Puzzles on the theme of space for children. Mysteries of the Cosmos. Amazing facts (11 photos). planet of diamonds

Space is a real territory of mysteries: there are phenomena that are completely inexplicable. They do not fit into the accepted picture of the world and cannot be deciphered in any way. It turns out that either a person does not understand the laws of nature, or someone from above is constantly changing these laws.

In 1989, a research vehicle was sent into space in the direction of Jupiter. Scientists planned to use it to study a distant planet literally from all sides. But the research results exceeded all experts' expectations.

The spacecraft, the first and only one to orbit Jupiter, managed to discover four new satellites of the giant planet. For this, scientists named the apparatus after the great scientist: in 1610, Galileo Galilei discovered four satellites of Jupiter.

Auto spacecraft"Galileo"

However, the probe itself brought many surprises to the experts. To give it acceleration, the scientists used a well-known technique: the probe approached the Earth twice so that it could be "pushed" by the planet's gravity, giving additional acceleration.

What was the surprise of the experts when they discovered that, contrary to their calculations, Galileo began to move faster. The engineers shrugged their shoulders: before that, all devices accelerated normally.

On February 17, 1996, NASA launched the NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft to the asteroid Eros. The probe's mission was to cover a distance of 316 million kilometers and get as close as possible to Eros, beyond the orbit of Mars.

Automatic interplanetary station "NEAR Shoemaker"

To give the research vehicle acceleration, experts resorted to a proven gravitational maneuver, the same one that was tested on the Galileo. The result was repeated: the final speed was higher than the calculated one.

The same thing happened with the Rosetta, which flew to explore the Churyumov-Gerasimenko comet, and with the Cassini, with which it was planned to study Saturn. Subsequent probe launches went according to plan, with no surprises. Scientists still cannot explain what was happening in space during that period. Who needed to additionally accelerate four spacecraft?

Previously, it was believed that the Earth and the Sun are located at a distance of almost 149,600 thousand kilometers from each other. And suddenly a sensation: according to the latest measurements, the distance between the luminary and our planet is increasing. This was discovered in 2004. Since then, the Sun has been moving away from us by 15 centimeters a year every year. A trifle, but unpleasant.

Probe "Rosetta"

How can you not remember science fiction films? They describe terrible events: the Sun is moving away from the Earth in a matter of months, the planet is getting colder and colder, people are trying to escape, but there is no salvation. Will this scenario become a reality after some time?

Of course, if the rate of "parting" does not change, then the two celestial bodies will "disperse" even after hundreds of millions of years. What if the speed increases? Or, on the contrary, will the Earth begin to approach the Sun? Scientists cannot yet understand the nature of this phenomenon, there are only versions.

Among the possible hypotheses was the loss of mass by the star as a result of ejections and the solar wind, as well as the action of mysterious dark matter. A new study by the Japanese explains the mysterious phenomenon by the influence of gravity.

But the latest hypothesis concerns the theory of the receding Universe: since entire galaxies scatter from each other, then why not scatter celestial bodies within the same solar system.

Astronomers have long puzzled over why our Earth is so close to the Sun? If you look at other star systems, you can notice the following pattern: the larger the planet, the closer it is to the star. There is no order in our solar system.

The giants Saturn and Jupiter are located in the middle, skipping ahead of the kids - Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. The relatively small planets Uranus and Pluto also close the system. Why the planets are arranged in this order is a mystery. However, maybe it was thanks to this jumble that life was born in our system?

Why does Uranus rotate "lying on its side"? If other planets can be compared to spinning tops, then Uranus is more like a rolling ball: the plane of Uranus's equator is inclined to the plane of its orbit at an angle of 97.86 degrees. As a result, the process of changing seasons there is different from other planets. solar system. Each pole is 42 Earth years in darkness and another 42 years under the light of the Sun.

Another mystery: all the planets rotate counterclockwise. And only one Venus distinguished itself - it rotates clockwise. That is, if we have a sunrise in the east, and a sunset in the west, then on Venus the opposite is true. There is a theory that its reverse rotation is associated with a collision of the planet with a huge cosmic body. But so far this is just a theory.

In 1972, the Pioneer 10 space probe was launched, followed by Pioneer 11. According to scientists, they should have already crossed the solar system and gone beyond it. But there is something wrong with them. The ships deviated from the given trajectory and do not want to leave their "native land".

Automatic interplanetary station "Pioneer-10"

It seems as if some unknown force keeps them "at home" and does not want to let them into the restricted area. There are many versions: the influence of the solar wind, fuel leakage, errors in calculations. Surely, there is some good reason, something else surprises: why are different devices launched in different time like robots act exactly the same way?

Not so long ago, another universal mystery was discovered - planemo. This celestial body has both the properties of a planet and a star. Planemos are born in the same way as stars, but they never become stars - they are too cold to become stars.

Planemo mass is comparable to the mass of the giant planets outside the solar system, but they are not hard enough to be classified as planets. In general, neither this nor that. But another phenomenon is even more striking: outside the solar system, for the first time, cosmic planemo twins were discovered - two mysterious objects located side by side at once.

Planemo twins revolve around each other, not around a star. Researchers believe that both cosmic bodies originated about a million years ago. The distance between the planetos exceeds the distance between the Sun and Pluto by six times. But that doesn't stop them from sticking to each other.

By the way, the "twin brothers" are located at a distance of about 400 light years from the Earth. The existence of such stellar duets has brought confusion to the minds of scientists, but surely over time they will explain the nature of this phenomenon.

Used materials from the article by Andrey Palko from the site

Despite the active study of exploration, space is still full of mysteries for mankind. Only quite recently, gravitational waves were considered only a theory, and today their existence has already been scientifically proven. Who knows what secrets these gloomy dark depths of the universe conceal in themselves. Nevertheless, even among what has already been discovered by scientists, there are a lot of extremely amazing things, the existence of which is hard to believe...

Alcohol

This discovery was recently made by an international team of scientists working on a 30-meter telescope in the Sierra Nevada mountains in the south of the Iberian Peninsula. They found that Comet Lovejoy, codenamed C/2011 W3, contains as many as 20 types of different organic molecules, including sugar and alcohol molecules. This periodic comet was discovered in November 2011. By all indications, its diameter should be at least 500 meters. In addition, it is one of the brightest comets known to science. So far, it is not completely clear where all this organic matter came from in the gas and dust tail of Lovejoy's comet. It is possible that they were "picked up" somewhere in the process of the comet's journey through space.

Another version says that these compounds could have arisen from a huge interstellar molecular cloud that formed the solar system.

planet of diamonds

An exoplanet with the complex name PSR J1719-1438 b was discovered in 2009. It is located in the constellation Serpens at a distance of 3900 light years from our solar system. But what is remarkable about this planet is that, by all accounts, it is almost entirely composed of crystalline carbon. PSR J1719-1438 b was one of the first of its kind, but far from the only one. To date, scientists know of at least five such carbon planets. It is assumed that they also have an iron-containing core, but the basis of their surface is predominantly silicon and titanium carbides, as well as pure carbon. According to scientists, on such planets there may be areas completely covered with kilometers of diamonds.

Huge rain cloud

And here, without any metaphors, this is really a gigantic accumulation of moisture, which can be conditionally called a cloud. This cloud is 10 billion light-years away and is believed to envelop a supermassive black hole. Moreover, when the term “huge” or “giant” is applied to something in space, then this should be understood on a completely different scale. No, this cloud is not the size of the continent of Eurasia, for example. It is so huge that it is about 100,000 times the size of the Sun.

cold stars

A hot ball that, with the help of a thermonuclear reaction, produces a huge amount of energy, light and heat. In any case, our native Sun is just such a star. But the truth is that some stars can have very unusual conditions for them. Such stars, for example, are brown dwarfs. These are, if I may say so, dying stars, in which the reserves of nuclei are almost completely used up. Thermonuclear reactions are still going on in them, but not with such activity and not with such a strong release of heat.

For example, the star WISE 1828+2650. It is the coldest of all known brown dwarfs. Its surface temperature is only 25 degrees Celsius. Quite comfortable to walk around the star in shorts and a T-shirt.

Possible ocean of life

Titan, Saturn's largest moon, is the most likely candidate for discovering an ocean of extraterrestrial life. At least that's what NASA scientists think. Conditions on the surface and in the atmosphere of this satellite are extremely harsh. The average temperature is minus 170–180 degrees Celsius. In some places, methane-ethane rivers flow and even lakes form. And most of the surface consists of water ice. However, in the conclusions of researchers, Titan is very often compared with our native Earth on early stages its development. It is not excluded that the existence of the simplest forms of life on the satellite is possible, in particular, in underground reservoirs, where conditions can be much more comfortable than on the surface.

Lightning

Modern science is already well aware that lightning is not only an earthly phenomenon. Electrical discharges have been registered in the atmospheres of Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and other planets. But few people know that the strongest lightning occurs not on planets, but around black holes. Those very relativistic jets or jets that escape from the centers of quasars, black holes and radio galaxies can, in fact, also be considered lightning. Extremely powerful, huge. Their nature is still very little studied. Scientists believe that such discharges are formed due to the interaction of magnetic fields with an accretion disk around a black hole or neutron star.

real hell

If there is a real hell somewhere, then it must definitely be the planet CoRoT-7 b. It orbits the star COROT-7 in the constellation Monoceros, about 489 light years away. The planet's problem is that it is too close to its star and always turns only one side to it. Due to such conditions, a huge ocean of hot lava formed on the illuminated side of the planet. Its temperature is +2500-2600 degrees Celsius, which is higher than the melting point of most known minerals. Therefore, on the "warm" side of the planet, almost everything melted.

Moreover, the entire atmosphere of CoRoT-7 b mainly consists of this evaporated rock, which then falls to colder areas in the form of stone precipitation. It is assumed that once this planet was a gas giant the size of Saturn, but the star literally "evaporated" it to the core. Now it is only one and a half times the size of the Earth.

magnetars

Our Sun rotates around its axis in about 25 days, gradually distorting the magnetic field around it. Now imagine a dying star, which, in its death throes, collapses and shrinks into a tiny lump of matter. A huge, gigantic star, sometimes larger than the Sun, turns into a ball with a diameter of only a few tens of kilometers. All the while, it spins faster and faster. Like a twirling ballerina who presses and spreads her arms, this star spins in the same way with its magnetic field.

According to scientists, sometimes the magnetic field of a magnetar can be a million times stronger than the earth's. For comparison: a magnetic field of this strength could disable your phone at a distance of hundreds of thousands of kilometers. It would seem that there is nothing so terrible here, it is enough just to keep your electronic devices away from magnetars. But this magnetic field is so strong that it can affect matter itself, twisting atoms into thin cylinders.

Orphan planets

Since the school bench, everyone knows that there are stars around which planets revolve, around which, in turn, their satellites can revolve. However, there are exceptions to all rules. Imagine that in the vast cold space there are planets that are not attached by gravity to either stars or other planets. They are usually called orphan planets or wanderer planets. It is interesting that if an orphan planet is in a galaxy, then even if it is not attached to the stars, it still revolves around the galactic core. Of course, the circulation period in such cases is very long. But it may also be that the planet is in an absolutely empty intergalactic space and then it does not revolve around anything at all.

Time Machine

In general, the entire cosmos and the entire Universe imagine one big time machine, in which even the distance is measured in years, light years, of course, for clarity. However, given that the size of our galaxy is about 100,000 light years, then any event that happens on one of its edges will be noticeable on the other only after 100,000 years. But this does not mean that the speed of information propagation in the Universe is limited only by the speed of light. If you look at space in the infrared, you can see something that has not yet happened for us. A simple example: the famous "Pillars of Creation" is a region in the Eagle Nebula. According to the Spitzer infrared telescope, the Pillars of Creation were destroyed by a supernova explosion about 6,000 years ago. But since the nebula itself is located at a distance of 7,000 light years from Earth, we will see them for about a thousand years, although they themselves have long been gone.

Website "Mom can do anything!" collected 30 most interesting riddles about space for children. Have your child guess them. They will come in handy on Cosmonautics Day, as well as on any other holiday dedicated to space.

These riddles will help children understand space concepts, learn more about the planets of the solar system.

Flashing a huge tail in the dark,
Rushing among the bright stars in the void,
She is not a star, not a planet,
Mystery of the universe...
(Comet)

This interstellar
Eternal Wanderer
In the night sky
Just - just pretend
And flies away
For a long time afterwards
Goodbye to us
Tail flickering.
(Comet)

Shard from the planet
Among the stars rushes somewhere.
He flies for many years, flies,
Space…
(Meteorite)

Lights the way at night
The stars won't sleep.
Let everyone sleep, she can't sleep
In the sky shines for us ...
(Moon)

At night with the sun I change
And I'm on fire in the sky.
I pour soft rays,
Like silver.
I can be full at night
And I can - with a sickle.
(Moon)

Astronomer - he is an astrologer,
Knows everything!
Only better stars are visible
The sky is full...
(Moon)

Overtaking night and day, a deer runs around the earth.
Touching the stars with his horn, he chose the path in the sky.
The sound of his hooves is heard, he is the pathfinder of the universe.
(satellite)

milky galaxy,
in which we live
Scattered by cosmic
Glittering rain.
We can fly around
her ever
We call our galaxy
We just….
(Milky Way)

planet blue,
Beloved, dear.
She is yours, she is mine
And it's called...
(Earth)

Wandering lonely
Fire eye.
Everywhere that happens
Looks warm.
(The sun)

The bottomless ocean, the endless ocean,
Airless, dark and extraordinary,
Universes, stars and comets live in it,
There are also habitable planets.
(Space)

A yellow plate hangs in the sky.
The yellow plate gives warmth to everyone.
(The sun)

There is a yellow circle in the sky
And the rays are like threads.
The earth revolves around
Like a magnet.
Even though I'm not old
But already a scientist -
I know it's not a circle, but a ball,
Strongly hot.
(The sun)

Peas scattered across the dark sky
Colored caramel from sugar crumbs,
And only when the morning comes
All the caramel will suddenly melt.
(Stars)

blue ceilings
Nailed with golden nails.
(stars on the sky)

The grain scattered at night,
And in the morning there is nothing.
(Stars)

The carpet is scattered, the peas are scattered,
Do not lift the carpet, do not collect the peas.
(starry sky)

These stars are like sparks
They fall and fade quickly.
Light up in the middle of the night
Starry rain in the sky
Like these lights
Painted by the artist.
(Meteorites)

From which ladle do they not drink, do not eat, but only look at it?
(Big Dipper)

Run. run - do not run
Fly, fly - do not fly.
(Horizon)

A man is sitting in a rocket.
Boldly he flies into the sky,
And on us in your spacesuit
He looks from space.
(Astronaut)

There are no wings, but this bird
It will fly and land.
(Lunokhod)

Wonder bird scarlet tail
Arrived in a flock of stars.
(Rocket)

The astronaut, checking the cable,
Putting on something
That clothes will store
Both heat and oxygen.
(space suit)

There is a window in the ship -
"Challenger", "World".
But not like on Earth
In the house and in the apartment.
In the shape of a circle, that window
It is very durable.
(Porthole)

To arm the eye
And make friends with the stars
Milky way to see
Need a powerful...
(telescope)

At the grandmother's hut
Hanging loaf of bread.
The dogs bark, they can't get it.
(month)

Telescope hundreds of years
Studying the life of the planets.
Will tell us everything
smart uncle...
(Astronomer)

A bird cannot reach the moon
Fly and land
But he can do it
Make a quick...
(Rocket)

The rocket has a driver
Weightlessness lover.
English: astronaut
And in Russian …
(Astronaut)

Riddles about the planets of the solar system

Take a look through the telescope
He walks in orbit.
There he is the head of all,
More than all other planets.
In our solar system
Nobody is bigger.
(Jupiter)

planet blue,
Beloved, dear,
She is yours, she is mine
And it's called...
(Earth)

Lush gas giant
Brother of Jupiter and dandy
He loves to be near
Rings of ice and dust.
(Uranus)

On a distant tiny planet
There is no "Big" planet status.
And offended she
Not visible in telescopes
(Pluto)

All planets with poles
Everyone has an equator.
But planets with belts
You won't find another.
In these rings he is alone,
A very important gentleman.
(Saturn)

In the sky I often glow,
Your next door neighbour.
I am Mercury's sister
And I'm always hot.
(Venus)

This is the red planet
Next door to us.
It is winter and even summer
Freezes over ice.
It's strange that you don't say
The ice is not on top, but inside.
(Mars)

Here is the younger brother of the planets,
Small in size.
He is closest to the sun
That's why it's hot.
(Mercury)

On the blue planet
The wind is blowing very strong.
It's very cold on it -
Consists of water, gas and ice
(Neptune)