Making a bowstring for a ladder. Stringer for stairs: production and installation. Ladder overall height

The bowstring staircase is a classic case. These designs have high level strength, are distinguished by respectability. In this case, the bowstring plays a special role. What is it? To answer this question, we have prepared this article.

Bowstring - side beams with grooves. Steps are inserted into these grooves. This is how a staircase is made. However, there is another kind of design. In this case, one side of the span is attached to the string, and the other is fastened to the wall with a bolt.

In addition, there are stairs on a bowstring, which have risers or not. If we are talking about an open staircase that does not have risers, then this is a fairly light structure that is fully visible. In another case, the march looks massive, but it is more reliable. The person does not have a feeling of fear that he will stumble and get his foot between two steps, which can lead to injury. As for the price of a continuous ladder, it will be higher. Photos of such stairs can be seen on the Internet.

So, we briefly examined what a bowstring is. We found out what it is. Now let's move on to the design features.

Design features

If you look at photos or video materials on how to make a staircase with your own hands, you can highlight several features. The main feature that is striking is the variety of designs. These can be straight or swivel staircases, multi- or single-flight, with run-in steps or equipped platforms. But in any case, it is necessary to allocate a lot of space for stairs.

Stairs that use a bowstring are not recommended to be set abruptly. In this case, it is worth considering the height of the ceilings. If we are talking about a room with low ceilings, then it is advisable to build a lightweight structure. As an option - along the wall, fastened with bolts. In cases where you have a lot of free space, it is best to make a string ladder.

The steps are attached to the grooves that are on the bowstring. The grooves are located on the beam. Since the treads are not on the beam, after a while they may begin to creak or sag. If you look closely at the photo, you can see what could be causing trouble.

Important! Do-it-yourself installation of steps into grooves is much more difficult than laying on stringers. This leads to the fact that the stairs will be more expensive.

Structures of their wood with mortise steps

This method is most often used. A bowstring is easy to make with your own hands. To do this, in each wooden board, it is necessary to make grooves of about 2 cm.At the same time, try to make the grooves of the same depth with an accuracy of a millimeter and as even as possible. Otherwise, the step will start to “walk”. Use a template that you can cut from a piece of plywood to evenly mark the distance.

Making a template

In order to make a template with your own hands, you need to nail the slats to the plywood blank. Make an indent about 5 centimeters from each corner. If you do not "bother" with this, then you run the risk of coming to the conclusion that the string becomes a stringer.

Important! If you have a staircase in your project that has two side bowstrings, pay attention to the fact that the beams have a mirror ratio when cutting the grooves.

The main difference between ladders on bowstrings and ladders of another type is the way the steps are supported. In the stairs on the kosoura, the steps lie on the kosoura from above, here the steps are located between the bowstrings (Fig. 12.1).

When a person steps on a step, it bends down and straightens immediately after removing the load - a thrust appears at the ends of the step. So that the bowstrings do not "disperse" in different directions from the impact of the gaps, they are fastened with a steel rod having a diameter of about 10 mm; a thread is made at the ends of the rod.

Sometimes straps are used that have a different design (Figure 12.2).

Rice. 12.1. In the stairs on the bowstrings, the steps are located between the bowstrings.

Rice. 12.2. Ladder on wooden bowstrings with mortise steps:

a-general view of the stairs: 7-groove under the steps; b- various ways of fastening bowstrings: 2- screw strand; 3-tie with wooden wedges; 4-tie with steel wedges;

c-marking according to the bowstring pattern with the same step sizes: 5-sheet of plywood; 6- wooden guides

Making grooves for steps in bowstrings

A ladder on bowstrings with mortise steps (that is, when risers and treads are inserted into special grooves made in the bowstrings) is the most common design (Fig. 12.3). The grooves should be 15-20 mm deep.

In order for the tread to fit snugly, the grooves in the bowstring must be made even and of the same depth.

The design will not warp if you accurately mark the bowstring before cutting. To mark the grooves, use a template, the design of which is practically no different from the template made for stairs with stringers.

The template for marking the bowstrings is also made of plywood. The difference between this template is that during its manufacture, the slats must be shifted by 30-50 mm from the design dimensions of the step (Fig, 12.4). The indent is made in order not to accidentally cut the bowstring to the very edge of the workpiece during sawing, thus turning it into a stringer.

ATTENTION

When marking two bowstrings of the same staircase, remember that the bowstrings are a mirror image of each other and, accordingly, they must be marked in a mirror image.

Risers and treads should be marked by moving the template along the edge of the bowstring. To do this, draw a reference line at a distance of 3-5 cm from the long edge of the bowstring (along the edge). Moving the template along the edge of the bowstring, mark with a pencil the lines of the steps, their tops should be on the drawn line. At one end of the bowstring, the extended marking line should correspond to the floor level of the upper floor or intermediate platform, at the other - to the floor level of the first floors. You can cut off these ends at once, but it will still be better to first try on the bowstring at the place of its installation.

Rice. 12.3. Such a staircase on bowstrings will easily decorate even a palace.

Rice. 12.4. Making grooves in bowstrings and the process of assembling a ladder:

a - making a stencil: 1 - pencil; 2- reference line; J - tread; 4-line tread;

6-slot milling: 5-slot; 6- stencil; 7-string; c-assembly of the ladder

There are two ways to make tread grooves:

hand tool;

milling machine.

Regardless of what kind of wood the bowstring was made of (solid or glued), the grooves for the steps must be chosen obliquely in the direction of the wood grain.

Of course, it would be better to use a milling machine and mill the bowstrings using a plywood stencil. A similar stencil is made as follows: you need to nail two bars parallel to the edges of the bowstring to a piece of rectangular plywood, the distance between them should eventually become equal to the width of the bowstring.

1. Place the plywood stencil on the string and trace a reference line to the stencil.

2. Remove the wood slats from the step template and place the template on the slot stencil so that the reference lines line up.

3. Draw lines that correspond to the sides of the step.

4. Place a tread on the stencil and trace around it.

5. If necessary, expand the hole size by a distance equal to the distance between the round flange of the milling machine and the cutter (see Fig. 12.4).

6. Use a jigsaw and a drill to make an enlarged tread hole in the stencil.

7. Then put the bowstring on the trestle and place the made stencil on the bowstring.

9. Pass the cutter along the string to a depth of 1.5-2 cm in several passes.

10. At the end of the work, it is necessary to process the corners of the grooves using a chisel.

Attaching steps to bowstrings

Before installing the steps in the bowstrings, coat the ends of the steps with glue.

If you are making connections on the wedges, widen the grooves in the bowstrings with a slope towards the back, they should be trapezoidal. The tread inserted into the grooves is wedged from below with wedges, the wedges press it against the upper side of the recess (Fig. 12.5, 12.6).

Often, to hedge and increase the reliability of the connection, the treads are also attached to the bowstring with the help of screws screwed in from the front side of the bowstring. The screw heads will not spoil appearance stairs, if they are buried in a bowstring, and then putty.

You can do a little differently: bury the screws in the wood of the bowstring, then glue the holes with wood corks behind them and grind them.

There are other methods by which you can attach the steps to the bowstrings, for example, fasten them to the bowstrings with square and triangular bars, fasten the steps with sinkers or steel fasteners.

In order for these methods to be applicable, the bowstrings must be made of planed smooth boards that do not have grooves. Drives or short bars are attached to the inner side of the boards with screws, to which the steps are attached in the future.

The steps and risers in these connections are fastened in the same way as the connections of stairs on kosoura.

Arrangement of rotary ladders on bowstrings

When arranging turns of stairs on bowstrings that do not have intermediate platforms, dock the bowstrings on the posts of the stair rail (Fig. 12.7), you can also use swivel fittings.

The joining of the stairs on the bowstrings with the balusters of the fence looks very beautiful and elegant, moreover, it is a reliable and durable connection. All stresses arising in the lower chord of the ladder docked in this way are transferred to the stair rail, that is, to the upper chord of the staircase. In other words, as a result of joining with the help of ladder balusters, a spatial system is formed, characterized by enviable rigidity.

Connecting bowstrings with swivel fittings is more difficult than the previous one compound. However, this option also has its own advantage - it does not limit the design of the staircase to only one type of fence. In principle, this docking station is a truncated version of the connection on balusters, but without the upper belt of the ladder structure. Instead of a swivel beam (as in the previous connection), short pieces of bowstrings are used here. The joints of the parts of the bowstrings must be made very high quality.

Rice. 12.5. The ladder on the bowstrings is almost ready

Rice. 12.6. Variants of connecting steps with bowstrings: a-joining of steps into a groove; b - joining of steps without a riser into the grooves of the bowstring: / - riser;

2- tread; 3- groove; 4-string;

в- joining treads with overhangs and risers into the groove

bowstrings;

d - joining of steps without risers into the grooves of the bowstring with wedging;

d- joining steps with risers in the grooves of the bowstring

with wedging: 5 - wedge;

e - connection of steps without risers with bars,

sewn on a bowstring: 6-bar;

w-connection of steps with rims, sewn

bowstring: 7-pin

Bowstrings of two-flight ladders are attached in the same way (Fig.12.8):

the central support post of the fence is attached to the bearing platform beam, the internal bowstrings of the descending and ascending flights of stairs are cut into it;

the bowstrings are bolted to the side faces of the support baluster; wall bowstrings are nailed, respectively, to the wall.

For the manufacture of landings, they usually take 50 mm sheet pile boards, which are laid on top of the platform beams, and the boards are placed on the bars near the walls. The platform beams are hemmed from below.

Rice. 12.7. Variants of the device of “thorn-groove” type joints in the bowstrings of rotary ladders: a- joining the bowstrings on the baluster: 7-bowstring; 2- baluster; b- articulation of bowstrings on swivel fittings: 3- swivel fitting

Rice. 12.8. Variants of bowstring connection knots on the turning platform of a two-flight staircase: a- bowstring articulation on the central support; b- articulation of bowstrings on balusters (allows you to move the marches)

Usually bowstrings are made of glued boards, and all the inserts are made with glue. I must say that the nodes of the stairs on wooden joints gradually loosen and begin to creak, therefore, if you are a beginner in carpentry, it is better to connect the bowstrings with metal fasteners, with which you can securely and permanently fix the docking nodes.

Elements such as the bowstrings of stairs are one of the main ones, and therefore, with self-design and installation, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the rules for their arrangement in the first place. To understand this issue, it is not enough to consider only the essence of the concept, it is necessary to disassemble the types of structures and the very technology of manufacturing with your own hands.

Types of stairs

So what is a ladder string? In essence, it is a side structural element that holds the steps and serves as a kind of limiter.

In one form or another, the bowstring is used in almost all models of stairs.

The bowstring of the stairs is a support for fastening the steps

The following types of ladders on a bowstring can be distinguished:

• Attached. This is the simplest ladder used on the farm, especially on summer cottages... It consists of only two elements: side bowstrings and crossbars, which act as steps. It is very simple to make such a model with your own hands. A more perfect type is a stepladder with additional supports.
• Folding attic... These ladders consist of several sections. The bowstring is folded in this case. Carriages, hinges and other similar fasteners can be used to connect the parts.
• Marching. This is a kind of stairs in the most familiar representation for us. Such a design, in the presence of precisely bowstrings, has side strips or beams that hold the steps and form a march.
• Screw... In this case, the element in question is either absent altogether, or is located on the outside. A wooden bowstring looks very impressive. Alas, making it yourself is very difficult, since it is very difficult and expensive to bend wood in this way.

You can also distinguish different types of stairs on the bowstring, depending on the way the steps are attached to it. This issue should be considered in more detail.

Varieties of stairs depending on design features

Ways of fastening steps

It is the methods of fastening the steps of the stairs on the bowstring that are the defining criterion in drawing up the classification of such elements. Despite the fact that such stairs look monotonous and uncomplicated from the outside, in fact there are many options for their design.

To figure out how to do it yourself the best option bowstrings for stairs, it is worth considering the basic methods of mounting steps:

• Mortise. This is a standard technique for attaching treads and risers to supporting structure... In this case, a recess is cut into the bowstring from the inside, where the step is further hammered. For open models, one groove per step is enough, and for the risers, a comb template is equipped. It is most convenient to cut grooves hand milling cutter... Alternatively, you can use a hammer and chisel, but this will take much longer. When the steps are fixed on one string, the second element is stuffed from the other end.
• Sliding. In this case, the steps are not simply inserted into the prepared grooves, but pushed inward. This is possible due to the fact that the cut out recess has an open exit to the outside. It is in such structures that the treads can be removed without completely disassembling the stairs.
• Using corners. It is also possible to equip the mount using auxiliary elements. To dispense with cutting grooves, can be fastened to the sidewalls metal corners, on which treads will be superimposed in the future.

Options for attaching steps to a bowstring

In addition, to make a strong and reliable ladder on bowstrings with your own hands, the side elements must be fastened together with the help of rods - use a metal tie on nuts or a wooden tie on wedges or bolts. The ropes are located along the edges and in the central part of the stairs and prevent the sidewalls from moving apart when they are loaded when walking up the steps.

Kosour as a kind of bowstring

If we talk about marching stairs, several other elements are very often found here. The steps do not just cut into the side strips, but fit onto the toothed supports. These ridges are called kosoura and they are a type of bowstring ladder.

Unlike ordinary bowstrings, kosour is characterized by the presence of comb protrusions. To make them with your own hands, you need to cut out projections in the bar according to the project diagram for the location of each tread. You can also fill a triangle on a straight bar, that is, the tooth itself. Such designs have their advantages in terms of greater ease of manufacture, since special grooves do not need to be cut.

For some people, the use of a comb stringer is preferred due to its decorative appearance.

Stringers are used as a simpler alternative to a ladder string.

DIY making

So how do you make a ladder on bowstrings with your own hands? In order to decorate your house with such a structure, you first need to determine its height, the number and dimensions of the steps. If in ladders it is enough to take two beams and cut the beams into them using the “thorn-groove” method, in full-fledged structures the volume of work is more significant.

To make a bowstring for a ladder, you can use a wooden plank of a suitable thickness. It is recommended to use a template for sawing grooves. On it, ridges are marked based on the removal of parameters from the treads and risers. In this case, a small indent is made from the edge.

Templates are used to cut grooves in the bowstring.

In order to cut grooves with your own hands, transfer the marks from the template to the workpiece and process the wood with a router with a nozzle required diameter... Then the inner bowstring is fixed at the construction site of the staircase and the elements of the steps are attached. At the end, they are pressed on the second side with another bowstring and are tightly knocked out. For reliability, nails and glue can be used. To prevent the ladder from moving apart, do not forget to install the ties at the rate of one element for 4-5 steps.

In fact, it is not so difficult to design such a staircase. Before starting operation, make sure the connections are tight and, if necessary, install additional vertical supports. For this purpose, you can use wooden beams, metal tubes or hangers attached to the ceiling. Fences can be mounted both on the bowstring and on the steps themselves. The first option is more preferable aesthetically.

The bowstring of the stairs is one of the main structural elements. And if you plan to independently design, manufacture and install a staircase in your house, we recommend that you study in detail its types and manufacturing methods, since the cost of an error in this case can be high.

Element assignment

What is a ladder bowstring and what is it for? This is the main supporting bearing element of the stairs, made in the form of an inclined beam. As a rule, there are two such beams (but it is also possible to mount the stairs directly to the wall on one side). On the inner sides of the beams, cutouts are made in which the steps are located.

That is, in other words, the bowstring holds the steps, preventing them from scattering - in fact, this is the frame of the stairs. The bowstring can be ordered from specialists, having reported the required dimensions, or done by hand in accordance with GOST. The main thing is to correctly calculate all the parameters, choose a kosour (for example, they can be curved) and follow our recommendations.

Peculiarities

The complexity of making a ladder bowstring in its large size and the need for accurate calculations, because the ladder should, above all, be safe and comfortable in future use. When calculating the parameters of a ladder string, a lot is taken into account: the length and slope of the future flight of stairs, the depth of the steps, their number, the fasteners of the future stairs at the top and bottom.

Depending on the room, the height between the floors, the type of fence, the bowstring can have different sizes.

If the size of the room allows, then you can make a long staircase. If space is limited, then it is better to opt for a structure consisting of two flights, it is also possible to increase the angle of inclination. But note that a slope of 30-40 degrees is considered comfortable.

If the slope is made more, then the staircase will turn out to be steep and inconvenient to use. In addition, such a slope increases the risk of a person falling. Even a slope in the range of 40-45 degrees will already be inconvenient for the elderly and small children. Such a slope can be used, but only on very short stairs in case of urgent need (also acceptable for auxiliary stairs, for example, to the basement or to the attic).

Types and design requirements

Almost all classic ladders are assembled on a bowstring. There are several types of them.

1. Attached. This is the simplest version, there is such a staircase in almost every home. Two beams are connected by transverse beams - steps. If you equip the ladder with additional supports, you get a stepladder.
2. Folding attic. According to their purpose, such ladders are made of several sections, which allows the bowstring to fold. Loops or other fasteners are used to connect the parts of the bowstring. Ladders of this type are used for secondary premises (attics, basements), and are often chosen if there is not enough space for a full-fledged staircase or their infrequent use is expected. Folding ladders for main areas are prohibited by regulations.
3. Marching. As an illustrative example, we can cite an ordinary staircase in the entrances. multi-storey buildings... Such a staircase is formed by two beams and steps, which just form the march.
4. Screw. In this case, the bowstring can be located on the outside.

You can also define groups by the way the steps are installed.

1. Mortise. On the inside of the beam milling machine makes a groove into which the step is later hammered. If the staircase is planned to be open (without risers), then you can limit yourself to one groove.
2. Sliding. Unlike mortise, here the groove is made through and through, and the steps are pushed inward. This option is good in that if you need to repair a single step, you will not need to disassemble the entire staircase, but it will be enough just to pull out the step and replace it with a new one.
3. Using corners. If you are not sure that you can cut the grooves symmetrically, then you can use the fastening with the help of metal corners. That is, the metal corners are fixed on the sidewalls, and then the steps are simply superimposed on top and screwed on. This option is especially good for beginners.

Materials (edit)

The materials from which bowstrings for stairs can be made are diverse - they are wood, metal, and even reinforced concrete. The choice of material depends on the design decision, the purpose of the staircase, budget and personal taste.

Wood

If we talk about wood, then there are pros and cons. First of all, it is the most a budget option, which can be implemented at home. A wooden staircase always adds coziness to the house. As for the type of wood, it is better to choose larch, maple, oak, cherry or beech: unlike conifers, they will not emit resin, but if this does not bother you, then you can choose spruce, fir, pine or cedar.

When choosing wood, you need to pay attention to its condition: it must be well dried and free from defects.

Poorly dried wood threatens to destroy all work - the stairs will be creaky and unsafe. The material for the bowstring should be chosen of the required size (in width and length) so that it does not need to be spliced. This will ensure high reliability of the future design.

Metal

In terms of a low budget, the metal structure is not far from the wooden one, but for self-made a metal bowstring will require a welding machine and work skills (if you are new to this business, we recommend choosing an inverter-type welding machine).

The main advantages of this material- reliability, high bearing capacity and long service life.

If the shape of a wooden staircase is limited, then metal allows imaginations to roam and complete projects of any complexity.

Steel is generally preferred.

Reinforced concrete

Monolithic reinforced concrete structure allows you to fulfill any designer's idea, but at home it cannot be realized - only in production.

Dimensions (edit)

The length of the bowstring may vary. Everything here will depend on the configuration of the stairs: the height of the object, the number of flights, the slope, the number of steps, and so on. But if we talk about a wooden staircase, that is, fixed parameters of the width and thickness of the beam, then the width of the board should not be less than 30 cm, and the thickness should not be less than 5 cm. The length of the bowstring can vary from 1500 mm to 6000 mm.

We give standard sizes bowstrings:

• 50x300x1500 mm;
• 50x300x2000 mm;
• 50x300x2500 mm;

• 50x300x3000 mm;
• 50x300x3500 mm;
• 50x300x4000 mm;
• 50x300x4500 mm;
• 50x300x5000 mm;
• 50x300x6000 mm.

Please note that this parameter is calculated individually for each room.

Payment

In the formula for calculating a ladder string, such a parameter as the length of a human step is involved.

1. Average stride length is about 63 cm (depending on height), which means that the two step heights + step depth must add up to 63 cm (plus or minus 3 cm).
2. Optimal slope the flight of stairs is equal to 30-40 degrees (we already wrote above that it is better not to change this value).
3. Step depth should be at least 28-30 cm. This depth will correspond to shoe size 45. It may happen that the bowstring cannot provide such depth, then this is solved simply: the step is made wider and installed with a ledge.
4. Optimal step height should be about 15-20 cm.

So, first, determine the height of the structure. To do this, measure the distance from the lower floor to the upper floor. If the final coating is already ready, then everything is fine, but if not yet, then you will have to measure offhand, taking into account the approximate thickness of the future floor.

Let's consider with approximate figures how the calculation is made.

• We have a height from floor to ceiling 250 cm.Adding thickness interfloor overlap and floor covering 35 cm.We get 285 cm.
• We select the average value of the height of the risers (vertical elements of the stairs) - 17 cm. You can choose from the range of 15-20 cm.
• To calculate the number of steps, divide the height of the stairs by the height of the risers 285/17 = 16.76 pcs. Round up to 17 pcs.

Now you can make a small bottom step, and the rest of 17 cm. If all steps should be the same, then we divide the height of the stairs by the number of steps obtained and we get a value of 16.7 cm. You can choose one of two options.

The length of the staircase is calculated by multiplying two values: the number of steps and the width of the tread (step depth).

The number of steps we have is 17, as the depth of the step we choose the optimal value of 30 cm.We get 510 cm.

This is a rather long staircase and will take up a lot of space, so if the area of ​​the room does not allow such luxury, then it is recommended to make the staircase a two-flight staircase. The turn here will be 180 degrees.

For structural calculations, you can use special computer programs or online calculators.

How to make?

If you decide to make a ladder yourself, then there are two options for the path:

• order composite stairs in a specialized company, where, according to your project, support beams with grooves, steps, risers will be cut out - you just have to assemble all this;
• do the whole amount of work yourself.

In the second case, you need to start with calculations and preparation. necessary material, after marking it will already be possible to proceed to direct production.

You will need the following set of tools:

• measuring (ruler, tape measure, square, building level);
• milling machine;
• jigsaw;
• drill or screwdriver;
• rubber mallet (a hammer with a rubber tip).

Any ladder rests on a supporting beam, which can be made as a stringer or bowstring.

Bowstrings allow you to maximally adapt the staircase to the features of a particular interior, thus making it elegant and modern.

When resting on bowstrings, the steps are placed between adjacent boards, attaching to them with their ends.

It turns out that if you attach the steps to the bowstrings, then their ends, in contrast to the installation on the stringers, will be hidden, and the view of the stairs in profile will be inclined and even. If only one string is used, then the second end of the step can be wall-mounted. Ladder steps are available with risers (closed) or without them (open), then either the horizontal step from the vertical part of the step, or only the horizontal one is attached to the bowstring.

The staircase fence, which makes it reliable and comfortable, is formed using balusters (vertical support posts) attached to the top of the railing, and from the bottom attached to the beam, with such a frequency that the gap between adjacent posts does not exceed 15 cm. This provides a margin of safety. Fulfill wooden stairs, in order to protect it from cracking due to deformations under the influence of the environment, it follows from some types of wood with a fence and fasteners. Staircases, platforms, railings are connected together by balusters, so it should be especially reliable.

For stairs resting on bowstrings, you can place balusters relative to the steps in an arbitrary place, since they are mainly fastened to the beams, and not to the steps. The easiest way is to attach the stanchions to the side of the string from the outside. Then it is enough to screw them onto the screws from the side, having previously drilled recesses for them, and covering them from above with wooden dowels for masking. From the top of the beam, to the edge, you can use a lathe (the board is slightly wider than the bowstring), which has a groove at the bottom, the size of the width of the bowstring, on which it is worn from above. The racks are placed on the top of the podbalyasennik, screwing them from below with self-tapping screws. Then the structure is coated with wood glue and put on the string, fastening with clamps. Balusters can be planted on a beam using dowels, fixing spikes of a circular cross-section, drilling holes half their length in the uprights and bowstring so that there is no backlash. All dowels are tightly inserted into the holes of the racks, fixing with glue, then the railing is fastened with the bowstring with the lower halves of the dowels.

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We fix the racks

It is possible to attach the stanchions to the bowstring using studs. Take tools:

• face saw;
• drill.

Materials:

• bowstring;
• railing racks;
• galvanized standard studs (M6 thread);
• PVA glue).

Perform in stages:

1. Places for the installation of the handrail posts are marked.
2. The racks are cut from the bottom with a saw at an angle (angle of inclination of the beam).
3. From below, at the ends of the racks, holes are drilled (80 mm deep, drill with a diameter of 12 mm).
4. The pins are set on glue and inserted into the holes, leaving the ends about 7 cm.
5. Holes are made in the bowstring with a drill with a diameter of 14 mm to a depth of 100 mm.
6. The balusters are inserted with pins into these holes, securing first the extreme posts, then the rest.

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How to mount steps

The steps themselves are attached to the bowstrings by cutting them into a beam or mounting them on supporting elements. These are corners or bars that are screwed to the beam with screws along the tread line, the horizontal parts of the steps. The steps are similarly attached to the supports with screws. You can make a staircase with steps cut into the bowstring, in which grooves of the same (2 cm) depth are made with some indentation from the upper edge, then treads with risers are inserted into them. Sometimes using the simplest way, the steps are fastened by screwing them into the end on the outside of the board.

A staircase will turn out to be reliable and stable if its bowstrings dock on balusters. Then the beam consists of sections that are attached to the grooves of the balusters with the help of protrusions. In this case, the loads with upper parts the bowstrings are redistributed to the guard posts, and when used, the entire ladder, including bowstrings, steps and balusters, turns into a single, interconnected system.

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Flush mount

To make a mortise attachment to the bowstring, the following tools are used:

• manual milling machine;
• drill;
• jigsaw;
• bit;
• screwdriver.

Materials:

• screws;
• wooden slats;
• plywood sheet;
• treads and risers;
• bowstrings.

Perform actions:

1. The bowstring is marked using a plywood tread pattern (or a tread with a riser), cut taking into account the calculations for a march with the desired slope and number of steps.
2. We draw a reference line on the bowstring, retreating from its edge 50 mm.
3. We will nail the guide rails to the template, which will "slide" along the top edge of the board. Moving the template, mark the zigzag marking of the steps so that its vertices lie on the reference line. At the top, the marking line ends at the level of the second floor landing, and at the bottom, the end of the tread corresponds to the floor.
4. Grooves are made in the bowstring (chosen at an angle to the line of fibers). To make the grooves efficiently, it is better to cut them out of plywood using a stencil, making a hole in it using a drill and a jigsaw, slightly larger than the width of the tread and riser and located at the same angle of inclination with the lines on the marking.
5. We place the beam on the trestle, and place the stencil on it, combining it with the image of the first tread, and nail it.
6. Using a milling machine, moving clockwise, select a groove to a depth of 20 mm, then machining with a chisel in the corners.
7. Having completed the required number of holes, we assemble the structure, coating the ends of the steps and grooves with glue.
8. Treads with risers are fastened with screws; the steps can also be additionally attached with screws from the outside of the bowstring, deepening them and closing them with wooden plugs.

The grooves for the steps must be made with high precision so that the stairs do not stagger or creak. In the bowstrings of stairs with embedded steps, under them, for the fortress, place (after 4-5 steps) tightening metal rods or bolts at the ends of the treads, if there are no risers, i.e. viewable stairs.