Topic: “Psychology of communication. Psychology test What is the meaning of the concept of informal communication

1. The active interaction of a person with the surrounding reality, in which he achieves a consciously set goal, is ... activity(s)

2. The element of the activity structure is ... action.(e)

3. The image of the desired future, the perceived result, to which the action is directed, is ... goal(s)

4. A relatively complete element of the activity structure, aimed at achieving the goal, is ... action(b)

5. What motivates a person to activity is ... motive(g)

Section Social psychology

Topic: Psychology of communication

1. Determine the match: Answer: ( a2 c1 e3)

2. Determine in which type of communication intermediate links are wedged in the form of a third person, mechanism, thing: indirect; (d)

3. Determine the name of the group of means of non-verbal communication, which is characterized by the inclusion of pauses, crying, laughter, sighs, coughing in speech: extralinguistics;(a)

4. Determine the name of the special area that studies the norms of the spatial and temporal organization of communication: proxemics; (b)

5. Determine the name of the position of the communication partner, whose state of mind reproduces the thoughts and reactions that the individual had in early childhood: child(b)

6. Determine the name of the side of communication, which means the process of perception of each other by communication partners and the establishment of mutual understanding on this basis: perceptual; (b)

7. Determine what social psychology studies:

patterns of behavior and activities of people, due to the fact of their inclusion in social groups, as well as the psychological characteristics of these groups themselves; (in)

8. Determine the nature of the interaction with the communication partner when the novelty effect is manifested: according to the latest information received about the communication partner; (but)

9. Determine the mechanism of cognition of another person, in which the individual puts himself in the place of a communication partner: identification; (but)

10. Determine, as a result of which effect of perception the most recent information has the greatest impact on the personality: novelty; (b)

11. Determine what meaning the concept of informal communication has: subjective personal; (but)

12. Indicate the name of the method in which a person is judged on the basis of a generalized characteristic of the social type to which he is assigned, called: social-typical; (b)

13. Define a group of means of non-verbal communication, including touching, shaking, kissing: takeshika. (G)

14. Define the name of the side of communication, meaning the process of exchanging information and actions: interactive; (but)

15. Determine the nature of the interaction with the communication partner when the secondary effect is manifested:

A) according to the latest information received about the communication partner; novelty

b) according to their own attitude towards a communication partner; Feedback

c) according to the first impression that has developed about the communication partner ; primacy

d) according to the attractiveness of the communication partner. Nothing is written

16. Determine the mechanism of cognition of another person, in which an individual cognizes the emotional state of another person: empathy; (in)

17. Determine, as a result of what effect of perception the first information in terms of time of receipt has the greatest influence on the personality: primacy; (in)

18. Determine the meaning of the concept of formal communication: due to social functions; (b)

19. The way in which a person is judged by his appearance is called: analytical; (but)

20. Determine the match: Answer: (a3 b2 c1 d4)

21. Define a group of means of non-verbal communication that studies the range, tonality, timbre and quality of the voice: paralinguistics; (in)

22. Determine how the message is transmitted according to the communication process model: channel;(in)

23. Determine the name of the special area involved in the study of facial expressions, gestures, body movements: kinesics; (in)

24. Indicate the name of the position of the communication partner, whose mental state reproduces social assessments, patronizing and controlling processes and actions from the point of view of their expediency for a person:

parent; (but)

25. Define the name of the side of communication, which means the process of exchanging information between partners: communicative; (in)

26. Determine the nature of interaction with a communication partner when the boomerang effect is manifested: according to their own attitude towards a communication partner; (b)

27. Determine the mechanism of cognition of another person, in which the individual analyzes the impact of the information provided on the partner and adjusts the further communication strategy on this basis: feedback mechanism. (G)

28. Determine, as a result of which effect of perception the installation on the communication partner is formed, and certain qualities are attributed to him: halo; (G)

29. Indicate the name of the process of attributing to each other, both the causes and the patterns of behavior themselves are called: causal attribution; (b)

30. What is the name of the way in which a person is judged on the basis of his emotional attractiveness or unattractiveness : emotional; (in)

31. Indicate the name of the communication zone, in which only close, well-known people are allowed : intimate; (in)

32. Determine the name of the interlocutor who is compliant and easily lost, does not allow himself to interrupt his communication partner, but patiently takes it down when he is interrupted: non-dominant; (in)

33. Determine the name of the interlocutor who is not inclined to external communication and is burdened by contacts. introvert; (b)

34. Determine the name of the interlocutor who needs some time to join the conversation, even if he is quite a decisive, self-confident person.

rigid. (G)

35. Indicate the name of the process as a result of which partners exchange information, emotions, develop a common strategy for perception, interaction and understanding of each other. communication; (in)

36. Indicate the form of communication in which people say not what they think, but what is supposed to be said in such cases . secular; (in)

37. Indicate the form of communication in which the interests of the case are more significant than possible personal differences. business; (b)

38. Indicate the form of communication in which communication is aimed at extracting benefits from the interlocutor using different techniques depending on the personality of the partner. manipulative; (but)

39. Indicate the form of communication in which all kinds of personal contacts of people outside of official relations. informal. (G)

Topic: Psychology of groups

1. Determine the name of a small community of people who are in direct personal contact and interaction with each other: small group. (G)

2. Give examples of a small group: team of workers; (but)

3. What is the main feature that distinguishes the team from any other group: social and socially useful significance of goals and objectives; (in)

4. Arrange in the correct sequence the stages of development of the labor collective. (C - a -b - d)

5. Determine the type of group whose views and norms serve as a model for the individual:

reference. (G)

6. Determine in what style of team management the leader is characterized by a rigid sole decision-making. authoritarian. (G)

7. Determine in what style of team management management decisions are made on the basis of a discussion of the problem, taking into account the opinions and initiatives of employees. democratic; (in)

8. Specify the name of the style of managing a team, characterized, on the one hand, by the maximum of democracy, and on the other, by a minimum of control. liberal-anarchist; (in)

9. What is the style of team management, in which an unpredictable transition of the leader from one style to another is manifested, which leads to poor performance. inconsistent or illogical; (in)

10. Determine under what phenomenon people tend to agree with the opinion of the group, even in the presence of internal disagreement: conformism; (b)

11. Specify the name of the phenomenon of acceleration or increase in the productivity of an individual in the presence of other people. facilitation. (G)

12. Specify the name of the phenomenon of deterioration in performance in the presence of other people. inhibition; (in)

13. Determine the match: (1. D 2. D 3. B)

14. The phenomenon of the influence of an individual .... is called ___ (leadership)

15. The ability of each member ... and is called ___ (contact)

16. The social and psychological community of individuals ... and is called ___ ( integrity)

17. Indicate the name of the group, membership and relationships in which are predominantly official. formal; (b)

18. Determine the name of the lowest level of development of the group, which is a random collection of people united by time and location. diffuse group; (but)

19. Put in the correct sequence the steps of forming a small group. (B - a - c)

Subject: Conflicts

1. Determine the match: (1G, 2B, 3A, 4B)

2. Determine the match: (1B, 2E, 3D)

3. Define the name of the conflict resulting from the disagreement: intrapersonal; (but)

4. Indicate the name of the conflict, the occurrence of which is associated with the personal characteristics of the conflicting. subjective; (in)

5. Define the name of the style of behavior in a conflict, in which, first of all, partners satisfy their own interests to the detriment of the interests of others. competition; (but)

6. Define the name of the style of behavior in the conflict, in which one of the participants in the conflict sacrifices his own interests for the sake of the other . fixture. (G)

7. Define the name of the style of behavior in the conflict, in which the participants in the conflict come to an alternative that fully satisfies the interests of both parties. cooperation. (G)

8. Define the name of the style of behavior in the conflict, in which an agreement between the participants in the conflict is achieved through mutual concessions. compromise; (b)

9. Arrange in the correct sequence the main stages of the implementation of the conflict. (B - d - a - c)

Topic: Pedagogy

1. Pedagogy studies and solves problems .. education; training, education (g)

2. Pedagogy is a science that studies facts and patterns ... education. (d)

3. Pedagogical branch of knowledge… c is one of the most ancient, it is practically inseparable and has always accompanied the development of society; (in)

4. The object of knowledge in pedagogy is ... the process of education and upbringing (c)

5. The subject of pedagogy is ... educational relationships that ensure the development of a person (s)

6. It does not apply to the main tasks of pedagogy ... Studying the causes of individual differences between people. (b)

7. The tasks of pedagogy are not ... creation of a model of an ideal person. (e)

8. Pedagogy is an exclusively theoretical science No, pedagogy is a science and an art. (c)

9. The study of the creative potential of a person and the ways to achieve it is engaged in ... acmeology.(g)

10. Purposeful organized work on the formation of beliefs, norms of behavior, character traits, etc. represents … education(s)

11. The difference between education and upbringing is that ... education is holistic, goes in all directions at once (a)

12.Training.. has a developing and educational influence (c)

13. An organized and purposeful process of transferring knowledge, developing skills and abilities is ... training(s)

14. The process and result of quantitative and qualitative changes is ... development(s)

15. The following types of human development are distinguished: ... physical, mental, spiritual and social. (d)

16. The process of personality development is determined by the following factors: ... biological, social and psychological. (d)

17. Biological natural factors that determine the development of the individual do not include ... abilities.(g)

18. Public social factors that determine the development of the individual do not include ... makings (g)

19. Psychological personality factors that determine the development of personality do not include ... anatomical and physiological features. (d)

20. The process and result of mastering a certain level of human culture is ... education(s)

21. The formation of certain attitudes towards objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, as well as worldview and behavior is ... education(s)

22. In the Middle Ages, the pedagogical idea prevailed ... religious asceticism, mortification of the flesh and spiritual enslavement of the individual; (b)

23. The class-lesson system of education was scientifically substantiated by ... Czech scientist and teacher Jan Amos Comenius.(b)

1. Determine the match:

The answer in the task is formulated as a letter and a number separated by commas. For example: A1, B2, C3.

Answer: a2 b1 e3

2. Determine in which type of communication intermediate links are wedged in the form of a third person, mechanism, thing:

a) short term

b) direct;

c) personal-group;

d) indirect; +

e) long term.

3. Determine the name of the group of means of non-verbal communication, which is characterized by the inclusion of pauses, crying, laughter, sighs, coughing in speech:

a) extralinguistics; +

b) prosody;

c) kinesics;

d) takeshika.

4. Determine the name of the special area that studies the norms of the spatial and temporal organization of communication:

a) takeshika;

b) proxemics; +

c) kinesics;

d) prosodic.

5. Determine the name of the position of the communication partner, whose state of mind reproduces the thoughts and reactions that the individual had in early childhood:

a) a parent

b) a child; +

c) an adult;

d) non-participation.

6. Determine the name of the side of communication, which means the process of perception of each other by communication partners and the establishment of mutual understanding on this basis:

a) interactive;

b) perceptual; +

c) communicative;

d) regulatory.

7. Determine what social psychology studies:

a) the psyche as a property of the brain to reflect objective reality;

b) the mental development of the individual in the process of life;

c) patterns of behavior and activities of people, due to the fact of their inclusion in social groups, as well as the psychological characteristics of these groups themselves; +

d) social norms that determine how an individual, a group or an entire cultural community reacts to gender differences.

8. Determine the nature of the interaction with the communication partner when the “novelty effect” is manifested:

9. Determine the mechanism of cognition of another person, in which the individual puts himself in the place of a communication partner:

a) identification; +

b) reflection;

c) empathy;

d) feedback mechanism.

10. Determine, as a result of which effect of perception the most recent information has the greatest impact on the personality:

a) halo;

b) novelty; +

c) primacy;

d) disinformation.

11. Determine the meaning of the concept of "informal communication":

a) subjective personal; +

b) due to social functions;

c) all answers are correct;

12. Indicate the name of the method in which a person is judged on the basis of a generalized characteristic of the social type to which he is assigned, called:

a) analytical;

b) socially typical; +

c) emotional;

d) associative.

13. Define a group of means of non-verbal communication, including touching, shaking, kissing:

a) extralinguistics;

b) prosody;

c) kinesics;

d) takeshika. +

14. Define the name of the side of communication, meaning the process of exchanging information and actions:

a) interactive; +

b) perceptual;

c) communicative;

d) regulatory.

15. Determine the nature of interaction with a communication partner in the event of a "secondary effect":

a) according to the latest information received about the communication partner; novelty

b) according to one's own attitude towards a communication partner; Feedback

c) according to the first impression that has developed about the communication partner; primacy

d) according to the attractiveness of the communication partner. Nothing is written

16. Determine the mechanism of cognition of another person, in which an individual cognizes the emotional state of another person:

a) identification;

b) reflection;

c) empathy; +

d) feedback mechanism.

17. Determine, as a result of what effect of perception the first information in terms of time of receipt has the greatest influence on the personality:

a) halo;

b) novelty;

c) primacy; +

d) disinformation.

18. Determine the meaning of the concept of "formal communication":

a) subjective personal;

b) due to social functions; +

c) all answers are correct;

d) There is no correct answer.

19. The way in which a person is judged by his appearance is called:

a) analytical; +

b) socially typical;

c) emotional;

d) associative.

20. Determine the correspondence:

The answer in the task is formulated as a letter and a number separated by commas. For example: A1, B2, C3, D4.

Answer: a3 b2 c1 e4

21. Define a group of means of non-verbal communication that studies the range, tonality, timbre and quality of the voice:

a) extralinguistics;

b) prosody;

c) paralinguistics; +

d) takeshika.

22. Determine how the message is transmitted according to the communication process model:

a) a communicator;

b) audience;

c) channel; +

d) message.

23. Determine the name of the special area involved in the study of facial expressions, gestures, body movements:

a) takeshika;

b) proxemics;

c) kinesics; +

d) prosodic.

a) a parent +

b) a child;

c) an adult;

d) non-participation.

25. Define the name of the side of communication, which means the process of exchanging information between partners:

a) interactive;

b) perceptual;

c) communicative; +

d) regulatory.

26. Determine the nature of interaction with a communication partner when the "boomerang effect" is manifested:

a) according to the latest information received about the communication partner;

b) according to one's own attitude towards a communication partner; +

c) according to the first impression that has developed about the communication partner;

d) according to the attractiveness of the communication partner.

a) identification;

b) reflection;

c) empathy;

d) feedback mechanism. +

28. Determine, as a result of which effect of perception the installation on the communication partner is formed, and certain qualities are attributed to him:

a) halo; +

b) novelty;

c) primacy;

d) disinformation.

29. Indicate the name of the process of attributing to each other, both the causes and the patterns of behavior themselves are called:

a) interpersonal attraction;

b) causal attribution; +

c) empathy;

d) reflection.

30. Determine the name of the method in which a person is judged on the basis of his emotional attractiveness or unattractiveness:

a) analytical;

b) socially typical;

c) emotional; +

d) associative.

Informal communication is all kinds of personal contacts that take place outside of official relations. In simple terms, it means a conversation between people without restrictions and compliance with the rules. And informal communication most often occurs spontaneously. To make contact with someone, a person does not need to formulate phrases in advance, come up with topics and prepare his thoughts. In this case, everything is much simpler. But from the point of view of psychology, this topic is of considerable interest. So it's worth exploring it further.

Types of communication

First, I would like to focus on general concepts. Consider the types and forms of communication, to be more precise. You should start with the most common classification.

There is material communication. We encounter it regularly, because it involves the exchange of products of activity or objects. Cognitive communication is also not rare. It involves the exchange of knowledge and information. And this means not only the contact between the teacher and students, the lecturer and students, the boss and subordinates. If one friend calls another to inquire about the weather in his city before coming to visit, this is also cognitive communication. Let it be informal.

Also, we are all very familiar with conditioning communication. With peers, it is practiced most often. After all, the exchange of emotions and feelings is implied. A striking example is the situation when a person tries to cheer up his sad friend.

Speaking about the types and forms of communication, it is necessary to single out one more category. It's called motivational. It implies the exchange of goals, desires, interests, motivations and interests. It manifests itself both in informal and business communication. Trying to get a friend to go camping is just as motivating as a bonus promised to the employee with the most deals.

The last type of communication in the traditional system is called activity. It consists in the exchange of skills and habits. It is carried out in the process of joint activities and often in a formal setting.

Primary intimacy level

Now we can move on to the main topic. Psychologists believe that informal communication exists on the basis of two levels of intimacy. The initial one is called primary.

It is formed at the first contact. Surely it happened to everyone that after an hour of communication with a new acquaintance, the impression was that he was a good old friend. A long acquaintance is not required for this, a high spontaneity of emotional perception, an unconscious feeling of joy is manifested.

The situation does not lend itself to volitional regulation, since in the vast majority of cases the only thing people want is to continue the conversation. Not surprising, because the primary level is characterized by extraordinary ease, a high degree of understanding and trust, frankness. This is the same case when a newly-made friend, an hour after they met, is called a soul mate.

Rational level

It is formed after some time has passed since the beginning of communication between people. The rational level is based on the awareness by contacting people of the similarity of norms, values, life experience and attitudes. It is believed that such informal communication is more stable.

There are even traditionally distinguished groups that are often found in collectives. They represent a small informal union within one large integral business structure.

Variety of groups

It is customary to single out "couples" - a union of two people who mutually sympathize with each other. Often one of them only complements or accompanies the other.

There are also triangles. As you might have guessed, these are three people who experience mutual sympathy. They adhere to informal communication and form their own core within the business team - small, but close and united.

Still distinguish "squares". Most often this is a set of pairs. And the relationship between them is not always the same intensity.

Also in the teams there are "chains", which are often the source of gossip, rumors and the well-known "spoiled phone".

The last informal group is called the "star". Its core is a conditional leader who unites all the others.

contradictions

There is an opinion that informal communication observed between members of the work team does not always have a positive effect on labor activity.

Situations in which friendly relations bind the leader and the subordinate cause particular contradictions. Gossip, speculation, envy and suspicion from other colleagues cannot be avoided. All actions of the employee will be considered almost under a microscope. Even a well-deserved praise or award will look like it was received "by pull". Some people who are not marked by the goodwill of the authorities will be very angry, especially aggressive ones will not hesitate to start plotting.

And it happens that the employee himself, close to the management, begins to show frivolity, relaxation. Professional responsibilities recede into the background. Why focus on work when your buddy is the boss? In the end, everything ends badly. Informal communication and friendship are sharply suppressed. The leader is fed up with such behavior, and he begins to treat a friend not as a comrade, but as a useless irresponsible employee. He, naturally, is offended and loses the desire to communicate further. This is a vivid and frequent example of proof that personal relationships and business relationships should not be confused.

On the example of friendship

There are different types of interpersonal relationships. But friendship is the best example of informal communication. It is based on sympathy, common interests and affection, and there is no place for a business style of speech in it.

Dialogue and monologue between friends is light, laid-back. Often they discuss something in their own language, their speech is replete with "private" neologisms. They also know almost everything about each other.

What makes such communication possible? Communication skills that are often not even realized by people. These include the ability to take into account not only your own representative system, but also the interlocutor. It is also important to be able to positively formulate the goals of communication, take into account the interests and values of the opponent, and be flexible in the process of dialogue. It is also necessary to be observant to changes in the emotional state of the interlocutor and tune in to his "wave" when necessary. And the above is only a small part of what the art of communicating with people implies.

Speech style

It is also worth noting. Surely everyone saw how the communication of children proceeds. It is effortless and as simple as possible. Children speak the way they think. Informal dialogue implies the same. This is a real moral rest for the individual. After all, a person can express his thoughts the way he wants, and not as prescribed by the rules. What is called conversational style of speech.

Colloquial and neologisms, jargon, slang, phraseological units, expressively colored or diminutive words, truncation, substantiation - all this and much more can contain dialogue and monologue, sustained in a colloquial style.

Speech "interference"

In general, as could be understood from the foregoing, a person in an informal style of communication is given complete freedom of speech. However, not everyone can use it. Why? Everything is elementary. Many people become so accustomed to communicating in a businesslike manner that even being in an informal setting, they continue to talk in a formal style.

In principle, there is nothing wrong with this, but it looks, at times, inappropriate. After all, the business style of speech is characterized by compactness and conciseness of presentation, the use of specific terminology, denominative prepositions, complex conjunctions and verbal nouns. But most of all, the lack of emotional speech means and expression attracts attention.

Distance

So, the characteristics of communication styles were given, now I would like to pay attention to the importance of distance. All people are in contact with each other, being at a certain distance. Traditionally, there are four communication zones.

The first is intimate (about 15 cm). Only the closest people usually fall into this zone. Because it can be compared to private intangible property - it's a very personal space. If an unpleasant or alien person tries to penetrate there, then there is a feeling of discomfort.

The second zone is called personal (up to 50 cm). Suitable for both business and informal communication. Approximately half a meter and usually separates friends talking at ease in a bar or cafe at a table. So it is more convenient to see the interlocutor.

The third and fourth zones are called social (up to 1.2 m) and public (over 1.2 m). They are typical for formal communication.

Communication rules: what not to do

This topic is also worth noting. From early childhood, communication with peers teaches us to build a dialogue, cooperate with people around us, and exchange opinions. Over the years, primitive skills are enriched, improved, replenished with new ones. However, there are people who find it very difficult to find a language with others. Sometimes, business relations seem to them simpler than informal, everyday ones. It is they who care about what in the process should be avoided.

If you want to build a positive and productive dialogue, then you do not need to ask personal and vulgar questions. Flattery should also be avoided. A discreet compliment is able to please the interlocutor and set him up for a conversation, but excessive admiration, bordering on fanaticism, will only alert.

Still no need to "twitch". It is important to keep your body under control. And it’s not enough to talk about yourself, interrupt, shout over, lie and invent something, just to develop the conversation. Also, you don’t need to think too long about the answer and look past the interlocutor - you need to learn to deal with embarrassment.

Principles of good dialogue

Continuing the topic of how to communicate correctly, it is worth noting the rules that are the basis of informal relationships.

The most important of them - do not be afraid to show interest in the interlocutor. No idea how to start a conversation? You can just ask the person to be interesting. Let him tell you something about himself. The question can be about anything. Favorite movies, music genre, places to stay in the city. Without bringing the conversation to the topic, you can ask if a person has been anywhere abroad. Yes? Then it will not be superfluous to clarify exactly where and what is interesting there. Not? So, you can clarify whether there is a desire to go somewhere and see something. This theme is very easy to develop.

You can also discuss something topical. Every day, countless events take place in the world. Nobody forbids highlighting the most significant of them and asking the interlocutor what he thinks of him. Then, in most cases, in the course of the conversation, a few more topics suitable for discussion “pop up”.

Correspondence

This is a great way to improve your art of communicating with people. Today, social networks provide endless opportunities for this. In addition, the written form of informal communication is much simpler than oral.

First, a person has a chance to formulate his thought. He can type it in the window, reread it, correct it. Or delete and write again, in a different way. In other words, a person in social networks is able to learn how to build a dialogue correctly.

In addition to the formation of a culture of communication, an emotional “disclosure” of the personality is also carried out. A person who previously did not know how to communicate, who suffered from shyness, indecision and complexes, acquires skills that are necessary for existence in society. The most important thing is to learn how to transfer them to reality later.

Finally

In summary, I would like to say that they are the best example of social interaction between people. In the course of them, the individual uniqueness of each person, peculiar manners, specificity of speech and communication are manifested. It is the informal, everyday, simple atmosphere that allows you to recognize this or that individual as a person with a capital letter. Because in any other forms and types of communication there are rules and boundaries. And only in the informal sphere this is not the case.