Who is simon bolivar. Biography of Simon Bolivar. Victory! What's next
December 17, 1830
By order of Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez, on July 17, 2010, the remains of Simon Bolivar were exhumed to verify the version of the violent death of the hero of the war of independence, who, according to official data, died of tuberculosis. More than 50 forensic and medical examiners examined the remains, but the cause of death could not be determined.
Simon Bolivar Awards
Order of the Sun of Peru
Honorary Doctorate from the University of San Marcos
The memory of Simon Bolivar
In Caracas, on May 15, 2013, the opening of the mausoleum took place, in which the remains of Simon Bolivar are buried. The idea of creating the mausoleum belonged to Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez. The building is made in the form of a sail 50 meters high. Inside, on a granite slab, there is a wooden coffin with Bolívar's initials. Up to 1500 people can be in the building at the same time. The personality of Simon Bolivar is very popular in Latin America.
In October 2010, a solemn ceremony of opening the foundation stone of the monument to Simon Bolivar took place in Moscow.
In astronomy
In philately
Bolivar is depicted on the postage stamps of Chile in 1974, Spain in 1978, Bulgaria in 1982, the USSR in 1983, the GDR in 1983, etc.
To the cinema
"Liberator" / Spanish. Libertador (película) - film directed by Alberto Arvelo (Venezuela - Spain, 2013).
"Simon Bolivar" / English. Simón Bolívar (1969 film) - film directed by Alessandro Blasetti (Italy, Spain, Venezuela; 1969).
Objects in the CIS countries
Square named after Simon Bolivar in Minsk.
In October 2010, a foundation stone was installed in Moscow on the site of the future monument to Simon Bolivar.
In education
Simon Bolivar Conservatory
School No. 114 named after Simon Bolivar, Minsk
In bonistics
Featured on many Venezuelan banknotes
In phaleristics
The highest order of Venezuela - the Order of the Liberator is dedicated to Simon Bolivar
The second most important order of Bolivia is the National Order of Simon Bolivar
Simon Bolivar family
Father - Juan Vicente Bolivar y Ponte.
Mother - Maria de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco.
Wife - Maria Teresa del Toro y Alaiza, like Bolivar, is of Creole origin. After the wedding, the young couple leaves for Venezuela. Here, Simon's wife contracts yellow fever and dies. The event greatly shocked the young man, and he took a vow of celibacy.
Civil wife - Manuela Saenz. They never officially became husband and wife. He swore to be faithful to his late wife, and she to her official husband.
Bolivar had no children.
17.12.1830
Simon Bolivar
Simon José Antonio de la Santisima Trinidad Bolivar
Statesman
President of Venezuela (1819-1830)
President of Bolivia (1825-1825)
6th President of Peru (1824-1827)
National Hero of Venezuela
News & Events
Venezuelan national hero Simon Bolivar dies of tuberculosis
The national hero of Venezuela, former President Simon Bolivar, died on December 17, 1830 from tuberculosis in the Colombian city of Santa Maria, at the age of 47. Before his death, Bolivar renounced his lands, houses, and even his state pension, and was buried in someone else's clothes. The remains of Bolivar were transported from Colombia to Caracas in 1842 and buried in the National Pantheon of Venezuela. Simon Bolivar was one of the most influential and famous leaders of the struggle for the independence of the Spanish colonies in South America. Troops commanded by General Bolivar liberated Venezuela, Colombia, Peru and Ecuador.
Simon José Antonio de la Santisima Trinidad Bolivar de la Concepción y Ponte Palacios y Blanco was born on July 24, 1783 in Caracas, Venezuela. The boy grew up in a noble family. Father, Colonel Don Juan Vincente owned estates, gold mines and sugar factories. He received his primary education from the teacher Simon Rodriguez. In 1799 he left for Europe, where he was imbued with revolutionary ideas.
In 1805 in Rome, in the presence of his teacher and friend Rodriguez, the young Bolivar vowed to liberate his homeland: South America from the rule of the colonizers, the Spaniards. In 1810, Spanish rule in Venezuela was overthrown, and in 1811 the country was proclaimed an independent republic. Bolivar entered the service as an officer in the rebel army. However, two years later, Spanish troops recaptured Venezuela and restored colonial order. Bolivar had to flee to Colombia.
At the beginning of 1813, Simon returned to his homeland, and soon his troops occupied Caracas. The young commander became the head of the second Venezuelan republic. A year later, Bolivar was again defeated by the Spaniards and forced to flee to Jamaica. In September 1815, he published an open letter expressing confidence in the imminent liberation of Spanish America.
Bolivar, in December 1816, along with the troops, landed on the coast of Venezuela. The subsequent abolition of slavery and the decree issued in 1817 granting land to the soldiers of the liberation army allowed him to expand his social base. After winning the battle of Boyaca on August 7, 1819, Bolivar turned the tide of the war of the South American colonies against Spanish domination.
On December 17, 1819, Simon Bolivar proclaimed the creation of the Republic of Great Colombia, which included Venezuela and New Grenada, and became its president. But it took another two years to finally liberate the territory of Venezuela from the Spanish troops, who stubbornly held out in the seaside fortified cities and received help from local supporters of the Spanish crown. In addition, the Caribbean Sea allowed the royal garrisons to communicate with each other.
The final liberation from Spanish hegemony came after the victory at the Battle of Carabobo on June 24, 1821. On that day, Simon Bolivar commanded an army of 8,000 Colombian patriots, he was opposed by the royal general De La Torre with 5,000 Spaniards. The Colombians inflicted such a heavy defeat on the enemy. As a result, only 400 Spaniards managed to get to nearby Puerto Cabello and take refuge there.
In 1822, the rebel army under the command of Bolivar and Sucre liberated the city of Quito and the province of the same name, winning the battle of Mount Pichincha, forcing the governor-general Melchior Aymerich to capitulate. The enemy was attacked from the top of Pichinchi and the general could not resist the onslaught of the rebel detachments. The liberated territory joined Gran Colombia. In 1824, Simon Bolivar's army liberated Peru.
In 1826, a continental congress was held in Panama, at which Bolivar's proposals did not meet with support due to separatist actions and opposition from the United States and Great Britain. Neither Washington nor London wanted to see a strong independent state in Latin America. The personal factor also played its role: the rule of Simon Bolivar was authoritarian, which scared away possible political allies from him.
Bolívar power overthrown in Peru and Bolivia in 1827. Over the next two years, Venezuela and Ecuador seceded from Colombia. A very strong blow for the ruler was the murder of his faithful combat comrade-in-arms and friend General Antonio de Sucre, in whom he saw his worthy successor. All this forced the statesman to resign from the presidency of Colombia in early 1830.
Simon Bolivar wanted to go into self-imposed exile in Europe, but December 17, 1830 the former president died of tuberculosis in the Colombian city of Santa Maria, at the age of 47. Before his death, he gave up his lands, houses and even a state pension and was buried in someone else's clothes. The remains of Bolivar were transported from Colombia to Caracas in 1842 and buried in the National Pantheon of Venezuela.
Simon Bolivar is one of the brightest revolutionaries in world history. For the inhabitants of the New World, the name of a politician is a symbol of the liberation movement in the countries of Latin America, the former colonies of Spain. Bolivar believed that slavery should be abolished and the indigenous population equalized in their rights to a decent life.
Even during his lifetime, Bolivar received the title of "Liberator of America". There are ups and downs in the life of a politician. Until his death, he remained true to his ideas. His name is immortalized in the name of the country - Bolivia, the former Spanish colony of Upper Peru.
Childhood and youth
Bolivar was born on July 24, 1783 in Caracas. His full name is Simon José Antonio de la Santisima Trinidad Bolivar de la Concepción y Ponte Palacios y Blanco. Researchers of the politician's biography have established that the ancestors of the future revolutionary arrived in South America from the Basque country in the 16th century. The settlers successfully fit into the life of the Spanish colonies and soon began to take an active part in the life of new settlements.
Thanks to the activity of Simon's grandfather, he acquired the title of viscount, which was never approved by the king of Spain. Simon's father, Juan Vincente Bolivar, strengthened the position of the family. After his death, Simon's parents left plantations, factories, houses, slaves and jewelry to the young heir. Ate to compare with the state of the modern rich, then Bolivar could be on the list of dollar billionaires.
The orphan was raised by his uncle Carlos Palacios. The teacher in the main subjects was the philosopher Simon Rodriguez. He initiated young Simon into the ideas of the Enlighteners of France and spoke in detail about republican ideals. After the escape of Rodriguez, Simon is trained by the secretary of the Governor-General Andres Bello. Thanks to the mentor, Simon meets the scientists Alexander Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland, who had a strong influence on the worldview of the young Bolívar.
In 1799, the guardians decide to send the young man to Spain to study law. Bolivar is hosted by the royal family. He maintains contact with Prince Ferdinand, the future king of Spain, who will later become the main enemy of the politician.
Four years later, in 1803, Simon moved to France. Here he studies at the courses of the Paris Polytechnic and the higher normal school. His cousin Fanny actively associated with freethinkers. Bolivar also entered their circle, sharing with them common views on politics and the world order.
The future revolutionary comes to the United States of America in 1805. The example of the liberation of the United States from British rule becomes a model for the revolutionaries of South America. Bolivar is one of them. He asserts himself in his political views. The idea of creating the United States of South America on the territory of Latin American countries becomes a priority for him.
Political activity
In 1810, Bolivar participates in an uprising with Francisco Miranda, which leads Venezuela to declare independence a year later. The Spanish government is trying to return the colonial lands. In 1812, the Venezuelan army was destroyed, and Miranda was sent to prison. Bolivar flees the country and hides in New Grenada.
By 1813, Simon, along with the rebels, organizes a new detachment that manages to take over the Spanish army. Bolivar becomes head of the II Republic of Venezuela and receives the title of Liberator. But a year later, the Spaniards managed to knock out Bolivar from the main city of Venezuela - Caracas.
The politician appeals to the Haitian authorities and receives support. In 1816, Bolivar arrives in South America and begins the reform. Abolishes slavery and announces the issuance of land to soldiers who took an active part in the war for independence.
By 1818-1819, Simon Bolivar, with the support of an army of like-minded people, establishes control over most of Venezuela and New Grenada. At the very end of 1819, he was elected president of the Republic of Great Colombia, which included the territories of modern Colombia and Venezuela.
By 1824, the Spaniards, under the onslaught of the Colombians, left the territories in which Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia are now located. Bolivar becomes the dictator of Peru and in 1825 heads the Republic of Bolivia he created. The politician remains true to the idea - to create the United States of South America, which would include the territory from Panama to Chile.
Bolivar tried to promote it at a special congress, but faced opposition from the local elite. Receives a description of an adherent of the Bonapartist regime, and behind his back they call him Napoleon. A movement was launched against the activities of the politician, as a result of which he lost power in Bolivia and Peru.
In 1828, Bolivar entered Bogota with an army, where he created the residence of the ruler of Colombia. In the same year, one of the associates organizes an assassination attempt on him. Bolivar narrowly escapes death and puts down the rebellion. Bolivar's struggle for power continues. The elite of Caracas advocates the separation of Venezuela from Colombia. The ruler loses influence and power in the country. In 1830 he resigned.
Personal life
At the age of 19, Simon, while in Madrid, met the aristocratic Maria Teresa Rodriguez. She, like Bolivar, is of Creole origin. After the wedding, the young couple leaves for Venezuela. Here, Simon's wife contracts yellow fever and dies. The event greatly shocked the young man, and he takes a vow of celibacy.
Changes in his personal life occur in 1822, when Bolivar met his second life partner during the entry of troops into the Ecuadorian capital of Quito. As the column moves through the streets full of people, a laurel wreath falls into Simon's hands. The revolutionary's gaze meets the black-haired girl standing on the balcony and greeting the liberators.
On the same evening, Simon and Manuela Saenz met at a ball and from that moment tried to be together. She is also Creole, 12 years younger. Shared views on the liberation of colonial territories in Latin America. When Manuela met Simon, she was married to Dr. Thorne. The woman considered her husband a good man, but boring. Saenz was instantly infatuated with the politician.
Manuela and Simon never officially became husband and wife. He swore to be faithful to his late wife, and she to her official husband. Bolivar was grateful to her for saving during the assassination attempt. After the miraculous rescue of their leader, the people began to call Manuela "the liberator of the Liberator."
When he abdicated the presidency, he persuaded Saenz to leave him. She continued to love him and wrote letters from Bogota, telling in detail about what was happening, about how former comrades in the movement were betraying his cause. After the death of her beloved, Manuela left for Paita. She lived in poverty and tried to survive by selling cigarettes and sweets. She kept letters from Simon, but they were burned during a diphtheria epidemic. Saenz died from the same disease and was buried in a common grave.
Bolivar had no children.
Death
Simon passed away at the age of 47. The sad event happened on December 17, 1830. The cause of death has not yet been established: according to some reports - from tuberculosis, according to others - poisoning. Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez attempted to dot the i's. A decision is made to exhume the revolutionary's body.
After the DNA analysis, both versions were not confirmed. Hugo Chavez, despite the results, continued to claim that the Liberator had been killed. In memory of the hero of the liberation movement, he changes the name of the country to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.
Bolivar died in a strange estate, not far from the city of Santa Marta. Before his death, he gave up his property and died in poverty. They buried him in someone else's clothes.
After death, the name of Bolivar continues to live its own life. Among the interesting facts there is information about the name in honor of the politician of the asteroid Bolivian, discovered in 1911. One of the highest mountain peaks in the world also bears his name - Bolivar Peak. The currency of Venezuela is bolivars, and the portrait of the politician adorns banknotes of different denominations.
In the US capital, Washington, there is a bronze monument to Simón Bolivar by sculptor Felix de Weldon. It is considered the largest equestrian monument to a politician in the Western Hemisphere.
Films have been made about the activities of the revolutionary. The most famous are "Simon Bolivar" directed by Alexandro Blasetti in 1963 and "The Liberator" directed by Alberto Arvelo, filmed in 2013.
At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, the world was changing rapidly. The time of absolutism was passing away, the Revolution was threateningly knocking on the gilded gates of the royal chambers.
An orphan and a widower devoted himself to the fight
Such a time always gives birth to heroes - individuals who become at the head of the raging elements, transforming the revolutionary energy of the masses into a force that transforms the foundations of being of entire continents.
In the history of South America, such a hero was destined to become Simon Bolívar.
The future revolutionary general was born into a noble Creole family of Basque origin in Caracas on July 24, 1783. His father was one of the richest men in the Captaincy General of Venezuela.
Simon never went to school - he was trained caregivers Andres Bello and Simon Rodriguez, prominent South American educator.
Young Simon lost his parents and sister early, and his relatives decided to protect him from political passions flaring up in Caracas by sending him to Europe in 1799.
However, Simon Bolivar could well not become what he became. In 1801, he married and intended to return to Venezuela to take care of the management of the economy inherited from his parents. But in 1802, Bolivar's young wife suddenly died of yellow fever, and the heartbroken young man remained in Europe.
Simon Bolivar made his final choice of his future fate on August 15, 1805, when on the hill of Monte Sacro in Rome he swore to rid his homeland of Spanish rule.
Junta Ambassador
The time for this came in 1808, when Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Spain, captured the king and put his protege on the throne.
In Venezuela, the Patriotic Junta was formed, which initially supported the old king, but soon announced its desire for state independence. The junta made Simon Bolivar its ambassador to the United States, where he had to deal with the purchase of weapons, the search for volunteers and allies in the struggle for independence.
Having visited the United States, which itself gained independence only a quarter of a century ago, Bolivar begins to dream of a new state structure for the Spanish colonies of South America - the Southern United States, created on principles similar to those that became the basis of the United States.
In 1810, the Venezuelan Congress takes place in Caracas, which officially declares independence from Spain and proclaims a republic.
Spain sent a professional army against the rebels, which showed particular rigidity not only towards the rebels, but also towards the civilian population. Simon Bolivar and his colleague Francisco de Miranda led the rebel detachments, which were unable to resist the regular army and were defeated. Miranda was captured and died in prison, and Bolivar fled to New Granada (modern Colombia), where he took refuge from persecution.
Simon Bolivar. Photo: www.globallookpress.com
Victories and defeats
Bolivar's rich father's inheritance was very useful in his struggle - it is much easier to arm and form combat units when there is enough money.
In 1813, Bolivar, with a detachment of 500 people, set out from New Granada on a campaign against the Spaniards. Military talent and healthy arrogance bring success - in August 1813, he liberated Caracas, where the 2nd Venezuelan Republic was proclaimed, and Bolivar himself received the title of Liberator.
Spain was not going to give up - a 10,000-strong army corps opposed Bolivar, which was supported by detachments of landlords loyal to the Spanish crown.
The war becomes more and more fierce, blood flows like a river, and the forces of the Bolívar fighters are melting. Eventually the Republic fell and Bolivar fled to Jamaica. After this defeat, he writes "Appeal to the Nations of the World", in which he exposes the crimes of the Spanish soldiers, reiterates that the peoples of South America will gain independence.
In 1814, Bolivar began to seek support from the most progressive state in the region - the Republic of Haiti. For those who know only the modern history of Haiti, it may seem incredible, but it was in Haiti that slavery was abolished for the first time in the region.
President of Haiti Alexandre Pétion agreed to help Bolívar in exchange for a promise to abolish slavery in Venezuela.
Bolivar begins to create a liberation army, uniting all anti-colonial forces under his command, but he did not manage to fully streamline the "partisan freemen". But in the ranks of his army, in addition to local fighters, a corps of European volunteers appears, into which representatives of different nations, including Russians, have joined.
Venezuela. Caracas. Portrait of Simon Bolivar on the ceiling of the National Pantheon. Photo: www.globallookpress.com
Thunderstorm of the Spanish crown
In December 1816 Bolívar's army lands on the continent. The rebels are trained not only militarily, but also ideologically - their leader proclaims the abolition of slavery, which wins over most of the Venezuelans to his side. However, Bolivar did not stop there - he announced the allocation of land to the soldiers of his army, as well as the confiscation of the property of the Spanish crown and its supporters. The war takes on a revolutionary character in the full sense of the word.
The army of Bolívar operates in the most difficult conditions, making throws through the mountains and the jungle, and, despite all the difficulties, wins victory after victory. The general does not almond and with associates - persons suspected of treason are executed without pity.
By February 1819, the revolutionary army expelled the Spaniards from Venezuela and New Granada, and in the city of Angostura, Bolivar gathers the National Congress of representatives of the liberated provinces, at which the independence of Venezuela is finally proclaimed.
Bolivar the Liberator is becoming insanely popular not only in South America, but throughout the world. But the general intends to move on - in August 1819, the country's Constitution is adopted, and in December of the same year he becomes president of the Great Colombia proclaimed by the National Congress, which includes Venezuela and New Granada. In 1822, after a series of military successes of the Bolivar army, Ecuador was also liberated, which is also part of the new state.
Gran Colombia is the prototype of the Southern United States that Bolívar dreamed of. It's time to take up the state system, but the military threat has not been removed - the 20,000-strong Spanish army continues to operate in Peru.
The war continues until, on December 9, 1824, at the Battle of Ayacucho, a revolutionary army under the command of a young ally of Bolívar General Sucre does not inflict a final defeat on the Spaniards, ending their dominion in South America.
Bolivar, remaining the president of Great Colombia, in 1824 became the dictator of Peru, and in 1825 the president of the new state created in Upper Peru - the Republic of Bolivia, named after its liberator.
The collapse of great plans
In 1826, Bolivar intends to complete the main work of his life - to finalize the creation of the Southern United States, which should include Peru, Bolivia, Great Colombia, La Plata, Chile and other territories.
However, at the ongoing Latin American Congress in Panama, the Liberator did not meet with support. Moreover, his educational ideas and concern for the poor began to greatly irritate the representatives of the wealthy strata. They begin to compare him with Napoleon, they accuse him of trying to create his own empire in South America.
Having liberated the continent from the Spaniards, Bolivar was no longer needed by the local elites, who preferred not to build a single democratic state, but to divide and rule.
In 1827, Peru deprives Bolivar of power, announcing its refusal to participate in any kind of union. In Colombia, a conspiracy is organized against Bolivar in 1828, and the general miraculously manages to escape. The support of the people makes it possible to suppress the conspiracy, but the general is no longer able to stop the collapse of Great Colombia: in January 1829, in Caracas, Bolivar's homeland, Venezuela, announces the separation.
On May 4, 1830, disappointed with the results of his activities, Bolivar resigned from the presidency of Great Colombia. In just a few months, this state finally ceases to exist.
In June 1830, Bolivar received the final blow - unknown people killed his closest ally, the 35-year-old hero of the battle of Ayacucho, General Sucre.
Simon Bolivar writes his political testament, discussing the just principles of the state system, as well as what qualities a head of state should have. Having abandoned his possessions and state pension, Simon Bolivar intended to go into voluntary exile, but he did not have time - he was struck by consumption.
The general, who survived hundreds of bloody battles, this time had neither the strength nor the desire to resist the disease. The liberator of South America Simon Bolivar died on December 17, 1830 at the age of 47.
Bolivar remains one of the most popular heroes in South America, along with Ernesto Che Guevara.
In May 2013, a mausoleum was opened in Caracas, in which the ashes of the great military leader and politician now rest. The mausoleum was built on the initiative, which did not live up to a couple of months before the implementation of his plan.
Simon Bolivar is one of the most famous leaders of the war for the independence of the Spanish colonies in America. Considered a national hero of Venezuela. Was a general. He is credited with the liberation from Spanish domination not only of Venezuela, but also of the territories on which modern Ecuador, Panama, Colombia and Peru are located. In the territories of the so-called Upper Peru, he founded the Republic of Bolivia, which was named after him.
Childhood and youth
Simon Bolivar was born in 1783. He was born on July 24th. The hometown of Simon Bolivar is Caracas, which at that time was part of the Spanish Empire. He grew up in a noble Creole Basque family. His father came from Spain, taking part in the social life of Venezuela. Both of his parents died early. The well-known educators of that time, Simon Rodriguez, a well-known Venezuelan philosopher, were engaged in the upbringing of Simon Bolivar.
In 1799, Simon's family decided to take him away from troubled Caracas back to Spain. Bolivar also ended up there, who began to study law. Then he went on a trip to Europe to get to know the world better. He visited Germany, Italy, France, England, Switzerland. In Paris, he attended courses at the Higher and Polytechnic Schools.
It is known that during this trip to Europe he became a Freemason. In 1824 he established a lodge in Peru.
In 1805, Simon Bolivar arrived in the United States, where he developed a plan to liberate South America from Spanish rule.
Republic in Venezuela
First of all, Simon Bolivar turned out to be one of the most active participants in the overthrow of Spanish rule in Venezuela. In fact, a coup d'état took place there in 1810, and the next year the creation of an independent republic was officially announced.
In the same year, the revolutionary junta decides to send Bolivar to London in order to enlist the support of the British government. True, the British did not want to openly spoil relations with Spain, deciding to remain neutral. Bolivar nevertheless left his agent Louis Lopez Mendez in London to further conclude agreements on the recruitment of soldiers and loans for Venezuela, and he himself returned to the South American republic with a whole transport of weapons.
Spain was not going to quickly surrender to the will of the rebels. General Monteverde makes an alliance with the semi-savage inhabitants of the Venezuelan steppes, the militant Llaneros. At the head of this irregular military formation is Jose Thomas Boves, who had the nickname "Boves the Screamer". After that, the war takes on a particularly fierce character.
Simon Bolivar, whose biography is given in this article, takes tough retaliatory measures, ordering the destruction of all prisoners. However, nothing helps, in 1812 his army suffers a crushing defeat from the Spaniards in New Granada in the territory of modern Colombia. Bolivar himself writes the "Manifesto from Cartagena", in which he describes what happened, and then returns to his homeland.
By the end of the summer of 1813, his troops liberate Caracas, Bolivar is officially proclaimed the "liberator of Venezuela." The Second Venezuelan Republic is being created, headed by the hero of our article. The National Congress confirms the award of the title of Liberator to him.
However, Bolivar cannot stay in power for a long time. He turns out to be an indecisive politician, does not carry out reforms in the interests of the poorest segments of the population. Without enlisting their support, he was defeated already in 1814. forces Bolivar to leave the Venezuelan capital. In fact, he is forced to flee and seek refuge in Jamaica. In 1815, he published an open letter from there, in which he announced the liberation of Spanish America in the near future.
Great Columbia
Realizing his mistakes, he gets down to business with redoubled energy. Bolivar understands that his strategic miscalculation was the refusal to solve social problems and liberate the Arabs. The hero of our article convinces the President of Haiti, Alexander Pétion, to help the rebels with weapons, in 1816 he landed on the coast of Venezuela.
Decrees on the abolition of slavery and a decree on endowing the soldiers of the liberation army with land plots allow him to significantly expand his social base and enlist the support of a large number of new supporters. In particular, the llaneros, led by their compatriot José Antonio Paez, after the death of Boves in 1814, go over to the side of Bolívar.
Bolivar seeks to unite around himself all the revolutionary forces and their leaders in order to act together, but he does not succeed. However, the Dutch merchant Brion helps him in 1817 to occupy Angostura, and then raises all of Guiana against Spain. Not all is well within the revolutionary army. Bolivar orders the arrest of two of his former associates - Marino and Piar, the latter is executed in October 17 of the year.
The following winter, a party of mercenary soldiers from London arrives to help the hero of our article, from which he manages to form a new army. Following the successes in Venezuela, they liberate New Granada in 1819, and in December Bolivar is elected president of the Republic of Colombia. This decision is made by the first national congress, which meets in Angostura. President Simon Bolivar goes down in history as the leader of Great Colombia. At this stage, it includes New Granada and Venezuela.
In 1822, the Colombians drive the Spaniards out of the province of Quito, which joins Gran Colombia. Now it is an independent state of Ecuador.
liberation war
It is noteworthy that Bolivar does not calm down on this. In 1821, his volunteer army defeats the Spanish royal troops in the area of the settlement of Carabobo.
In the summer of the following year, he negotiates with José de San Martin, who is waging a similar war of liberation, having already managed to liberate part of Peru. But the two rebel leaders fail to find a common language. Moreover, in 1822, San Martin retired, Bolivar sent Colombian units to Peru to continue the liberation movement. In the battles of Junin and on the plain of Ayacucho, they win a decisive victory over the enemy, defeating the last detachments of the Spaniards who still remain on the continent.
In 1824, Venezuela is completely liberated from the colonists. In 1824, Bolivar became dictator in Peru, and also headed the Republic of Bolivia, named after him.
Personal life
In 1822, Bolivar meets the Creole Manuela Saenz in the city of Quito. From that moment on, she becomes his inseparable companion and faithful friend. She was 12 years younger than the hero of our article.
It is known that she was an illegitimate child. After the death of her mother, she studied reading and writing in a monastery, at the age of 17 she left there and lived with her father for some time. He even gave her in marriage to an English merchant. She moved with her husband to Lima, where she first encountered the revolutionary movement.
In 1822, she left her husband, returned to Quito, where she met the hero of our article. Simon Bolivar and Manuela Saenz remained together until the death of the revolutionary. When in 1828 she saved him from an assassination attempt, she received the nickname "liberator of the liberator."
After his death, she moved to Paita, where she sold tobacco and sweets. She died in 1856 during a diphtheria epidemic.
Collapse of Gran Colombia
Bolivar sought to form the Southern United States, which was to include Peru, Colombia, Chile and La Plata. in 1826 he convenes a Congress in Panama, but it ends in failure. Moreover, they begin to accuse him of trying to create an empire in which he will play the role of Napoleon. Party strife begins in Colombia itself, some of the deputies, led by General Paez, proclaim autonomy.
Bolivar assumes dictatorial powers and convenes a national assembly. It discusses changing the constitution, but after several meetings they cannot come to any decision.
In parallel, the Peruvians reject the Bolivian Code, depriving the hero of our article of the title of president for life. Having lost Bolivia and Peru, he establishes the residence of the ruler of Colombia in Bogotá.
assassination attempt
In September 1828, an attempt is made on his life. Federalists break into the palace and kill sentries. Bolivar manages to escape. On his side is the majority of the population, with the help of which the rebellion can be suppressed. The head of the conspirators Vice President Santander is expelled from the country with his closest supporters.
However, the next year the anarchy intensifies. Caracas announces the secession of Venezuela. Bolivar is losing power and influence, constantly complaining about accusations against him from America and Europe.
Resign
At the very beginning of 1830, Bolivar resigns, and soon after that he dies near the Colombian city of Santa Marta. He refuses houses, lands and even pensions. Spends his last days admiring the scenery of the Sierra Nevada. The hero of the revolution was 47 years old.
In 2010, his body was exhumed by order of Hugo Chavez in order to establish the true cause of his death. But this did not succeed. It was reburied in the center of Caracas in a specially built mausoleum.
Bolivarian
Simon Bolivar went down in history as a liberator who freed South America from Spanish rule. According to some reports, he won 472 battles.
It is still very popular in Latin America. His name is immortalized in the name of Bolivia, many cities, provinces, several monetary units. The multiple champion of Bolivia in football is called "Bolivar".
In works of art
It is Bolivar who is the prototype of the protagonist in the novel by the Colombian writer Marquez "The General in his Labyrinth". It describes the events of the last year of his life.
Bolivar's biography was written by Ivan Franko, Emil Ludwig and many others. The Austrian playwright Ferdinand Brückner has two plays dedicated to the revolutionary. These are "Dragon Fight" and "Angel Fight".
It is noteworthy that Karl Marx spoke negatively about Bolivar. In his activities, he saw dictatorial and Bonapartist features. Because of this, in Soviet literature, the hero of our article for a long time was evaluated exclusively as a dictator who spoke on the side of the landowners and the bourgeoisie.
Many Latin Americans have challenged this view. For example, Doctor of Historical Sciences Moses Samuilovich Alperovich. Illegal Soviet spy and Hispanicist Iosif Grigulevich even wrote a biography of Bolivar for the series "The Life of Remarkable People." For this, he was awarded the Order of Miranda in Venezuela, and in Colombia he was accepted into the local writers' association.
On the big screen
The film "Simon Bolivar" in 1969 tells in detail about the biography of the revolutionary. This is a joint production of Spain, Italy and Venezuela. Simon Bolivar was directed by Alessandro Blasetti. This was his last job.
The main roles in the film "Simon Bolivar" were played by Rosanna Schiaffino, Conrado San Martin, Fernando Sancho, Manuel Gil, Luis Davila, Angel del Pozo, Julio Peña and Sancho Gracia.
Caracas
Santa Marta, Colombia
Simon Bolivar(full name - Simon José Antonio de la Santisima Trinidad Bolivar de la Concepción y Ponte Palacios y Blanco (Spanish. Simon José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar de la Concepción y Ponte Palacios y Blanco ; during the life of S. Bolivar, his surname was written as Spanish. Bolivar), July 24, Caracas - December 17, Santa Marta, Colombia) - the most influential and famous of the leaders of the war for the independence of the Spanish colonies in America. National Hero of Venezuela. General. He liberated Venezuela, New Granada (modern Columbia and Panama), Royal Audiencia Quito (modern Ecuador) from Spanish domination, and the president of Great Colombia, created on the territory of these countries. He liberated Peru and became the head of the Republic of Bolivia (), formed on the territory of Upper Peru, named after him. The National Congress of Venezuela proclaimed () the Liberator (El Libertador).
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early years
Simon Bolivar was born on July 24, 1783 into a noble Creole family of Juan Vincente Bolivar (1726-1786), a Basque by nationality. The Bolivars clan came from the town of La Puebla de Bolívar in Biscay, Spain, which was then in the Marquina district, and after moving to the colony, the family took an active part in the social life of Venezuela. The boy lost his parents early. The upbringing and formation of Bolívar's worldview was greatly influenced by his teacher and older friend, the prominent educator Simon Rodriguez. In 1799, Simon's relatives decided to send him to Spain, to Madrid, away from the restless Caracas. There Simon Bolivar studied law, then traveled to Italy, Switzerland, Germany, England and France. While living in Paris, Bolivar attended the Polytechnic and Higher Normal Schools of the French capital for some time. In 1805, Bolivar visited the United States of America and here he thought out his plan for the liberation of South America from Spanish rule.
Venezuelan Republic
Bolivar took an active part in the overthrow of Spanish rule in Venezuela (April 19, 1810) and the proclamation of it as an independent republic (July 5, 1811). In the same year, Bolivar was sent by the revolutionary junta (people's assembly) to London to seek support from the British government. The latter, however, preferred to remain neutral. Bolivar left agent Louis López Mendez in London to conclude an agreement on behalf of Venezuela on the loan and recruitment of soldiers and returned with a transport of weapons.
Soon, the Spanish general Monteverde turned for assistance to the semi-wild inhabitants of the Venezuelan steppes - "llanos" - warlike llaneros. The Asturian Jose Thomas Boves, nicknamed Boves the Screamer, was put at the head of the irregular formations of the Llaneros ... The war took on an extremely cruel character. Bolivar decided to respond in kind, ordering the extermination of all captives. After the defeat of the Bolívar army by the Spanish troops, in 1812 he settled in New Granada (now Colombia), where he wrote the Manifesto from Cartagena, and at the beginning of 1813 he returned to his homeland. In August 1813, his troops occupied Caracas. The municipality of Caracas solemnly proclaimed Bolivar "Liberator of Venezuela" (El Libertador). The Second Venezuelan Republic was created, headed by Bolivar. The National Congress of Venezuela confirmed the title of Liberator awarded to him. However, not daring to carry out reforms in the interests of the lower classes, he failed to enlist their support and was defeated (). On July 6, 1814, the army of Simon Bolivar, pressed by the Spanish troops, was forced to leave the capital. Forced to seek refuge in Jamaica, Bolivar published an open letter there in September 1815, expressing his confidence in the imminent liberation of Spanish America.
Education of Gran Colombia
Finally realizing the need to free the slaves and solve other social problems, Bolivar convinced the President of Haiti, A. Pétion, to provide military assistance to the rebels, and in December 1816 he landed on the coast of Venezuela. The abolition of slavery () and the decree issued in 1817 on endowing the soldiers of the liberation army with land allowed him to expand the social base. Detachments went over to the side of Simon Bolivar llaneros who, after the death of Boves (), had a new leader - José Antonio Paez, himself a native llanero.
After an unsuccessful attempt to gather around him all the leaders of the revolution in order to act according to a common plan, Bolivar, with the help of the Dutch merchant Brion, in May 1817 took possession of Angostura and raised all of Guiana against Spain. Bolivar then ordered the arrest of his former associates Piar and Marino (the former was executed on October 16, 1817). In February 1818, thanks to the dispatch of mercenary soldiers from London, he managed to form a new army. Following successful operations in Venezuela, his troops liberated New Granada (c). In December 1819, he was elected president of the Republic of Colombia proclaimed by the National Congress in Angostura (now Ciudad Bolivar), which included Venezuela and New Granada. In 1822, the Colombians expelled Spanish forces from the province of Quito (now Ecuador), which joined Gran Colombia.
Liberation of South America
Collapse of the Colombian Federation
According to the plan of Bolivar, the Southern United States (Sur de Estados Unidos) was formed, which were to include Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, La Plata and Chile. On June 22, 1826, Bolivar convened a Congress in Panama from representatives of all these states, which, however, ended in failure. After the failure of the Panama Congress, Bolivar exclaimed in his hearts: “I am like that crazy Greek who, sitting on a cliff, tried to command the ships passing by! ..”
Soon after Bolívar's project became widely known, he was accused of wanting to create an empire under his rule, where he would play the role of Napoleon. Party strife broke out in Colombia. Some of the deputies, led by General Paez, proclaimed autonomy, others wanted to adopt the Bolivian Code.
Bolivar quickly arrived in Colombia and, assuming dictatorial powers, convened a national assembly on March 2, 1828 in Ocaña to discuss the question: "Should the constitution of the state be reformed?" The Congress could not reach a final agreement and adjourned after a few meetings.
Meanwhile, the Peruvians rejected the Bolivian Code and took away the title of president for life from Bolívar. Having lost power in Peru and Bolivia, Bolivar entered Bogota on June 20, 1828, where he established his residence as the ruler of Colombia. But already on September 25, 1828, an attempt was made on his life: the federalists broke into his palace, killed sentries, Bolivar himself was saved only by a miracle. However, the bulk of the population came out on his side, and this allowed Bolivar to suppress the rebellion, which was led by Vice President Santander. The head of the conspirators was first sentenced to death and then expelled from the country along with 70 of his supporters.
The next year, the anarchy intensified. November 25, 1829 in Caracas itself, 486 noble citizens proclaimed the separation of Venezuela from Colombia. Bolivar, whose business was finally collapsing, gradually lost all influence and power.
In his note to the congress, which met in Bogota in January 1830 to reform the Colombian government, Bolivar complained about the unjust accusations against him that came from Europe and America.
In early 1830, he retired and soon died near the Colombian city of Santa Marta on December 17, 1830. Before his death, Bolivar gave up his lands, houses, and even a state pension - and spent whole days contemplating from the window the picturesque landscapes of the local "snowy mountains" - the Sierra Nevada.
Bolivar in Freemasonry
Artworks
- Simon Bolivar. Manifesto from Cartagena (1812) (indefinite) . bloknot.info (A. Skromnitsky) (September 6, 2010). Date of treatment September 6, 2010. Archived from the original on August 24, 2011.
Bolivarian
According to unofficial data, Simon Bolivar won 472 battles.
Biographical sketches, works of art, historical works are dedicated to him. Bolivar is the main character in the novel by the Colombian writer Gabriel Garcia Marquez General in his labyrinth". Events develop in the last year of the general's life. Biographies of Bolívar were written by Emil Ludwig, Ukrainian classicist Ivan Franko and many others. The Austrian playwright Ferdinand Brückner dedicated two plays to Bolivar, Fighting an Angel and Fighting a Dragon. In Russia, Bolivar was admired by the Decembrists, Nikolai Polevoy.
Karl Marx, following the unflattering description of Bolivar in the memoirs of Ducoudray-Holstein, a former Bolivar confidant, gave a negative description of the Liberator, in whose activities he saw Bonapartist and dictatorial features, in his encyclopedic article "Bolivar y Ponte" for the New American Cyclopaedia. Therefore, in Soviet literature, Bolivar was characterized for a long time as a dictator who expressed the interests of the bourgeoisie and landowners. A number of Latin Americanists, including Moisei Samuilovich Alperovich, disputed such an assessment, but the famous intelligence officer and Latin Americanist Iosif Romualdovich Grigulevich, who wrote under the pseudonym Lavretsky a biography of Bolivar for the ZhZL series, finally decided to break with this tradition. For his work, Grigulevich was awarded the Venezuelan Order of Miranda and admitted to the Colombian Writers Association.
Simon Bolivar on boliviano, Bolivia
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Bolivar the Liberator on bolivars, Venezuela
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In astronomy
The asteroid (712) Boliviana, discovered on March 19, 1911, is named after Simon Bolivar.
In philately
Bolivar is depicted on the postage stamps of Chile in 1974, Spain in 1978, Bulgaria in 1982, the USSR in 1983, the GDR in 1983, etc.
To the cinema
- "Liberator" / Spanish. Libertador (pelicula) - film directed by Alberto Arvelo (Venezuela - Spain, 2013).
- "Simon Bolivar" / English. Simón Bolívar (1969 film) - a film directed by Alessandro Blasetti (Italy, Spain, Venezuela; 1969).
Objects in the CIS countries
- Square named after Simon Bolivar in Minsk
In education
- Simon Bolivar Conservatory
Notes
- //
- // Military Encyclopedia: [in 18 volumes] / ed. V. F. Novitsky [and others]. - St. Petersburg. ; [ M. ] : Type. t-va I.D.Sytin, 1911-1915.
- Lavrin A.P. "Dictionary of Chosen Deaths"// "Chronicles Charon. Encyclopedia of death". - Novosibirsk: Siberian University Publishing House, 2009. - S. 383. - 544 p. - ISBN 978-5-379-00562-7.
- Bueno Latina. In Caracas, a mausoleum is being built for the ashes of Simon Bolívar
- Chavez showed the new coffin of the hero Bolívar, decorated with jewels
- Simon Bolivar
- Polevoy N. A. Letters (indefinite) . Lib.Ru. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
- Karl Marx. Bolivar y Ponte
Literature
- Avliev V. N., Avliev S. N. Simon Bolivar as liberator America: historiographical aspect // Science Time. 2015. No. 6(18). pp.10-14.
- Gusev V.I. Horizons of Freedom: The Tale of Simon Bolivar. - M.: Politizdat. Fiery revolutionaries, 1972. - 383 p., ill. Same. - 2nd ed. - 1980. - 358 p., ill.
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
- ACOSTA RODRÍGUEZ, LUIS JOSÉ. 1979: " Bolivar para todos". Sociedad Bolivariana de Venezuela. Caracas - Venezuela." 2 volumes. ISBN 968-484-000-4
- ANONIMO. 2003: Bolívar, Grandes biografias ”, AAVV, febrero 1ra edición, Ediciones y Distribuciones Promo-libro S.A., Madrid-España.
- ARCINIEGAS, GERMAN. 1979: "Héroe Vital. La Gran Colombia, garantía de la libertad sudamericana. En: "
- BENCOMO BARRIOS, HECTOR. 1983: " Bolivar Jefe Militar". Cuadernos Lagoven. Serie Bicentenario. Lagoven S.A. Caracas - Venezuela.79p.
- BOHORQUEZ CASALLAS, LUIS ANTONIO. 1980. ""Breve biografía de Bolívar"". Colección José Ortega Torres, Gráficas Margal, Bogotá - Colombia.
- BOLINAGA, MARÍA BEGOÑA. 1983: " Bolivar conservacionista". Cuadernos Lagoven. Serie Bicentenario. Lagoven S.A. Caracas - Venezuela 91p.
- BOLÍVAR, SIMÓN. 1981: " Simon Bolivar ideario politico". Ediciones Centauro Caracas - Venezuela. 214p.
- BOULTON, ALFREDO. 1980: " Miranda, Bolívar y Sucre tres estudios Icnográficos". Biblioteca de Autores y Temas Mirandinos. Caracas - Venezuela. 177p.
- BOYD, BILL. 1999:" Bolivar, Liberator of a continent, An historical novel, Sterling, Virginia 20166, Capital Books, Inc., ISBN 1-892123-16-9 .
- BUSHNELL, DAVID Y MACAULAY, NEILL, 1989: "El nacimiento de los países latinoamericanos" Editorial Nerea, S.A., Madrid - España.
- CABALLERO, MANUEL. S/F: “'Por que no soy bolivariano. Una reflexion antipatriótica". Alfa Group Editorial. ISBN 980-354-199-4.
- CALDERA, RAFAEL. 1979: Arquitecto de una nueva sociedad. La educación y la virtud, sustento de la vida republicana. En: " Bolivar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir". Auge, S.A. Editores. Lima - Peru.
- CAMPOS, JORGE. 1984: " Bolivar". Salvat Editores, S. A. Barcelona - España. 199p.
- CARRERA DAMAS, GERMÁN, S/F: "El Culto a Bolívar". Alfa Group Editorial. ISBN 980-354-100-5.
- ENCEL, FREDERIC. 2002, ""El arte de la guerra: Estrategias y batallas"". Alianza Editorial, S.A., Madrid - España.
- ENCINOZA, VALMORE E., Y CARMELO VILDA. 1988: " Se llamaba Simon Bolivar. Vida y obra del Libertador". Ediciones S.A. Education and Cultura Religiosa. Caracas - Venezuela. 112p.
- GARCÍA MÁRQUEZ, GABRIEL: 2001," Der General in Seinem Labyrinth". Historischer Roman, Köln, Kiepenheuer & Witsch, (KiWi; 657), ISBN 3-462-03057-4
- GIL FORTOUL, JOSÉ. 1954: " Historia Constitucional de Venezuela". Cuarta Edition. Ministerio de Education. Dirección de Cultura y Bellas Artes. Caracas - Venezuela. 3 volumes.
- JURADO TORO, BERNARDO. 1980: " Bolivar y el mar". Edicion del Banco Central de Venezuela. Caracas - Venezuela. 181p.
- JURADO TORO, BERNARDO. 1994: ""Bolívar el polifacetico"". Ed. DIGECAFA, Caracas - Venezuela.
- LECUNA, VICENTE. 1954: " Relaciones diplomaticas de Bolívar con Chile y Argentina". Imprenta National. Caracas - Venezuela. 2 volumes.
- LECUNA, VICENTE. 1960: " Cronica razonada de las Guerras de Bolivar". The Colonial Books, New York - United States. NY. 3 volumes.
- LECUNA, VICENTE. 1977: " La Casa natal del Libertador". Impreso en Venezuela por Cromotip. Caracas - Venezuela.
- LECUNA, VICENTE. 1995: " Documentos referentes a la creación de Bolivia". Comision Nacional del Bicentenario del Gran Mariscal Sucre (1795-1995). Caracas - Venezuela. 2 volumes. ISBN 980-07-2353-6
- LIEVANO AGUIRRE, INDALECIO. 1988: " Bolivar". Academia Nacional de la Historia. Caracas Venezuela. 576p. ISBN 980-300-035-X
- LLANO GOROSTIZA, M. 1976: " Bolivar en Vizcaya". Banco de Vizcaya. Bilbao - Spain. 115p. ISBN 84-500-1556-1
- LLERAS RESTREPO, CARLOS. 1979: "Democrata cabal. Sumision a la Ley y a la patria". En: " Bolivar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir". Auge, S.A. Editores. Lima - Peru.
- LOVERA DE SOLA, R. J. 1983: " Bolívar y la opinión publica". Cuadernos Lagoven. Lagoven. S.A. Caracas - Venezuela. 83p.
- LYNCH, JOHN. 1998: ""Las revoluciones hispanoamericanas 1808-1826"". Editorial Ariel, S.A., 7ma edición, Barcelona - España.
- LYNCH, JOHN. 2006: " Simon Bolivar. a life", Verlag: Yale University Press, O. Mai, ISBN 0-300-11062-6 .
- MADARIAGA, SALVADOR DE: 1986: " Simon Bolivar". Zürich, Manesse-Verl., ISBN 3-7175-8067-1
- MARX, KARL. S/F ""Bolívar y Ponte: Apuntes biográficos sobre Simón Bolívar"". S/R.
- MASUR, GERHARD. 1974: " Simon Bolivar". Circulo de Lectores S.A. y Editorial Grijalbo S.A. Barcelona - Spain. 600p. ISBN 84-226-0346-2
- MIJARES, AUGUSTO. 1987: " El Libertador". Academia Nacional de la Historia y Ediciones de la Presidencia de la Republica. Caracas- Venezuela 588p. ISBN 980-265-724-7
- MIRO, RODRIGO. 1979: "Espiritu realista. La consolidacion de la independencia, pertinaz obsession." En: " Bolivar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir". Auge, S.A. Editores. Lima - Peru.
- MONDOLFI, EDGARDO (Comp.): 1990: " Bolívar ideas de un espíritu visionario". Monte Ávila Latinoamericana. Caracas - Venezuela. ISBN 980-01-0310-4
- MORÓN, GUILLERMO. 1979: " Los presidentes de Venezuela. 1811 -1979". S.A. Meneven. Caracas - Venezuela. 334p.
- PÉREZ ARCAY, JACINTO. 1980: " El fuego sagrado. Bolivar hoy". Edition CLI-PER. Caracas - Venezuela. 347p.
- PEREZ CONCHA JORGE. 1979: Politico sagaz. Guayaquil: affirmation de los principios republicanos. En: " Bolivar. Hombre del presente, nuncio del porvenir". Auge, S.A. Editores. Lima - Peru.
- PEREZ VILA, MANUEL. 1980: " Bolívar el libro del sesquicentenario 1830-1980". Ediciones de la Presidencia de la Republica. Caracas - Venezuela. 391p.
- PETZOLD PERNÍA, HERMANN. 1986: " Bolívar y la ordenación de los poderes publicos en los estados emancipador". Fundación Premio Internacional Pensamiento de Simón Bolivar ". Caracas - Venezuela.
- PINO ITURRIETA, ELAS. S/A: "El divino bolívar: ensayo sobre una religión republicana" Alfa Group Editorial.
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