African tribe Tubu. tuba factor. The consequences of the Libyan war in Saharan politics. Libyan-Chadian war and its aftermath

Strategic Reserves Colonel

Probably, preparations for the upcoming “Friday in Tripoli” did not even begin today, but last night, and its dawn is such that you do not have time to be surprised at the information received.

Earlier it was said that fierce fighting was going on around the international airport in Tripoli, in which the main forces were dug in foreign mercenaries and services, Let me remind you, called the “green zone” of the airport.

It is around this “green zone” that fierce, if not the main battles are going on, with the use of longer-range missiles and other equipment. There is nothing new in this either, if not for one “but” ....

The fighting here is conducted by the “Green Guard from the Tubu Tribe”! It's the most important. It is most important. Below I have given a minimum of information (Google to help) on this oldest tribe in Africa, considered on a par with the Tuareg great warriors of the Sahara. And I don’t know here, whether the Colonel gave them the airport to be torn to pieces or Tuba set a condition - “Colonel, give us a specific goal”! But one of the two is correct.

The strength of the onslaught of the Tubu warriors is such that the mercenaries, dressed in civilian clothes, and some of them in women's attire, flee from this hell arranged by the Tubu tribe.

Because the areas around the airport are blocked and b The soldiers of the Resistance are already identifying these “virgins”. And in the hands of these fighters there are already “dossiers” on them.

The fighting in Tripoli and the military operation throughout the airport area continue.

P.S. I have more than once cited here references to N. Sologubovsky, who lived and worked for many years in this region, in the Sahara. And knowing the inhabitants there is not from reference books. So he has repeatedly stated from the first days of the war that those who got involved in this war in Libya do not even understand who they are fighting against. That is, the “matrix” of Africa is such that the visible tribes of Libya are nothing against its true tribal ties throughout the continent.

It was these “connections” that got “connected” - the Tubu tribe, like the early Tuareg.

“Woke up” and the tribes of Rafla (Varfalla), which, according to the rabbit breeder, made a deal with the PNS, therefore they are behaving “modestly”! This is “mata hari” for him, probably a report ala.

But according to my information, it was the Colonel's order: sit still! The strategic reserve was called under Stalin. And only a narrow-minded person could assume that the Colonel does not know such things.

So the Colonel brings his reserves into battle. And think now, WHO is the Colonel for these peoples and tribes of Africa? And who can compare in this influence with him in ... history, with such authority?

PP.S. The leader of the tribe Varfalla (Warfala) was brutally murdered in his home. He was a calm and wise old man (Leoner, who knows him from speeches at the congress of tribes, writes about him), who always advocated a rapprochement with Libya.He never used a weapon.

I think now this tribe will arrange a real hell for this mercenary and Al Qaeda. And not only in Libya already…

****

Tubu (tibbu, teda) (translated from Arabic - “rock man”) is a people living in the Central Sahara (mainly in the Republic of Chad, small groups in Niger and Libya). The number is more than 350 thousand people. They are divided into two main groups: theda (in the north) and daza (in the south). They speak the Tubu language, which belongs to the Saharan family (Nilo-Saharan macrofamily). They practice Islam.

Some ethnographers believe that the Tubu tribe is the oldest tribe in Africa that has developed its own traditions and culture.

In one of the issues of the magazine "Around the World" it is said that the representatives of this people are incredibly hardy: they live on the waterless high plateau of the Tibesti in conditions of high temperature, they can go without food for a long time, and the food itself does not include animal proteins. In addition, in the opinion of a European, it is rather meager, and consists of tea infused with desert herbs, "a few dates and a handful of millet." Nevertheless, representatives of the people live a very long time and "retain all their teeth until a very old age."

These people survive almost without food and water and are famous for their longevity.

The Tubu people live in the harsh conditions of the Sahara Desert. They have almost no water, their faces are burned by the hot desert air, and their food is scarce and devoid of variety. At the same time, people of the tribe can stay in the sun all day without harm to themselves, and citizens of the most highly developed countries of the world can envy their health and life expectancy.

Everyone knows that the Sahara is not the most comfortable place to live on the planet. But that part of it, where the tuba settled, is distinguished by particularly harsh conditions. This people lives on the territory of three countries: Chad, Libya and Niger. Most of the representatives of this people, whose number is 300-350 thousand people, live in northwestern Chad. In the center of the region is the desert rocky Tibesti plateau with altitudes from 1000 to 3000 m above sea level. Rains in this place are very rare, and the average amount of precipitation per year is no more than 50 mm. Beyond the borders of the highlands, the precipitation is somewhat more, and here rivers even flow for several weeks, which, however, quickly turn into dry hollows. In such arid conditions and on poor sandy soil, only date palms grow well, the fruits of which are an important part of the diet of the Tubu people.
The Tubu people are divided into two ethnic groups: the Teda, who live in southern Libya, and the Daza, who live mainly in northern Chad and Niger. These branches speak different but related languages. The way of life of this people is not much different from that which their ancestors led hundreds of years ago. Where they allow natural conditions, tuba is grown along the beds of temporary watercourses, crops such as millet, barley and wheat. In oases, where there are water sources, tuba is planted with figs and dates.
But most of the representatives of the Tubu people are engaged in nomadic pastoralism and caravan trade, which is a more honorable occupation than agriculture. In conditions of sparse vegetation and the absence of full-fledged pastures, the tuba manage to breed camels and goats, whose milk supplements their meager diet. Camels in general are an essential part of the life of the tubu. Salt and other goods are transported on these animals, as they did thousands of years ago, because there are no roads in this part of the Sahara. In addition, camels give tuba leather for making various household items, wool and meat, so without them the people of the Sahara simply cannot survive in such difficult conditions.
Although the Tubu are Muslims, some of them follow traditional beliefs, and many of their customs are not as strict as in some Islamic countries. This is especially true for women, who play an equally important role in the family as men. Tubu women are not required to cover their heads with a headscarf, and when deciding important family issues, their voice is often decisive.
Interestingly, tuba men are able to overcome 80-90 km per day, following along with camel caravans under the mercilessly scorching sun. Eating dates and washing down all this "abundance of food" with strong herbal tea, the tuba is able to make many days of crossing the desert and feel great at the same time. Belgian scientists who accompanied the nomads on one of their campaigns monitored the health of these hardy people. The scientific expedition almost failed due to the fact that the Europeans, who were traveling in comfortable jeeps equipped with everything necessary for a comfortable journey, felt very bad by the evening of the first day. But the tubas who walked the 80-kilometer journey looked the same as at the beginning of the day, and their blood pressure, pulse and other indicators of the cardiovascular system were in absolute order. In addition, according to studies, tuba maintain excellent health into old age, and infant mortality rates among this people are the lowest in Africa.

Olga Frolova,
Travelask.ru

The possibilities of man are endless. This is led to believe by the incredible people of the Tubu people, living in the cruel conditions of the Sahara desert. They are deprived of sufficient water, their faces are scorched by the hot desert air, and their food is scarce and devoid of variety. But they can be in the sun all day, and citizens of the most highly developed countries of the world can envy their health and life expectancy.

Everyone knows that the Sahara is not the most comfortable place to live on our planet. But that part of it, where the tuba settled, is distinguished by particularly harsh conditions. This people lives on the territory of three countries: Chad, Libya and Niger. But the majority of representatives of this people, whose number is 300-350 thousand people, live in northwestern Chad. In the center of the region is the desert rocky Tibesti plateau with altitudes from 1000 to 3000 meters above sea level. Rains in this place are very rare, and the average amount of precipitation per year is no more than 50 mm. For comparison: in sunny Astrakhan, this figure is about 220 millimeters per year. Beyond the borders of the highlands, the precipitation is somewhat more, and here rivers even flow for several weeks, which, however, quickly turn into dry hollows. In such arid conditions and on poor sandy soil, only date palms grow well, the fruits of which are an important part of the diet of the Tubu people.

The Tubu people are divided into two ethnic groups: the Teda, who live in southern Libya, and the Daza, who live mainly in northern Chad and Niger. These branches of the Tubu people speak different but closely related languages belonging to the same Saharan language family. The way of life of this people is not much different from that which their ancestors led hundreds of years ago. Where natural conditions permit, tuba is grown along temporary watercourses with crops such as millet, barley and wheat. In oases, where there are sources of water, tuba is planted with figs and dates, which are almost their own. national dish. There is even a folk proverb on this topic: “Tubu is content with a date a day: in the morning he eats the peel, in the afternoon - the pulp, and in the evening - the bone.”

But most of the representatives of the Tubu people are engaged in nomadic pastoralism and caravan trade, which is a more honorable occupation than agriculture. In conditions of sparse vegetation and the absence of full-fledged pastures, the tuba manage to breed camels and goats, whose milk supplements their meager diet. Camels in general are an essential part of the life of the tubu. They transport salt and other goods, as they did thousands of years ago, because there are no full-fledged highways in this part of the Sahara. In addition, camels give tuba leather for making various household items, wool and meat, so without them the people of the Sahara simply cannot survive in such difficult conditions.

Although the Tubu are Muslims, some of them follow traditional beliefs, and many of their customs are not as strict as in some Islamic countries. This is especially true for women, who play an equally important role in the family as men. Tubu women are not required to cover their heads with a headscarf, and when deciding important family issues, their voice is often decisive.

Interestingly, tuba men are able to overcome 80-90 kilometers per day, following along with camel caravans under the mercilessly scorching sun. Eating dates and washing down all this "abundance of food" with strong herbal tea, the tuba is able to make many days of crossing the desert and feel great at the same time. Belgian scientists who accompanied the nomads on one of their campaigns monitored the health of these hardy people. The entire scientific expedition almost failed due to the fact that the Europeans, who were traveling in comfortable jeeps equipped with everything necessary for a comfortable journey, felt very bad by the evening of the first day. But the tubas who walked the 80-kilometer journey looked the same as at the beginning of the day, and their blood pressure, pulse and other indicators of the cardiovascular system were in absolute order. In addition, according to studies, tuba maintain excellent health into old age, and infant mortality rates among this people are the lowest in Africa.

The Tubu are an African people who inhabit the central part of the Sahara Desert. Its representatives lead a semi-nomadic lifestyle. The culture and traditions of Africans are very different from European ones. Difficult living conditions made the people incredibly persistent and hardy.

population

The Tubu people are made up of two ethnic groups: daza and teda. Their number is estimated at 350,000 people.

Where live

The bulk of the Tubu people live on the territory of the Republic of Chad. This is a state belonging to Central Africa, which does not have a coastline. In the north of the country lies the rocky Sahara desert and the Tibesti mountain plateau. The southern part is occupied by savannas and swamps. Tubu are concentrated mainly on rocky terrain. In addition to Chad, small groups of this people live in Niger, Libya.

Language

The Tubu people speak the Tubu languages (Teda and Daza), which belong to the Saharan family of languages. About 420,000 people speak Tubu languages, as they are also spoken by other peoples inhabiting Chad. The Teda language is more common in the north of the country, in the south Daza prevails, dividing into several dialects. At the same time, daza has a larger number of carriers. Also, residents of Chad can speak Arabic and French, which are official in this country.

Name

Tubu means "rock man" in Arabic. So the Arabs called the people who settled on the stone plateaus of Tibesti and Tenere.

Religion

The people of the tuba profess Islam, which was introduced by the Arabs during the Middle Ages. It is a fairly common religion in Africa. Most of the inhabitants are Sunnis.

History

Ethnographers attribute tuba to the oldest tribes that existed in Africa. Fossil finds indicate that the first man appeared there about 100,000 years ago. It has been established that the Sahara used to have a humid climate, there were forests and fertile lands. Ancient tribes already 10,000-13,000 years ago knew how to cultivate the land, raised cattle. There were such crafts as fishing, melon growing, gardening. Around the 5th century BC, the climate changed, the Sahara became arid, with scanty rainfall. The finds of historians indicate that before our era, African tribes mined iron. They knew how to melt metals (copper, lead, bronze). The tribes were also engaged in hunting and gathering. From the 9th to the 14th centuries, the state of Kanem arose on the territory of the Tubu tribe. In the 10-11 centuries, the Islamization of the ruling elite took place, which had long been carried out by Muslim sultanates in North and East Africa.

After the collapse of Kanem, the Islamic sultanates of Vadai and Bagirmi were formed on these lands, which often entered into military conflicts. Later, they were absorbed by the state of Rabbah, which had a strong large army (19th century). At the beginning of the 20th century, the French began to seize the territories of Rabbah. As a result of the military operation, the lands near Lake Chad became a French colony. In World War II, soldiers were recruited from among the local Africans to fight the Italo-German troops. By 1960, Chad gained independence. Since then, unrest began within the country, which continues to this day. Basically, they arise for political and other reasons between Africans and Arabs.

Appearance

Tubu belong to the African type of the Negroid race. Anthropologists believe that the appearance of Negroids was formed under the influence of climatic conditions of drought and heat. The representatives of this people have a very dark, almost black skin color. This is due to the increased content of melanin (a substance that affects the color pigment). It protects the skin from ultraviolet radiation. Rigid black hair does not allow the head to overheat. The tuba has a short nose with wide nostrils. This is necessary for good air exchange. The lips are very plump, like all Negroids. Physiologically, this is justified by the fact that this creates a larger volume of the mucous membrane through which excess moisture evaporates. The section of the eyes is narrow compared to representatives of other Negroid peoples. Perhaps this is due to the need to protect the eyes from sand and wind. In general, the tuba is satisfied with attractive. They have a neat oval face, in which lively black eyes contrast sharply with a white-toothed smile.

A life

Chad is a very poor country with a low standard of living. Most of the population lives on the edge of poverty. The state of affairs with education and health care is sad. There are practically no literate people. Infectious diseases are common, and outbreaks of intestinal diseases are frequent. This is due to a shortage of pure drinking water. Hospitals are only major cities, away from the Tubu settlements. In many respects, the difficult economic situation is caused by the country's location and climate. The state is remote from the sea, most of it is occupied by mountain plateaus, rocky desert. The tuba lives in this part. At a considerable distance from them is Lake Chad. Precipitation is very rare, the climate is tropical and drought-prone. There are almost no rivers, during thunderstorms small areas of the plains are filled with water for a short time. Sandstorms often occur. All this greatly affects the life of the inhabitants of the country.
Education of the population is hampered by the fact that teaching is conducted mainly in French. Representatives of the tuba understand the colonial language, however, assimilation curricula does not seem easy to them. The government of the country has established compulsory primary education for all residents since 1960. Despite this, the percentage of students in schools is negligible. promotion educational program greatly hinder civil wars in Chad. Despite the presence of oil and precious metals, the country's GDP is very low. Agricultural activities predominate, accounting for 57% of GDP.
Representatives of the tubu, living on a mountain plateau, are mainly engaged in cattle breeding. They lead a nomadic or semi-nomadic life. Within the tribe, this is considered a privileged occupation. Nomads are higher in the social hierarchy than peasants. Tuba is bred for camels, horses, donkeys. Basically, these animals are needed for movement. Their milk is also used as food. In some areas, sheep and goats are bred. Individual Tubu tribes inhabit the oasis regions:

Kavar
Kufra
Fezzan.

There is a more favorable climate for agriculture. Barley, millet, wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane, and corn are grown in oases. Manual labor is used. The communal type of land use is widespread. Also cultivated date palm, the fruits of which are the main food of the tube. Savannahs live by hunting and gathering. Of the crafts developed:

Leatherworking.
Manufacturing musical instruments.
Manufacture of ritual masks.
carving by Ivory.
Jewelry business.

Bags, shoes, saddles, various accessories are made from snake and crocodile skin. Containers for water and wine are sewn from bull skin. Jewelers produce massive jewelry from precious metals: gold, silver, copper. The production of figurines from bronze, brass, and ivory is widespread. There is weaving. Cotton materials are produced for the manufacture of national clothes. The basis of the social structure of the tuba is represented by family communities. At the conclusion of marriages, the girls come to the husband's house. The account of relationship is kept on the father. Polygamy takes place, and marriages within the family (cross-cousins) are also common. Every community has a leader. It is divided into free members, dependents and nobles.

Traditions

Although the Tubu are officially considered to be Muslims, many of their traditions have been preserved since pre-Islamic times. The wedding ceremony is interesting. Wooing a girl he likes begins with the fact that a young man steals one of her jewelry. So he shows her that he wants to become her husband. After that, he must bring gifts to the girl's father. Negotiations then begin on the amount of the ransom that the groom will pay to the bride's family. The amount of the payment is determined, which is allowed not only to give in the form of money or goods, but also to work out. This can take a long time: 1-2 years.
The bride price is no longer seen as payment for the loss of a daughter, but as a guarantee of a successful marriage. In the event of termination, all wedding gifts returned to the groom's family. There are many costs associated with the wedding, as it lasts for a whole 7 days. After the wedding, the young spouses spend some time in the wife's family, so that her parents are convinced that the husband treats her well. Despite being allowed to have multiple wives, many families are monogamous, as multiple wives require a large amount of money to maintain.
Within the family, husband and wife have almost equal rights. Decisions are made by the man, but the opinion of the wife is taken into account. Tubu have unusual attitudes for Islamic families. If the wife does not like something in the behavior of a man, she goes to her parents, and she can only be returned with the help of numerous gifts. The woman is the rightful owner of the house. Among nomads, only the wife has the right to put up a tent, and no one enters the house without her permission. Women are engaged in collecting dates, cooking, caring for domestic animals. Men herd cattle, take long trips for the purpose of trade. An interesting fact is that men make clothes for the whole family. In the mountains, it is made from animal skins.

Tubu women are aggressive. Perhaps the reason for this is life in difficult conditions, full of hardships and difficulties, constant military conflicts. Many ladies go armed. They carry a knife or a sharpened animal horn. They can fight back against an unfamiliar man, which is respected within the tribe. Wives often interfere in the internal problems of the community. They can also sort things out with their fellow tribesmen with the help of weapons.

Cloth

Men dress traditionally for nomadic tribes. Their costume consists of wide trousers and a long shirt. They are sewn from white or beige fabric, sometimes blue. A turban is worn on the head. Girls wear long dresses with national motifs: floral, zoomorphic patterns. Clothing such as the Indian sari is also common - long strips of matter are wrapped around the body, covering the entire figure with them. Scarves are tied on the head. This is done more for protection from sand and sun, as tuba women may not cover their heads, unlike Muslim ones. Outfits are chosen in bright colors: blue, green, orange, crimson. In the cities they wear clothes in the European style: long skirts with tight-fitting blouses. Girls love to decorate themselves with jewelry. These are beads, bracelets, nose rings, head pendants.

Peculiarities

A distinctive feature of the tuba is a rare endurance. They are able to overcome several tens of kilometers a day under the scorching sun. At the same time, their entire daily diet consists of a few dates and herbal tea. The representatives of this tribe recorded a longer life expectancy than other tribes. They are distinguished by good health and longevity. Belgian scientists became interested in this phenomenon and decided to investigate the physiology of the people. They undertook an 80-kilometer march, together with nomads, through the desert. Tubu people walked or rode camels.

The Belgians traveled in comfortable jeeps equipped with air conditioning. Also they had European food, drinks and everything you need. Nevertheless, already in the middle of the journey, the Belgians felt extremely tired and exhausted by the hard road. They suffered from the scorching sun, hot wind and sand. By the end of the trip, their condition was close to shock. When the pressure and other indicators were measured in the representatives of the tuba, it turned out that they were normal. The nomads felt well and showed no signs of fatigue. The Europeans were unable to uncover the secret of endurance, although they speculated that it was the consumption of camel's milk and the nutrients contained in dates. Perhaps further study of the data obtained by the expedition will help scientists solve this mystery.

Tubu woman

💥 Centenarians of the Sahara desert: the people of this people puzzled European researchers. 💥

The endurance of the Tubu people is legendary.

Tubu live in the heart of the Sahara, at the junction of Chad, Niger and Libya, on the waterless high plateau of the Tibesti.

They tolerate 50-degree heat very well.
they can go without food for a long time, while making long transitions through the desert.

This people has a fairly long life expectancy and a low infant mortality rate.

Last autumn, an international expedition set off to study the mysterious people.

This trip, organized by three Belgian universities, was nothing like a walk.

The surrounding landscape resembled pictures of the lunar surface - lifeless craters, stones, nothingness.

The nearest oasis with three dozen date palms is three hundred kilometers away.

Scientists have traveled 2.5 km together with the nomadic people and made sure that the living conditions of the tuba are really extreme.

None of the group could have spent more than a few days there,
if the equipment of the expedition did not include specially equipped tents, self-powered portable refrigerators and air-conditioned all-terrain vehicles.

Scientists were interested in how tuba resist dehydration? What do they eat?

What provides their fantastic endurance - nomads make transitions of 80-90 kilometers through the rocky desert, where the temperature rarely drops below 45 degrees in the shade, if this shade can be found.

At the same time, tubas are distinguished by longevity enviable for Africa, they retain teeth until old age.

The tuba is beautifully folded.

They have delicate facial features - a straight nose, even lips, lively eyes. True, because of the annoying midges, which do not give rest either day or night, the whites of the eyes, especially in children, are constantly red.

The base camp was set up by the expedition in the town of Bilma;
tubes come there for salt, then to transport it on camels to the countries lying south of the Sahara.

Contacts with the tuba were established quickly.

And when the expedition pilot invited the four elders to ride in a winged car, the relationship became quite friendly.

Doctors took blood for analysis - about four hundred samples, placed immediately in the refrigerator.

Nutritionists tried to study the diet. Here the first surprises awaited them.

A local proverb says: "Tubu is satisfied with a date a day - in the morning he eats the peel, in the afternoon - the pulp, and in the evening - the stone." The saying turned out to be far from the truth.

The tubu menu, which does not change throughout the year, consists of a thick herbal tea that they drink for breakfast,
a few dates for lunch and a handful of boiled millet,
to which is sometimes added Palm oil or sauce of grated roots - for dinner. Everything.

The expedition moved through the desert in "jeeps".

“From fatigue, we could not sit behind the wheel,” recalls one of the doctors, “and the tuba moved forward with a measured step.

By the end of the 40-kilometer hike, their heart rate and blood pressure were the same as at the beginning. We were in shock."

At the stop, the tuba family was offered to taste meat broth prepared in a European way.

After tasting it, the nomads began to spit in disgust.

The taste of meat is unfamiliar to them.

How can they do without animal protein? The scientists thought for a long time.

All data obtained as a result of a trip to the Sahara will be carefully studied.

But will the microscope and chemical analyzes reveal the secret of the amazing endurance of the desert dwellers?

________________________________________

ABOUT THE TUBU PEOPLE

Tubu man

TUBU (“inhabitant of the Tibesti” in the Kanuri language), tebu, tibbu, teda, Goran, people in Chad, Niger and Libya . They live in the Central Sahara, in the Tibesti highlands and neighboring territories (from the Murzuk oasis in the north to the Bahr el-Ghazal region in the south and from the Air plateau in the west to the Kufra oasis in the east). Number in Chad 430 thousand people, in Niger 20 thousand people, in Libya 5 thousand people. Zagawa and Kanuri are related. They speak the Tubu language (Tebu, Goran or Daza) of the Saharan group of the Nilo-Saharan family. Dialects: Dazaga, Tedaga. Tubu are Sunni Muslims. The division into sub-ethnic groups is preserved: the theda (tubu-tu) in the Tibesti highlands and the daza (annakaza) south of the theda.

Theda breed camels and goats, in small irrigated areas they are engaged in manual farming (wheat, barley, millet), as well as hunting and gathering fruits of wild date palms. The Daza, living on the border with the agricultural zone of the savannas, combine pastoralism (cattle and small cattle) with irrigated agriculture (date palm, cereals, vegetables). Of the handicrafts of the tuba, weaving, leather processing (saddles, bags, shoes, vessels) and metal are developed. The lifestyle is semi-sedentary or semi-nomadic.

Nomadic pastoralists live in portable lung dwellings. wooden frame covered with mats. The permanent settlements of farmers consist of round adobe dwellings with a conical thatched roof.

The basis of traditional social organization is large-family communities and patronymics. The patrilineal kinship account. The marriage settlement is virilocal. Polygyny and cross-cousin marriages are practiced; cross-cousin marriages are prohibited. Society is stratified into noble (m "bang), free (n" gar) and dependent (bere). Councils under the leaders (ngarta) play an important role.

Of the main genres of folklore, fairy tales, proverbs and songs are the most common.

Men's clothing is a very wide and long white or yellow shirt (arragi) with a square neckline and tight trousers (surual), sandals and a small hat or turban, women's clothing is a long colored dress or skirt, a scarf.