Making Filimonovo toys. "Filimonovskaya Toy" - Document. I believe that without knowing the history of their homeland, a person will not be able to assess the present and future of his country. In the museum, we held an exhibition of clay toys, to which we invited everyone.

Filimonovskaya toy appeared in the Tula region in the small village of Filimonovo. According to some reports, this fishery appeared more than a thousand years ago and exists to this day. Now the Filimonovo toy has practically not changed, and local craftswomen still pass on knowledge from generation to generation.

Fishing history

This area has never been famous for its rich harvest, but the peasants found a way out - pottery. Men sculpted bricks to build houses, made kitchen utensils, and women collected leftover clay and created toys for children. At first, they sculpted for themselves, but to entertain the children, and then they began to sell products at local fairs. We went to bazaars in the nearest cities and towns.

My grandmother told the secrets of modeling to children and grandchildren, who had been involved in the family craft from an early age. At the age of eight, girls were able to create simple clay figures, and by the age of twenty they had a good dowry, collected from the sale of multi-colored "whistles".

By the middle of the 19th century, the craft became known far beyond the redistribution of the Tula region. All over the country, they loved bright clay figurines, bought them at fairs and gave them to children. During this period, almost all families in the Filimonovo village lived off pottery. However, the popularity of the products declined at the beginning of the twentieth century. People were looking for new ways of earning money, the number of craftsmen and craftswomen was noticeably reduced. There were only three women left in the village who did not give up their craft and continued to sculpt from clay.

Production improved in the 50s, when people again became interested in Filimonov toys. Folk craft quickly returned to its former track, craftswomen again took up the creation of clay figurines. Already in the 80s, the popularity of local folk craft reached new heights thanks to the creation of a creative group of graduates of the art-industrial lyceum.

Types of Filimonov toys

Most of the items created by Filmon's craftsmen are whistles. They depict both animals and people. The plots are traditional - ladies and peasants, gallant soldiers in uniform, village couples in love, young ladies in long sundresses and boys in bast shoes, horse riders. Animals are also native Russian - bears, roosters and hens, rams and sheep, cows, horses, foxes and wolves.

(Lady)

Toys have never been famous for having small elaborate details. If the lady was depicted, then in a long bell skirt, with a hat on her head. If you made a man (most often soldiers in military uniform), then they created a uniform with shoulder straps, a cap with a visor and boots with a small heel.

(Cockerel)

The animals all had thin waists and long, graceful necks. Either the color of the figure or the characteristic horns with ears made it possible to distinguish them from each other. Horses have small brown ears, rams have round horns, and a cow has crescent horns.

Filimonov's toys also had images. For example, the bear was considered a symbol of power, the woman was the personification of the great "Nature" and was considered the Mother Nurse, the continuer of the clan. The deer was a symbol of a happy and long marriage, therefore, deer were often given to newlyweds. The birds became the helpers of Mother Earth, the messengers of the awakening of nature. Cows symbolized fertility and promised good harvest peasants.

Manufacturing technology

A distinctive feature of Filimonov's toys is their elongated shape and elongated proportions. This form was dictated by the material itself, which was used for modeling. In the Tula region there are rich deposits of oily clay, it is well suited for shaping, however, when dried, it settles and cracks strongly. The craftsmen had to correct the figure several times, pulling it out each time in order to hide all the irregularities with cracks. It is because of the properties of the material that the corporate identity of Filimonov toys was born.

Step-by-step creation technology:

1. First, the preliminary shape of the figurine was molded. They planned where the head, torso and legs would be. If a person is depicted standing, animals - sitting or standing on four legs. Then the form was leveled, the excess was removed.

2. Then followed the firing, where in the process the master straightened the figure, smoothed it out, and added details. Fired clay from a dark color acquired white-pink, which made it possible to further apply various paints without a primer.

3. After that we started painting. Folk craftswomen used goose or chicken feathers, which made it possible to create thin and even lines. And the paint from the feathers lay perfectly on the clay.

Painting Filimonovo toys

The palette for painting was rather scarce - most often three colors were used: yellow, red and green. Occasionally they took blue and purple.

The painting was carried out in a strict order - first yellow drew spots, then outlined them in red (made patterns) and added green. The craftswomen always began to draw patterns from the center, smoothly moving to the edges. The patterns were simple and unpretentious: herringbone, colored stripes, geometric shapes, stars. Mostly, the floral ornament prevailed - leaves, sun, twigs, berries, flowers.

Despite the meager color range, all Filimonov products were bright and festive. Children loved the colorful figures that could make loud whistles. For adults, however, these figures were considered a souvenir, although some believed that Filimonov's toy could bring well-being and happiness to the house.

“STUDYING THE HISTORY OF THE FILIMON'S TOY. ITS IMAGES, PLOTS AND PAINTING ”.

Supervisor: Zemskaya E.A.

Purpose of work: Get acquainted with the history of the emergence and development of the Filimonov toy, compare it with the Dymkovo toy, collect required material to create a baby book to help a primary school teacher.

Work tasks:

analyze the literature related to the history of the toy;

from a conversation with classmates, find out if they have an idea about folk clay toys;

to acquaint classmates and students of our school with the technology of making Filimonov toys;

analyze toys in souvenir shops; “Is Filimon's toy on sale? If not, why not? ”;

create a baby book from collected material to help the primary school teacher;

hold an exhibition of clay toys in the school museum.

HYPOTHESIS: is that folk traditions should not be forgotten as they carry in themselves the memory of the past, without which a person has no future.

RESEARCH METHODS:

Study of literature on the topic "Filimonovskaya toy";

Work in TOCM with the existing toy exhibits;

Conversations with classmates, teachers;

Visiting souvenir shops;

Visit to the Museum of Slavic Mythology.

INTRODUCTION

As the saying goes, "skillful hands will not go hungry" - the craft has always been held in high esteem.

Russia has the right to be proud of its wonderful craftsmen who could build a church without a single nail and shoe a flea.

Among the folk craftsmen, a special place belonged to the masters of "amusing affairs" - toy makers, whose products gave people warmth and joy. "

Once at a lesson in a clay toy circle, I heard a story about Filimonov masters and became interested in their work. I was surprised that adults were engaged in the manufacture of toys, whistles, when there was already enough work. Why would they? And here's what I learned.

THE HISTORY OF THE FILIMON'S TOY

In the very heart of Russia, not far from the ancient city of Odoev, Tula Region, on the high bank of the Una River, there is the village of Filimonovo. According to local legends, the origins of pottery go back to the time of Ivan the Terrible. It was then that the potter Filimon allegedly arrived in the local possessions of Prince Vorotynsky. He discovered deposits of excellent clay and began to make pots out of it. The place where he settled was nicknamed Filimonovo.

Men have always made potters here, and women made ringing whistles, for which the inhabitants of the surrounding villages called them "whistle makers", because toys were made with whistles (whistle demonstration). The whistle - it is also called in different places a nozzle, a whistle, a whistle, a nightingale - is an ancient and still popular toy in Russia. In the distant past, it may have had religious significance. It is known, for example, that the Vyatichi greeted the sun god (Yarila) by singing clay pipes, and with magic patterns on toys and a piercing whistle they drove away evil forces from the souls of the dead.

The women were helped in their work by girls who were taught to craft from 7-8 years old. We worked in the winter in their free time from rural labor. Toys were sold at fairs and bazaars in Tula and the nearest county towns. Toys or "amusements" cost a penny in the bazaar, so a lot of them had to be made. So the women worked tirelessly, in the daytime - the economy, and as soon as twilight came, they started their favorite business. Sometimes, craftswomen gathered on long winter evenings and sculpted toys to the amazing tunes of Russian folk songs.

In the spring, before the start of field work, as soon as clear dry weather was established, all finished products were fired in special furnaces. On the slope of a large ravine that separated two villages - Filimonovo and Karasinki, a brick oven was built, in which dishes were stacked in dense rows, and the voids between the pots were filled with whistles. The firing was an unusually colorful spectacle. These mighty bonfires burned deep into the night, illuminating hot pots and toys. For all the inhabitants of the village, this day was a solemn event - the result of all winter work. Smartly dressed residents gathered at the stoves. Everyone expected a miracle - the appearance of clay products transformed by fire. And this miracle appeared before their admiring gaze: after firing the local clay acquired White color, and it can be painted without prior whitewashing.

After firing, the toys were grouped according to subjects for painting. Filimonov's subjects are ladies, peasant women, soldiers, dancing couples, horse riders; from animals - cows, rams, horses, bears; of birds - hens and roosters.

Unlike Dymkovo's, all Filimonov's toys are whistles, even ladies and gentlemen. The whistle is always in the tail of animals and birds. The toy is distinguished by a special gracefulness of forms, a kind of plasticity, and an elongated proportion. This is because the natural properties of the local clay, oily and plastic, are reflected in the appearance of the toys.

During drying, Filimonovskaya clay quickly becomes covered with cracks, it has to be constantly smoothed with a damp hand, involuntarily narrowing and stretching the body of the figure. While the clay dries, the toy is ironed many times, "tightened", leveling its surface. It takes five days to “pull up” and iron it. With each pull-up, the toys are lengthened in proportion. But the beauty and originality of the toy is not only in the special qualities of the local clay, but also in the form and painting. The folk toy in its original form is a cult and ritual sculpture, an instrument of magic. It is a phenomenon of folk art, in which the aesthetic and cult principles were fused together, and were certainly taken into account by the master. Considering the works of folk craftsmen, one can only be surprised at the stability of traditions in the choice of themes and plots of toys (illustrations are shown).

These plots are typical for the art of all peoples, they became the main ones in the Russian clay toy and varied many times in each artisan center in their own way, never repeating themselves (We compare toys from different crafts, the same plot). Often, the imagination of the masters changes the image of the animal so much that the toy has no prototype, and fabulous animals of an unknown breed are obtained. Masters do not strive for simple plausibility, their life impressions are the basis for fiction, a fairy tale. Using this method, they create countless variants, similar collective images - types. And in various centers of production, these images are generally unique, have features inherent in this or that art school.

Female figurine personifies the great goddess "Nature". The feminine principle carried a sign of good forces: Mother is a nurse, Vesna, Kupava, Bereginya, Lada, etc. Domozhirikha - here is a list of names and meanings that the people endowed with a clay female figure. This image is a continuation of the genus of all living things.

Bear- one of the leading characters in folk tales - heralded the awakening of nature, was a symbol of power.

Deer- portrayed a successful marriage, warmth and fertility.

Horse- was considered a servant of the Sun. Harnessed, he carried the sun god across the firmament and brought his grace to people. The horse in the art of pagan Rus had a protective meaning and occupied an important place in the magic of fertility. It symbolized both the cult of the sun and water. In folk art, a horse is time, light, and heroic strength.

Birds- a sign of the resurrection of nature, the awakening of the earth, dawn, a good harvest, a happy family. They are the messengers of the Mother Goddess - the earth and the obligatory companions of female images.

Cow symbolized vigorous strength, fertility and power.

All these subjects reflected the naive belief of the peasant in good and evil, the poetic animation of the forces of nature, on which the well-being of man, happiness and prosperity depended. When creating these images, the main task of the master is not to betray the features of a particular bird, horse, or person to a toy, but in an effort to convey the features of that natural phenomenon that he perceived in a metaphorical - mythological knowledge of the world. The horse is the sun, the woman is the Mother of the earth. The unity of man and nature, the basis of cultural tradition.

The main thing that strikes you when you look at Filimonov's toy is its bold painting. Painting the Filimonov whistle began only in the middle of the last century, when aniline paints appeared. At first, the paints were diluted “on a full egg”, and the painting was rich in natural tones. Unfortunately, it quickly grew dull and withered. Then the craftswomen began to use acetone. The paints have become more resistant, brighter, even somewhat piercingly poisonous.

Until now, toy girls have taken chicken and duck feathers for painting, “after all, the feather holds the paint better and is stronger,” say Filimonov women. And now they write with feathers: from a brush, paint does not stick to clean clay, and villi remain, and from a feather it lays down cleanly and evenly.

Whistles are painted directly on white fired clay, with fancy stripes - yellow, purple, green, less often blue and purple colors. In addition, the craftswomen vary the color. A blue smear lays down on yellow - it turns out green, red on yellow - gives orange. The painting is built according to the traditional scheme:

first, yellow stripes and spots are applied;

then they are outlined in red;

then green, blue, sometimes purple.

Lemon, raspberry, brilliant green - this is how the craftswomen affectionately call their paints. The gamut of the color scheme remains almost unchanged. Animals and birds are always painted according to a certain pattern: across the body and neck there are, alternating, multi-colored stripes, and only the head is painted in one color, more often green or red.

In the coloring of human figures - ladies or fat-legged gentlemen - the least attention is paid to faces: green, black or blue strokes and dots depicting eyebrows and eyes. The crimson strokes are the mouth. The main thing is the outfit: a bright crimson jacket, a long hat, two or three colored borders on the crown of the hat and the collar of the dress, and motley, all covered with carelessly, dashingly written patterns, the skirt is dazzling in the eyes like the sun. We see that the ornament lacks the strict geometricity of the Dymkovo painting: strokes, twigs, stars, rosettes, oval leaves, spots, sometimes separated by stripes, sometimes scattered in a cheerful disorder over the background.

Craftswomen always begin to paint from the center, and from it painting is already developing further, obeying instinct and imagination. All these patterns are reminiscent of the relationship between man and nature. Fir-trees, circles, suns that masters use are very ancient ritual signs. However, according to the old belief, the symbols in the patterns carried spiritual power capable of conjuring any evil and injustice of the elemental forces of nature. These symbolic signs, which came to us from ancient ritual holidays, are with magical symbols.

In Filimonov's toy, we see symbols of the sun, earth, water, fertility. In Filimonov's painting, the masters, in their own way, show closeness to nature. They passed through their perception of the world all the images and symbols and showed their perception of the world in the painting. We also met ancient symbols in Dymkovo and Kargopol toys. But they are different everywhere in the ornament. In every craft, we notice the symbols of the sun, water, etc. A thin thread runs through them the ancient symbolism of the peasant religion.

The signs of the sun are very diverse and are depicted by circles with rays, there is even an image of the night sun.

Water sign - stripes and triangles. Rain is indicated by broken lines.

In Filimonov's toy, we see that the unity of nature is expressed in a special form of animals and birds. The master's imagination endowed things with the features of the living world, animals emphasized that which is characteristic of man himself.

In Russian folk art there are no frightening images, no horror, no evil. These remarkable features, it turns out, also have ancient historical roots. Filimonov's toy masters create many amazing motives and images, and behind each of them there is a large world, of which a person perceives himself as a part. The source of creativity of folk craftsmen is love for nature, kindness and generosity of the soul.

Each toy has a unique pattern, although there are some painting techniques. Ladies' jackets and Filimonov's toy soldiers are usually painted in one color: lilac, green, yellow. But how much fiction appears with the craftswomen when they draw ornaments on the skirts, aprons and pants of their dolls! Only the faces of the toys remain pure white, only the dots are the eyes, the specks are the mouth.

For the craftswomen of the past, painting toys was a special holiday. In the village, “house in front of the house” competed - who would paint the whistle better. Long ago the vociferous peasant bazaars, where the Filimonites sold their "miracle - entertainment", disappeared. Having passed a long and difficult path from a myth-fairy tale to children's play, the toy has now turned into an independent work of sculpture (small plastic). Nowadays, craftswomen take their works to art exhibitions.

The modern molded whistle has become even brighter, more elegant, larger (up to 20 cm in height), turned into a sculpture of small forms and changed its appearance. Along with the traditional ladies, horsemen, animals, complex group compositions and everyday scenes from village life arose, warmed by the warmth of the masters. In museums of folk art, in private collections, you can see the mysterious animals of A.F. Maslennikova, spiritualized clay dolls by L.G. Zaitseva, affectionate animals by A.G. Karpova, whistles by E.K. Evdokimova and other wonderful craftswomen (showing illustrations of the works of craftswomen). But the trouble is, if earlier in Filimonovo, in almost every house they made potters and sculpted a toy, continuing the centuries-old work of their ancestors, now the craft is more and more a thing of the past. A folk toy is a significant phenomenon in Russian culture, it in a peculiar way reflected the life, work and worldview of several generations of people. The Filimonovskaya whistle, which has glorified its village, in our country and far beyond its borders, must be preserved for the future.

FROM CONVERSATIONS WITH CLASSMATS

I realized that they have the smallest idea about the masters - toy makers. They cannot distinguish between Dymkovo and Filimonov's toys. Then, at a lesson in a clay toy circle, I sculpted several Filimonov and Dymkovo toys and told the guys about them.

I believe that without knowing the history of their homeland, a person will not be able to assess the present and future of his country. In the museum, we held an exhibition of clay toys, to which everyone was invited.

The exhibition attracted not only children, but also teachers, who asked for help in compiling a manual for the study of toy crafts.

FROM VISITING SOUVENIR STORES

I found out that Filimonov's toy is not presented in any store. It is not in demand from buyers, and many sellers have no idea about those toys that are in the store, and even more so about Filimonov's toy. Then I decided to go to the Museum of Slavic Mythology.

There is no Filimonov toy in the Museum of Slavic Mythology. Visitors order a toy from Tula. The cost of the toy is from 200 to 2000 rubles. According to the guide, all received toys are taken apart quickly.

RESULTS OF WORK:

The result of the work was the creation of a collection of Filimonov toys, baby books for conducting classes with primary school students.

CONCLUSIONS.

In conclusion, I ask myself a question:

How was the work useful to me?

I learned a lot of new and interesting things.

I learned how to work with additional literature, analyze the data obtained.

I realized that modern schoolchildren are not very familiar with Russian traditions, and my task is to acquaint them better.

Based on the results of a study of souvenirs in shops in Tomsk, we can conclude that the inhabitants of our city are not very familiar with the traditional folk crafts of our Motherland. More often they buy toys made in China, associated with the symbols of the coming year. I would like to convince everyone that the Filimonov toy is a wonderful gift, a cheerful, life-affirming whistle, which will both raise the mood and save the house from negativity!

I hope that the textbook on the study of Filimonov toys will be useful not only for the teachers of our school, but also for children and parents.

A folk toy is a significant phenomenon in Russian culture, it reflects the life, work and worldview of several generations of people. The Filimonovskaya whistle, which has glorified its village, in our country and far beyond its borders, must be preserved for the future.

Literature

Blinov G.M. Wonder Horses, Wonder Birds. M .: "Children's Literature", 1977.

Baradulin V.A. To a rural teacher about folk crafts. "Education", 1968.

Frolova E.N., Pure source. M .: “Mol. Guard ”, 1990.

Young Artist № 3-4 / 1992. “Filimonovskaya Toy” by O. Yakovlev.

1. Purpose of work.

2. Objectives of work.

3. Hypothesis.

4. Research methods.

5. Introduction.

6. The history of the emergence of Filimonovskaya toys.

toys"Cockerel" 38-39 Modeling. Present... . 2005 T. Nosova "Kargopolskaya a toy", Mosaic-Synthesis, Moscow. 2005 " Filimonovskie whistles ", Mosaic-Synthesis ...

Handicraft lesson summary: "Technology for making a flat toy"

Lesson

Pupils with a manufacturing sequence toys using hand seams; ... to the village of Filimonovo, they called them Filimonovskaya toy... The old-timers say: “Our places are ... the sequence of the execution process is soft toys, that is, arrange in the desired ...

Tasks: Developing: development of creativity: creative imagination, creative activity, creative abilities; development of the child's aesthetic taste and artistic needs

Document

Watch a short film about the origins Filimonovskaya toys... Presentation " Filimonovskaya a toy"V-l: U Filimonov toys have a distinctive feature ...

The program of the circle of arts and crafts "craftsmen-artists"

Program

Craftsmen "1 2 Folk art 2 3 Dymkovskaya a toy 2 4 Filimonovskaya a toy 2 5 Kargopolskaya a toy 2 6 Bogorodskaya a toy 1 7 Russian nesting dolls 2 8 Khokhlom 1 9 Gzhel ...

A bright and distinctive Filimonov toy always attracts attention. It is a wonderful souvenir, which also carries a certain meaning and is a kind of amulet for home and family. These figurines are made by true masters of their craft, strictly observing the ancient traditions of this craft. Templates for drawing Filimonov toys can be found in large quantities on the Internet.

The emergence of Filimonovo toys

According to various versions, Filimonov painting dates back to either the 19th century, or its age is much older - even from the Paleolithic era. According to the first version, an escaped convict Filimon settled in a small village near the town of Odoev, Tula Region, who was not only a great master of pottery, but also an excellent craftsman who made clay toys. It was he who pioneered the painting of clay toys..

Of course, his contribution to the development of art in the 19th and subsequent centuries is simply invaluable. And all this thanks to the huge deposits of quality blue clay. Actually, in honor of the talented potter locality received the name Filimonovo. And almost all the villagers have since taken up folk crafts, making beautiful folk toys.

The second version of the history of the emergence of Filimonov toys is confirmed by the testimonies of scientists who found shards of pottery in the Odoy area, dating back to the 9th-11th centuries. ekam. This is evidenced by signs and drawings on the wreckage - this is how ancient and modern toys from Filimonovo are painted. Plots also speak in support of this version of events: pets, birds, women with babies in their arms, as well as elements - rhombuses, stripes, stars, circles. All this was characteristic of pre-Christian times.

The secrets and traditions of Filimonov patterns were passed down from generation to generation by the masters. Painted toys have survived different periods of the life of the people: wars, famines. They began to sculpt them in late autumn, then they had to dry on a Russian oven, and in February and March it was the best time for firing. The temperature for this should be about 950 degrees..

In the old days, people dug a large hole in the field, lined it with bricks, not forgetting to make special stands on which the dishes were exposed. They set fire to the straw laid out on all the dishes, and after the straw burned down, they waited for the clay handicrafts to cool down and took them home.

Interestingly, the clay, which before drying had a nondescript gray tint, after firing turned into white, very suitable for painting. The time of Great Lent was marked by one of the most fascinating stages - painting. Masters could sell their works at Easter fairs. For many, this was one of the main types of income.

By the beginning of the 20th century, art almost disappeared altogether - very few toys were produced. There are only three craftswomen left who were engaged in Filimonov painting. But gradually the craft began to gain momentum again, and the peak of its popularity fell on the post-war years. In the 60s, the government developed programs to encourage folk crafts. Even whole workshops and artels for the production of toys worked.

But, although the toys were widespread and looked good, their quality deteriorated.

Clay Toy Characters

Filimonov figurines are not made in the form of any characters. The number of images is limited to a certain circle. Although the toy does not lose anything from this - the multi-colored figures cheer up and, in addition, carry their main function.

Filimonov whistles are usually performed in the form of:

At first it was a standard set of images that were embodied in toys. Several more symbolic figures are considered later:

• lyubota (a lady dancing with a soldier);
• a soldier holding a chicken (symbolized Ivan from a fairy tale who caught the Firebird);
• a soldier with a horse, signifying ordinary village life;
• tea party. This image came into vogue when samovars began to be made in Tula.

Distinctive features

Toys from Filimonovo are always whistles. Since their main purpose was to protect people from evil spirits, it was believed that you can scare them off with a whistle. The whistle hole was cleverly made in the tails of animals or birds. And if it was about any human character, then, as a rule, he was "given" a bird in his hands.

The originality of the toys was also the lack of a large number of details. There were no special templates for the figures - they were made the way their master saw. But at the same time, all animals have a standard elongated body. Sometimes only horns of the corresponding shape help to distinguish a horse from a ram or a bull.

Special ornament

The patterns used to paint toys originated from paganism. Each of them contains spiritual strength that protects a person from everything bad in life. It is believed that the painting of a whistle is unique, since the ornament changes every time. The following patterns must be present on the figures from Filimonovo:

• circle - denotes the sun;
• zigzag - water;
• triangle - symbolizes the earth;
• sprouts and Christmas trees are signs of life.

The color palette of toys also has its own specifics: each shade has its own meaning. Three main shades are used in painting - green, crimson and yellow. In rare cases, they also used violet and blue paints. People's clothes were mainly painted like this: a plain shirt with patterns along the sleeves, collar and belt, while men's pants and ladies' fluffy skirts were painted brightly and even motley. On the face only the mouth and eyes were outlined.

For coloring animals, there was a special standard: the body and neck had to be painted across, and for the muzzle they took red or green. For coloring, you need not the usual brushes, but made from chicken, duck or goose feathers.

It is believed that the patterns made with the pen are brighter and more accurate, whereas a regular brush can leave lint in the clay.

Painting process

It must be remembered that the next layer on the whistle is applied only after the previous one has completely dried. Usually they start painting with yellow, then make the patterns crimson, and only then finish everything in green. The part of the figurine where the person will touch the lips should remain unpainted. Mixing colors is not accepted. A chicken feather brush is dipped in aniline dyes, previously rubbed on the contents of the egg.

Children are especially happy with such toys. And most of all they are interested in the process of creating a whistle. In the process of mastering the manufacture of Filimonovo toys in a master class, kids not only form color perception, develop fine motor skills, but also learn a lot of new information about the crafts that our ancestors were engaged in.

Activities with children

Filimonov painting in kindergarten is one of the favorite activities. Kids experience incredible delight, creating clay figurines under the guidance of educators, and then painting them. Sometimes, if the sculpting process is problematic, then you can replace it with coloring. To do this, you just need to acquire special blanks.

After all, children are also very fond of not only sculpting, but also working with templates for coloring Filimonov's toys. To do this, you need to remember the patterns used in Filimonov painting. The contoured toy can be simply painted, and later it can be cut out and made with applique. Only for applique work, you need to use a thicker than ordinary paper, since getting wet during the coloring process, thin paper can simply become limp or deformed.

The rooster is considered one of the simplest patterns for coloring Filimonov toys. The only thing that competes with him in popularity is a horse.

Painting them, the child improves his imagination and perfectly perceives "parallel" information - reading poetry or fiction, along the way he learns to draw elementary geometric figures in stages.

Attention, only TODAY!

Master class "Filimonovskaya toy"

Elena Borisovna Novoaleksandrova, teacher of MBDOU Kindergarten"Teremok", Ryazan region, Ryazan region, village Murmino.
Description: the master class will be useful for educators, children of senior and middle groups.
Purpose: use for visual aids and for the artistic development of children.

Target: making toys from clay.
Tasks:
- To teach to work with clay, to sculpt toys from clay;
- To teach to draw up a simple pattern according to the model, the ability of children to orient themselves on the plane;
- To form knowledge about the peculiarities of painting Filimonovo toys;
- To form children's interest in arts and crafts;
- Develop fine motor skills of the hands, creative thinking;
- Develop aesthetic taste, imagination, independence.
Material:
- Clay (Cambrian);
- Individual boards for modeling;
- Jars of water;
- Stack;
- Paper napkins;
- Primer (acrylic-artistic);
- Brushes for painting # 1, # 3;
- Gouache (green, yellow, red);
- Cotton buds;
- Hair fixation spray.

The Tula village of Filimonovo has been known for a long time. Far beyond its borders, Filimonov's painted whistle toys are known and loved. Craftsmen make toys from clay, and clay is mined in deep ravines. This clay is soft, docile to hands. They sculpt various figures out of it: cockerels, chickens, ducks, young ladies, horses, goats, soldiers ... All these toys are funny, slender and so elongated, as if they are always surprised at something, and stretched out their necks in surprise. For young ladies, whistles are hidden in a jug, for birds under their tails or wings, for animals under their paws. In ancient times, the whole family made toys all winter, and in the spring they went out with them to the "Whistlers" holiday.
Sculpted toy whistles are fired in special ovens. And when the toys are cool, they are painted. Toys are most often decorated with colored stripes, herringbones, specks, simple berries, wavy lines. Colors are used: red, green, white, yellow, sometimes pink. Filimonov patterns mean different things, for example: closed stripes - a good beginning; triangle or semi-oval with stripes - the sun; in the middle there is a strip, and on the sides of the strip up or down there is a tree.
There is a village near Tula -
Filimonovo's name is
And the craftswomen live there,
That they bring good to the houses,
And good is not simple there,
And not gold, silver,
Filimonov toy
it is called.
For children preschool age it is difficult to mold a toy whistle so that it is hollow inside, so I simplified Filimon's toy for my children. Today I want to introduce you how to sculpt a duck and a cockerel from clay.

Required for work.

Progress:

To keep the clay soft, wrap it in a wet cotton cloth for three days. To make a cockerel, cut off two pieces of clay with a stack: one about 2 cm thick, the other 1 cm thick.

We roll two balls.

While we are working with the large ball, put the small ball in a wet rag so that the clay does not dry out. Roll a thick sausage from a large ball, then a carrot.

Bend the carrot so that the thin part is slightly higher than the thick one. We bend the thin tip and form the beak - this is the head and the beak.

We make the tail: flatten the thick part over the entire surface evenly, the thickness of the tail should be 0.5 cm.

We make a comb and a beard: roll two balls out of clay, a little more for the comb.
We sculpt a beard: ball - sausage - cone.
We sculpt the comb: ball - sausage - flat oval (thickness 0.3 cm) - cut the oval: at the bottom with an arc, cut out the corner at the top.

To hold the parts together, the clay must be moistened with water. After dipping your finger in water, then touch it to the napkin (so that there is not a lot of water) and only then to the clay.
Since the details are small, it is more convenient for me to attach them in a stack.

Set aside the body of the rooster. We make stand legs from a smaller ball (which we have in the fabric): we roll a short thick sausage, then a cone. We insert a stick in the middle of the wide part of the cone (you can brush reverse side), we roll, helping with our hands until the cone becomes hollow inside, the thickness of the walls is 0.5 cm. You can make the stand in another way.

Here's what you should get.

We roll a lace from clay.

Moisten with water upper part coasters, put the body of the rooster, attach the parts with a cord and stacks.

Align the seam with a damp finger.

To sculpt a chicken, as well as a rooster, only the tail does not need to be flattened.

We blind another girlfriend for the cockerel - a duck.
Cut off a piece of clay with a stack about 1.5 cm thick. Roll a ball, then a thick sausage, one end of the sausage is smaller in diameter than the other.

Bend the sausage to form an arc. Form a tail from the side of the thick part of the sausage. From the side of the thin part - stretch the intended neck a little.

We sharpen the neck, bend it, shape the beak.

Cambrian clay toys do not need to be dried in a muffle oven, so the toys will dry in 3 days at room temperature.

We cover the toys with acrylic primer and dry for at least two hours.

Apply different colors of gouache to separate the body parts.

We draw details on the head and apply stripes for future painting.

We paint with stripes of different colors.

Draw snowflakes and cotton swabs circles.

We draw zigzags and wavy lines.

We cover the toys with hairspray. Varnish gives shine, expressiveness to toys, fixes the pattern.

Petya, Petya, Cockerel -
Gilded scallop,
Olive head,
Silk beard.
Petya walked around the yard,
Petya dropped his pen.

Oh, what a whistle,
Striped duck!
Unusual, funny
And a little pot-bellied!
- Wait a minute,
Where are you from, duck?
My duck whistles:
- I'm Filimonovskaya!

Filimonovskaya toy is a kind of national art crafts, which our country is very rich in. Her homeland is the Tula region, Odoevsky district. The village of Filimonovo, where in the middle of the last century, several craftswomen revived the traditions of an almost lost craft, gave it its name. There is also a legend about the fugitive criminal Philemon, who was hiding in these places. He allegedly taught his fellow villagers how to sculpt clay figurines.

The emergence of fishing

In these parts, they began to make in the middle of the 19th century. But the fame of the skill of local potters spread long before that. Back in the 16th century, the white clay mined here was used to make dishes. The craft took root, whole dynasties appeared, specializing in pottery. Gradually, an unwritten rule developed: the dishes were made exclusively by men. And the women took upon themselves the modeling of toys and laid the foundation for

The special shape of the Filimonov toy

The products of the Odoev craftswomen are famous throughout the country for their delicate, graceful forms. But few people know that their appearance not accidental. The fact is that the local clay has a very oily and soft texture. During drying, it begins to crack and deform, so the master has to smooth and level the figures with wet hands. From this, toys acquire disproportionate, elongated shapes, which makes them unusual and easily recognizable.

Filimonovskaya toy. Images, plots and painting

Conventionally, Filimonov's toys can be divided into four thematic groups. Their features are presented in the table below.

Types of toys

View	Composition of the group	Description
People	Ladies and gentlemen. The former have birds or children in their hands, the latter are depicted on horseback or with musical instruments.	The figures are monolithic, with a small number of details, often have a conical shape, wide from below (ladies - due to a fluffy skirt, gentlemen - due to rough boots), then elongated and narrow. The head is one with the neck and is adorned with an intricate headdress.
Animals	Mainly livestock (horses, cows, rams).	All animals have elongated figures and a slender neck that turns into a disproportionately small head. You can distinguish one animal from another only by the shape of the horns: in a cow they stick out in crescents, in a deer they branch, and in a ram they are twisted into a spiral.
Birds	Peacock, chicken, duck, rooster, etc.	Birds, like animals, are distinguished by an elongated tapered neck ending in a small head.
Compositions	Lovers' date, tea party, carousel, etc.	most often they depict scenes from the life of ordinary people: a date, a family feast, sitting on a bench, horseback riding. But there are also symbolic compositions, for example, George with a snake, a tree of life, a carousel.

Almost all Filimonov toys are whistles. The exception is roosters and turkeys.

When fired, the local blue clay gives a beautiful and even white color, so there is no need to prime the figurines before applying the pattern.

For painting, aniline paints are used, which have bright saturated colors. The number of shades is small: yellow, red, green. Nevertheless, the products are very colorful and fun.

The technology for painting Filimonov toys is quite simple. Paints are applied consistently and never mixed. Each new color is used only after the previous one has dried.

Traditional patterns

For different, different elements of the Filimonov painting are used. In animals and birds, the chest is usually painted over with one color, most often crimson or green. Then a simple ornament is applied along the contour, consisting of multi-colored stripes, drops, twigs. The heads can also be covered with one color or remain white. The eyes are outlined schematically, they may be completely absent.

The figures of people are dressed very smartly: ladies - in lush bright skirts, gentlemen - in colorful trousers. Shirts for both are usually plain, with ornaments around the perimeter, depicting embroidered collars and wide belts. Their faces remain white, their eyes are outlined with blue paint, their lips - red or crimson.

Symbols of Filimonov patterns

A feature of the Filimonovo toy, like any other Russian craft, is its symbolism. Ornaments look simple and ingenuous. However, the patterns that are used in the Filimonov painting imply the images of the sun and a tree sacred to the Slavs.

Circles with rays diverging in different directions, as well as ring ornaments with multi-colored triangles are symbols of the sun, life and goodness.

Schematically depicted branches, Christmas trees denote the continuity of generations, relentless growth.

The figures themselves are deeply symbolic. So, the lady is associated with the coastal woman, the keeper of the house and the hearth, the rider depicts a warrior-protector or the family's feeder - a farmer, a bird - a symbol of happiness, a horse - wealth, etc.

The history of the development of the fishery

The 19th century was a time of great popularity of whistle toys and Filimonov painting. was known throughout Russia and abroad. But at the beginning of the 20th century, a period of crisis began. The craft turned out to be almost on the verge of extinction, there were only a few keepers who did not give up their work.

In the middle of the last century, interest in the art of Filimonov painting began to gradually return, reaching a new peak in the 80s. At this time, through the efforts of several enthusiasts, a creative group was organized, which included the descendants of the keepers of the craft and graduates of the art school from Abramtsevo.

Since the beginning of the 90s, a special course "Filimonovskaya Toy" has been opened at the Odoyev School of Arts. The technique of modeling, the secrets of painting, the symbolism of Filimonov patterns - these and other topics are covered in their studies by the husband and wife of Kehaidi. The training lasts 4 years. Graduates receive the title of masters.

In 2009, the Filimonov Toy Museum was opened, which contains materials about the craftswomen of the past, some examples of their work, as well as the best examples of Filimonov's craft.

Studying fishing in art lessons

It should be noted that classes on Filimonov painting are held in many schools in Russia. After all, the craft has not only local but also all-Russian significance, demonstrating the richness and diversity of Russian culture.

Children master the elements of painting easily and with great interest. There are no patterns in it that are complex in terms of execution technique. With a minimal set of skills and creative imagination, you can create unusually vivid and vivid drawings.

The main thing that the teacher must explain is that the painting is done in several stages:

1. First, the figurine is "yellowed". The paint is applied to a white background with a thick brush. Individual parts of the toy can be completely painted over with yellow, or can be covered with wide stripes and large circles. This is the basis for all the following drawing.
2. Then you should take red or raspberry paint and a thinner brush. A pattern of lines is applied. Wide yellow stripes can be circled around the perimeter, and the circles can be decorated with twigs or rays.
3. Green, blue or turquoise color is applied in last... A thin brush is used for this. A pattern of lines, dots, drops should be filled in the remaining free space.
4. It is worth drawing the attention of the children to the fact that in humans their faces remain white, while in animals they can be painted over with any paint. The eyes and mouth are shown schematically.

This fishing is part of cultural heritage our country. Along with Dymkovo, Kargopol, Bogorodsky, Filimonov toys reflect the spirit of the Russian people, the peculiarities of life and beliefs of the Slavs. It is no coincidence that foreign tourists love to buy them as souvenirs.