation, obvious actions and hidden intentions of this state" and at the same time to study the Swedish organization of mining and coinage, the work of manufactories, to look for and hire skilled craftsmen to serve in Russia * ( 27). In November 1724, Tatishchev left St. Petersburg again.

The first two months of his stay in Sweden, Vasily Nikitich was ill, but when he recovered, the news of the death of the sovereign came. Catherine I, who ascended the throne, did not recall Tatishchev from Sweden, and he decided, no matter what, to carry out the instructions entrusted to him by Peter I. Tatishchev examined the Swedish mining plants and mines, took out the drawings and plans according to which they were organized, agreed with local engineers and foremen about sending young people from Russia to them to train.

At the same time, he continued his historical research: he collected materials on ancient Russian history in Sweden, bought foreign books * (28) and manuscripts, talked with various Swedish scientists, finding out from them the scientific information necessary for organizing mining.

Upon his return to Russia in early May 1726, V.N. Tatishchev was reinstated as an adviser to the Berg Collegium, but Ya.V. Bruce was no longer in this department: he turned out to be objectionable to Menshikov, who ran the affairs of the state on behalf of Empress Catherine I, and was dismissed from the presidency. The atmosphere that developed within the Berg Collegium after Bruce's departure was unpleasant for Tatishchev. But, fortunately, he did not have to serve here for long. On February 14, 1727, Empress Catherine I signed a decree directing Tatishchev to serve at the Moscow Mint. On March 7, 1727, the Moscow Mint Office was established to manage the mints. It was headed by the Moscow governor A.L. Pleshcheev. Along with I.A. and P.I. Musin-Pushkin also V.N. Tatishchev.

Tatishchev's stay in Moscow had a favorable effect on his studies in Russian history. He met here with Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn, in whose library there were many ancient handwritten books, including chronicles. After the arrest of the prince in 1737, most of them were stolen, the most valuable of them ended up in Biron's library and disappeared forever. The circle of people with whom Tatishchev communicated in the late 1920s included Antioch Kantemir, whose older brother was married to D.M. Golitsyn, and Feofan Prokopovich. Vasily Nikitich discussed with them his philosophical works, as well as the chapters of "Russian History" written by him at that time. In the Moscow period of his state activity, Tatishchev began to write the most significant of his philosophical works -

Biography

Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev was born on April 16 (26) in the estate of his father, Nikita Alekseevich Tatishchev (d.), In the Pskov district. He studied at the Moscow artillery and engineering school under the leadership of Yakov Bruce, participated in the capture of Narva (), in the Battle of Poltava and in the Prut campaign. In - years. improved his education abroad, in Berlin, Breslau and Dresden. In 1717, in Danzig, Tatishchev, on the instructions of Peter I, negotiated the inclusion in the contribution of an ancient image, which, according to legend, was painted by Saint Methodius. The negotiations ended in failure, and Tatishchev was able to refute the legend. From both trips abroad, Tatishchev took out a large number of books.

On his return from Danzig, he served under Bruce, president of the Berg and Manufactures Collegium. In 1719, Bruce turned to Peter I with a proposal about the need detailed description geography of Russia, indicating Tatishchev as the executor of this work. This was the impetus for the creation of Tatishchev's "Russian History". Tatishchev, sent to the Urals, could not immediately present the plan of work to the tsar, but Peter in 1724 reminded Tatishchev of the work. The need for historical information that arose after the start of the work ultimately led to the transformation of the work from geographical to historical. In 1719, Tatishchev submitted a submission to the tsar, in which he pointed out the need for delimitation in Russia. In a letter to Cherkasov in 1725, he says that he was determined "To the survey of the entire state and the composition of a detailed geography with land maps".

Development of the Urals. Industrialist and Economist

Political activity under Anna Ioannovna

In this position, he was caught by the events of the city. About them Tatishchev compiled a note signed by 300 people. from the gentry. He argued that Russia, as a vast country, most of all corresponds to monarchical governance, but that still “to help” the empress should establish a senate of 21 members and an assembly of 100 members with her, and elect the highest seats by ballot. Here, various measures were proposed to alleviate the situation of different classes of the population. Due to the reluctance of the guards to agree to changes in the state system, this whole project remained in vain, but the new government, seeing Tatishchev as an enemy of the supreme leaders, treated him favorably: he was the master of ceremonies on the day of Anna Ioannovna's coronation. Having become the chief judge of the monetary office, Tatishchev began to actively take care of improving the Russian monetary system. In the city of Tatishchev, misunderstandings began with Biron, which led to the fact that he was put on trial on charges of bribery. In the city of Tatishchev, he was released from court and again assigned to the Urals, "for the multiplication of factories." He personally participated in the torture of prisoners on "the word and deed of the sovereign." He was also entrusted with drawing up a mining charter. While Tatishchev remained at the factories, his activities brought a lot of benefit to both factories and the region: under him the number of factories increased to 40; New mines were constantly opening, and Tatishchev considered it possible to arrange another 36 factories, which opened only a few decades later. Among the new mines, the most important place was occupied by the Grace Mountain indicated by Tatishchev. Tatishchev used the right to interfere in the management of private factories very widely and thus more than once aroused criticism and complaints against himself. In general, he was not a supporter of private factories, not so much out of personal self-interest, but from the consciousness that the state needs metals and that by extracting them itself, it gets more benefits than entrusting this business to private people. In the city of Biron, wishing to remove Tatishchev from mining, he appointed him to the Orenburg expedition to finally pacify Bashkiria and control the Bashkirs. Here he managed to carry out several humane measures: for example, he procured that the delivery of the yasak was entrusted not to the yasak and kiselniks, but to the Bashkir elders. In January, Tatishchev arrived in St. Petersburg, where a whole commission was set up to consider complaints against him. He was accused of "attacks and bribes", lack of performance, etc. There is a possibility that there was some truth in these attacks, but Tatishchev's position would be better if he got along with Biron. The commission arrested Tatishchev in the Peter and Paul Fortress and in September sentenced him to deprivation of his ranks. The verdict, however, was not carried out. In this difficult year for Tatishchev, he wrote his instructions to his son - the famous "Spiritual".

Last years. Writing a "Story"

The fall of Biron again put forward Tatishchev: he was released from punishment and in the city of Tsaritsyn was appointed to govern the Astrakhan province, mainly to end the riots among the Kalmyks. The lack of the necessary military forces and the intrigues of the Kalmyk rulers prevented Tatishchev from achieving anything lasting. When Elizaveta Petrovna came to the throne, Tatishchev hoped to get rid of the Kalmyk commission, but he did not succeed: he was left in place until the city, when he was dismissed from office due to disagreements with the governor. Arriving in his village near Moscow, Boldino, Tatishchev no longer left her to death. Here he finished his story, which he brought to Petersburg in the city, but for which he did not meet with sympathy. An extensive correspondence has been preserved that Tatishchev conducted from the village.

On the eve of his death, Tatishchev went to the church and ordered the artisans to appear there with shovels. After the liturgy, he went with the priest to the cemetery and ordered to dig his own grave near the ancestors. Leaving, he asked the priest to come the next day to commune him. At home, he found a courier who brought a decree that forgave him, and the Order of Alexander Nevsky. He returned the order, saying that he was dying. On the next day, July 15 (26), he communed, said goodbye to everyone, and died. Tatishchev's main work could have appeared only under Catherine II.

Philosophical views

All of Tatishchev's literary activities, including works on history and geography, pursued publicistic tasks: the benefit of society was his main goal. Tatishchev was a conscientious utilitarian. His worldview is set forth in his "Conversation of two friends about the benefits of sciences and schools." The main idea of this worldview was the then fashionable idea of natural law, natural morality, natural religion, borrowed by Tatishchev from Pufendorf and Walch. The highest goal, or "true well-being," according to this view, lies in the complete balance of mental strength, in "peace of mind and conscience", achieved through the development of the mind with "useful" science. Tatishchev referred to the latter as medicine, economy, doctrine and philosophy.

Other compositions

In addition to the main work and the conversation mentioned above, he left a large number of publicistic works: "Spiritual", "Reminder of the sent timetable of high and lower state and zemstvo governments", "Discourse on the revision of the general government", etc.

Links

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

V.P.Burenin
V. N. Figner

See what "V. N. Tatishchev" is in other dictionaries:

Tatishchev, Vasily Nikitich- was born on April 19, 1686, died on July 15, 1750, the son of stolnik Nikita Alekseevich, belonged to the ancient Russian aristocratic, but "seedy" family descended from the princes of Smolensk. The Tatishchevs were related to the Saltykovs, and ... ... Big biographical encyclopedia

Tatishchev- Vasily Nikitich (April 19, 1686 - July 15, 1750) - Russian. scientist, historian and philosopher, state. activist. Genus. in a noble family. Ch. work T. - Russian History ... (book. 1-4, M., 1768-84, book. 5, M., 1848; v. 1-5, M.-L., 1962-65), over to the swarm he worked approx. ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

Tatishchev Vasily Nikitich-, Russian statesman, historian. Graduated from the Engineering and Artillery School in Moscow. Participated in the Northern War 1700 21, ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Tatishchev- Vasily Nikitich (1686 1750), Russian. state activist, scientist, one of the first educators in Russia. Known for his works on history, philosophy, geography, economics and statistics. In 1734 and 1736 T. developed the first specials in Russia. questionnaires (were sent to ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

Tatishchev, Ivan- Dmitrievich (1830 1913) General of Infantry, member of the Military and State Councils Russian Empire... Tatishchev, Ivan Yurievich (1652 1730) Moscow nobleman, steward, Novgorod commandant, associate of Peter I, builder of the first ... ... Wikipedia

Tatishchev Vasily Nikitich- Tatishchev (Vasily Nikitich), a famous Russian historian, was born on April 16, 1686 in the estate of his father, Nikita Alekseevich T., in the Pskov district; studied at the Moscow artillery and engineering school under the leadership of Bruce, participated in the capture of ... ... Biographical Dictionary

"Everything that I have ... and, most importantly, over everything, the mind ..."
V. Tatishchev

1. Childhood. The beginning of military service - the dragoon regiment (early 1704).

The exact date of Tatischev's birth was preserved in a French language textbook in the Book Museum of the Ural University in Yekaterinburg. The note, made by Vasily Nikitich himself, reads: "On October 1720, on 21 days, according to this grammar, Captain Vasily Nikitich, son of Tatishchev, began to study artillery in French, from his birth 34 years old, 6 months and two days." So, it turns out that he was born in 1686 on April 19.
Vasily spent his childhood in his parents' house, partly in Moscow, partly in Pskov and his father’s estates in Pskov, ”is recorded in the family genealogical study.
In the fall of 1696, steward Vasily Tatishchev (stewards, sleeping bags - room people at the royal court), together with all of Moscow, met Russian troops returning from the Azov campaign. A 10-year-old boy watched with enthusiastic eyes as generals and admirals, horse detachments and sea caravans passed under the triumphal arch built in honor of victory. And with them the joyfully excited Tsar Peter.
When Tatishchev was 18 years old (at the beginning of 1704), Peter 1 personally inspects 8 thousand noble ignoramuses - new regiments were being recruited. Vasily and his brother Ivan fall into the dragoon regiment. “My parent, when letting me and my brother go into the service, instructed this firmly that we should not deny anything that was put on us and not be called on anything ourselves. And when I kept it completely, and in the grave difficulties I saw well-being, and when I diligently sought or denied something, I always regretted it, and saw it in others, ”- Vasily Nikitich recalled.

2. Battle of Poltava (1705). I'M IN. Bruce. A trip abroad (1712, 1713-1716). Koenigsberg (1717). The rank of lieutenant captain.

Peter 1 needed officers who came out of the soldiers, from the foundation. There was no time to teach recruits. They learned right away in action. Vasily Tatishchev kept this habit for the rest of his life.
In the Battle of Poltava with the Swedes (1705), 19-year-old Tatishchev, a lieutenant (this is already an officer's rank), fought alongside the tsar. “Happy was that day on the Poltava field. I was wounded next to the sovereign, who himself was in charge of everything under the cannonballs and bullets, and when, as usual, he kissed me on the forehead, congratulating the wounded for their fatherland. That day was happy, ”Tatishchev later recalled.
In the poem "Poltava" A.S. Pushkin describes the appearance of Peter in front of the troops:

And he raced before the shelves,
Mighty and joyful as a fight.
He devoured the field with his eyes,
The crowd followed him
In the face of the earthly lot,
In the labors of power and war
His comrades, sons:
And Sheremetev the noble,
And Bruce, and Bour, and Repnin.

So A.S. Pushkin immortalized the associates of Peter and the mentor of Vasily Tatishchev - Yakov Vilimovich Bruce. Bruce was a descendant of the Scottish kings. At 35 he received one of the highest ranks- Marshal of artillery and engineering troops. He read and wrote in eight languages, was "the most enlightened of all companions of Peter." It was with such a person that Tatischeva was brought together by fate.
In 1712, Tatishchev was sent "overseas as a captain (promoted in rank) to oversee the military circuit there." In 1713, together with Bruce, he went abroad, and upon his return, like everyone who was sent to study under Peter, Tatishchev was put to the test. Having successfully passed the exam, the former dragoon captain was "written" as an artillery lieutenant engineer.
Even after impressive victories, Peter continued to keep his regiments abroad. We needed a person who could put things in order there, on the spot. Bruce's choice fell on Tatishchev. Seven weeks later, General Repnin enthusiastically informs Bruce from Konigsberg: “The lieutenant Tatishchev sent from Your Excellency is a good man and he has pretty much corrected the matter in my division. Truly, it has never been so, for which we thank and wish, so that we will always be like this with us. "
In October 1717, upon his return to St. Petersburg, Vasily Nikitich was presented to the next rank. An examination committee of artillery officers decided that he "served faithfully and zealously, as he belongs to a good officer." Now Tatishchev received the rank of lieutenant captain of artillery.

3. Moving to St. Petersburg. First trip to the Urals (1720). The main idea is a plant in the Urals. Demidovs. Berg Collegium's answer (1721). Departure to Moscow (1722, January). About bribes.

Peter 1 was cramped by the Moscow Kremlin with its intrigues. He is building a new capital on the Neva. In an artillery settlement not far from Bruce's house, a plot was also assigned to artillery lieutenant Vasily Tatishchev. Here he cut down a residential building for himself with outbuildings. Here he brought his wife and two-year-old daughter from Moscow. We don't know anything about this woman. She was probably beautiful and charming and quickly turned the head of the young officer. However, this marriage was unhappy. “Love often darkens our minds so much that sometimes we despise our well-being, health and destruction,” Tatishchev wrote 20 years later in “Spiritual Son”.
At the beginning of 1720, Tatishchev was sent to the Urals "to inspect the ore sites and the structure of factories." At the end of May, he sets out from Moscow by water on plows with several miners and four artillery students. On the night of December 30, 1720, the wagon train of the mining chief reached the Uktussky state-owned plant. On New Year's Eve, Tatishchev's main idea is born: to build a new plant in the Urals, and for him to look for a good place on the Iset.
“I traveled along this river to inspect places, and although it is impossible to see the foundations of the earth during the winter weather, however, from here, a distance of six versts, the location of the banks and the content of forests was found very conveniently ... it is possible to build four blast furnaces and forty hammers on this place ... Not just a plant will appear on the banks of the Iset, and the main city of the Stone Belt, ”Tatishchev reported to Petersburg. Tatishchev sends a package with a report to the capital not by mail, but by a special courier - it's faster.
Work on the shores of Iset was in full swing: piles of wood and stone were growing, the first freshly cut log huts appeared. Tatishchev took every opportunity to look at the Iset, rejoiced at the sound of axes and revival on the banks.
Raising state mining, the mining chief ran into the Demidovs. The Demidovs did not want to allow anyone to reach the Ural subsoil. In vain does the mining chief send a decree after a decree to the Nevyansk plant - in response either an insulting silence or daring words: do not stick your nose, captain, into Demidov's affairs.
At the end of May 1721, Tatishchev finally received an answer from St. Petersburg: "You will not be ordered to build iron plants again until the decree ..." For a whole week, the executive Tatishchev did not give an order to stop work on the Iset. (A new decree: "at the Siberian sovereign factories of all iron to order how it is possible to procure before previous years with multiplication" will appear in November 1723)
On January 22, 1722, Tatishchev left for Moscow. He submits his proposals to the Berg Collegium. At the same time, he introduces Bruce to his manuscript on the history of Russia, announcing his "intention" to continue it.
And suddenly - a stab in the back ... Nikita Demidov filed a complaint against him to the “Father of the Fatherland, Emperor of All-Russia Peter the Great” (this is how Peter is now titled) that Tatishchev was inflicting insults and “ruin” at the Demidov factories. On March 13, 1722, the tsar met with Tatischev. In “Spiritual Son” there is such a passage: “It happened to me, in response to the denunciation of Nikita Demidov in 722, to the question of bribes, to utter the apostolic word: to the one who does reward not by grace, but by duty. When I have done the right and decently and I will receive thanks from the right ... ”.

4. Second visit to the Urals (1722, December). V. Genin. Revitalization of the construction site. The birthday of the newborn Yekaterinburg (November 24, 1723).

At the beginning of December 1722, Tatishchev again came to the Urals, to his residence on Uktus, but now with Major General Genin by decree: “Captain Tatishchev will be in Siberia (as the Urals was then called) while searching with Demidov at Major General Genin, and the mountain authorities do not have to have business for him until the end of that business ”.
Peter took Wilim Genin out of Holland at the end of the last century. On the instructions of the tsar, he raised factories, built ships, cast cannons. Peter was pleased with him and even honored him with his "persona" - a miniature portrait, which he awarded only for special distinctions.
Three months later, Genin finished his search and wrote to the tsar: "... do not bear anger on him, Tatishchev, and take him out of grief and order him to be the chief director or chief adviser here."
Time is catching up Vasily Tatishchev. During the day, he disappears on the snow-covered banks of the Iset, in the evenings he sits on Uktus with artillery students over the drawings of the dam, factory workshops and the fortress. “In the spring of 1723, soldiers appeared from Tobolsk, peasants of the assigned settlements, hired craftsmen and everything around came to life, as if by a pike in a fairy tale. They dumped the forest, prepared a place for the dam, laid blast furnaces, raised the ramparts, erected barracks and houses for the authorities, ”wrote DN about the birth of Yekaterinburg. Mamin-Sibiryak.
The March chill through the light uniforms of the soldiers got to the bones. The commander of the Tobolsk regiment reported that "the soldiers are very scarce to be at work, because they are barefoot and naked." Already in March, the escapes of soldiers and registered peasants began. Those caught were beaten with batogs. Didn't help. Genin reported to Petersburg that he ordered to hang the instigators of the escapes, and if they did not stop running, then "I will act harder." They didn't stop running.
Meanwhile, a fortress was being erected on Iset, and in it a mountain office, a church and other buildings. Several thousand people worked here in the summer. After St. Petersburg, there was no larger construction site in Russia. The rampart limited the area between the present Pervomayskaya - Malysheva and K. Liebknecht - Weiner streets.
When construction in the Urals picked up the required pace, Genin sent Tatishchev to the Yegoshikha River to start a new copper plant - the future Perm. There Tatishchev received good news for himself: "... with those factory affairs, Tatishchev will be the same, for he was right in the case with Demidov ... Peter."
In September 1723, Genin reported to Peter: "... the Yekaterinburg fortress has been completed ... although many buildings, I hope, will be put into operation this winter ... with the help of God and your happiness, such a great dam was locked and the water was released into the pond, pretty much withstood." On November 24, 1723, on the day of the name day of Tsarina Ekaterina Alekseevna, the wife of Peter 1, they celebrated the name day of the newborn Yekaterinburg. Cannons fired from the bastions. Barrels of wine were rolled out directly onto the square. Paid for all Tatishchev. Immediately after the festive celebrations, he left for Moscow, and then for St. Petersburg.

5. Mining Company (1724). Genin was offended.

With renewed zeal, Tatishchev is engaged in Ural affairs. But there was no money in the treasury. Tatishchev also understood this and was looking for other sources of funding besides the treasury. An idea came up to create a private mining company in the Urals. Genin answered Tatishchev's project directly to the tsar: "... Perhaps listen to me and do not solve the local mining affairs and put it on me as I order ...". Genin took offense at Tatishchev and was offended seriously, only because he decided the project of the company and other matters without his advice - especially after the Senate decree of June 2, 1724: "Captain Tatishchev should be an advisor to the Berg Collegium in the Siberian mining authorities ..." This summer In 1724, Genin writes to the Berg Collegium: “That Captain Tatishchev is granted an adviser and the court will go to Siberia, then the will of the sovereign, as he pleases ... And although,” Genin continues, “God blessed him with reason, but by the will of God he is more sick rather than healthy, and although he desires a worker and is happy, his illness will not allow him to always go to factories and look after them. "

6. Stockholm (November 1724 - May 1726). Death of Peter (January 28, 1725). Empress Catherine 1.

In September 1724, Tatishchev suggested that the Berg Collegium, the Senate and the Emperor invite Swedish mining masters to the Stone Belt and at the same time send them to Sweden "to study mining from Russian young people who know geometry." After careful preparation in early November, Tatishchev himself left for Sweden, taking with him only one student - his relative Andrei Tatishchev.
Official Stockholm greeted Tatishchev unfriendly: Swedish ministers were afraid that Russia might oust Swedish iron from the European market. In addition to the troubles with the Swedish ministers, a cold was added. Vasily Nikitich fell ill, but did not stop working and did not imagine what a terrible blow awaits him. This blow was the death of Peter on January 28, 1725. This news shocked Vasily Nikitich. Weakened by illness, he went to bed for a long time. For several weeks he does nothing, does not send official reports, does not write private letters.
Soon an official message came from St. Petersburg: Peter's wife, Empress Catherine 1, was on the throne. Only after the third appeal to him by the Russian envoy Bestuzhev in Sweden did Tatishchev sign the oath. It was a dangerous, daring act.
So why did Vasily Nikitich refuse to swear allegiance to Catherine in Stockholm? The fact is that Tatishchev knew that Catherine took the throne illegally and her position was fragile.
After the death of Peter, Tatishchev in Stockholm seemed to be forgotten. His reports from abroad remained unanswered. On May 12, 1726, he left Stockholm.

7. Mint, death of Catherine 1 (1727). The rank of state councilor.

After returning, Tatishchev is offered to go to Genin in Yekaterinburg as his assistant. Tatishchev does not refuse to go to the Urals, to Siberia, but is looking for an independent job for himself.
Tatishchev asks to entrust him with composing a detailed Russian geography with land maps - there is no answer. Proposes a project for the construction of Siberian roads - ignored. As a mark for his stubbornness, members of the Berg Collegium sentenced him to be sent instead of Yekaterinburg to the Nerchinsk Silver Plants. The assignment was like a link. He sends a petition to the Empress: “he asks to be assigned to a different matter”, sets in motion all his connections, and finally, by the decree of Catherine on February 14, 1727, he was sent to the Moscow Mint as the head of the monetary office.
The Russian monetary system was in crisis. The country was full of discounted money. The theft of gold, silver, and tools for making money from mints became enormous. A counterfeit coin was being passed around. Tatishchev pounces on new work with his characteristic energy - he is not only engaged in technical improvements. He drew up a whole project for the reform of the Russian monetary system.
In early May 1727, Empress Catherine 1 died. The court moved from St. Petersburg to Moscow. Tatishchev is among the six new state councilors. But Tatishchev does not appear at the court now. In the remaining time from service in the Coin Office, he is engaged in Russian history. He rarely leaves the house, except perhaps to the Spassky Bridge to the bookstores.

8. Coronation of Anna Ioannovna (February 1730). Opening of the Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg (1732). Bribery charges. Disease.

In January 1730, the court nobility announced the "assignment" of the Russian throne to the daughter of Tsar Ivan (brother of Peter I) to the Duchess of Courland, Anna. On February 15, Anna Ioannovna entered Moscow with her German entourage and favorite Biron. Her coronation took place in the Kremlin Palace. Tatishchev received the rank of actual state councilor and serfs. He bombards the empress with his projects and, above all, presents a program of education for Russia. According to the plan of Vasily Nikitich, the Cadet Corps was opened in St. Petersburg in May 1732. Among the first nobles who entered it was the son of Vasily Tatishchev, Evgraf.
At the same time, foreigners now became masters and turned Russia itself into an instrument of their personal gain. Tatishchev was alien to the favorite of the Empress Biron and his entourage. While serving in the Mint, he is accused of abuse and bribery. Tatishchev is in disgrace: he was not even involved in the commission set up to resolve mining affairs.
“I am in extreme weakness and without hope to keep my life for a long time,” he writes in “Dukhovnaya” at the end of 1733. “Although I see myself not reaching a great old age,” he writes, “for now I am still forty-eight years old, but in sickness, sorrow, sorrow and persecution, my flesh has disappeared from the powerful villains, and my whole fortress has worn out, as if … ”For many weeks he has been bedridden and never leaves the house. It was at this time that Vasily Nikitich created his main philosophical treatises - "Conversation about the benefits of sciences and schools" and "Spiritual to my son."

9. Arrival in Yekaterinburg (October 1, 1734). Yekaterinburg as a mountain capital. About education.

Anna Ioannovna decided to forgive the disgraced subject - she appoints him instead of Genin to the Ural factories. On September 5, 1734, the mining commander arrived at the Yegoshikhinsky plant, which was born according to his plan 10 years ago. In Yekaterinburg, Genin is waiting for him, but Tatishchev is in no hurry - first you need to see everything. On October 1, 1734, Tatishchev arrived in Yekaterinburg. Genin was in a hurry, trying to hand over the business to the new owner as quickly as possible. They quarreled…
Tatishchev has now come to the Urals with great rights and responsibilities. The main one is to establish schools in the Urals at state and private factories. In the field of enlightenment, Tatishchev acted using Peter's methods, forcing him to study with almost a club. For each day missed by the pupil "out of laziness" they took from the parents for the first day, one, two after the other, for the third and more - three kopecks.
Tatishchev left about a thousand books to his beloved Yekaterinburg. The seeds of enlightenment have been sown. How difficult it is to raise a generation of enlightened people, we ourselves can appreciate. After all, today Tatishchev, as almost 300 years ago, could repeat: “Profanity and all sorts of obscene words not only at school, but very firmly prohibit. Between themselves not a scolding and not a dratz, to honor the elders both in word and in a place, so that everyone can sit down in his science. "
Tatishchev himself has no educational institutions did not graduate. He spoke German, had a large library of excellent books, and was well versed in philosophy, mathematics, and especially in history. He knew how to give everyone useful advice.

10. Rank of the Privy Councilor. Orenburg expedition (1737-1738). Uprising of the Bashkirs. Return to the capital (1739). Third corollary.

In the Urals, Tatishchev swung wide. However, fate decided in its own way and again changed his previous plans.
On May 10, 1737, the empress issued a decree appointing Tatishchev as the chief commander of the Orenburg expedition. The expedition was created to colonize the southeastern outskirts of the country and turned out to be solid: it included about 200 people: in addition to the military, surveyors, engineers, mining foremen ... Anna Ioannovna bestows upon Tatishchev the rank of privy councilor.
At this time, an uprising began in Bashkiria. The expedition took over the functions of the punishers. Even under Ivan the Terrible, the Bashkirs voluntarily surrendered to the rule of the Muscovy. From time to time, unable to withstand the exorbitant extortion, they raised uprisings, as in 1735. Tatishchev also took part in their suppression. In the spring of 1737, the Bashkirs revolted again. Now Petersburg demanded from Tatishchev that "the local internal fire was extinguished as soon as possible." And Vasily Tatishchev put it out: he built new fortresses, tried to establish trade with the Central Asian khanates. At the end of 1738, Tatishchev informs the cabinet ministers about the results of the Orenburg expedition and asks for permission to come to St. Petersburg. He was allowed.
At the end of the winter of 1739, Tatishchev appeared in the capital and immediately got down to business. He bombarded the ministers, the Senate, the Academy of Sciences with his proposals, projects ... And Biron began to act against the mining chief even before his arrival in the capital. Tatishchev interfered with Biron, prevented him from putting his hand into the pocket of the Russian state. This is how the third investigation of Vasily Nikitich began: vague accusations of "disorder, attacks and bribes." On May 27, 1739, he was removed from the case, and a commission of inquiry was appointed over him. The commission could not collect the necessary evidence of his guilt, nevertheless, it passed a sentence - to deprive Tatishchev of all ranks.

11. Astrakhan (1741-1745).

They remembered Tatishchev when strife between Kalmyks began in the lower reaches of the Volga. It was necessary to reconcile and pacify them as soon as possible. Vasily Nikitich was offered to head the Kalmyk commission, promising that if he succeeds, then all "slanderous suspicions will be destroyed."
On July 31, 1741, a decree appeared on his appointment with the requirement to go with "haste". On August 18, Tatishchev left Petersburg, and on October 5, with a wagon train and dragoons, he approached Tsaritsyn, a wooden fortress pressed against the Volga. Negotiations began with the Kalmyk nobility. On November 29, 1741, he already reported: "The Kalmyk happily divorced and did not allow one to offend the other."
He reminds the cabinet minister of his promise to stop the investigation. But that was not up to Tatishchev: on the night of November 25, 1741, a new change of power took place. The daughter Peter 1 Elizabeth ascended the throne. Tatishchev is waiting for an invitation to the capital - instead, on December 15, Elizabeth signed a decree appointing Tatishchev as governor of Astrakhan. Tatishchev perceives the appointment as a new punishment, but at the same time, from the first days of his governorship, he has been working on a plan for transforming the region.
He is not even sixty, but everyone who sees him at this time calls him an old man. He is lonely. No friends, no wife. Children have their own lives. Health is deteriorating. He sent to Petersburg one petition after another with a request to remove him from the post of governor.
Finally, on November 17, 1745, Tatishchev left Astrakhan near Moscow for the Dmitrovsky district, where he had an estate. By a Senate decree, he was determined to live from now on in his villages and not leave without permission.

12. "Russian History". "Not a host, but a guest."

On June 30, 1750 from Boldino (not from Pushkin, Nizhny Novgorod, but from the Moscow region) Vasily Nikitich informs the Academy of Sciences that he has finished rewriting the first part of the History of Russia. In the Regional Museum of Yekaterinburg in the department of the history of the region there is the third part of the "History". Such a thick book can only be seen in a museum. The entire "Russian History" consists of five books. Tatishchev worked on it continuously for 30 years. In the tsarist gymnasiums, the works of Tatishchev were studied in literature lessons. Historian Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin (1766-1826) wrote The History of the Russian State, based on Tatishchev's History - in Yekaterinburg in the Belinsky library there is a 1981 edition in seven volumes.
Vasily Nikitich's life was coming to an end. The investigation into his case, which lasted seven and a half years, was never completed, but the guard at the house - an officer and two soldiers - was removed. He was busily preparing to leave. He orders a coffin for the carpenter, he grinds the legs for it himself. Summons Evgraf's son from Moscow. He expects to see his father in bed. And Vasily Nikitich negotiates with the priest about confession and communion. On July 14, with his grandson on horseback, he goes to church, although he had to go back in a carriage. In the evening he receives the cook, asking what menu will be for lunch, to which Vasily Nikitich replies that he is no longer the owner, but a guest, and sends him to his son. On July 15 he receives a priest, confesses, receives communion and, having read the Gospel, quietly departs. He was 64 years old.
Probably the burial was modest, “so that splendor such as the custom is not to be part of the burden of my sins,” Tatishchev wrote in The Spiritual Son.

“Let the spider collect poison, and you, like a bee, take honey from the same color as sweetness of soul and body,” VN Tatishchev bequeathed to his son - and to us too. (From "Spiritual Son")

Based on materials from the book: Igor Mikhailovich Shakinko. Vasily Tatishchev. -
Sverdlovsk: Middle-Ural. book publishing house, 1986. –240p.

Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev (1686-1750)

Russian historian, statesman, head of mining schools in the Urals. He was one of those who not only welcomed Peter's reforms, but also actively implemented them. Held various positions in state apparatus Peter I: in the army (participated in the battle of Narva, Poltava, in the war with the Swedes, fought with the Turks during the war with Turkey), in the civil service (he was an adviser to the Berg Collegium and the Mint Office, the main ruler of the Siberian and Ural factories, the head of the Orenburg expedition and the Bashkir region, the Astrakhan governor; was on business trips abroad on the instructions of Peter I, studied mining in Sweden).

Born into a noble family in the Pskov district. He graduated from the Engineering and Artillery School in Moscow, studied in Prussia. As a scientist, V. N. Tatishchev achieved tremendous success in history, geography, ethnography, mining, in the upbringing and education of the young generation.

In various state activities (he was the founder of Yekaterinburg, now Sverdlovsk), the activities of a scientist (for 20 years he wrote "History of Russia"), public education (compiled the first Russian encyclopedic dictionary "Russian Lexicon") V. N. Tatishchev he devoted his strength and energy to the education of not only noble children, but also the children of the working people. In 1721, on the initiative of V.N. Tatishchev, schools for workers were created at the Uktussky plant in the Urals, in 1737 - mining schools in Yekaterinburg, Solikamsk, Kamensk. He planned to create schools for peasants.

V. N. Tatishchev outlined his pedagogical views mainly in the following compositions: "A Conversation about the Benefits of Sciences and Schools" (1733), "A Note on Students and Expenses for Education in Russia", "Spiritual to My Son" (1733), "Institutions, what orders of Russian schools should imati do ”(1736).

The most significant work - "Conversation about the benefits of sciences and schools" is written in the form of questions and answers. "Spiritual to my son" and the adjoining "Admonition of a dying father to his son" are written in the Russian tradition, such as "The Teaching of Vladimir Monomakh", "The Fatherly Testament" by Pososhkov. They kind of summarize the moral development of society in the first third of the 18th century.

Conversation about the benefits of sciences and schools (in abbreviated form)

(Reprinted from the publication: V. N. Tatishchev. A conversation between two friends about the benefits of sciences and schools. M., 1887. First published in St. Petersburg in 1787. The treatise is written in the form of 119 questions and answers. It ends with the 120th question, in which the author calls on everyone who wants to benefit from the essay to carefully "listen to the conversation." The treatise touches on almost all sides public life Russia. Initially, from an educational standpoint, V. N. Tatishchev expounds his view of man, the role of science in his cognition, proves the need for education for the children of the nobility and the common people ("On the benefits of education for the nobility and the people"). Then the author talks about the benefits of sciences for humans, taking into account their selection when getting a profession; it also provides a description of the state of school education in Russia, indicates the shortcomings that, according to V.N. At the end of the treatise, a plan for the transformation of educational institutions in Russia is outlined. In the treatise, V. N. Tatishchev wanted to reflect the enlightenment aspirations of the noble circles that were carried out under Peter I and should have been carried out after his death. Particularly great attention is paid to the education of the nobility. "Conversation about the benefits of sciences and schools" was not published during the life of V. N. Tatishchev. The treatise was handed over to his son before his death, together with the "Testament". It was written in 1733, but VN Tatishchev completed and revised it later.)

1 question. My sir! Seeing your actions with your son, whom you have at least one, but did not regret to excommunicate from yourself in such a young age and send to foreign schools, I am at a loss as to what benefit you would have hoped for: for, in my opinion, we have the greatest benefit in children when we have them in our eyes, we contain them according to our will, we instruct them and we rejoice in them; contrary to this excommunication, and not always knowing about his condition, and even more hesitating about his well-being, he must be in fear and sadness, and one must voluntarily deprive of this sought-after amusement.

Answer. My dear friend! You put a question to me, it seems, contrary to your prudence, and that you think about the amusement of children, this is so visible, and not true; true amusement in children is intelligence and the ability to acquire good, to abhor evil: reason without learning and ability without habit or art cannot be acquired; and so that he was reasonable, he must first learn; if he does not acquire that from infancy, then, in natural anger and ignorance, he will remain, with rampage and disorder, the everlasting sadness and fear of eternal destruction, contrary to that, in infancy, by a small excommunication, he will bring eternal pleasure with the mind of science.

2. Question. Yours, my sir, reasoning is fair, only it is for me to think that the true well-being of a person in science consists of: for we see the butts satisfied, that the unlearned are in great prosperity, wealth and glory, while the scientists are in misery, squalor and contempt.

Answer. You apparently told the truth, and it always seems to us from the outside that whoever lives in riches and glory lives in perfect prosperity, only in that we are very mistaken: for if we looked at their inner state, then, of course, otherwise, they reasoned and would find that those from a lack of reason are always dissatisfied with what they are and what they have, but always more, honor, or pleasure, or wealth, wanting, but rather never, to get powerful, constantly tormented by conscience in anxiety ; contrary to this, a reasonable person, regardless of the opinions of others about him, is himself pleased with everything and is calm in his conscience, and when he has acquired it, he is as if he were the ruler of the whole earth.

3. Question. Although it is true that a prudent person is more content in poverty than a foolish person in wealth and honor, I ask you first to tell me: what is science?

Answer. Science is the main thing, so that a person can know himself.

4. Question. This rebuke leads me to bewilderment, for I don’t think that a person, no matter how stupid he may be, doesn’t know himself.

Answer. You said the truth that he can know his name and feel the external, and not the internal, - but this is dissatisfied.

5. Question. What is inner knowledge?

Answer. I do not want to burden you with the knowledge of the properties and state of man, that he consists of the eternal and the temporal, that is, the soul and the body, and in what these are the difference; but I will say briefly: the hedgehog of the nobility, what is good and evil, that is, what is useful and necessary for him and what is harmful and obscene ...

16. Question... You said that the soul has powers, which you call mind and will, but mind, what do you think, does it mean the same or a different property?

Answer. This question is very pleasant to me, that I am compelled to tell you the difference between them briefly and through it to show that we need science. We call the mind the power of the soul, in which simply the meaning is clear, and this part of other animals tend to be understood in people and the stupidest by nature there is a mind, but we call mind the mind, through the use of its qualities, corrected, which is attributed from science, and so can any the soul of a person is clever, but unreasonable to be called.

17. Question. What do you understand the qualities of the mind?

Answer. Some understand the four powers, or actions, of the mind, like comprehension, memory, guess, or meaning, and judgment; but the familiarity of internal and external feelings is imagined and as if it is a passive, and not real, can be revered, from many to it the subsequent is not applied and for the passive, and not the action is due.

18. Question. What is the difference between these properties of the soul and how is it cognized?

Answer. The likeness of the Greek fantasy, vision, view, Latin imagination is called, and in philosophy, the actual comprehensibility of action and opinions, of course, we can do three kinds of imaginations through the help of comprehensibility: 1) mental, when we, through thoughts presented and memory, communicated the properties of things through remembering to the meaning or mind Let us imagine which are imperiously present, and such images, especially when the judgment calms down, are so deceived that we truly regard as present, as we are assured of dreams; 2) the clarity of meaning or guesswork happens when the meaning of some aspirations or inventions seems to be present in the mind, then it is content or aggravated, as is often the case when reading fairy tales and composing some machines in our minds we depict and feel; 3) the clarity of the judgment, when, as if truthful thoughts are accepted, we believe as the same to the mind, for the right, for example, when I can, and the judgment determines that of course something will follow, and that is how true or present is represented ...

22. Question... What is the state of human will?

Answer. Mind and will, although the essence of the main properties of a person, as I said above, but between them is a very different state: the mind is as if the king rules, and the will attracts to any desire, from which various well-being and misfortunes happen to a person; For that sake, a person needs to be diligent, so that the mind dominates over the will, and this is like a horse serving our benefit, and this is like a bridle to use the ruling one. But the ancient philosophers did not have the will and passions of the body ...

28. Question. What do you say about the teaching of other animals, it seems to me that we, just like dolls, make and want to amuse ourselves with them, they do not only require them, but having acquired the learning they have no benefit, and if these, in our opinion , the most vile, without any learning are prosperous and in their natural state they can be perfect, then if more than a man, about whom we so understand that he has excellent grace in front of all animals, can he be prosperous without learning in a natural order?

Answer. Ay, my lord! Your opinion of truth is moving away, and I think that you only felt this by your wit, and did not declare the true opinion, for when I look at the beginning of human existence, that is, from his birth, then nothing more than his poverty is visible, and from I am not quite surprised at that single incomprehensible wisdom of the creator, some kind of omnipotent intention of his will, that he deigned to define such a poor beginning of life for a man, as the most precious creature among all animals, that none of all the others is not subject to such poor sorrow and lack; for example, I take the poorest cattle, a sheep, and look at its beginning of life, then I see that, as soon as the lamb is born, it doesn’t show it its mother’s tit, doesn’t put it in its mouth, it doesn’t pimple milk to learn to suck, nature has taught it; not to swaddle him, so as not to go crazy, nature has strengthened; does not sew and does not put on clothes, nature has given him; does not protect him from fire, water and holes, nature protects him; does not tell him to be afraid of the wolf, he tempted lower in that, but the nature of the villain reveals to him; does not keep him from overeating or obscene and harmful fornication, nature has determined the measure and time for all. The poor man becomes impoverished in all this, that if not the help of other people his life supported him, then, of course, death would appear together with the beginning of the abdomen.

29. Question. How is a person's age divided?

Answer. The condition of a person by age was divided by many different reckoning years, like 7, 9 and 10 years; but most of them share as follows: 1) the camp of infancy from birth to 12 years; 2) youth from 12 to 25 years old; 3) courage from 25 to 50 years old; 4) old age from 50 and onwards. And this very much accords with nature, but his passions are expressed.

30. Question. What do we notice in human infancy?

Answer. In infancy, when a person is born, then after a long time we see nothing more in him, how to eat and drink, and therefore, when he sees little of the light, he will receive the power of grasping and the ability to use his limbs, like his tongue, hands and feet, but become impoverished. memory and deprivation of reasoning is subject to various troubles, in which charity from others is needed; for if no one had taught him, then b, having a language capable of speech, they could not say anything and their desire to declare to others or to know others, and although the will to well-being in him does some excitement; but due to the lack of reason and art in mixed and obscene matters, he has this, and as his actions are nothing, so his desires for nothing else but sleep, drink, eat and play are inclined, for which he despises all the best and most useful deeds and these Sim prefers; stubborn; does not want to obey anyone, unless she is punished for fear, fierce, can not for the slightest annoyance inflict grave harm on his best benefactor; unstable, both friendship and malice does not stay in him for long, and what he diligently seeks, receives, abandons and always wants something new; superstitious, not "from lack of reasoning", everything that is told to him, he believes; curious, because he asks about everything and wants to know, and in order to learn the light sciences, about which it is necessary to think, he the best time It has; for the sake of children, especially in languages from infancy, it is necessary and capable of teaching, the mind is imperiously like soft wax, to which everything can easily adhere, but when it gets old, it can not soon be eradicated; Then, when the increasing blood from the shortest brushes, heavy sputum begins to dilute, the blood runs thin and gets the fastest flow, then the state of youth will come.

31. Question. What do we notice in the camp of youth?

Answer. When it comes, then the sharpest memory will appear in him and the free meaning will also begin to learn from the art of harm that these infantile actions are the most stupidity, and although, in his opinion, the best and the later will come, but there is no small danger of trouble; then most in him the passion of luxury or the flesh of the land dominates, for which he respects music, dance-vanya, walks, conversations, female love, fornication for the highest prosperity, and despises peace, fame and wealth, although he is courteous, but also contemptuous, although affectionate, but soon and annoying, unrepentant, self-willed, quick to anger, unsecret and unreliable in friendship, both agreeable, bashful and easily accepts instruction, for which "the sciences of great reasoning are in the best condition, and so on" and Thus, the help of other people and guidance is little less than the need for a baby. But when the phlegm dries up with the increasing heat and the speed of the flow of liquid and black blood multiplies, then the age of courage will come.

34. Question. This proverb: to live a century, a century to study - I have long known, according to which I reasoning that the age of man is not equal and not known, for the sake of that science can never be perfect; on the same imperfect and unreliable, it seems indecent to be diligent ?!

Answer. This your utterance, or you yourself, can have the correctness, judging that from the very birth of aging, a person requires help and instruction “and without that he can never stay,” as I told you from the difference in age; but more thought about yourself, when you get along with people every day and have conversations, I think that every day you will hear what you have not heard, but not in that circumstance and reasoning, but especially among scientists; if you go to different artisans, you will always see new circumstances with them; and so all this is an invisible teaching, and it continues with benefit even to death.

35. Question. Why did they learn less in ancient times, but have seen more prosperity with many sciences than now?

Answer. By your pretext, do not be angry, you show that you did not know much about the knowledge of antiquities, and I am not surprised that you think so, which is rooted in all of us by nature, that we praise the past, we marvel at the future tea, only this should be with the reasoning of the circumstances; without reasoning by such an opinion, we often not only wrongly judge others, but also sin about ourselves; for example, ancient philosophers, and more poets, talked about the ancient golden time, which every person has no shortcomings, annoyances and insults, as if in the power over them passions are devoid of being, and are gifted with contentment and tranquility; but this can so understand that the baby, under the care and care of his parents, having no cares and burdens from the passions, seeing that no one envies him, neither rob, nor in honor of offends, nor does any other offense, is from everything he is calm, and he has a very golden time, and as the philosophers of that time had the custom to make more of little, to bring it up with rifle butts and assert with syllogisms. So they, understanding the whole world, is like being a man, for whom the microcosm, or small world, a man was "named, then easily from being and the state of man" they concluded the state of the world, but not very discreetly; for if someone in his youth, about anything useful diligence, fatherly possessions in luxury, that is, games, food, women's love, etc. Having no prosperity and we destroy from people, to praise our previous years; Seeing others who are equal or meanest themselves, but by diligence and prudent deeds, love and honor from people who have acquired, and themselves destroyed, marvels at the present; and even before a person is led by the desire for well-being through his whole life, although he invents methods that are indecent to acquire it, he hopes on them, but ending everything imprudently and disorderly, through his whole life he deceives himself. It is contrary to our good deeds and our ancestors' deeds, from which our own and our neighbors benefit came from, we can prudently praise and instruct others, to be amazed at the real changes of this world, and not just, but paying attention to the circumstances of the reasons from which it occurs, and accepting butts from the memory of what happened before from similar cases, and reasoning that now from this it can be born, trustfully trust that you will not sin in that, with which images many prudent people guess about the future consequences. But as for the sciences and the minds of the former peoples, looking at the ancient actions known to us, we can equally say about them as the only person, that from infancy, nothing useful in youth has shown; but when they came to the male camp, they began to show barely anything useful.

46. Question.... I hear that secular people in citizenship are skilful interpret, supposedly in a state the simpler the people, the more submissive they are to rule, and it is safer from riots and confusion, and for this they do not regard science as useful.

Answer. I believe that you have heard, but I don’t believe, that from a prudent politician or a son faithful to the fatherland, but more so from an unreasonable or Machiavelian chaff of a sowed heart uttered; a prudent politician can always affirm with the essence of truth that sciences are more useful to the state than they can bring riot and ignorance. I told you before that science is useful, but ignorance or stupidity, both for oneself, for such a small and great society, is harmful and poor. You judge for yourself that by nature every person, whatever he is, desires: 1) to be smarter than others and to have respect and love from others; 2) as everyone needs the help of others, so from those helpers like a wife, friends and advisers he is looking for smart and capable ones to benefit him; 3) occupations are not able to provide all of us with the services we need, for this reason a person is diligent, if it is possible to have smart, faithful and capable servants, even for a clever friend he can more hope that he will give him good advice and help in the absence of knowledge, and a clever minister he will produce everything commanded and desired with better reasoning and success than a stupid one, and in case he is able to give advice or help; but in this, first of all, one's own mind should prevail, so that both about a friend and helper, and about a slave, he could judge according to the state of each what benefit can be from whom, and therefore use it, since some are capable of reasoning, the other for defense, and the other to labors and works. And so prudent from everyone according to his ability to have benefits and to others may be useful, contrary to that, meaningless and unskilful harm to himself and misfortune begins and produces unreasonableness, he is not able to believe in the advice of the reasonable and, in doubt, leaves the useful or, having begun, is not able to produce, but he will follow stupid and harmful advice, but he is not able to find an intelligent friend, he does not know what is useful to command and determine to an intelligent minister; If, moreover, difficulty and harm occurs when he has stupid advisers and servants, that all his intentions and deeds begin without order and end with harm, and one cannot hope for such benefit either to him or to the fatherland, we can also ignorance to reason. A reasonable person, through science and art, from examples rooted in his mind, acquires the most convenient comprehension, the hardest memory, a sharp sense and an infallible judgment, and through that he gains all well-being, and he is more capable of turning away the harmful; he tests advice and ideas, and according to the circumstances of things, for years, while taking previous deeds and incidents from memory with the present he likens and, judging everything, determines, he is not seduced by the wrong and henceforth harmful, he is not afraid of fearless circumstances and, by acting courageously in fear, he cuts off and conquers, in joy and happiness is not exalted and does not believe in it, but does not weaken in misfortune, but overcomes troubles and sorrows with generosity and, being content with his own, does not look for someone else's; contrary to this, ignorance of all wrong advice and pretext, the lover believes, but soon learns that there is deceit; he is not afraid of real fear; and where there is no fear trembles, in sorrow and joy he is not temperate, in happiness and unhappiness he is inconsistent and in everything instead of benefit he harms himself - and this is the difference between a scientist and an unlearned. And although this is said about a single person, but therefore you can talk about entire peoples or states, especially if you want to know in detail, read the history of ancient times, you will see many peoples and states examples that from a lack of prudent reasoning have gone bankrupt and perished, whose memory is only on paper remained ...

49. Question. Although I first asked you what science is, to which you said that to know good and evil; but, according to much of the conversation, they moved away from him; For that sake, I ask that they tell me in detail what a person needs to learn?

Answer. I told you before that a person needs to be diligent in order to come to perfection and preserve it, it is possible to continue staying very much by nature, pleasure, and then gain peace of mind, according to which sciences are the essence of different properties and qualities, and although I will detail all of them It is impossible to interpret very extensively and cannot fit into a great book, but I will tell you briefly: “at the beginning of science, philosophers are divided according to the declared properties purely”: the spiritual of theology and the physical philosophy. According to the first, to perfection, and above all, you need to diligently try to bring memory, meaning and judgment in good order and preserve. The other external, as I said to you before, the soul is connected with the body, that from damage to the bodily members, the forces of the mind are also damaged, for the sake of it you need to be diligent about the external, so that not a single member of the proper natural state comes out or is damaged ...

Another division is moral, which differs in quality, like 1) necessary, 2) useful, 3) dandy or entertaining, 4) curious or vain, 5) harmful; but, moreover, some of them may be necessary or useful according to the camp or state of the person.

50. Question. Which sciences are needed?

Answer. As a person consists of two different properties, that is, a soul and a body, so he and the sciences are separated according to their properties, but the bodily ones begin first, for the sake of these I will first say, and conclude with them.

The bodily sciences, according to the above, are needed for perfection:

1) the speech, which we do not favor over animals; in the lack of struggle, he is neither perfect nor satisfied; consequently, a person cannot be calm.

2) You need to learn to stay, how to maintain and preserve your flesh and your kind, for which, by nature, we need, as I said before, about possessions and food, clothing and a quiet dwelling, who are kind and in the right ways to acquire, and to use and preserve what is acquired with good order, so that in case of an unexpected lack of need not endure, and this is called home economics, Greek: economical.

3) First I explained to you that food and drink is obscene, or even better, and that it is excessively used makes us sick, and from this comes the cessation of stay or death, and although those who do not know the strength to often strengthen the patient with food, they kill many times. And for this, we need to be diligent about knowing the qualities and using the quantities of brushes, 63 so that we can continue health, therefore stay or life, and return health after loss, which science is called medicine or medicine.

4) A person needs to learn from a young age to physical and mental serenity, so that he can keep himself from warring and attackers and prevent himself from offending, but by nature a person is naturally inclined to evil and often by his obscene actions and offenses of others excites revenge on himself, consequently, inflicts troubles and dirty tricks on himself. For this sake, one must first learn to contain oneself in such a way that no one is annoyed, not only offended, and be extremely diligent, about which "the rules of the natural law" are sufficiently shown, and this is called moral teaching: "defense and revenge are correct according to the law we are not forbidden "; but we live under the law and our own defense or revenge for the sake of general peace is forbidden and punishment for witnesses, and rewards are prescribed for the offended; For this sake, we should not only know divine laws, as if they are natural, biblically, ecclesiastical and civil of their fatherland, but also clearly understand the power of the legislator and act according to them. This science is called the teaching of law, and besides, especially the gentry, you need to learn to use weapons yourself, a pistol, etc., to defend, here this camp is especially designed for the defense of the fatherland and aversion of general harm.

5) What belongs from the soul, then at least it ought to be thought that this, as the spirit does not require any kind of training, as was said before; however, it is necessary to work so that the members, through which she expresses her strength and makes movements, "through frequent to decent movement and habit into action", so that from outside presented correctly to drink, firmly in memory, keep similarities and consequences with meaning and it is correct to judge what the special science of logic is usefully arranged for.

6) And the last thing a person needs about the peace of mind is most of all to diligently, so that in life he does not burden with cares that are obscene and harmful from unbridled will ...

We need these sciences, both mentally and physically, because we cannot be happy and calm from non-art or ignorance, which is contained in them.

51. Question. Which sciences are useful?

Answer. Useful are those that belong to the ability to general and their own benefit and are numerous: among all useful sciences, the letter is the first through which we know the past and keep in memory, with opinions that are far apart because we speak in person and sometimes even better than language we can depict ours; and although in the world it can be said that those who hardly know are in greater prosperity, and those who know how to read are in perdition, for whom the proverb lies: there is a lot of literacy, does not know how to abyss; but this does not happen from literacy, but from evil deed. But the letter of every age and age is useful to people when only correctness is used in order and with good intention; but at the same time, one must be diligent about that: speak and write decently and clearly, for this it is useful to learn grammar of your own language. 2) It is also useful for a person who finds himself in a civil service, and especially in high ranks, as well as in the church service, to have hope, and sometimes it is necessary to know the eloquence, which consists in establishing his speech according to the circumstance, as sometimes briefly and distinctly, sometimes extensively, sometimes dark, and for different opinions apply the convenient, sometimes decorate with butts, which is especially for the state, court and foreign affairs, but for the church in teaching and in writing books, it is useful and necessary. And this is called in Russian: floridness, greche: rhetoric. 3) Foreign languages, so that we are not just citizenship with us inside Russia, but also border peoples or those who have bargaining and wars with us to understand and to declare our opinion to them: but this is useful only when it is used correctly; Reckless use, that is, mixing foreign words into your language, is harmful, as we see many, the greatest part of the unreasonable and unlearned from boasting and recklessness, not only in conversations, but in letters they use very strange words, and besides that force or reason or wrong, and for what, they themselves do not know how to say, except to boast that they can pronounce someone else's word; and what comes of that harm, they cannot judge. 4) It is useful for a person to learn numbering, and although the process of numbering, babies together with the language accept and can count from one to a million; but this is not enough for everyone, but it is necessary to know the calculus of various things by their qualities, measure and weight, which is generally called mathematics in Greek. And yet it contains a lot of different circumstances, for that for the sake of each part a special title, but more Greek from antiquity, and although everything is similar to say and each property to describe the time is not enough; but I’ll tell you only about those main parts, like arithmetic or numbering, geometry or surveying, mechanics - cunning, architecture - construction. And these things of every title are useful to people; the next parts, like perspective, optics or vision, acoustics (hearing), astronomy - star counting, is useful for some people to teach. 5) It is very useful in noble services to be someone who wants to teach not only his own fatherland, but also other states ... to be, but to that it is useful to know botany or knowledge of the power of plants, also anatomy or dismemberment, through in order to fully cognize the internal bodies of their parts, position and movement, causes; but these sciences, although useful to everyone, nevertheless more belong to those who especially control themselves in medicine.

7) It is very useful to know the property of things by nature, what it consists of, by which it is possible to reason, what happens and what happens, and through this many future circumstances it is convenient to reason "and warn ourselves", this science is called sinisterly: physics, Russian : natural science, and to that chemistry or separation of things internally belongs.

52. Question. Which sciences are dandy for granted?

Answer. There are not a small number of these sciences, but I will just mention some of them, like: 1) poetry or poetry, 2) music, Russian buffoonery, 3) dancing or dancing, 4) voltejing or sitting on a horse, 5) sign and painting, which on occasion they can be useful and need to be, as dancing is not only dancing, but more decency like standing, walking, bowing, turning, teaching and instructing; the sign is needed in all trades.

55. Question. How do you understand the sciences to be necessary or useful by camp or state?

Answer. In terms of the difference in camps and the state in people, all sciences cannot be accurately described, because the inclinations, hunts of people, and for that, and cases are different, but I will briefly say about some. ... historians and politicians need geography, philosophers need mathematics; but the spiritual do not care about them. And packs for doctors anatomy, chemistry and botany are essential; but theologians, politicians and historians do not need anything. However, no one knows what useful sciences, all invisible benefits are brought by the fact that memory, meaning and judgment are corrected.

114. Question. I’ll ask you one last thing: what schools, where do you understand to establish the most useful?

Answer. This is shown to you above, and especially the decrees of Peter the Great declare that it is necessary to establish in all provinces, provinces and cities, for which he has determined all the monastic surplus beyond what is necessary for the church, and there are quite enough of them; Yet it is also pleasing to God that such dying incomes should not be used for anything other than in honor of God and the benefit of the entire state. But, moreover, it is necessary to see that: 1) these, especially that the gentry needs especially meanness, were separated; 2) so that teachers are capable and sufficient to show and instruct what is necessary and useful, and even more so that they are safe from the alms of temptation; 3) so that everything that the gentry needs everywhere without lack of learning can be shown, and for this, books and tools must be provided with contentment; 4) what the state or certain cannot be endured from the sovereigns, then the gentry must add up and establish income for that, so that it can use others; and then: 5) the last thing over all such supervision was entrusted, which is content with the arts in the sciences, and above all the zealous joy in the benefit of the fatherland is able to explain. And so everything that is desirable, although not soon, but reliably, can be arranged ...

116. Question. What circumstance is required in teachers?

Answer. Part about science, part about the state of their need to look.

Both for teaching in the provinces, and for particular schools, such teachers are needed, with a great loss in each science, two people, to help foreigners identify, and so it is hoped that their teachers will eventually be quite capable of getting them.

117. Question. Books, I think, are not difficult for us to learn to get: before, although not so much printed, and were content; now we see new ones coming out incessantly. And besides, you can always get contentment from the German soil for students of other languages?

Answer. They are surprised that you say that we have enough books for teaching. But which ones? Is it the alphabet and watchmakers, then it is true that sometimes it is not difficult to get them; Yes, it often happens that even those cannot be obtained. As for the new books, there are very few such books that are necessary for the teaching of youth. To this day, we have not only courses in mathematics, history, Russian geography, which is very necessary for everyone, not to mention the high philosophical sciences; but we do not have sufficient vocabulary and grammar. And what are now printed, then, except for the notes for the week's advice, read everything for the amusement of people by some hunters translated, and not composed for the sciences. But do you really think about those that the eternal memory of Peter the Great, like himself before artillery, fortification, architecture, etc., having the hunt and need, some of the best to translate, and published. But even those are already difficult to buy, and we hardly see more. And this lack will never be filled until the free Drukari with a secure institution are settled.

118. Question. How do you think the gentry have proper schools, for your previous legend about the indecency of house schools leads to confusion?

Answer. This I mean, mediocre between the house and the state, that avoiding these excesses and shortcomings themselves must fulfill what one can wish for. Their institution and their content can be usefully, taking an example from the British and French institutions, according to the ability to arrange the state of our state. For example, a small school for the very babies, where only up to 50 people, the languages of German and French, as well as arithmetic and geometry of the first parts, and in Russian to read and write, as if to teach in seminaries ...

119. Question. What is the necessary understanding in the government?

Answer. This is the most important and most necessary in the state, so that the rule of all in the state is such that it would be able to prevent all the harm and obstacles to the multiplication of sciences, and reject those who crept in, to be diligent about preserving the general benefit and this, however convenient, to multiply. And after science, schools of various qualities and always requires a lot of reasoning about everything, then it is very necessary that for this a special meeting or collegium be established, which would always be for all schools, whatever their rank, clear supervision of their orders and actions , but for the correction and a better institution had power. And for this it is very necessary from the main Russian, both spiritual and secular, although one person each; and besides, in order to help certain mediocre ones to determine, and especially those who, as in the sciences, have a certain amount of knowledge and desire, then they would not become scarce in jealousy and diligence. Through that in a short time, more than until now, the state can gain benefits in all circumstances, which is what I wish from my heart and leave this conversation.

Spiritual to my son (abridged)

(Reprinted from: Tatishchev V. N. Dukhovnaya to my son. - Journal of the Ministry of Public Education, 1886, No. 4. Written at the beginning of 1734. In this work, the author focuses on the moral education of a nobleman.)

II

It is very necessary for you to study also in secular sciences, in which the most necessary thing is the right and fluently to write; then arithmetic, geometry, artillery and fortification and other parts of mathematics, German what you need to know about the state of our state; Russian history, which although you are not in perfect order, but you will find satisfied in my letters, and to which notes and additions, written out from foreign books on different papers, if there is a hunt, you can put together in order both for yourself and for the whole Fatherland in favor of using; Russian geography, which the entire gentry needs to know: no one has invented this, and although I worked a lot about it, I do not hope to finish it, because it cannot be done without the help of the sovereign, you can quite know its usefulness from the routine I have made.

You need to know the laws of the civil and military of your Fatherland, of course, in the possession you need the code and articles of the military, land and sea, not just one, but once the decrees to read, so that as soon as you decide on what matter, you can force the laws that must be followed. understand; especially about him, because of his own and extraneous affairs, to talk with skillful people, and in order, as well as the interpretation of laws, it is no less tricky to cognize, and not to do, but you must learn, which will serve you to no small amount of happiness. ..

IV

At the end of the sciences, as soon as at the age of eighteen you will come, although then love for wives will appear in you, however, for future well-being, as if to acquire honor and ability, then you must enter into a certain state service ... and after Thirty years should think about marriage and have the following in memory: the Almighty God created man; Seeing that it was not good for him to be alone, he created a helper for him, that is to say, a wife, and at that hour put them the first covenant: grow and multiply and fill the earth, which we all must fulfill if bodily weakness or other circumstances and inconveniences do not hold back. But when entering into marriage, with contented reasoning to act: 1) Although many parents think, for the amusement of their own or to keep their children from impertinence, to combine very young; but because of this happiness they feel a great deal of harm in the fact that young people, both in friendship and in love, are not firm; and for this, at first, although it is enough to express love, they seldom abide in it; but especially that we are not determined to serve on our will, and for several years after excommunication, we do not see our wife and home, through which conjugal love is very often destroyed. By that early marriage, they are a lot for the acquisition of science, and through service in not seeking their own well-being, they hinder; And most of all, they destroy their health many times, and instead of the amusement they are looking for to their parents and themselves, they inflict a considerable insult and regret what they have done. And for that, the best years of marriage from 30 years old are revered. 2) About the person of the spouse: although no one can talk about marriage or love any more than those who are being combined, and for this, the law is imposed a bridle on the power of parents and educators, so that by force and against the will they are not forced to combine: however, in only a great deed, on which a lot of our well-being depends, one cannot trust oneself, especially an inexperienced person, for love often darkens our mind so much that we sometimes despise our well-being, health and destruction. And for that in such a matter, no matter how pleasant all the circumstances may seem to you, you need to use skilled people in the council, and especially relatives and in-laws; Those who are very unreliable in such advice should be careful, so that they do not bring harm due to the circumstance that is dissatisfied with you, as it is enough for me to know and see such treachery in my life ... ) faces, age and gaiety in the company, which they bring great praise to wives, and so much the young are seduced. But as you know, in the reddest apple there are most worms, and with the babbling of women, impudences are found, for this it is not safe ... 4) The circumstance of wealth, which seduces many, and it is true that through this much prosperity is sometimes acquired; but ... do not seek wealth, time loves it, time will destroy it; and for this, of course, one should not seek wealth in marriage, but especially to you: I will leave my property, than to live honestly and eat well; look for the main thing, that is, a wife, with whom you can spend your life in joy. 5) A good property, and especially to us from it is not a small benefit: for good in-laws are Better than a great dowry, given by obligation of the property "they are more trustworthy in the council than outsiders ... 6) The most important thing in a wife is a good state, reason and health, a hedgehog it surpasses everything; as if Sirakh would say: an honest prudent wife is more than gold, and paki calls her the crown and joy of her husband, as she really is. ..

IV

The difference between the services of the gentry is threefold, like: civil and court ...

Entering the service, although courage is the best praise for a warrior, unreasonable impetuosity is stupidity itself, and does no less shyness to itself and to the Fatherland; and for this one must be very careful in order to preserve both one's belly and the benefits of the Fatherland; never brazenly burst in, but rather keep, so as not to destroy those subject to your rashness. On the contrary, shyness is the most serious vice and reproach for a soldier. And in order, as little as possible, it is necessary to keep the medium, so as not to break forward and backward and not remain: for this they are close, from the chiefs with respect and obedience, and from those subject to affection, prudence and prudence, respect and love will be acquired, which can be your main well-being. ..

Vii

Another gentry service is citizenship ...

And in order for you to decide on military service, you should always have it in your memory, so that when you decide on citizenship. To learn how to talk about what, above all old, honest and reasonable people, listen diligently to reasoning, which can take root in your memory.

Upon entering into business, above all, keep justice in all your deeds, do not flatter yourself on any of your own good, remembering that those who want to get rich fall into troubles and misfortunes and that there is an unrighteous creature as dust. And truly you will rejoice in this, although for a short time, but your conscience will be tormented, and this wealth is very fragile. Especially in matters of state, damage to the treasury, in any way by conducting ...

This shows you enough that you should be diligent above all about justice. Do not hand over the weak into the hands of the strong; never imagine that you will suffer for it ...

And while still keeping pride that some judges show big petitioners in honor of not only listening to the poor man patiently and giving him good advice or instruction and help. Why did I never, even if I lay on my bed, do not close the doors, which you yourself were a witness to, and the slaves did not report about anyone, but every speaker was his own: and although many times for trifles and at inconvenient times they came around, but I he was not offended, for it often happened that many in multiplicity needed help and great harm to avert.

Instruction "On the order of teaching in schools at the Ural state-owned factories"

(Reprinted from the edition: Historical Archive / Ed. B. D. Grekov, t. 5. M .; L., 1950, p. 167 - 178. The instruction "On the order of teaching in schools at the Ural state-owned factories" was compiled by V. N. Tatishchev in 1736 as a methodological guide for teachers of factory schools and covered all aspects of education, reflecting the pedagogical views of V. N. Tatishchev. The document has come down to us in the form of a draft with his own handwritten amendments and additions by the author. In 1720, V.N. Tatishchev was appointed manager of state-owned factories in the Urals, in 1721, on his initiative, state-owned schools were opened at the Kungur and Uktuss factories, and later at a number of other factories. Initially, apparently, their goal was to train Russian specialists for mining and geological surveys. But soon the schools became more general. A small number of literate young people forced the factory management to build teaching at school in such a way as to initially teach literacy, the Russian language, mathematics, and on this basis to carry out professional training. This caused an increase in the number of students in schools and required the creation of special rules for setting teaching in them. The instruction was found in one of the books of the Main Board of Siberian and State Plants for 1736.)

ESTABLISHMENT BY WHICH THE ORDER OF TEACHERS OF RUSSIAN SCHOOLS HAVE TO ENTER

1. A teacher is a person who teaches children to read and write or teach other sciences and knowledge of useful rules and human life. And for this he is, as if they have one common father instead of many parents. He must, according to his conscience, not only in their undertaken teaching, but in all deeds, behavior, and deeds, he must have firm and diligent supervision and care, like a father for real children. And to them, without laziness and continuation, everything is clear and intelligible in good order and instruction to show. But as you know, infants accept the images of the life of their elders from a vision and follow diligently, for that sake the teacher should be prudent, meek, sober, not a pianist, not a zershik, not a fornicator, not stealthy, not lying, from all evil and obscene, even more tempted by a baby, is distant, so that his good and honest life is a model for him, because otherwise, both before God, so ... in court he must be held accountable for any crime and temptation.

2. Teachers must come to school every day before the arrival of students; and if the teacher is not alone, then most of all the dairyman is guilty of repairing, so that the tables and benches, looking around, put in order, the school so that it is clean, and in winter there is no warmth, child and stench, and if something is not working properly, then fix it, educational books, which are stored in cabinets, should be arranged in their places and all to be made before arrival. If a teacher despises him, he will be deprived of one week's salary for a single slackening.

3. Pupils get ready for school in the summer, April from September 1st to 1st, in the morning exactly 6, in the afternoon 2, go out until noon 10, in the evening 6 o'clock; in winter, that is, from October 1, March to the 1st, come in the morning 8, after lunch 12, go out in the morning 11, in the evening 3; in spring and autumn, that is, in September and March, before lunchtime 4, after lunch 3 hours to study.

But this is of course about babies at least seven years old, who are less than seven years old, so reduce both before noon and at noon for half an hour or more, depending on the state of each.

The smallest, about five years old and up to six, do not have to sit for as long as 2 hours at a time, so as not to suddenly burden them with sitting and not to abhor science, once a teacher can allow a baby to walk for half an hour even between studies ...

5. In teaching as an infant, the teacher who begins the alphabet should begin each one himself, and when he shows him several times the letters, then sit him next to someone who already thoroughly knows, and order him to supervise him and correct both the reading and the saying of the letters. and after that, the teacher himself will often supervise and correct, however, without any malice and ferocity, but affectionately and with love, showing himself both in words and in deeds lovingly and cheerfully. And when he will pronounce the words purely and cognize them, then he will be praised and will hopefully end with science soon. And then, as he learns many letters and begins to fold, then the teacher can order one of the students to begin, so that he does not run out of time to supervise others and listen to lessons.

6. So that the students learn more willingly and sooner and less coercion and supervision demanded, give them measured lessons, and as soon as he learns his lesson, so soon he graduates with praise from school, through which the lazy is given the best hunt. For whom at first give small lessons, and when he sees the ability, then little by little the teacher can add, and punish the lazy, but not so much by beating as by other circumstances, but especially so that more shame than sorrow, as if standing at the door, I will be tied to a bench, and sitting on the ground for someone to study, or to keep a few hours in front of others at school. And if such punishments for the cruel-hearted are not enough, then beating on the hands or with a light whip on the back, only very well kept, so as not to beat them often, for all the more, beating into destruction and the disciples are brought into fearlessness. On the head and on the cheek of the pupils do not hit.

7. Although until now it has been the custom of teachers to teach babies the alphabet, then the Clock, the Psalter, some of them the Apostle and all this by heart, and then write, which they kept for many years up to five. And although they could read these books by heart, they did not understand the power of words, they could not write anything correctly and decently.

And for that now this order is to be left, but to impose dachshunds: As soon as the baby learns the alphabet, then the student will begin to read and read the warehouse to learn the booklet, composed by the Most Reverend Bishop of Novgorod Theophan Prokopovich, called "The First Teaching of a Youth", and "The Mirror of Human Life", composed by His Excellency the Count of Bros; which, when reading, will learn the knowledge of the law of God and an honest living. But besides, when a baby learns a verse, his teacher should ask his teacher, reading it to him before, whether he knows the power of what he taught, so that he can retell it in a simple dialect and although in an unwritten order. But besides, the teachers should see that the students do not shout while reading, but each quietly to himself, so that the other in understanding, and the teacher in listening, is not interfered with.

8. As soon as the announced booklets the student begins to fold, then immediately begin to write letters for him on a black wooden board ... with chalk, which is state-owned in all schools. These letters should be written large, clean and, although different, but used in handwriting. And for that letter, give them an hour after dinner from the above-declared time.

And when he can read clearly and write all the letters well, then he begins to write in warehouses and is from the same books, or for that purposely composed, books, then leave all the time after dinner for writing, only keep the following firmly: 1) so that strange letters and a lot at the top of the line, but especially the whole syllable was not written; 2) so that one letter does not interfere with the other. And for this, the teacher should diligently read, understand and store the grammar and the rules attached to it; 3) at the beginning of every scripture, put a large letter, then in every verse the initial something more ordinary, and the rest are all equal; 4) get used to separating speech with dots, where the spirit is to be translated, commas, so that the reader is intelligible; 5) to lead the lines directly and between the lines to leave the same, in which there is not a small letter of beauty, packs from infancy to write correctly and decently and get used to reading the written. And for the same syllables, give each student 6 sheets of government paper and see that it is kept for themselves and for others in the future, and besides that, they can, from the Chancellery, take black papers, learn, only idle fairy tales and the practice of writing them is not at all admit. Moreover, they can rewrite these decrees or cases from the Chancellery.

9. When the student has laid the foundation enough in the scripture, then begin to write for him and numbers, and after being written out, one hour before noon and one hour after noon, go to an arithmetic school, so that not a lot suddenly enters into it, divide them by the hour, so that one another changed. After learning the threefold rules, start geometry.

For which each student in the school should be given government tools and 12 sheets of paper, on which all the scientist in arithmetic and geometry must write and store, so that, when testifying to the steward, he could not torn the paper and show what the masters of those sciences should be responsible for, and Those notebooks at the end of the year by the steward, having signed, should be given to the students so that they could not announce them again.

And even after arithmetic and geometry teachers are not yet assigned to all factories because of a shortage;

10. Ponezh at factories, students for their own benefit, so that they can go to the ranks of government and for the benefit of factories, so that they can show proper service with art and can bring benefits by inventing again, they need to learn various necessary arts and crafts, like: 1) and the most important thing is, ore according to their appearance to cognize and experience the inner content or to taste and see; 2) similar mechanics, that is, cunning, through which to learn the power of machines to subtract, to compose them again and usefully put into action; 3) architecture or the teaching of buildings, through which art will acquire, as any structure is calm and capable of intentional use, to lay down, to build firmly and to decorate with a decent look; 4) the science of signage and painting, to the same architecture and other sciences and crafts, is very useful to help, even after all natural things, the existing similarity in the members is understood and, moreover, it teaches to distinguish between light and shadow.

And all of these, from the lower artisan to the higher chief, are useful and necessary to everyone.

Others are especially necessary for artisans, for example: 5) to cut stones and facets, because, when mining ores, they get various stones, which sometimes cost many times more than ores of 1000 poods, but for ignorance are thrown; 6) the turning craft, as in fact for everyone, so especially at factories is necessary and useful; 7) carpentry, 8) soldering; mechanics and many other craftsmen need it, and if someone himself did not want to work, through this it is more convenient to tell and teach a craftsman about a case or composition.

And so that in all factories where there are skilled teachers or such artisans, everyone shares time, one hour at a time, although every day with changes, so that some come to this or that science before noon, and others in the afternoon, so that the teachers in the instruction could correct themselves and the disciples did not walk in vain for the multitude; so that every teacher knows what day and hour who has to study with him, the head of that school must distribute to all of them the murals ...

And so the students of all these can gradually learn. And when someone shows a great desire and ability for something, then he has more time to admit to that science, and to subtract or quite set aside in another. And for that, it is not scarce to procure the tools and the required materials and are ready to have government supplies. However, it is necessary to see that they do something for factories or for sale that is suitable for sale, so that the used supplies are not wasted in vain.

12. Managerial, clerk and clergy children, as soon as they learn to read and write purely in Russian, then they should be sent to the chief land surveyor for assignment to German, and clergy to Latin schools. And these more than eight years of age cannot be kept anywhere, but the church children do not need so much the aforementioned crafts, for their sake some, like carpentry, turning, assay, soldering, do not really teach, unless someone himself will be willing to do something, but instead to teach singing from notes, so that the singers in the church could be skilled.

13. Although above this about the arrival and departure of the student, the daily hours are shown, but from this all holidays and celebrations are turned off ... Moreover, every Saturday and Wednesday, when there is no holiday on school days, do not teach after lunch; if there is a holiday on Monday or another school day, then on Wednesday and Saturday at noon to teach, but on Saturday at noon, one hour before the usual release. Home for any house holidays, like the name day and so on, do not fire, but send them on weekdays. And if a pupil does not come at the appointed time and skips an hour or more, such punishment, except for beating, according to the above-shown in the 6th paragraph; if one walks without a proper reason all day, then punish him on the body; and if he skips for more than one day, then deduct three times from those who receive a salary why he comes to the school day, and moreover, inform the steward who will punish the helping parent or keeper evenly; and which schoolchildren do not receive, then from those parents to correct against those who receive students equal to him, and this money, writing down separately, to use for school expenses with certain ones for this, and for this purpose, write about all absenteeism in the monthly statements by the teacher by name.

14. Preference is of great benefit to learning to read and write and to good behavior. For this, it is very necessary to distinguish between the highest in science and the highest and always have a place with the lowest right hand took, despite his kind, no age. Another advantage: each in his own school, in which he has the other to excel, as if Simen before Marko in the Russian school - he also excels, and when Marco surpasses in another science, like geometry or signage, etc., then in this school he has Marco has the advantage ...

16. To compel the teachers of their pupils to cleanliness, so that no one washed and scratched himself or with uncircumcised nails would not come to school.

18. For teachers to make sure that parents, relatives and those with whom they stay, do not force their household chores, for example, chop wood, etc. spoil and write purely they are not able to, moreover, from this in science a considerable continuation is made, that these lessons given to them from this madness cannot be confirmed, and the teacher will have to answer that they have been studying for a long time in school.

19. He must suppress and dismiss all obscene student games, especially those that are not harmful, as if playing with a bitch, towns, meat, grandmother - this will shake his hand, and especially in fists, from that he can lose his eye, like cards and other games, but through frequent admonition to bring them into courtesy.

20. Pupils should be taught to speak honestly, to bow down, to honor the elders in word and place, not only in the school, but also in their homes. Likewise, students in front of other children who do not study, respect should be given, regardless of the rank of his father and years. But when a person of nobility comes to the schools for the cause or overseeing their science, then the students should get up from their seats, turning their faces to the person who comes, and bowing down according to the dignity of the person; if he asks about what, give a short rebuff with respect, and not enter into unnecessary conversation and dispute.

And even then, lies in infants and theft are such atrocities, through which, if they are not abstained in their youth, then at the age of rooted custom they banish any well-behaved admonition and deprive them of prosperity, for the sake of it, for the sake of it, to look after the disciples firmly and after reproof, not missing any the slightest, punish; if a reason or reason is given to that crime from the parents, then immediately inform the commander, who will punish the parents and owners; if the teacher despises, then he himself, as if indulging, will suffer.

22. Profanity and all sorts of obscene words, not only in the school, but also outside, are very strongly prohibited, and so that in the school, besides teaching, unnecessary extraneous conversations, and especially abuse, should not be allowed, for which, according to the decency of guilt and age, punish.

23. Have him about these students, who receive ... salary, every month a nominal register and mark against each name in the lines - (will not) appear why, sick or for excommunication where. And when submitting lists for giving a salary, write exactly about who has how many days of absenteeism and sick and dismissed in their studies.

And if one of the students gets sick, then immediately send it to the doctor in letters and write down the name from which and by which number was in the treatment of the doctor, it is also the same to take from him when writing.

24. Have him a daily note to everyone about the presence, as well as about absent and sick. And this should be submitted in thirds of a year, and to give a monthly salary to the commanders, however, so that from laziness they do not pretend to illnesses or unnecessarily multiply sorrows without proper supervision and treatment, the teacher should immediately declare about the sick doctor or healer and demand that he examined and about the content identified.

25. ... decrees and other written matters, which they received and will continue to receive from the authorities, to compose a numerical journal with numbers and enter with such a subscription - which numbers were received and under which No. And keep them always clean under good protection in a convenient place.

26. Have a special book in which to enter the outgoing report and other letters with numbers, what and with whom they will be sent to sign, under which he must sign, with whom he will send, to sign for the reception.

27. All books and instruments received by the government in schools have a receipt book and always write it down. And those who are given to students for training, those who write in the expense book are named - to whom which will be given - in his name with a receipt, and those who do not yet know how to write themselves, whom they believe instead of themselves, and without a note to the expense and without a receipt from the receivers not to give to anyone; and tell them to keep all their pleasant books and tools clean and intact and keep them under pain of punishment and monetary payment.