Product groups by thermal characteristics

This standard applies to ceramic bricks and stones (hereinafter referred to as products) used for masonry and cladding of load-bearing, self-supporting and non-supporting load-bearing walls and other elements of buildings and structures, as well as clinker bricks used for laying foundations, vaults, walls subject to heavy loads, and bricks for the external laying of chimneys, industrial and household furnaces.

This standard establishes technical requirements, acceptance rules, and test methods for products.

This standard does not apply to bricks for paving roads, bricks for laying the inner surface of chimneys and industrial furnaces, fire-resistant and acid-resistant bricks.

The following terms with corresponding definitions are used in this standard:

2.1 brick: Ceramic piece product intended for laying masonry on mortars.

2.2 normal format brick (single): A product in the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped with nominal dimensions of 250×120×65 mm.

2.3 stone: Large-format hollow ceramic product with a nominal thickness of 140 mm or more, intended for masonry.

2.4 solid brick: Brick in which there are no voids or a void content of no more than 13%.

2.5 hollow brick: Brick having voids various shapes and sizes.

2.6 shaped brick: A product having a shape different from the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped.

2.7 additional element: A specially shaped product designed to complete the masonry.

2.8 clinker brick: A product with high strength and low water absorption, providing performance characteristics masonry in a highly aggressive environment and performing the functions decorative material.

2.9 facing brick: A product that provides the performance characteristics of masonry and performs the functions of a decorative material.

2.10 ordinary brick: A product that ensures the performance characteristics of masonry.

2.11 stone with tongue-and-groove system: A product with protrusions on vertical edges for tongue-and-groove connection of stones in masonry without the use of masonry mortar in vertical joints.

2.12 working size (width) of the stone: The size of the product between smooth vertical edges (without protrusions for tongue-and-groove joints), which forms the thickness of the wall when laid in one stone.

2.13 non-working size (length) of stone: The size of the product between the vertical edges with protrusions for a tongue-and-groove connection, which forms the length of the wall during masonry.

2.14 bed: The working edge of the product, located parallel to the base of the masonry (see Figure 1).

2.15 spoons: The largest edge of the product, located perpendicular to the bed (see Figure 1).

2.16 poke: The smallest edge of the product, located perpendicular to the bed (see Figure 1).

1 - width; 2 - length; 3 - thickness; 4 - spoons; 5 - bed; 6 - poke

Figure 1 - Fragment of masonry

2.17 voidness: the proportion of voids in the volume of a product, expressed as a percentage.

2.18 crack: Rupture of a product without breaking it into pieces, with an opening width of more than 0.5 mm.

2.19 through crack: A crack passing through the entire thickness of the product and extending more than half the width of the product.

2.20 notching: A crack with an opening width of no more than 0.5 mm.

2.21 repulse: Mechanical damage edges, edges, corners of the product.

2.22 chipping: A defect in a product caused by the presence of carbonate or other inclusions (see Appendix B).

2.23 peeling: Destruction of a product in the form of detachment of thin plates from its surface (see Appendix B).

2.24 spalling: Shedding of fragments of the surface of a product (see Appendix B).

2.25 cracking: The appearance or increase in the size of a crack after exposure to alternating temperatures (see Appendix B).

2.26 half: Two parts of a product formed when it is split. Products that have through cracks are classified as half.

2.27 contact spot: A section of the surface of a product that is different in color, which appears during the drying or firing process and does not affect the characteristics of the product.

2.28 efflorescence: Water-soluble salts that come out on the surface of a fired product upon contact with moisture.

2.29 black core: An area inside the product caused by the formation of iron (II) oxide during the firing process of the product.

2.30 unprotected masonry: Masonry that is not protected from external atmospheric influences and water penetration under operating conditions.

2.31 protected masonry: Masonry protected from water penetration ( interior wall, the inner part of a double-layer wall, outer wall, protected by a layer of plaster or cladding) under operating conditions.

2.32 masonry in a highly aggressive environment: Masonry that is subjected to constant saturation with water under operating conditions as a result of exposure to a combination of unfavorable natural and (or) artificial factors (soil or wastewater, climatic conditions) and at the same time frequent freezing and thawing in the absence of effective protection.

2.33 masonry in a moderately aggressive environment: Masonry that is subjected to periodic exposure to moisture and alternate freezing and thawing under operating conditions, but does not relate to masonry in a highly aggressive environment.

2.34 masonry in a non-aggressive environment: Masonry that is not exposed to moisture and alternating freezing and thawing under operating conditions.

3.1 Classification

3.1.1 Products are divided into ordinary and facial. Stone with tongue-and-groove and groove joints can only be ordinary.

3.1.2 Brick is made solid and hollow, stone - only hollow. The stone can be made with flat vertical edges, with protrusions for tongue-and-groove joints on the vertical edges, with an unpolished or polished supporting surface (bed).

Voids in products can be located perpendicular to the bed (vertical) or parallel to the bed (horizontal).

3.1.3 Based on strength, bricks are divided into grades M100, M125, M150, M175, M200, M250, M300; clinker Brick - M300, M400, M500, M600, M800, M1000; stones - M25, M35, M50, M75, M100, M125, M150, M175, M200, M250, M300; brick and stone with horizontal voids - M25, M35, M50, M75, M100.4.1.4 Based on frost resistance, products are divided into grades F25, F35, F50, F75, F100, F200, F300 4.1.5 Based on average density, products are divided into classes 0.7; 0.8; 1.0; 1.2; 1.4; 2.0; 2.4. 4.1.6 Based on the thermal characteristics of the products, depending on the average density class, they are divided into groups in accordance with Table 1.

Table 1 - Product groups by thermal characteristics

	Group of products by thermal characteristics
0,7; 0,8	High efficiency
1,0	Increased efficiency
1,2	Effective
1,4	Conditionally effective
2,0; 2,4

3.2 Main Dimensions

3.2.1 Products are manufactured with nominal dimensions given in tables 2 and 3.

Product type	Type designation	Nominal sizes			Product size designation
Product type	Type designation	Length	Width	Thickness	Product size designation
	KR	250 250 250 250 288 288 250	120 85 120 60 138 138 120	65 65 88 65 65 88 55	1 SF 0.7 NF 1.4 NF 0.5 NF 1.3 NF 1.8 NF 0.8 NF
Brick with horizontal voids	KRG	250 250	120 200	88 70	1.4 NF 1.8 NF

Product type	Type designation	Nominal sizes				Size designation
Product type	Type designation	Length or non-working size	Width or working size	Thickness of unpolished stones	Thickness of ground stones	Size designation
Stone	KM	250 250 380 250 250 510 250 260 380 510 250 260 250 260	120 250 250 380 250 120 250 250 250 250 380 380 510 510	140 140 140 140 188 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219	- - - - - 229 229 229 229 229 229 229 229 229	2.1 NF 4.5 NF 6.8 NF 6.8 NF 6.0 NF 6.9 (7.2) NF 7.0 (7.3) NF 7.3 (7.6) NF 10.7 (11.2) NF 14.3 (15.0) NF 10.7 (11.2) NF 11.1 (11.6) NF 14.3 (15.0) NF 14.9 (15.6) NF
Additional stone	KMD	129 188 248 129 129	250 250 250 380 510	219 219 219 219 219	229 229 229 229 229	3.6 (3.8) NF 5.2 (5.6) NF 7.1 (7.5) NF 5.5 (5.8) NF 7.4 (7.8) NF
Note - 1. By agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer, it is allowed to manufacture additional products and products of other nominal sizes, while the maximum deviations of dimensions should not exceed the values given in 4.2.2. The thickness of the products should be a multiple of the thickness of the brick plus a 12 mm bed joint. 2. The designation of the size (format) of products is defined as the ratio of the volume of the product in cubic meters, calculated as the product of the nominal dimensions length x width x thickness to the volume of a normal format brick of 0.00195 m3, rounding the value to one decimal place. 3. Size designations for polished stones are given in parentheses.

3.2.2 Limit deviations from the nominal dimensions should not exceed on one product, mm:

By lenght:

brick and stone without tongue-and-groove connection ± 4,

stone with tongue-and-groove connection ± 10;

Width:

brick, stone with a width of no more than 120 mm ± 3,

stones more than 120 mm wide ± 5;

By thickness:

facing bricks ± 2,

ordinary brick ± 3,

stone ± 4.

3.2.3 Deviation from perpendicularity of adjacent faces is not allowed more than:

3 mm - for brick and stone up to 300 mm long;

1.4% of the length of any facet - for a stone with a length or width of over 300 mm.

3.2.4 Deviation from the flatness of product edges is not allowed more than:

3 mm - for brick and stone;

1 mm - for polished stone.

3.2.5 The thickness of the outer walls of hollow bricks must be at least 12 mm, stone - at least 8 mm.

The radius of rounding the corner of vertical adjacent edges should be no more than 15 mm, the chamfer depth on horizontal edges should be no more than 3 mm.

The dimensions and number of protrusions of the tongue-and-groove connection are not regulated.

The diameter of vertical cylindrical voids and the side size of square voids should be no more than 20 mm, the width of slot-like voids should be no more than 16 mm.

The void size of products with a void content of no more than 13% is not regulated.

The dimensions of horizontal voids are not regulated.

For stone, voids are allowed (for gripping during laying) with a total cross-sectional area not exceeding 13% of the area of the stone bed.

3.3 Legend

3.3.1 The symbol of ceramic products must consist of a designation of the type of product in accordance with tables 2 and 3; letters p - for ordinary, l - for front, kl - for clinker, pg - for stones with a tongue-and-groove system, w - for polished stones, brick size designations in accordance with table 2, nominal stone sizes in accordance with table 3, working size stone with a tongue-and-groove system in accordance with Table 3, designations: po - for solid bricks, pu - for hollow bricks, strength grade, medium density class, frost resistance grade and designation of this standard.

EXAMPLES OF CONDITIONAL NOTATIONS

Ordinary (face) brick, solid, dimensions 250×120×65 mm, format 1NF, strength grade M200, average density class 2.0, frost resistance grade F50:

KR-r-po (KR-l-po) 250×120×65/1NF/200/2.0/50/GOST 530-2012.

Clinker brick, solid (hollow), dimensions 250×120×65 mm, format 1NF, strength grade M500, medium density class 2.0, frost resistance grade F100:

KR-kl-po (KR-kl-pu) 250×120×65/1NF/500/2.0/100/GOST 530-2012.

Ordinary brick with horizontal arrangement of voids (face), dimensions 250×120×88 mm, format 1.4NF, strength grade M75, average density class 1.4, frost resistance grade F50:

KRG-r (KRG-l) 250×120×88 /1.4NF/75/1.4/50/ GOST 530-2012.

Ordinary stone (face), dimensions 250×120×140 mm, format 2.1NF, strength grade M200, average density class 1.4, frost resistance grade F50:

KM-r (KM-l) 250×120×140/2.1NF/200/1.4/50/GOST 530-2012.

Stone with tongue-and-groove joint (polished), working size 510 mm, format 14.3NF, strength grade M100, average density class 0.8, frost resistance grade F35:

KM-pg (KM-pg-sh) 510 mm/14.3NF/100/0.8/35/GOST 530-2012.

Additional stone with tongue-and-groove joint (polished), working size 250, format 5.2NF, strength grade M100, average density class 0.8, frost resistance grade F35:

KMD (KMD-sh) 250 mm /5.2 NF/100/0.8/35/GOST 530-2012.

3.3.2 It is allowed to enter additional information into the symbol for complete identification of products.

When carrying out export-import operations, the product designation may be specified in the contract for the supply of products (including entering additional alphanumeric or other information).

Products must be manufactured in accordance with the requirements of this standard according to technological regulations approved by the manufacturer.

4.1Appearance

4.1.1 Front products must have at least two front edges - spoon and butt. The color and type of the front edge are established by agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer and are specified in the delivery document.

Ordinary products are made with smooth or embossed vertical edges.

Facial brick and the stone is made according to the type of front surface:

With a smooth and textured surface;

With a surface textured by shotcrete, engobing, glazing, two-layer molding or other means.

Products can be natural colors or volumetric dyed.

4.1.2 Single intumescent (for example, lime) inclusions with a depth of no more than 3 mm with a total area of no more than 0.2% of the area of the front edges are allowed on front products. On ordinary products, intumescent inclusions with a total area of no more than 1.0% of the area of the vertical edges of the product are allowed.

4.1.3 Efflorescence is not allowed on facing and clinker products.

4.1.4 Defects appearance products whose dimensions and number exceed the values specified in table 4 are not allowed.

Table 4 - Defects in the appearance of the product

Type of defect	Meaning
Type of defect	Facial Products	Ordinary products
Broken corners in depth, broken edges and edges longer than 15 mm, pcs.	Not allowed	4
Broken corners in depth, broken edges and edges with a length of no more than 15 mm, pcs.	2	Not regulated
Individual cuts with a total length of no more than, mm: For brick For stone		Not regulated
Cracks, pcs.	Not allowed	4
Notes 1 Broken edges less than 3 mm deep are not considered to be defective. 2 Cracks in the inter-cavity partitions, breaks and cracks in the tongue-and-groove joint elements are not a defect. 3 For front products, defects on the front edges are indicated.

4.1.5 Products are allowed to have a black core and contact spots on the surface.

4.1.6 A batch is not allowed to contain more than 5% of the batch volume.

4.2 Characteristics

4.2.1 The average density of brick and stone, depending on the average density class, must correspond to the values given in Table 5.

Table 5 - Average density classes of products

Product medium density class	Average density, kg/m3
0,7	Up to 700
0,8	710- 800
1,0	810−1000
1,2	1010−1200
1,4	1210−1400
2,0	1410-2000
2,4	2010-2400

Deviation of a single value of average density (for one sample out of five) is allowed no more than: +50 kg/m³ - for classes 0.7, 0.8 and 1.0; +100 kg/m³ - for other classes.

4.2.2 Thermal characteristics of products are assessed by the thermal conductivity coefficient of the masonry in a dry state. The thermal conductivity coefficient of masonry in a dry state, depending on the group of products according to thermal characteristics, is given in Table 6.

Table 6 - Product groups by thermal characteristics

Product groups by thermal characteristics	Dry thermal conductivity coefficient of masonry λ, W/(m°C)
High efficiency	Up to 0.20
Increased efficiency	St. 0.20 to 0.24
Effective	St. 0.24 to 0.36
Conditionally effective	St. 0.36 to 0.46
Ineffective (ordinary)	St. 0.46
Notes 1 Thermal conductivity coefficient values are given for masonry with a minimum sufficient amount of masonry mortar. The value of the thermal conductivity coefficient, taking into account the actual consumption of the solution, is established in the design or technical documentation (building codes and regulations, etc.) based on tests or calculations. 2 Thermal characteristics of solid (conditional) masonry are given in Appendix D.

4.2.3 The strength grade of brick is determined by the values of the compressive and bending strength limits, of bricks with horizontal voids and stone - by the value of the compressive strength limit. The compressive and bending strength values must be no less than the values indicated in Table 7.

Table 7 - Strength limits of products in compression and bending

Product brand	Ultimate compressive strength of products, MPa		Bending strength, MPa
	Ultimate compressive strength of products, MPa		solid brick		hollow bricks of format less than 1.4 NF		hollow brick 1.4 NF format
	Average for five samples		Average for five samples	Smallest for an individual sample	Average for five samples	Smallest for an individual sample	Average for five samples	Smallest for an individual sample
M1000	100,0	80,0	>4,4	4,4	>3,4	3,4	>2,9	2,9
M800	80,0	64,0
M600	60,0	48,0
M500	50,0	40,0
M400	40,0	32,0
M300	30,0	25,0	4,4	2,2	3,4	1,7	2,9	1,5
M250	25,0	20,0	3,9	2,0	2,9	1,5	2,5	1,3
M200	20,0	17,5	3,4	1,7	2,5	1,3	2,3	1,1
M175	17,5	15,0	3,1	1,5	2,3	1,1	2,1	1,0
M150	15,0	12,5	2,8	1,4	2,1	1,0	1,8	0,9
M125	12,5	10,0	2,5	1,2	1,9	0,9	1,6	0,8
M100	10,0	7,5	2,2	1,1	1,6	0,8	1,4	0,7
M75	7,5	5,0	-	-	-	-	-	-
M50	5,0	3,5	-	-	-	-	-	-
M35	3,5	2,5	-	-	-	-	-	-
M25	2,5	1,5	-	-	-	-	-	-
For products with horizontal voids
M100	10,0	7,5	-	-	-	-	-	-
M75	7,5	5,0	-	-	-	-	-	-
M50	5,0	3,5	-	-	-	-	-	-
M35	3,5	2,5	-	-	-	-	-	-
M25	2,5	1,5	-	-	-	-	-	-

4.2.4 Water absorption of products should be:

no more than 6.0% - for clinker bricks;

not less than 6.0% - for other products.

4.2.5 The rate of initial absorption of water by the supporting surface (bed) of products must be at least 0.10 kg/(m2 min) and no more than 3.00 kg/(m2 min) - for facial products, without limiting the maximum value - for ordinary products.

4.2.6 The acid resistance of clinker bricks must be at least 95.0%.

4.2.7 Brick and stone must be frost-resistant and, depending on the brand of frost resistance, in a water-saturated state, must withstand without any visible signs of damage or destruction - cracking, peeling, spalling, spalling (except for spalling from lime inclusions) - at least 25 ; 35; 50; 75; 100; 200 or 300 cycles of alternating freezing and thawing.

Types of damage to products after testing for frost resistance are given in Appendix B.

The frost resistance grade of clinker bricks should be no lower than F75, and that of facing products should be no lower than F50. It is allowed, by agreement with the consumer, to supply face products of frost resistance grade F35.

4.2.8 Ceramic products are non-flammable building materials in accordance with GOST 30244.

4.2.9 The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides Aeff in products should be no more than 370 Bq/kg.

4.3 Requirements for raw materials and supplies

Clay raw materials, siliceous rocks (tripoli, diatomite), loess, industrial waste (coal waste, ash, etc.), mineral and organic additives must comply with the requirements of current regulatory documents and technical documentation for them.

4.4Marking

4.4.1 During the manufacturing process, a trademark or short name of the manufacturer is applied to the non-facial surface of the product in any way.

4.4.2 Marking is applied to each packaging unit. One packaging unit must contain at least 20% of identifiable products. The marking may be applied directly to the packaging or to a label that is affixed to the packaging, or to a label attached to the packaging in a manner that ensures its safety during transportation.

The marking must contain:

Name of the manufacturer (and/or its trademark) and address;

Product designation;

Batch number and date of manufacture;

Number of products in a packaging unit, pcs. (kg);

Weight of the packaging unit, kg;

Mark of conformity for the supply of certified products (if provided for by the certification system).

4.4.3 The manufacturer has the right to put additional information on the packaging that does not contradict the requirements of this standard and allows identifying the product and its manufacturer.

4.4.4 Each package (transport package) must have transport markings in accordance with GOST 14192.

4.5 Package

4.5.1 Products must be placed on a pallet in a way that ensures the safety of the packaging unit during storage and transportation.

4.5.2 Stacked products must be packaged in shrink or stretch film or other materials that ensure the safety of the products.

4.5.3 One packaging unit must contain products of the same symbol.

4.5.4 By agreement with the consumer, other types of packaging are allowed to ensure the safety of products during transportation.

5.1 Products must be accepted by the technical control of the manufacturer.

5.2 Products are accepted in batches. The batch size is set at no more than the daily output of one furnace. When accepting products by the consumer, a batch is considered to be products shipped under a specific contract (order) or products in the amount of one vehicle, drawn up in one quality document.

5.3 The batch must consist of products of the same symbol.

5.4 Product quality is ensured by:

Incoming control of raw materials and supplies;

Operational production (technological) control.

The quality of products is confirmed by acceptance control of finished products. Acceptance control includes acceptance and periodic tests.

5.5 To conduct tests by random sampling, a number of products (samples) are selected from different places in the batch in accordance with Table 8.

Table 8 - Number of selected products (samples) for testing

Indicator name	Number of selected products (samples), pcs.	Type of test		Frequency of control	Test method
Indicator name	Number of selected products (samples), pcs.	Acceptance documents	Periodic	Frequency of control	Test method
Appearance, dimensions	Stone - 25, brick - 35	+	-	Each batch	According to 7.3
Deviations from nominal sizes and shapes	Stone - 25, brick - 35	+	-	Each batch	According to 7.3, 7.4
Compressive strength: Brick; Stone				Each batch	By 7.10
Bending strength of brick	5	+	-	Each batch	According to GOST 8462
Compressive strength of clinker brick	10	-	+	Once a week	By 7.10
Bending strength of clinker brick	5	-	+	Once a week	According to GOST 8462
	5	-	+	Once every two weeks	According to 7.5
Presence of efflorescence for clinker and facing products	5	-	+	Once a month	According to 7.8
Average density	5	+	-	Each batch	According to GOST 7025
Water absorption		-	+	Once a month	According to GOST 7025
Initial water absorption rate		-	+	Once a month	According to 7.7
Emptiness	3	-	+	Once a month	According to 7.6
Acid resistance of clinker bricks	3	-	+	Once a year	According to GOST 473.1
Frost resistance	5	-	+	Once a quarter	According to GOST 7025
Specific effective activity of natural radionuclides A eff	5	-	+	Once a year	According to GOST 30108

Selected products are checked for compliance with the requirements of this standard in terms of appearance, size and correctness of shape, and then tested.
Periodic tests on indicators of water absorption, the rate of initial water absorption, acid resistance, the presence of efflorescence and frost resistance of products are also carried out when raw materials and technological parameters change; by the presence of lime inclusions - when the content of inclusions in clay raw materials changes. The results of periodic tests are applied to all supplied batches of products until the next periodic tests are carried out.

5.6 The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides Aeff is controlled during incoming control according to the documents of the supplier company raw materials. In the absence of data from the supplier company on the specific effective activity of natural radionuclides, testing of products for this indicator should be carried out at least once a year in accredited testing laboratories, as well as when changing the supplier of raw materials.

5.7 Thermal characteristics of solid masonry are determined when the product is put into production.

5.8 The batch is accepted if, when checking the size and correctness of the shape of products selected from the batch, only one product does not meet the requirements of this standard. The batch is not subject to acceptance if two of the products selected from the batch do not meet the requirements of this standard.

5.9 If, when testing products according to the indicators given in Table 8 (except for indicators of appearance, size, correctness of shape and frost resistance), unsatisfactory results are obtained, repeat testing of products according to this indicator is carried out on a double number of samples taken from this batch.

The batch is accepted if the results of repeated tests meet all the requirements of this standard; if they do not match, the batch will not be accepted.

5.10 When testing products by the consumer, during inspection control and certification tests, sampling and assessment of control results are carried out in accordance with the requirements of this section, using control methods in accordance with section 7.

In controversial cases, a control check is carried out in the presence of a representative of the manufacturer. The list of controlled parameters is established in agreement with the inspection participants.

5.11 Each batch of supplied products must be accompanied by a quality document indicating:

Name of the manufacturer and (or) its trademark;

Name and symbol of the product;

Number and date of issue of the document;

Batch number;

Number (weight) of products in a batch, pcs. (kg);

Strength grade, medium density grade, frost resistance grade;

Emptiness;

Water absorption;

Rate of initial water absorption;

Acid resistance (for clinker bricks);

Thermal Efficiency Group;

Specific effective activity of natural radionuclides A eff.

During export-import operations, the content of the accompanying quality document is specified in a specific contract for the supply of products.

6.1 Test methods for incoming quality control of raw materials and materials are indicated in the technological documentation for the manufacture of products, taking into account the requirements of regulatory documents for these raw materials and materials.

6.2 Test methods for conducting production operational control are established in the technological documentation for the manufacture of products.

6.3 Determination of geometric dimensions

6.3.1 The dimensions of products, the thickness of the outer walls, the diameter of cylindrical voids, the dimensions of square and the width of slot-like voids, the length of the cuts, the length of the broken ribs, the radius of curvature of adjacent faces and the depth of the chamfer on the ribs are measured with a metal ruler in accordance with GOST 427 or with a caliper in accordance with GOST 166. Accuracy measurements - ±1 mm.

6.3.2 The length, width and thickness of each product are measured at the edges (at a distance of 15 mm from the corner) and in the middle of the ribs of opposite faces. The arithmetic mean of three measurements is taken as the measurement result.

6.3.3 The thickness of the outer walls is measured in at least three places - in the middle of each edge of the product. The smallest value is taken as the measurement result.

The dimensions of the voids are measured inside the voids in at least three voids. The measurement result is taken highest value.

6.3.4 The crack opening width is measured using a measuring magnifying glass in accordance with GOST 25706, after which the product is checked for compliance with the requirements of 5.1.4. Measurement accuracy 0.1 mm.

6.3.5 The depth of broken corners and edges is measured using a square in accordance with GOST 3749 and a ruler in accordance with GOST 427 along the perpendicular from the top of the corner or edge formed by the square to the damaged surface. Measurement error - ±1 mm.

6.4 Determining the correct form

6.4.1 Deviation from the perpendicularity of the edges is determined by applying a square to adjacent edges of the product and measuring with a metal ruler in accordance with GOST 427 the largest gap between the square and the edge. Measurement error - ±1 mm.

The greatest of all obtained measurement results is taken as the measurement result.

6.4.2 Deviation from the flatness of the product is determined by applying one side of the metal square to the edge of the product, and the other along each diagonal of the edge and measuring with a feeler gauge, calibrated in the prescribed manner, or a metal ruler in accordance with GOST 427, the largest gap between the surface and the edge of the square. Measurement error - ±1 mm.

The greatest of all obtained measurement results is taken as the measurement result.

6.5 Presence of limescale inclusions determined after steaming the products in the vessel.

Samples that have not previously been exposed to moisture are placed on a grid placed in a vessel with a lid. The water poured under the grate is heated to a boil. Steaming is continued for 1 hour. The samples are then cooled in a closed vessel for 4 hours, after which they are checked for compliance with the requirements of 5.1.2.

6.6 Hollowness of products is defined as the ratio of the volume of sand filling the voids of the product to the volume of the product.

The voids of the product lying on a sheet of paper on a flat surface with the holes facing up are filled with dry quartz sand fractions 0.5-1.0 mm. The product is removed, the sand is poured into a glass measuring cylinder and its volume is recorded. The hollowness of the product P, %, is calculated using the formula:

Where V sand - volume of sand, mm 3;

l- product length, mm;

d- product width, mm;

h- product thickness, mm.

The arithmetic mean of three parallel determinations is taken as the measurement result and rounded to 1%.

6.7 Determination of the rate of initial water absorption

6.7.1 Sample preparation

The sample is a complete product, from the surface of which dust and excess material have been removed. The samples are dried to constant weight at a temperature of (105±5)°C and cooled to room temperature.

6.7.2 Equipment

A water container with a base area larger than the bed of the product and a height of at least 20 mm, with a grate or ribs on the bottom to create a distance between the bottom and the surface of the product. The water level in the container must be maintained constant.

Stopwatch with 1 second division.

Drying cabinet with automatic temperature maintenance (105±5)°C.

Scales that provide measurement accuracy of at least 0.1% of the mass of a dry sample.

6.7.3 Test performance

The sample is weighed, the length and width of the sample’s supporting surface immersed in a container of water is measured, and its area is calculated. The product is immersed with its supporting surface in a container with water at a temperature of (20±5) °C to a depth of (5±1) mm and kept for (60±2) s. The test sample is then removed from the water, excess water is removed and weighed.

6.7.4 Processing of results The rate of initial absorption is calculated for each sample with an accuracy of 0.1 kg/(m 2 min) using the formula:

Where WITH abs - rate of initial absorption of water, kg/(m 2 min.);

m 1 - mass of dry sample, g;

m 2 - mass of the sample after immersion, g;

S- area of the immersed surface, mm 2;

t- time of keeping the sample in water (constant value t= 1 min).

The rate of initial water absorption is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the results of five parallel determinations.

6.8 Determining the presence of efflorescence

To determine the presence of efflorescence, half of the product is immersed with the broken end into a container filled with distilled water to a depth of 1 - 2 cm and kept for 7 days (the water level in the container must be maintained constant). After 7 days, the samples are dried in an oven at a temperature of (105 ± 5) ºС to constant weight, and then compared with the second part of the sample, which was not tested, and checked for compliance with 5.1.3.

6.9 Bending strength bricks are determined in accordance with GOST 8462.

6.10 Compressive strength products are determined according to GOST 8462 with the following additions.

6.10.1 Sample preparation

Samples are tested in an air-dry state. The test sample consists of: two whole bricks laid on top of each other, or one stone.

The preparation of the supporting surfaces of products for acceptance tests is carried out by grinding; for samples made of clinker bricks, leveling is used cement mortar; during arbitration tests of brick and stone, grinding is used, for clinker bricks - leveling with cement mortar prepared in accordance with 2.6 of GOST 8462. When conducting acceptance tests, it is allowed to use other methods of leveling the supporting surfaces of samples, provided that there is a correlation between the results obtained by different methods, as well as the availability of verification information that is the basis for such communication.

The deviation from the flatness of the supporting surfaces of the tested samples should not exceed 0.1 mm for every 100 mm of length. The non-parallelism of the supporting surfaces of the test specimens (the difference in height values measured along four vertical ribs) should be no more than 2 mm.

The test sample is measured along the center lines of the supporting surfaces with an error of up to ±1 mm.

Axial lines are applied to the side surfaces of the sample.

6.10.2 Test performance

The sample is placed in the center of the compression testing machine, aligning the geometric axes of the sample and the plate, and is pressed with the top plate of the machine. During testing, the load on the sample should increase as follows: until approximately half the expected value of the breaking load is reached - arbitrarily, then the loading rate is maintained such that the destruction of the sample occurs no earlier than after 1 minute. The breaking load value is recorded.

6.10.3 Value of compressive strength of products R compressor, MPa (kgf/cm2) is calculated using the formula:

Rсж = P / F, (3)

Where R- the highest load established when testing the sample, N (kgf);

F- cross-sectional area of the sample (without deduction of void area); calculated as the arithmetic mean of the areas of the upper and lower surfaces, mm 2 (cm 2).

The value of the compressive strength of samples is calculated with an accuracy of 0.1 MPa (1 kgf) as the arithmetic mean value of the test results for the number of samples specified in clause 6.5.

6.11 The average density, water absorption and frost resistance (volume freezing method) of products are determined in accordance with GOST 7025.

The result of determining the average density of products is rounded to 10 kg/m3.

Water absorption is determined by saturating the samples with water at a temperature of (20±5) ºС at atmospheric pressure.

Frost resistance is determined by volumetric freezing. The degree of damage to all samples is assessed every five freeze-thaw cycles.

6.12 The acid resistance of clinker bricks is determined in accordance with GOST 473.1.

6.13 The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides Aeff is determined according to GOST 30108.

6.14 The thermal conductivity coefficient of masonry is determined according to GOST 26254 with the following additions.

The thermal conductivity coefficient is determined experimentally on a fragment of masonry, which, taking into account mortar joints, is made with a thickness of one bonded and one treaded row of bricks or stones. The masonry of enlarged stones is made one stone thick. The length and height of the masonry must be at least 1.5 m (see Figure 2). The masonry is carried out using a complex mortar of grade 50, with an average density of 1800 kg/m 3, composition 1.0:0.9:8.0 (cement:lime:sand) by volume, on Portland cement grade 400 with a cone draft for solid products of 12- 13 cm, for hollow ones - 9 cm. It is allowed to make a fragment of masonry different from that indicated above, using other solutions, the composition of which is indicated in the test report.

δ - masonry thickness; 1 - single brick masonry; 2 - masonry made of thickened bricks; 3 - stone masonry

Figure 2 - Fragment of masonry for determining the thermal conductivity coefficient

A fragment of masonry from products with through voids should be made using a technology that excludes filling the voids with masonry mortar or with filling the voids with mortar, which is recorded in the test report. The masonry is carried out in the opening of a climatic chamber with a device along the thermal insulation contour made of slab insulation; The thermal resistance of thermal insulation must be at least 1.0 m 2 °C/W. After making a masonry fragment, its outer and inner surfaces are rubbed with a plaster solution no more than 5 mm thick and a density corresponding to the density of the tested products, but not more than 1400 kg/m 3 and not less than 800 kg/m 3 .

The masonry fragment is tested in two stages:

Stage 1 - the masonry is kept and dried for at least two weeks to a moisture content of no more than 6%;

Stage 2 - additional drying of the masonry is carried out to a moisture content of 1% - 3%.

The humidity of products in masonry is determined by non-destructive testing devices. Tests in the chamber are carried out at a temperature difference between the inner and outer surfaces of the masonry Δt = (tв - tн)≥ 40 °C, temperature in the warm zone of the chamber tв = 18 °С -20 °С, relative air humidity (40±5)%. It is allowed to reduce the holding time of the masonry provided that the outer surface is blown and the inner surface of the fragment is heated with tubular electric heaters (heaters), spotlights, etc. to a temperature of 35 °C - 40 °C.

Before testing, at least five thermocouples are installed on the outer and inner surfaces of the masonry in the central zone in accordance with the current regulatory document. Additionally, heat meters are installed on the inner surface of the masonry in accordance with the current regulatory document. Thermocouples and heat meters are installed so that they cover the surface areas of the tray and bonded rows of masonry, as well as horizontal and vertical mortar joints. Thermal parameters are recorded after the onset of a stationary thermal state of the masonry, no earlier than 72 hours after turning on the climate chamber. Parameters are measured at least three times with an interval of 2-3 hours.

For each heat meter and thermocouple, the arithmetic mean value of the readings over the observation period is determined q i and t i. Based on the test results, the weighted average temperatures of the outer and inner surfaces of the masonry are calculated t n wed, t in avg, taking into account the area of the tray and butt measured sections, as well as the vertical and horizontal sections of mortar joints according to the formula

t n(c) av = (Σ t i F i)/(Σ t i F i), (4)

Where t i - surface temperature at a point i, °C;

F i - area i th plot, m2.

Based on the test results, the thermal resistance of the masonry is determined R to pr, m 2 °C/W, taking into account the actual humidity during testing according to the formula

R to pr = Δ t/q Wed, (5)

where Δ t = t on Wednesday - t n avg, °C;

q av - average value of heat flux density through the tested masonry fragment, W/m2.

By value R to pr calculate the equivalent thermal conductivity coefficient of the masonry λ eq (ω), W/(m °C), according to the formula

λ eq (ω) = δ/ R to pr, (6)

where δ is the thickness of the masonry, m.

Build a graph of the dependence of the equivalent thermal conductivity coefficient on the moisture content of the masonry (see Figure 3) and determine the change in the value of λ eq per one percent of humidity Δλ eq, W/(m °C), according to the formula

Δλ eq = (λ eq1 - λ eq2)/(ω 1 - ω 2). (7)

Figure 3 - Graph of the dependence of the equivalent thermal conductivity coefficient on the moisture content of the masonry

The thermal conductivity coefficient of masonry in a dry state λ 0, W/(m °C), is calculated using the formulas:

λ 0 II = λ eq2 - ω 2 Δλ eq (8)

or λ 0 I = λ eq1 - ω 1 · Δλ eq. (9)

The test result is taken as the arithmetic mean value of the thermal conductivity coefficient of the masonry in a dry state λ 0, W/(m °C), calculated by the formula

7.1 Products are transported by all modes of transport in accordance with the rules for the carriage of goods in force for a particular type of transport.

7.2 Transportation of bricks and stones is carried out in packaged form.

Transport packages are formed at the warehouse site or directly on the production line on pallets in accordance with GOST 18343 measuring 1×1 m (980×980 mm) or technological containers of other sizes according to the technical documentation of the manufacturer.

7.3 The weight of one package should not exceed the rated load capacity of the pallet.

7.4 The technological documentation for the manufacture of products provides a diagram of fastening the products in the transport package depending on the transportation distance and the type of vehicle.

7.5 Formed transport packages must be stored in one tier in continuous stacks. It is allowed to install the package on top of each other no more than four tiers, provided that safety requirements are met.

7.6 Storage of products at the consumer must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of 8.5 and safety regulations.

7.7 Loading and unloading of packages of products must be done mechanized using special load-handling devices that ensure the safety of products and compliance with safety requirements during loading and unloading operations.

Loading products in bulk (throwing) and unloading them by dumping are not allowed.

8.1 Brick and stone are used taking into account the requirements of current regulatory documents for design, work (building codes and regulations, codes of practice) and standards in accordance with design documentation for the construction of buildings and structures.

When using clinker bricks in project documentation it is necessary to take into account its physical and mechanical characteristics - high strength and frost resistance, low water absorption, increased resistance to aggressive external influences.

8.2 Type of products (brick, stone) for laying load-bearing, self-supporting and non-load-bearing structures, incl. for cladding building facades, density, strength grade and frost resistance are indicated in the working drawings.

8.3 Clinker bricks are used primarily for masonry and cladding in highly aggressive environments. In accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents for design, clinker bricks can be used in foundations and plinths of building walls, basements, for the construction retaining walls, columns, parapets, for external walls of rooms with wet conditions, for use in sewerage systems, chimneys, ventilation ducts, etc. For clinker brick masonry, special masonry mortars are used for products with water absorption of no more than 6%.

The conditions for using products of other types are given in Table 9.

Table 9 - Conditions for using products

Conditions of use	Type of products
	Medium density classes 0.7; 0.8; 1.0	Medium density classes 1.2, 1.4, 2.0			Solid brick
	Medium density classes 0.7; 0.8; 1.0	privates	facial	wedge-core	private howl	facial	wedge-ker
Non-aggressive environment: - protected masonry - unprotected masonry	+ +	+ +	+ +	+ +	+ +	+ +	+ +
Moderately aggressive environment: - protected masonry - unprotected masonry
Highly aggressive environment: - protected masonry - unprotected masonry

8.4 Reference values for the compressive strength of masonry made of brick and stone, manufactured in accordance with the requirements of this standard, are given in tables B.1-B.2 (see Appendix B).

Types of damage when testing for frost resistance

Figure B.1 - Types of damage during frost resistance testing

CERAMIC BRICKS AND STONES

GOST 530– 2007

INTERSTATE STANDARD

GOST 530–2007

CERAMIC BRICKS AND STONES

General technical conditions

Ceramic bricks and stones. General specifications

Date of introduction: 03/01/2008

1 AREA OF USE

This standard applies to ceramic brick and stone (hereinafter referred to as products) used for masonry and cladding of load-bearing and self-supporting walls and other elements of buildings and structures, and establishes technical requirements, acceptance rules, and test methods for products. Solid brick is also used for laying foundations, the outer part of chimneys, industrial and household furnaces. Products can be used in other building structures taking into account the technical characteristics established in this standard.

This standard uses normative references to the following interstate standards:
GOST 162-90 Vernier depth gauges. Specifications
GOST 427-75 Metal measuring rulers. Specifications
GOST 3749-77 Test squares 90°. Specifications
GOST 7025-91 Ceramic and silicate bricks and stones. Methods for determining water absorption, density and frost resistance control
GOST 8462-85 Wall materials. Methods for determining compressive and bending strengths

GOST 14192-96 Marking of cargo
GOST 18343-80 Pallets for bricks and ceramic stones. Technical specifications GOST 25706-83 Magnifiers. Types, basic parameters. General technical requirements GOST 26254-84 Buildings and structures. Methods for determining the heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures
GOST 30108-94 Construction materials and products. Determination of specific effective activity of natural radionuclides
GOST 30244-94 Construction materials. Flammability test methods

Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards and classifiers on the territory of the state according to the corresponding index of standards and classifiers compiled as of January 1 of the current year, and according to the corresponding information indexes published in the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (changed), then when using this standard you should be guided by the replacing (changed) standard. If the reference standard is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which a reference is made to it is applied in the part that does not affect this reference.

3. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

The following terms with corresponding definitions are used in this standard:
3.1 brick: Ceramic piece product intended for masonry installations.
3.2 normal format brick (single): Product with nominal dimensions 250x120x65 mm.
3.3 stone: Large-sized hollow ceramic product intended for masonry installations.
3.4 solid brick: Brick in which there are no voids.
3.5 hollow brick: Brick having through voids of various shapes and sizes.
3.6 facing brick: A product that provides the performance characteristics of masonry and performs the functions of a decorative material.
3.7 ordinary brick: A product that ensures the performance characteristics of masonry.
3.8 bed: The working edge of the product, located parallel to the base of the masonry
(see Figure 1).
3.9 spoons: The largest edge of the product, located perpendicular to the bed (see Figure 1).
3.10 poke: The smallest edge of the product, located perpendicular to the bed (see Figure 1).

1 - width; 2 - length; 3 - thickness; 4 - spoons; 5 - bed; 6 - poke

Figure 1 - Fragment of masonry

3.11 crack: Rupture of a product without breaking it into pieces.
3.12 through crack: A crack passing through the entire thickness of the product and extending up to
half or more of the width of the product.
3.13 cutting: Crack with an opening width of no more than 0.5 mm (see Appendix B).
3.14 repulse: Mechanical damage to the edge, edge, corner of the product.
3.15 spall: A product defect caused by the presence of carbonate or other inclusions (see Appendix B).
3.16 peeling: Destruction of the product in the form of detachment of thin plates from its surface (see Appendix B).
3.17 spalling: Shedding of fragments of the surface of the product (see Appendix B).
3.18 cracking: The appearance or increase in the size of a crack after exposure to alternating temperatures (see Appendix B).
3.19 half a dozen: Two parts of a product formed when it is split. Products that have through cracks are classified as half.
3.20 contact patch: An area of the surface of a product that is different in color, which appears during the drying or firing process and does not affect the characteristics of the product.
3.21 efflorescence: Water-soluble salts that come out on the surface of the fired product upon contact with moisture.
3.22 black core: An area inside the product caused by the formation of ferric oxide during the firing process of the product.

4. CLASSIFICATION, DIMENSIONS AND SYMBOLS

4.1 Classification
4.1.1 Products are divided into ordinary and facial.
Facing bricks and stones are made according to the type of front surface:
- with a smooth and embossed surface;
- with a surface textured by shotcrete, engobing, glazing, two-layer molding, polymer coating or other means.
Facial products can be natural or 3D colored.
4.1.2 Brick is made solid and hollow, stone - only hollow.
Voids in products can be located perpendicular (vertical) or parallel to the bed (horizontal).
4.1.3 According to the strength of the product (except for large-format stone and brick and stone with horizontal voids) they are divided into grades M100, M125, M150, M175, M200, M250, M300; large-format stones - M35, M50, M75, M100, M125, M150, M175, M200, M250, M300; brick and stone with horizontal voids - M 25, M35, M50, M75, M100.
4.1.4 According to frost resistance, products are divided into brands F25, F35, F50, F75, F100.
4.1.5 Based on average density, products are divided into classes: 0.8; 1.0; 1.2; 1.4; 2.0.
4.1.6 According to the thermal characteristics of the product, depending on the average density class, they are divided into groups in accordance with Table 1.

Table 1 - Product groups by thermal characteristics

Product medium density class
	High efficiency
	Increased efficiency
	Effective
	Conditionally effective

4.2 Main dimensions
4.2.1 Products are manufactured in nominal sizes given in Table 2.
Recommended shapes and sizes of products, as well as the location of voids in products are given in
Appendix A.
4.2.2 The thickness of the outer walls of hollow bricks and stones must be at least 12 mm, large-format stone - at least 10 mm.
4.2.3 The diameter of vertical cylindrical voids and the side size of square voids should be no more than 20 mm, and the width of slot-like voids should be no more than 16 mm.
The dimensions of horizontal voids are not regulated.
For stone, voids are allowed (for gripping during laying) with a cross-sectional area not exceeding 13% of the area of the stone bed.

Table 2 - Nominal dimensions of products

In millimeters

Product type	Type designation	Nominal sizes			size designation
Product type	Type designation	Length	Width	Thickness	size designation
Normal format brick (single)	KO	250	120	65	1 SF
Brick "Euro"	KE	250	85	65	0.7 NF
Thickened brick	KU	250	120	65	1.4 N
Single modular brick
Thickened brick with horizontal voids	KUG	250	120	88	1.4 NF
		250 288 288 288 250 250	120 288 138 138 250 180	140 88 140 88 140 140	2.1 NF 3.7 NF 2.9 NF 1.8 NF 4.5 NF 3.2 NF
Large format stone		510 398 380 380 380 380 250	250 250 250 255 250 180 250	219 219 219 188 140 140 188	14.3 NF 11.2 NF 10.7 NF 9.3 NF 6.8 NF 4.9 NF 6.0 NF
Stone with horizontal voids
Note - It is allowed, by agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer, to manufacture products of other nominal sizes, while the maximum deviations of dimensions should not exceed the values given in 4.2.4.

4.2.4 Maximum deviations of nominal dimensions should not exceed on one product, mm:
- by lenght:

By thickness:

4.2.5 Deviation from perpendicularity of adjacent faces is not allowed more than:
3 mm - for brick and stone;
1.4% of the length of any facet - for large-format stone.
4.2.6 Deviation from the flatness of product edges of more than 3 mm is not allowed.
4.2.7 The symbol of ceramic products must consist of: name of the type of product, designation of the type of product in accordance with Table 2; letters P - for privates, L - for facial ones; size designations in accordance with table 2; designations: By - for solid brick,Pu - for hollow brick; grades for strength and frost resistance; medium density class and designation of this standard.
Examples of symbols:
Ordinary (face) brick, solid, single, size 1NF, strength grade M100, average density class 2.0, frost resistance grade F50:

Brick KORPO (KOLPO) 1 NF/100/2.0/50/GOST 530-2007

Ordinary (face) brick, hollow, single, size 1NF, strength grade M100, average density class 1.4, frost resistance grade F50:

Brick KORPu (KOLPu) 1NF/100/1.4/50/GOST 530-2007

Ordinary (face) brick, hollow, thickened, size 1.4NF, strength grade M150, average density class 1.4, frost resistance grade F50:

Brick KURPu (KULPu) 1.4NF/150/1.4/50/GOST 530-2007

Bricks of modular sizes 1.3NF, strength grade M150, medium density class 1.2, frost resistance grade F50:

Brick KM 1.3NF/150/1.2/50/GOST 530-2007

Ordinary (face) stone, size 2.1NF, strength grade M150, average density class 1.2, frost resistance grade F50:

Stone KR (KL) 2.1NF/150/1.2/50/GOST 530-2007

Large-format ordinary (front) stone, size 9.3NF, strength grade M150, average density class 1.0, frost resistance grade F50:

Stone KKR (KKL) 9.3NF/150/1.0/50/GOST 530-2007

Ordinary (face) brick, thickened with horizontal voids, size 1.4NF, strength grade M100, average density class 1.4, frost resistance grade F50:

Brick KGUR (KGUL) 1.4NF/100/1.4/50/GOST 530-2007

Ordinary (face) stone with horizontal voids, size 1.8NF, strength grade M100, average density class 1.2, frost resistance grade F50:

Stone KGR (KGL) 1.8 NF/100/1.2/50/GOST 530-2007

4.2.8 It is allowed to enter additional information into the symbol for complete identification of products.
When carrying out export-import operations, the product designation may be specified in the contract for the supply of products (including entering additional alphanumeric or other information).

5. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

5.1 Products must be manufactured in accordance with the requirements of this standard according to technological regulations approved by the manufacturer.

5.2 Appearance

5.2.1 Front products must have at least two front faces - spoon and butt. The color and type of the front edge are established by agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer and are stipulated in the supply contract.
5.2.2 On facial products, chipping caused by inclusions, such as limestone, is not allowed. On ordinary products, chips with a total area of no more than 1.0 cm2 are allowed.
5.2.3 Efflorescence is not allowed on facial products.

5.2.4 Defects in the appearance of products, the size and number of which exceed the values specified in Table 3, are not allowed.

Table 3 - Defects in the appearance of products

Type of defect	Meaning
Type of defect	Facial Products	Ordinary products
Broken corners more than 15 mm deep, pcs.	Not allowed
Broken corners with a depth of 3 to 15 mm, pcs.
Broken ribs more than 3 mm deep and more than 15 mm long, pcs.	Not allowed
Broken ribs with a depth of no more than 3 mm and a length from 3 to 15 mm, pcs.
Individual cuts with total length, mm: - for brick For stone		Not regulated
Cracks, pcs.	Not allowed
Notes 1. Cracks in inter-cavity partitions are not a defect. 2. Broken corners with a depth of less than 3 mm and broken edges with a length and depth of less than 3 mm are not rejection marks. 3. For front products, defects on the front edges are indicated.

5.2.5 For regular and front products, a black core and contact spots on the surface are allowed.
5.2.6 A batch is not allowed to contain more than 5% of the batch volume.

5.3 Characteristics
5.3.1 The average density of brick and stone, depending on the average density class, must correspond to the values given in Table 4.

Table 4 - Average density classes of products

5.3.2 Thermal characteristics of products are assessed by the thermal conductivity coefficient of the masonry in a dry state. The thermal conductivity coefficient of masonry in a dry state, depending on the group of products according to thermal characteristics, is given in Table 5.

Table 5 - Product groups by thermal characteristics

Product groups by thermal characteristics	Dry thermal conductivity coefficient of masonry X, W/(m°C)
High efficiency
Increased efficiency	St. 0.20 to 0.24
Effective	St. 0.24 to 0.36
Conditionally effective	St. 0.36 to 0.46
Ineffective (ordinary)
Notes 1. Thermal conductivity coefficient values are given for masonry with a minimum sufficient amount of masonry mortar. The value of the thermal conductivity coefficient, taking into account the actual consumption of the solution, is established in the design or departmental technical documentation (building codes and regulations, territorial building codes, etc.) based on tests or calculations. 2. Thermal characteristics of conventional solid masonry are given in Appendix D.

5.3.3 The strength limits of products in compression and bending must be no less than the values indicated in Table 6. The strength grade of brick is determined by the values of the ultimate strength in compression and bending, of stone - by the value of the ultimate compressive strength.

Table 6 - Strength limits of products in compression and bending

Product brand	Tensile strength, MPa
	when compressed			when bending
	single, “euro” and thickened bricks; stones	Large format stones		Single and “euro” solid bricks		Single and “euro” hollow bricks		Thickened Hollow Bricks
	Average for five samples	Average for five samples	Smallest for an individual sample	Average for five samples	Smallest for an individual sample	Average for five samples	Smallest for an individual sample	Average for five samples	Smallest for an individual sample










For bricks and stones with horizontal voids





Note - When determining the compressive and bending strength of a brick and the compressive strength of a stone, the area of the loaded face of the product is calculated without subtracting the area of voids.

The strength grade of the products must be no lower than: hollow brick and stone (except large-format stone) - M100, large-format stone - M35, solid brick for load-bearing walls - M125, for self-supporting walls - M100.
The strength grade of bricks intended for the construction of chimneys must be at least M200.

5.3.4 The water absorption of ordinary products must be no less than 6.0%, of facial products - no less than 6.0% and no more than 14.0%.
For products made from tripoli and diatomite, water absorption of no more than 28% is allowed.
5.3.5 Brick and stone must be frost-resistant and, depending on the brand of frost resistance in a water-saturated state, must withstand at least 25 without any visible signs of damage or destruction (cracking, peeling, spalling, chipping); 35; 50; 75 and 100 cycles of alternating freezing and thawing.
Types of damage to products after testing for frost resistance are given in Appendix B.
The frost resistance grade of facial products must be at least F50. It is allowed, by agreement with the consumer, to supply face products of frost resistance grade F35.
The frost resistance grade of products used for the construction of chimneys, plinths and basement walls must be at least F50.
5.3.6 Ceramic brick and stone are classified as non-combustible building materials in accordance with GOST 30244.
5.3.7 The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides Leff in products should be no more than 370 Bq/kg.

5.4 Requirements for raw materials and supplies
5.4.1 Clay raw materials, siliceous rocks (tripoli, diatomite), loess, industrial waste (coal waste, ash, etc.), mineral and organic additives, as well as packaging materials and means of transporting products (pallets) must comply with the requirements of the current regulatory and technical documents for them .

5.5 Marking
5.5.1 During the manufacturing process, the trademark of the manufacturer is applied to the non-facial surface of the product with indelible paint using a stencil (stamp) or stamp imprint.
5.5.2 Marking is applied to each packaging unit. One packaging unit must contain at least 5% of products marked according to 5.5.1. The marking may be applied directly to the packaging or to a label that is affixed to the packaging, or to a label attached to the packaging in a manner that ensures its safety during transportation.
The marking must contain:

Name of the manufacturer (and/or its trademark) and address;
- symbol of the product;
- batch number and date of manufacture;
- number (weight) of products in a packaging unit, pcs. (kg);
- Thermal Efficiency Group;
- mark of conformity for the supply of certified products (if provided for by the certification system).

The labeling may include information about the method of manufacturing the products.
5.5.3 The manufacturer has the right to add additional information to the packaging that does not contradict the requirements of this standard and allows identification of the product and its manufacturer.
5.5.4 Each package (transport package) must have transport markings in accordance with GOST 14192.

5.6 Packaging
5.6.1 The brick or stone should be laid on a pallet in a herringbone pattern or on a bed or bed with a cross bandage. It is allowed to stack products without bandaging, provided they are automatically packaged, ensuring the safety of the packaging unit during storage and transportation.
5.6.2 Products stacked with cross bandaging must be packaged in shrink or stretch film or other materials that ensure the safety of the product.
5.6.3 One packaging unit must contain products of the same symbol.
5.6.4 By agreement with the consumer, other types of packaging are allowed to ensure the safety of products during transportation.

6. ACCEPTANCE RULES

6.1 Products must be accepted by the technical control of the manufacturer.
6.2 Products are accepted in batches. The batch volume is set at no more than a daily quantity
output from one furnace.
When accepting products by the consumer, a batch is considered to be products shipped under a specific contract (order) or products in the amount of one vehicle, documented by one quality document.
6.3 The batch must consist of products of the same symbol.
6.4 Product quality is ensured by:

Incoming control of raw materials and supplies;
- operational production (technological) control.

The quality of products is confirmed by acceptance control of finished products. Acceptance control includes acceptance and periodic tests.
6.5 To carry out tests by random sampling, a number of batches are selected from different places
products (samples) in accordance with table 7.

Table 7 - Number of selected products (samples) for testing

Name indicator	selected (samples), pcs.	Type of test		wildness control	tests
Name indicator	selected (samples), pcs.	delivery notes		wildness control	tests
Appearance,	Stone - 25, brick - 35	+	-		According to 7.3
Deviations from nominal sizes and shapes	Stone - 25, brick - 35	+	-		According to 7.3 - 7.5
Presence of limescale inclusions	5	-	+	in two weeks	According to 7.6
Presence of efflorescence	5	-	+		According to 7.7
Average density	5	+	-
Water absorption	5	-	+
Tensile strength when compressing a brick	halves)	+	-
Tensile strength when the stone is compressed	5	+	-
Tensile strength When compressing large-format stone	5	+	-		According to 7.8
Tensile strength when bending a brick	5	+	-
Frost resistance	5	-	+	per quarter

Selected products are checked for compliance with the requirements of this standard in terms of size, appearance and correctness of shape, and then tested.
Periodic tests on water absorption, the presence of efflorescence and frost resistance of products are also carried out when raw materials and technology change; by the presence of lime inclusions - when the content of inclusions in clay raw materials changes. The results of periodic tests are applied to all supplied batches of products until the next periodic tests are carried out.
6.6 The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides Leff is monitored during incoming control according to data from documents on the quality of the enterprise - supplier of raw materials. In the absence of data from the supplier company on the specific effective activity of natural radionuclides, testing of products for this indicator should be carried out at least once a year in accredited testing laboratories, as well as when changing the supplier of raw materials.
6.7 Thermal characteristics of solid masonry are determined when products are put into production, when technology, raw materials, materials change, and are provided at the request of the consumer.
6.8 The batch is accepted if, when checking the size and correctness of the shape of products selected from the batch, only one product does not meet the requirements of this standard. The batch is not subject to acceptance if two of the products selected from the batch do not meet the requirements of this standard.
6.9 If, when testing products according to the indicators given in Table 7 (except for indicators of appearance, size, correct shape and frost resistance), unsatisfactory results are obtained, repeat testing of products according to this indicator is carried out on a double number of samples taken from this batch.
The batch is accepted if the results of repeated tests meet all the requirements of this standard; if they do not match, the batch will not be accepted.
6.10 When testing products by the consumer, inspection control and certification tests, sampling and assessment of control results are carried out in accordance with the requirements of this section, using control methods.
In controversial cases, a control check is carried out in the presence of a representative of the manufacturer. The list of controlled parameters is established by agreement between the participants of the inspection.
6.11 Each batch of supplied products must be accompanied by a quality document indicating:

Name of the manufacturer and (or) its trademark;
- name and symbol of the product;
- number and date of issue of the document;
- batch number;
- number (weight) of products in the batch, pcs. (kg) ;
- strength grade, medium density grade, frost resistance grade;
- water absorption;
- group on thermal technical efficiency;
- specific effective activity of natural radionuclides Laff;
- method of manufacturing products.

During export-import operations, the content of the accompanying quality document is specified in a specific contract for the supply of products.

8. TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE

8.1. Products are transported by all modes of transport in accordance with the rules for the carriage of goods in force for a particular type of transport.

8.2. Transportation of bricks and stones is carried out in packaged form.

Transport packages are formed at the warehouse site or directly on the production line on pallets in accordance with GOST 18343 or pallets measuring 1 x 1 m (980 x 980 mm) or other sizes according to technical documentation.

8.3. The weight of one package should not exceed the rated load capacity of the pallet.

8.4. The technological documentation for the manufacture of products provides a diagram of fastening the products in the transport package, depending on the transportation distance and the type of vehicle.

8.5. Formed transport packages should be stored in one tier in continuous stacks. It is allowed to install the package on top of each other no more than four tiers, provided that safety requirements are met.

8.6. It is allowed to store products on level areas with a hard surface in single-tier stacks in bags without pallets.

8.7. Storage of products at the consumer must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of 8.5 and 8.6 and safety regulations.

8.8. Loading and unloading of packages of products must be done mechanized using special lifting devices.

Loading products in bulk (throwing) and unloading them by dumping are not allowed.

9. INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE

9.1. Brick and stone are used in accordance with the recommendations of current building codes, codes of practice, territorial building codes, taking into account the requirements set out in the design documentation for the construction of buildings and structures.

9.2. Only solid bricks should be used in the foundations and plinths of building walls, chimneys, and ventilation ducts.

It is not allowed to use hollow products, as well as semi-dry pressed bricks, for the external walls of rooms with wet conditions without applying a vapor barrier coating to the internal surfaces.

It is not allowed to use hollow products and semi-dry pressed bricks for laying the walls of rooms with wet conditions, external walls of basements, plinths and foundations.

9.3. Type of products (brick, stone) for laying load-bearing, self-supporting and non-load-bearing structures, incl. for cladding building facades, density, strength grade and frost resistance are indicated in the working drawings.

9.4. Reference values for the compressive strength of masonry made of brick and stone, manufactured in accordance with the requirements of this standard, are given in Appendix B, tables B.1, B.2.

9.5. The manufacturer, at the request of the consumer, must provide data on the thermal and strength characteristics of products in masonry.

The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by GOST 1.0-92 "Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-2009 "Interstate standardization system. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. Rules for development, adoption, application, renewal and cancellation"

1 DEVELOPED by the Association of Ceramic Materials Manufacturers (APKM), Limited Liability Company "VNIISTROM "Scientific Center of Ceramics" (LLC "VNIISTROM "NCC")

3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Scientific and Technical Commission for Standardization, Technical Regulation and Conformity Assessment in Construction (Addendum 1 to Appendix B of Protocol No. 40 of June 4, 2012)

Short name of the country according to MK (ISO 3166) 004-97 Country code according to MK (ISO 3166) 004-97 Abbreviated name of the national authority government controlled constructionAzerbaijan AZ State Committee for Urban Planning and ArchitectureArmenia AM Ministry of Urban DevelopmentKazakhstan KZ Agency for Construction and Housing and Communal ServicesKyrgyzstan KG GosstroyMoldova MD Ministry of Construction and Regional DevelopmentRussian Federation RU Ministry of Regional DevelopmentTajikistan TJ Agency for Construction and Architecture under the Government

EN 771-1:2003 Definitions concerning wall stones - Part 1: Brick regarding requirements for average density, voids, thermal properties, rate of initial water absorption, acid resistance;

EN 772-1:2000 Methods of test for masonry units - Part 1: Determination of compressive strength;

EN 772-9:1998 Methods of test for masonry units - Part 9: Determination of volume and percentage of voids and net volume of and calcium silicate masonry units by sand filling voids, net volume of ceramic bricks and silicate blocks by filling with sand);

EN 772-11:2000 Methods of test for masonry units - Part 11: Determination of water absorption of aggregate concrete, autoclaved aerated concrete, manufactured stone and natural stone masonry units due to capillary action and the initial rate of water absorption of clay masonry units (Test methods for building blocks. Part 11. Determination of capillary water absorption of building blocks made of concrete, autoclaved cellular concrete, artificial and natural stone, initial water absorption of ceramic bricks) regarding the method for determining the rate of initial water absorption.

5 By Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated December 27, 2012 N 2148-st, the interstate standard GOST 530-2012 was put into effect as a national standard Russian Federation from July 1, 2013

Information on the entry into force (termination) of this standard is published in the monthly published information index "National Standards".

Information about changes to this standard is published in the annually published information index "National Standards", and the text of changes and amendments is published in the monthly published information index "National Standards". In case of revision or cancellation of this standard, the relevant information will be published in the monthly published information index "National Standards"

M E F G O S U D A R S T V E N N Y S T A N D A R T

CERAMIC BRICKS AND STONES

General technical conditions

Ceramic brick and stone. Generalspecifications

1Application area

This standard applies to ceramic bricks and stones (hereinafter referred to as products) used for masonry and cladding of load-bearing, self-supporting and non-load-bearing walls and other elements of buildings and structures, as well as e clinker bricks used for laying foundations, vaults, walls subject to heavy loads, and bricks for external masonry of chimneys, industrial and household furnaces.

This standard establishes technical requirements, acceptance rules, and test methods for products.

This standard does not apply to bricks for paving roads, bricks for laying the inner surface of chimneys and industrial furnaces, fire-resistant and acid-resistant bricks.

This standard uses normative references to the following interstate standards:

GOST 166-89 (ISO 3599-76) Calipers. Specifications

GOST 427-75 Metal measuring rulers. Specifications

GOST 473.1-81 Chemical-resistant and heat-resistant ceramic products. Method for determining acid resistance

GOST 3749-77 Test squares 90º. Specifications

Official publication

GOST 7025-91 Ceramic and silicate bricks and stones. Methods for determining water absorption, density and frost resistance control

GOST 8462-85 Wall materials. Methods for determining compressive and bending strengths

GOST 14192-96 Marking of cargo

GOST 18343-80 Pallets for bricks and ceramic stones. Specifications

GOST 25706-83 Magnifiers. Types, basic parameters. General technical requirements

GOST 26254-84 Buildings and structures. Methods for determining the heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures

GOST 30108-94 Construction materials and products. Determination of specific effective activity of natural radionuclides

GOST 30244-94 Construction materials. Flammability test methods

Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards on the territory of the state using the corresponding index of standards and classifiers compiled as of January 1 of the current year, and according to the corresponding information indexes published in the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (changed), then when using this standard you should be guided by the replacing (changed) standard. If the reference document is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which a reference to it is given applies to the part that does not affect this reference.

3 Terms and definitions

The following terms with corresponding definitions are used in this standard:

3.1 brick: Ceramic piece product intended for laying masonry on mortars.

3.2 normal format brick (single): Product in the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped with nominal dimensions 250×120×65 mm.

3.3 stone: A large-format hollow ceramic product with a nominal thickness of 140 mm or more, intended for masonry installations.

3.4 solid brick: A product that has no voids or has a void content of no more than 13%.

3.5 hollow brick: A product having voids of various shapes and sizes.

3.6 shaped brick: A product having a shape other than that of a rectangular parallelepiped.

3.7 additional element: A specially shaped product designed to complete masonry.

3.8 clinker brick: A product that has high strength and low water absorption, ensuring the performance characteristics of masonry in a highly aggressive environment and performing the functions of a decorative material.

3.9brick facial: A product that provides the performance characteristics of masonry and performs the functions of a decorative material.

3.10 ordinary brick: A product that ensures the performance characteristics of masonry.

3.11 stone with tongue-and-groove system: The product has protrusions on the vertical edges for tongue-and-groove connection of stones in masonry without the use of masonry mortar in vertical joints.

3.12 working size (width) of the stone: The size of the product between smooth vertical edges (without protrusions for tongue-and-groove joints), which forms the thickness of the wall when laid in one stone.

3.13 non-working size (length) of the stone: The size of the product between the vertical edges with protrusions for a tongue-and-groove connection, which forms the length of the wall during laying.

3.14 bed: The working edge of the product, located parallel to the base of the masonry (see Figure 1).

3.15 spoons: The largest edge of the product, located perpendicular to the bed (see Figure 1).

3.16 poke: The smallest edge of the product, located perpendicular to the bed (see Figure 1).

1 - width; 2 - length; 3 - thickness; 4 - spoon; 5 - bed; 6 - poke

Figure 1 - Fragment of masonry

3.17 emptiness: The proportion of voids in the product volume, expressed as a percentage.

3.18 crack: Rupture of a product without breaking it into pieces, with an opening width of more than 0.5 mm.

3.19 through crack: A crack running through the entire thickness of the product, extending more than half the width of the product.

3.20 cutting:Crack opening width no more than 0.5 mm.

3.21 brokenness: Mechanical damage to the edge, edge, corner of the product.

3.22 spall: A product defect caused by the presence of carbonate or other inclusions (see Appendix B).

3.23 peeling: Destruction of the product in the form of detachment of thin plates from its surface (see Appendix B).

3.24 spalling: Shedding of fragments of the surface of the product (see Appendix B).

3.25 cracking: The appearance or increase in the size of a crack after exposure to alternating temperatures (see Appendix B).

3.26 half a dozen: Two parts of a product formed when it is split. Products with through cracks are classified as half.

3.27 contact patch: An area of the surface of a product that is different in color, which appears during the drying or firing process and does not affect the characteristics of the product.

3.28 efflorescence: Water-soluble salts that come out on the surface of the fired product upon contact with moisture.

3.29 black core: An area inside the product caused by the formation of iron oxide during the firing process of the product ( II).

3.30 unprotected masonry: Masonry not protected from external atmospheric influences and water penetration under operating conditions.

3.31 protected masonry: Masonry protected from water penetration (internal wall, internal part of a double-layer wall, external wall protected by a layer of plaster or cladding) under operating conditions.

3.32 masonry in a highly aggressive environment: Masonry subjected to constant saturation with water under operating conditions as a result of exposure to a combination of unfavorable natural and (or) artificial factors (ground or wastewater, climatic conditions) and at the same time frequent freezing and thawing in the absence of effective protection.

3.33 masonry in a moderately aggressive environment: Masonry subjected to periodic exposure to moisture and alternate freezing and thawing under operating conditions, but not related to masonry in a highly aggressive environment.

3.34 masonry in a non-aggressive environment: Masonry that is not exposed to moisture and alternating freezing and thawing under operating conditions.

4 Classification, main dimensions and symbols

4.1 Classification

4.1.1 Products are divided into ordinary and facial. Stone with tongue-and-groove and tongue-and-groove joints can only be ordinary.

4.1.2 Brick is made solid and hollow, stone - only hollow. The stone can be made with flat vertical edges, with protrusions for tongue-and-groove joints on the vertical edges, with an unpolished or polished supporting surface (bed).

Voids in products can be located perpendicular (vertical) or parallel to the bed (horizontal).

4.1.3 Based on compressive strength, bricks are divided into grades: M100, M125, M150, M175, M200, M250, M300; clinker brick - M300, M400, M500, M600, M800, M1000; stones - M25, M35, M50, M75, M100, M125, M150, M175, M200, M250, M300; brick and stone with horizontal voids - M25, M35, M50, M75, M100.

4.1.4 Based on frost resistance, products are divided into grades F25 , F35, F50, F75, F100, F200, F300.

4.1.5 Based on average density, products are divided into classes: 0.7; 0.8; 1.0; 1.2; 1.4; 2.0; 2.4.

4.1.6 Based on the thermal characteristics of the products, depending on the average density class, they are divided into groups in accordance with Table 1.

Table 1 - Product groups by thermal characteristics

4.2 Main dimensions

4.2.1 Products are manufactured with nominal dimensions given in tables 2 and 3.

Table 2 - Nominal dimensions of bricks

In millimeters

Product type	Type designation	Nominal sizes
Product type	Type designation







Brick with horizontal voids

Table 3 - Nominal sizes of stone

In millimeters

Product type	Type designation	Nominal sizes				Designation size
Product type	Type designation	Length or not	Width or working size	Unsanded thickness stones	Thickness of polished stones	Designation size







						10.7 (11.2) NF
						14.3 (15.0) NF
						10.7 (11.2) NF
						11.1 (11.6) NF
						14.3 (15.0) NF
						14.9 (15.6) NF

End of table 3

Product type	Type designation	Nominal sizes				Designation size
Product type	Type designation	Length or non-working size	Width or working size	Unsanded thickness stones	Thickness of polished stones	Designation size
Additional stone


Notes 1 By agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer, it is allowed to manufacture additional products and products of other nominal sizes, while the maximum deviations of dimensions should not exceed the values given in 4.2.2. The thickness of the products must be a multiple of the thickness of the brick plus 12 mm- bed seam. 2 The designation of the size (format) of products is defined as the ratio of the volume of the product in cubic meters to the volume of a brick of a normal format of 0.00195 m 3 with the value rounded to one decimal place. 3 Size designations for polished stones are given in parentheses.

4.2.2 Maximum deviations from nominal dimensions should not exceed on one product, mm:

By lenght:

brick and stone without tongue-and-groove connection…………… ± 4,

stone with tongue-and-groove connection…………………………± 10;

Width:

brick, stone with a width of no more than 120 mm………………………± 3,

stones more than 120 mm wide.…………………………………± 5;

By thickness:

facing bricks………………………………………………….± 2,

ordinary brick………………………………………………………….± 3,

stone…………………………………………………….± 4.

4.2.3 Deviation from perpendicularity of adjacent edges of products is not allowed more than:

3 mm - for brick and stone up to 300 mm long;

1.4% of the length of any facet - for a stone with a length or width of over 300 mm.

4.2.4 Deviation from the flatness of product edges is not allowed more than:

3 mm - for brick and stone;

1 mm - for polished stone.

4.2.5 The thickness of the outer walls of hollow bricks must be at least 12 mm, stone - at least 8 mm.

The radius of rounding the corner of vertical adjacent edges should be no more than 15 mm, the chamfer depth on horizontal edges should be no more than 3 mm.

The dimensions and number of protrusions of the tongue-and-groove connection are not regulated.

The diameter of vertical cylindrical voids and the side size of square voids should be no more than 20 mm, the width of slot-like voids should be no more than 16 mm.

The void size of products with a void content of no more than 13% is not regulated.

The dimensions of horizontal voids are not regulated.

For stone, voids are allowed (for gripping during laying) with a total cross-sectional area not exceeding 13% of the area of the stone bed.

4.3 Symbols

4.3.1 The symbol of ceramic products must consist of a designation of the type of product in accordance with tables 2 and 3; letters p - for ordinary, l - for front, kl - for clinker, pg - for stones with tongue-and-groove system, w - for polished stones; designations for brick size - in accordance with Table 2, nominal dimensions of stone - in accordance with Table 3, working size for stone with a tongue-and-groove system - in accordance with Table 3, designations: according to - for solid bricks, pu - for hollow bricks, grades according to strength, medium density class; frost resistance grades and designations of this standard.

EXAMPLES OF CONDITIONAL NOTATIONS:

Ordinary (front) brick, solid, dimensions 250×120×65 mm, format 1NF, strength grade M200, average density class 2.0, frost resistance grade F50:

KR-r-po (KR-l-po) 250×120×65/1NF/200/2.0/50/GOST 530-2012

Clinker brick, solid (hollow), dimensions 250×120×65 mm, format 1NF, strength grade M500, medium density class 2.0, frost resistance grade F100:

KR-kl-po (KR-kl-pu) 250×120×65/1NF/500/2.0/100/GOST 530-2012.

Ordinary brick with horizontal arrangement of voids (front), dimensions 250×120×88 mm, format 1.4NF, strength grade M75, average density class 1.4, frost resistance grade F50:

KRG-r (KRG-l)250×120×88 / 1.4NF/75/1.4/50/ GOST 530-2012.

Ordinary stone (face), dimensions 250×120×140 mm, format 2.1NF, strength grade M200, average density class 1.4, frost resistance grade F50:

KM-r (KM-l) 250×120×140/2.1NF/200/1.4/50/GOST 530-2012.

Stone with a tongue-and-groove joint (polished), working size 510 mm, format 14.3NF, strength grade M100, average density class 0.8, frost resistance grade F35:

KM-pg (KM-pg-sh) 510 mm/14.3NF/100/0.8/35/GOST 530-2012.

Additional stone with tongue-and-groove joint (polished), working size 250, half format 10.7 NF, strength grade M100, average density class 0.8, frost resistance grade F35:

KMD-pg (KMD-pg-sh) 250 mm /P10.7NF/100/0.8/35/GOST 530 -2012.

Additional stone (polished), working size 250, format 5.2 NF, strength grade M100, average density class 0.8, frost resistance grade F35:

KMD (KMD-sh) 250 mm /5.2 NF/100/0.8/35/GOST 530-2012.

4.3.2 It is allowed to enter additional information into the symbol for complete identification of products.

When carrying out export-import operations, the product designation may be specified in the contract for the supply of products (including entering additional alphanumeric or other information)

5Technical requirements

Products must be manufactured in accordance with the requirements of this standard according to technological regulations approved by the manufacturer.

5.1 Appearance

5.1.1 Front products must have at least two front edges - spoon and butt. The color and type of the front edge are established by agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer and are specified in the delivery document.

Ordinary products are made with smooth or embossed vertical edges.

Facing bricks and stones are made according to the type of front surface:

With a smooth and textured surface;

With a surface textured by shotcrete, engobing, glazing, two-layer molding or other means.

Products can be natural colors or volumetric dyed.

5.1.2 Single intumescent (for example, lime) inclusions with a depth of no more than 3 mm and a total area of no more than 0.2% of the area of the front edges are allowed on front products.

On ordinary products, intumescent inclusions with a total area of no more than 1.0% of the area of the vertical edges of the product are allowed.

5.1.3 Efflorescence is not allowed on facing and clinker products.

5.1.4 Defects in the appearance of products, the size and number of which exceed the values specified in Table 4, are not allowed.

Table 4 - Defects in the appearance of the product

End of table 4

Type of defect	Meaning
Type of defect	Facial Products	Ordinary products
Individual cuts with total length, no more than mm: For brick For stone		Not regulated
Cracks, pcs.	Not allowed
Notes 1. Broken edges less than 3 mm deep are not considered to be defective. 2. Cracks in the inter-cavity partitions, breaks and cracks in the elements of the tongue-and-groove connection are not a defect. 3. For front products, defects on the front edges are indicated.

5.1.5 Products are allowed to have a black core and contact spots on the surface.

5.1.6 A batch is not allowed to contain more than 5% of the batch volume.

5.2 Characteristics

5.2.1 The average density of brick and stone, depending on the average density class, must correspond to the values given in Table 5.

Table 5 - Average density classes of products

Product medium density class	Average density, kg/m3


	810 - 1000
	1010 - 1200
	1210 - 1400
	1410 - 2000
	2010 - 2400

The deviation of a single value of average density (for one sample out of five) is allowed no more than:

50 kg/m³ - for classes 0.7; 0.8 and 1.0;

100 kg/m³ - for other classes.

5.2.2 Thermal characteristics of products are assessed by the thermal conductivity coefficient of the masonry in a dry state. The thermal conductivity coefficient of masonry in a dry state, depending on the group of products according to thermal characteristics, is given in Table 6.

Table 6 - Product groups by thermal characteristics

Product groups by thermal characteristics	Thermal conductivity coefficient of masonry in dry state λ, W/(m °C)
High efficiency
Increased efficiency	St. 0.20 to 0.24
Effective	St. 0.24 to 0.36
Conditionally effective	St. 0.36 to 0.46
Ineffective (ordinary)
Notes 1 Thermal conductivity coefficient values are given for masonry with a minimum sufficient amount of masonry mortar. The value of the thermal conductivity coefficient, taking into account the actual consumption of the solution, is established in the design or technical documentation (building codes and regulations, etc.) based on tests or calculations. 2 Thermal characteristics of solid (conditional) masonry are given in Appendix D.

5.2.3 The strength grade of brick is determined by the values of the compressive and bending strength limits, of bricks with horizontal voids and stone - by the value of the compressive strength limit. The compressive and bending strength values must be no less than the values indicated in Table 7.

Table 7 - Strength limits of products in compression and bending

Product brand
			solid brick		hollow bricks of format less than 1.4NF
	Average for five samples	Smallest for separate sample	Average for five samples	The smallest for an individual region	Average for five samples	Smallest for separate sample	Average for five samples	Smallest for separate sample

End of table 7

Product brand

Ultimate compressive strength, MPa

Bending strength, MPa

solid brick

hollow brick format 1.4NF

hollow brick 1.4NF format

Average
for five samples

Smallest for
separate sample

Average
for five samples

Smallest for a single sample

Average
for five samples

Smallest for
separate sample

Average
for five samples

Smallest for
separate sample

For products with horizontal voids

5.2.4Water absorption of products should be:

No more than 6.0% - for clinker bricks;

Not less than 6.0% - for other products.

5.2.5 The rate of initial absorption of water by the supporting surface (bed) of products must be at least 0.10 kg/(m2 min) and no more than 3.00 kg/(m2 min)- facial products, ordinary products - without limiting the maximum value.

5.2.6 The acid resistance of clinker bricks must be at least 95%.

5.2.7 Brick and stone must be frost-resistant and, depending on the brand of frost resistance, in a water-saturated state, must withstand without any visible signs of damage or destruction (cracking, peeling, spalling, chipping, except for chipping from lime inclusions) - at least 25 ; 35; 50; 75; 100; 200 or 300 cycles of alternating freezing and thawing.

Types of damage to products after testing for frost resistance are given in Appendix B.

The frost resistance grade of clinker bricks must be at least F75, facial products - not lower than F 50. It is allowed, by agreement with the consumer, to supply face products of the frost resistance brand F35.

5.2.8 Ceramic products are classified as non-combustible building materials in accordance with GOST 30244.

5.2.9 Specific effective activity of natural radionuclides Aeff in products should be no more than 370 Bq/kg.

5.3Requirements for raw materials and supplies

Clay raw materials, siliceous rocks (tripoli, diatomite), loess, industrial waste (coal waste, ash, etc.), mineral and organic additives must comply with the requirements of the current regulatory and technical documentation for them.

5.4 Marking

5.4.1 During the manufacturing process, a trademark or short name of the manufacturer is applied to the non-facial surface of the product in any way.

5.4.2 Marking is applied to each packaging unit. One packaging unit must contain at least 20% of identifiable products. The marking may be applied directly to the packaging or to a label that is affixed to the packaging, or to a label attached to the packaging in a manner that ensures its safety during transportation.

The marking must contain:

Name of the manufacturer (and/or its trademark) and address;

Product designation;

Batch number and date of manufacture;

Number of products in a packaging unit, pcs. ( kg);

Weight of the packaging unit, kg;

Mark of conformity for the supply of certified products (if provided for by the certification system).

5.4.3 The manufacturer has the right to put additional information on the packaging that does not contradict the requirements of this standard and allows identifying the product and its manufacturer.

5.4.4 Each package (transport package) must have transport markings in accordance with GOST 14192.

5.5 Packaging

5.5.1 Products must be placed on a pallet in a way that ensures the safety of the packaging unit during storage and transportation.

5.5.2 Stacked products must be packaged in shrink or stretch film or other materials that ensure the safety of the products.

5.5.3 One packaging unit must contain products of the same symbol.

5.5.4 By agreement with the consumer, other types of packaging are allowed to ensure the safety of products during transportation.

6 Rules acceptance

6.1 Products must be accepted by the technical control of the manufacturer.

6.2 Products are accepted in batches. The batch size is set at no more than the daily output of one furnace.

When accepting products by the consumer, a batch is considered to be products shipped under a specific contract (order), or products in the amount of one vehicle, issued with one quality document.

6.3 The batch must consist of products of the same symbol.

6.4 Product quality is ensured by:

Incoming control of raw materials and supplies;

Operational production (technological) control.

The quality of products is confirmed by acceptance control of finished products. Acceptance control includes acceptance and periodic tests.

6.5 To conduct tests using the random sampling method, products (samples) are selected from different places in the batch in accordance with Table 8.

Table 8 - Number of selected products (samples) for testing

Name indicator	selected products (samples), pcs.	Type of test		Periodicity control	Method tests
Name indicator	selected products (samples), pcs.	Acceptance documents	Periodic	Periodicity control	Method tests
Appearance, dimensions	Stone - 25, brick - 35			Each batch
Deviations from nominal sizes and shapes	Stone - 25, brick - 35			Each batch
Compressive strength: Brick;				Each batch
Bending strength bricks				Each batch	According to GOST 8462
Compressive strength of clinker brick				Once a week
Bending strength clinker bricks				Once a week	According to GOST 8462
Presence of limescale inclusions				Once every two weeks
Presence of efflorescence for clinker and facing products				Once a month
Average density				Each batch	According to GOST 7025
Water absorption				Once a month	According to GOST 7025
Initial water absorption rate				Once a month
Emptiness				Once a month
Acid resistance of clinker bricks				Once a year	According to GOST 473.1
Frost resistance				Once a quarter	According to GOST 7025
Specific effective activity of natural radionuclides A eff				Once a year	According to GOST 30108

Selected products are checked for compliance with the requirements of this standard in terms of appearance, size and correctness of shape, and then tested.

Periodic tests on indicators of water absorption, the rate of initial water absorption, acid resistance, the presence of efflorescence and frost resistance of products are also carried out when raw materials and technological parameters change; by the presence of lime inclusions - when the content of inclusions in clay raw materials changes. The results of periodic tests are applied to all supplied batches of products until the next periodic tests are carried out.

6.6 Specific effective activity of natural radionuclides A eff is controlled during incoming inspection according to the documents of the enterprise supplying raw materials. In the absence of data from the supplier company on the specific effective activity of natural radionuclides, testing of products for this indicator should be carried out at least once a year in accredited testing laboratories, as well as when changing the supplier of raw materials.

6.7 Thermal characteristics of solid masonry are determined when the product is put into production.

6.8 The batch is accepted if, when checking the size and correctness of the shape of products selected from the batch, only one product does not meet the requirements of this standard. The batch is not subject to acceptance if two of the products selected from the batch do not meet the requirements of this standard.

6.9 If, when testing products according to the indicators given in Table 8 (except for indicators of appearance, size, correctness of shape and frost resistance), unsatisfactory results are obtained, repeat testing of products according to this indicator is carried out on a double number of samples taken from this batch.

The batch is accepted if the results of repeated tests meet all the requirements of this standard; if they don't match- the party is not accepted.

6.10 When testing products by the consumer, during inspection control and certification tests, sampling and assessment of control results are carried out in accordance with the requirements of this section, using control methods in accordance with section 7.

6.11 Each batch of supplied products must be accompanied by a quality document indicating:

Name of the manufacturer and (or) its trademark;

Name and symbol of the product;

Number and date of issue of the document;

Batch number;

Number (weight) of products in a batch, pcs. (kg);

Strength grade, medium density grade, frost resistance grade;

Emptiness;

Water absorption;

Rate of initial water absorption;

Acid resistance (for clinker bricks);

Thermal Efficiency Group;

Specific effective activity of natural radionuclides A eff.

During export-import operations, the content of the accompanying quality document is specified in a specific contract for the supply of products.

7 Test methods

7.1 Test methods for incoming quality control of raw materials and materials are indicated in the technological documentation for the manufacture of products, taking into account the requirements of regulatory documents for these raw materials and materials.

7.2 Test methods for conducting production operational control are established in the technological documentation for the manufacture of products.

7.3 Determination of geometric dimensions

7.3.1 The dimensions of products, the thickness of the outer walls, the diameter of cylindrical voids, the dimensions of square and the width of slot-like voids, the length of the cuts, the length of the broken edges, the radius of curvature of adjacent faces and the depth of the chamfer on the ribs are measured with a metal ruler in accordance with GOST 427 or with a caliper in accordance with GOST 166. Accuracy measurements- ± 1 mm.

7.3.2 The length, width and thickness of each product are measured at the edges (at a distance of 15 mm from the corner) and in the middle of the ribs of opposite edges. The arithmetic mean of three measurements is taken as the measurement result.

7.3.3 The thickness of the outer walls of a hollow product is measured in at least three places on each outer wall . The smallest value is taken as the measurement result.

The dimensions of the voids are measured inside the voids in at least three voids. The greatest value is taken as the measurement result.

7.3.4 The crack opening width is measured using a measuring lens in accordance with GOST 25706, after which the product is checked for compliance with the requirements of 5.2.4. Measurement error- ± 1 mm.

7.3.5 The depth of broken corners and edges is measured using a square in accordance with GOST 3749 and a ruler in accordance with GOST 427 along the perpendicular from the top of the corner or edge formed by the square to the damaged surface. Measurement error- ± 1 mm.

7.4 Definition correct form

7.4.1 Deviation from the perpendicularity of the edges is determined by applying a square to adjacent edges of the product and measuring with a metal ruler in accordance with GOST 427 the largest gap between the square and the edge. Measurement error- ± 1 mm.

The greatest of all obtained measurement results is taken as the measurement result.

7.4.2 Deviation from the flatness of the product is determined by applying one side of the metal square to the edge of the product, and the other along each diagonal of the edge and measuring with a feeler gauge, calibrated in the prescribed manner, or a metal ruler in accordance with GOST 427, the largest gap between the surface and the edge of the square. Measurement error- ± 1 mm.

The greatest of all obtained measurement results is taken as the measurement result.

7.5 The presence of lime inclusions is determined after steaming the products in the vessel.

7.6 The hollowness of products is defined as the ratio of the volume of sand filling the voids of the product to the volume of the product.

The voids of the product, lying on a sheet of paper on a flat surface with the holes facing up, are filled with dry quartz sand of fractions 0.5 - 1.0 mm. The product is removed, the sand is poured into a glass measuring cylinder and its volume is recorded. Voidness of the product R, %, calculated by the formula

(1)

Where V sand - volume of sand, mm 3;

l- product length, mm;

d- product width, mm;

h- product thickness, mm.

The arithmetic mean of three parallel determinations is taken as the test result and rounded to 1%.

7.7 Determination of the rate of initial water absorption

7.7.1 Sample preparation

The sample is a complete product, from the surface of which dust and excess material have been removed. The samples are dried to constant weight at (105 ± 5) °C and cooled to room temperature.

7.7.2 Equipment

Stopwatch with 1 s division.

Drying cabinet with automatic temperature maintenance (105 ± 5) °C.

Scales providing measurement accuracy of at least 0.1% of the mass of a dry sample.

7.7.3 Test performance

The sample is weighed, the length and width of the supporting surface immersed in a container of water is measured, and its area is calculated. The product is immersed in a container of water with a temperature of (20 ± 5) °C to a depth of (5 ± 1) mm and kept for (60 ± 2) s. The test sample is then removed from the water, excess water is removed and weighed.

7.7.4 Processing results

Rate of initial absorption WITH abs, kg/(m 2 min), . calculated for each sample with an accuracy of 0.1 kg/(m 2 min) according to the formula

(2)

Where - m 1 - mass of dry sample, g;

m 2 - mass of the sample after immersion in water, g;

S- area of the immersed surface of the sample, mm 2;

t- time of keeping the sample in water (constant value, t= 1 min).

The rate of initial water absorption is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the results of five parallel determinations.

7.8 Determination of the presence of efflorescence

To determine the presence of efflorescence, the product is split into two approximately identical halves, one of which is immersed with the broken edge into a container filled with distilled water to a depth of 1 - 2 cm, and kept for 7 days (the water level in the container must be maintained constant). After 7 days, half of the product is dried in an oven at a temperature of (105 ± 5) ºС to constant weight, and then compared with the second half, which was not tested, checking for compliance with 5.1.3.

7.9 The bending strength of bricks is determined according to GOST 8462.

7.10 Limit The compressive strength of products is determined according to GOST 8462 with the following additions.

7.10.1 Sample preparation

Samples are tested in an air-dry state. When testing bricks, the test sample is made up of two whole bricks laid on top of each other. When testing stones, one stone is used as a sample.

The preparation of the supporting surfaces of products for acceptance tests is carried out by grinding; for samples made of clinker bricks, leveling with cement mortar is used; during arbitration tests of brick and stone, grinding is used; for clinker bricks, leveling with cement mortar prepared in accordance with 2.6 of GOST 8462 is used. When conducting acceptance tests, it is allowed to use other methods of leveling the supporting surfaces of samples, provided that there is a correlation between the results obtained during in different ways alignment of the supporting surface, as well as the availability of verification of information that is the basis for such communication.

The deviation from the flatness of the supporting surfaces of the test specimens should not exceed 0.1 mm for every 100 mm of length. The non-parallelism of the supporting surfaces of the tested samples (the difference in height values measured along four vertical ribs) should be no more than 2 mm.

The test sample is measured along the center lines of the supporting surfaces with an error of up to± 1 mm.

Axial lines are applied to the side surfaces of the sample.

7.10.2 Test performance

The sample is placed in the center of the base plate of the compression testing machine, aligning the geometric axes of the sample and the plate, and is pressed against the top plate of the machine. During testing, the load on the sample should increase as follows: until approximately half the expected value of the breaking load is reached - arbitrarily, after which the loading rate is maintained such that the destruction of the sample occurs no earlier than after 1 minute. The breaking load value is recorded.

7.10.3 Compressive strength of productsR szh, MPa (kgf/cm2), calculated by the formula

R szh . = P/ F, (3)

Where R- the highest load established when testing the sample, N (kgf);

F- cross-sectional area of the sample (without deduction of void area); You-

Calculated as the arithmetic mean of the areas of the upper

And bottom surfaces, mm 2 (cm 2).

The value of the compressive strength of samples is calculated with an accuracy of 0.1 MPa (1 kgf) as the arithmetic mean value of the test results for the number of samples established by 6.5.

7.11 The average density, water absorption and frost resistance (volume freezing method) of products are determined in accordance with GOST 7025.

The result of determining the average density of products is rounded to 10 kg/m3.

Water absorption is determined by saturating the samples with water at a temperature of (20 ± 5) ºС at atmospheric pressure.

Frost resistance is determined by volumetric freezing. The degree of damage to all samples is assessed every five freeze-thaw cycles.

7.12 The acid resistance of clinker bricks is determined in accordance with GOST 473.1.

7.13 Specific effective activity of natural radionuclides Aeff is determined according to GOST 30108.

7.14 The thermal conductivity coefficient of masonry is determined according to GOST 26254 with the following additions.

a) General view of masonry b) Examples of masonry in cross section

d- masonry thickness; 1 - single brick masonry; 2 - masonry made of thickened bricks;

3 - stone masonry

Figure 2 - Fragment of masonry for determining the thermal conductivity coefficient

A fragment of masonry from products with through voids should be made using a technology that excludes filling the voids with masonry mortar or with filling the voids with mortar, which is recorded in the test report. The masonry is carried out in the opening of a climatic chamber with a device along the thermal insulation contour made of slab insulation; The thermal resistance of thermal insulation must be at least 1.0 m 2 °C/W. After making a fragment of masonry, its outer and inner surfaces are rubbed with a plaster solution with a thickness of no more than 5 mm and a density corresponding to the density of the tested products, but not more than 1400 and not less than 800 kg/m 3.

The masonry fragment is tested in two stages:

Stage 1 - the masonry is kept and dried for at least two weeks to a moisture content of no more than 6%;

Stage 2 - carried out additional drying of the masonry to a humidity of 1% -3%.

The humidity of products in masonry is determined by non-destructive testing devices. Tests in the chamber are carried out with a temperature difference between the inner and outer surfaces of the masonry³ 40 °C, temperature in the warm zone of the chamber = 18 °C - 20 °C, relative air humidity (40 ± 5)%. It is allowed to reduce the holding time of the masonry provided that the outer surface is blown and the inner surface of the fragment is heated with tubular electric heaters (TEH), spotlights, etc. to a temperature of 35 °C - 40 °C.

For each heat meter and thermocouple, the arithmetic mean value of the readings is determinedqi And t i during the observation period. Based on the test results, the weighted average temperatures of the outer and inner surfaces of the masonry are calculatedt n wed, t on Wednesday , taking into account the area of the tray and butt measured sections, as well as the vertical and horizontal sections of mortar joints according to the formula

, (4)

Where t i- surface temperature at a pointi, °C;

F i- area of the i-th section, m2.

Based on the test results, the thermal resistance of the masonry is determined, m 2 °C/W, taking into account the actual humidity during testing according to the formula

, (5)

where = Figure 3 - Graph of equivalent thermal conductivity coefficient

from masonry moisture

Dry thermal conductivity coefficient of masonry l 0, VT/(m °C), calculated by the formula

(8)

Or . (9)

The test result is taken as the arithmetic mean value of the thermal conductivity coefficient of the masonry in a dry state, W/(m° C), calculated by the formula

/2. (10)

8 Transportation and storage

8.1 Products are transported by all modes of transport in accordance with the rules for the carriage of goods in force for a particular type of transport.

8.2 Transportation of bricks and stones is carried out in packaged form.

Transport packages are formed at the warehouse site or directly on the production line on pallets in accordance with GOST 18343 measuring 1x1 m (980x980 mm) or technological containers of other sizes according to the technical documentation of the manufacturer.

8.3 The weight of one package should not exceed the rated load capacity of the pallet.

8.4 The technological documentation for the manufacture of products provides a diagram of fastening the products in the transport package depending on the transportation distance and the type of vehicle.

8.5 Formed transport packages must be stored in one tier in continuous stacks. It is allowed to install the package on top of each other no more than four tiers, provided that safety requirements are met.

8.6 Storage of products at the consumer must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of 8.5 and safety regulations.

8.7 Loading and unloading of packages of products must be carried out mechanically using special load-handling devices that ensure the safety of products and compliance with safety requirements during loading and unloading operations.

Loading products in bulk (throwing) and unloading them by dumping are not allowed.

9 Directions for use

9.1 Brick and stone are used taking into account the requirements of current regulatory documents for design, work (building codes and regulations, codes of practice) and standards in accordance with design documentation for the construction of buildings and structures.

When using clinker bricks in design documentation, it is necessary to take into account its physical and mechanical characteristics - high strength and frost resistance, low water absorption, increased resistance to aggressive external influences.

9.2 The type of products (brick, stone) for laying load-bearing, self-supporting and non-load-bearing structures, including for cladding building facades, density, strength grade and frost resistance are indicated in the working drawings.

9.3 Clinker bricks are used primarily for masonry and cladding in highly aggressive environments. In accordance with the requirements of design regulations, clinker bricks can be used in foundations and plinths of building walls, basements, for the construction of retaining walls, columns, parapets, for external walls of rooms with wet conditions, for use in sewerage systems, chimneys, ventilation ducts and etc. For clinker brick masonry, special masonry mortars are used for products with water absorption of no more than 6%. clinker

1 Area of application of bricks

This standard applies to ceramic bricks and stones (hereinafter referred to as products) used for masonry and cladding of load-bearing, self-supporting and non-load-bearing walls and other elements of buildings and structures, as well as clinker bricks used for laying foundations, vaults, walls subject to heavy loads, and bricks for external masonry of chimneys, industrial and household furnaces.

This standard establishes technical requirements, acceptance rules, and test methods for products.

This standard does not apply to bricks for paving roads, bricks for laying the inner surface of chimneys and industrial furnaces, fire-resistant and acid-resistant bricks.

2 Regulatory references in GOST for bricks

This standard uses normative references to the following interstate standards:

GOST 166–89 (ISO 3599–76) Calipers. Specifications

GOST 427–75 Metal measuring rulers. Specifications

GOST 473.1-81 Chemical-resistant and heat-resistant ceramic products. Method for determining acid resistance

GOST 3749–77 Test squares 90º. Specifications

GOST 7025–91 Ceramic and silicate bricks and stones. Methods for determining water absorption, density and frost resistance control

GOST 8462–85 Wall materials. Methods for determining compressive and bending strengths

GOST 14192–96 Marking of cargo

GOST 18343–80 Pallets for bricks and ceramic stones. Specifications

GOST 25706–83 Magnifiers. Types, basic parameters. General technical requirements

GOST 26254–84 Buildings and structures. Methods for determining the heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures

GOST 30108–94 Construction materials and products. Determination of specific effective activity of natural radionuclides

GOST 30244–94 Construction materials. Flammability test methods

Note – When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards on the territory of the state using the corresponding index of standards and classifiers compiled as of January 1 of the current year, and according to the corresponding information indexes published in the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (changed), then when using this standard you should be guided by the replacing (changed) standard. If the reference document is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which a reference to it is given applies to the part that does not affect this reference.

3 Terms and definitions of brick

The following terms with corresponding definitions are used in this standard:

3.1 brick: Ceramic piece product intended for laying masonry on mortars.

3.2 normal format brick (single): A product in the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped with nominal dimensions of 250×120×65 mm.

3.3 stone: Large-format hollow ceramic product with a nominal thickness of 140 mm or more, intended for masonry.

3.4 solid brick: A product in which there are no voids or with a void content of no more than 13%.

3.5 hollow brick: A product that has voids of various shapes and sizes.

3.6 shaped brick: A product having a shape different from the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped.

3.7 additional element: A specially shaped product designed to complete the masonry.

3.8 clinker brick: A product that has high strength and low water absorption, ensuring the performance characteristics of masonry in a highly aggressive environment and performing the functions of a decorative material.

3.9 facing brick: A product that provides the performance characteristics of masonry and performs the functions of a decorative material.

3.10 ordinary brick: A product that ensures the performance characteristics of masonry.

3.11 stone with tongue-and-groove system: Products with protrusions on vertical edges for tongue-and-groove connection of stones in masonry without the use of masonry mortar in vertical joints.

3.12 working size (width) of the stone: The size of the product between smooth vertical edges (without protrusions for tongue-and-groove joints), which forms the thickness of the wall when laid in one stone.

3.13 non-working size (length) of stone: The size of the product between the vertical edges with protrusions for a tongue-and-groove connection, which forms the length of the wall during masonry.

3.14 bed: The working edge of the product, located parallel to the base of the masonry (see Figure 1).

3.15 spoons: The largest edge of the product, located perpendicular to the bed (see Figure 1).

3.16 poke: The smallest edge of the product, located perpendicular to the bed (see Figure 1).

3.17 voids: The proportion of voids in the volume of a brick, expressed as a percentage.

3.18 crack: A rupture of a brick without breaking it into pieces, with an opening width of more than 0.5 mm.

3.19 through crack: A crack passing through the entire thickness of the brick, extending more than half the width of the product.

3.20 notching: A crack with an opening width of no more than 0.5 mm.

3.21 broken: Mechanical damage to the edge, edge, corner of a brick.

3.22 spalling: A brick defect caused by the presence of carbonate or other inclusions (see Appendix B).

3.23 peeling: Destruction of a brick in the form of detachment of thin plates from its surface (see Appendix B).

3.24 spalling: Shedding of fragments of the brick surface (see Appendix B).

3.25 cracking: The appearance or increase in the size of a crack after exposure to alternating temperatures (see Appendix B).

3.26 polovnyak: Two parts of a brick formed when it is split. a brick with through cracks is classified as polovnyak.

3.27 contact spot: A section of the surface of a brick, different in color, that appears during the drying or firing process and does not affect the characteristics of the brick.

3.28 efflorescence: Water-soluble salts that come out on the surface of baked bricks upon contact with moisture.

3.29 black core: An area inside a brick caused by the formation of iron (II) oxide during the firing process of the brick.

3.30 unprotected masonry: Masonry that is not protected from external atmospheric influences and water penetration under operating conditions.

3.31 protected masonry: Masonry protected from water penetration (internal wall, internal part of a double-layer wall, external wall protected by a layer of plaster or cladding) under operating conditions.

3.32 masonry in a highly aggressive environment: Masonry that, under operating conditions, is subject to constant saturation with water as a result of exposure to a combination of unfavorable natural and (or) artificial factors (ground or wastewater, climatic conditions) and at the same time to frequent freezing and thawing in the absence of effective protection.

3.33 masonry in a moderately aggressive environment: Masonry that is subject to periodic exposure to moisture and alternate freezing and thawing under operating conditions, but does not relate to masonry in a highly aggressive environment.

3.34 masonry in a non-aggressive environment: Masonry that is not exposed to moisture and alternating freezing and thawing under operating conditions.

4 Classification, main dimensions of bricks and symbols according to GOST 530-2012 ceramic brick and stone

4.1 Classification

4.1.1 bricks are divided into ordinary and facing. Stone with tongue-and-groove and tongue-and-groove joints can only be ordinary.

The voids in the brick can be located perpendicular (vertical) or parallel to the bed (horizontal).

4.1.3 Based on compressive strength, bricks are divided into grades: M100, M125, M150, M175, M200, M250, M300; clinker brick – M300, M400, M500, M600, M800, M1000; stones – M25, M35, M50, M75, M100, M125, M150, M175, M200, M250, M300; brick and stone with horizontal voids - M25, M35, M50, M75, M100.

4.1.4 Based on frost resistance, bricks are divided into grades F25, F35, F50, F75, F100, F200, F300.

4.1.5 Based on average density, bricks are divided into classes: 0.7; 0.8; 1.0; 1.2; 1.4; 2.0; 2.4.

4.1.6 Based on thermal characteristics, bricks, depending on the average density class, are divided into groups in accordance with Table 1.

4.2 Main dimensions

4.2.1 Bricks are made with nominal dimensions given in tables 2 and 3.

Notes

1 By agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer, it is allowed to manufacture additional products and products of other nominal sizes, while the maximum deviations of dimensions should not exceed the values given in 4.2.2. The thickness of the products should be a multiple of the thickness of the brick plus 12 mm - the bed seam.

2 The designation of the size (format) of bricks is defined as the ratio of the volume of the product in cubic meters to the volume of a brick of a normal format of 0.00195 m3, with the value rounded to one decimal place.

3 Size designations for polished stones are given in parentheses.

4.2.2 Maximum deviations from nominal dimensions should not exceed on one product, mm:

By lenght:

brick and stone without tongue-and-groove connection………± 4,

stone with tongue-and-groove connection……………………± 10;

Width:

brick, stone with a width of no more than 120 mm…………………± 3,

stones more than 120 mm wide…………………………… ……± 5;

By thickness:

facing bricks…………………………………………………………….± 2,

ordinary bricks……………………………………………………………± 3,

stone……………………………………………………………………± 4.

4.2.3 Deviation from perpendicularity of adjacent edges of products is not allowed more than:

3 mm – for brick and stone up to 300 mm long;

1.4% of the length of any facet – for a stone with a length or width of over 300 mm.

4.2.4 Deviation from the flatness of product edges is not allowed more than:

3 mm – for brick and stone;

1 mm – for polished stone.

4.2.5 The thickness of the outer walls of hollow bricks must be at least 12 mm, stone - at least 8 mm.

The radius of rounding the corner of vertical adjacent edges should be no more than 15 mm, the chamfer depth on horizontal edges should be no more than 3 mm.

The dimensions and number of protrusions of the tongue-and-groove connection are not regulated.

The diameter of vertical cylindrical voids and the side size of square voids should be no more than 20 mm, the width of slot-like voids should be no more than 16 mm.

The void size of products with a void content of no more than 13% is not regulated.

The dimensions of horizontal voids are not regulated.

For stone, voids are allowed (for gripping during laying) with a total cross-sectional area not exceeding 13% of the area of the stone bed.

4.3 Symbols

4.3.1 The symbol of ceramic products must consist of a designation of the type of product in accordance with tables 2 and 3; letters p - for ordinary, l - for front, kl - for clinker, pg - for stones with a tongue-and-groove system, w - for polished stones; designations for brick size - in accordance with Table 2, nominal dimensions of stone - in accordance with Table 3, working size for stone with a tongue-and-groove system - in accordance with Table 3, designations: according to - for solid bricks, pu - for hollow bricks, grades according to strength, medium density class; frost resistance grades and designations of this standard.

Examples of symbols:

Ordinary (face) brick, solid, dimensions 250×120×65 mm, format 1NF, strength grade M200, average density class 2.0, frost resistance grade F50:

KR-r-po (KR-l-po) 250×120×65/1NF/200/2.0/50/GOST 530 –2012

Clinker brick, solid (hollow), dimensions 250×120×65 mm, format 1NF, strength grade M500, average density class 2.0, frost resistance grade F100:

KR-kl-po (KR-kl-pu) 250×120×65/1NF/500/2.0/100/GOST 530–2012.

Ordinary brick with horizontal arrangement of voids (face), dimensions 250×120×88 mm, format 1.4NF, strength grade M75, average density class 1.4, frost resistance grade F50:

KRG-r (KRG-l) 250×120×88 /1.4NF/75/1.4/50/ GOST 530–2012.

Ordinary stone (face), dimensions 250×120×140 mm, format 2.1NF, strength grade M200, average density class 1.4, frost resistance grade F50:

KM-r (KM-l) 250×120×140/2.1NF/200/1.4/50/GOST 530–2012.

Stone with a tongue-and-groove joint (polished), working size 510 mm, format 14.3NF, strength grade M100, average density class 0.8, frost resistance grade F35:

KM-pg (KM-pg-sh) 510 mm/14.3NF/100/0.8/35/GOST 530–2012.

Additional stone with tongue-and-groove joint (polished), working size 250, half format 10.7 NF, strength grade M100, average density class 0.8, frost resistance grade F35:

KMD-pg (KMD-pg-sh) 250 mm /P10.7NF/100/0.8/35/GOST 530–2012.

Additional stone (polished), working size 250, format 5.2 NF, strength grade M100, average density class 0.8, frost resistance grade F35:

KMD (KMD-sh) 250 mm /5.2 NF/100/0.8/35/GOST 530 –2012.

4.3.2 It is allowed to enter additional information into the symbol for complete identification of products.

When carrying out export-import operations, the product designation may be specified in the contract for the supply of products (including entering additional alphanumeric or other information)

5 Technical requirements for bricks according to GOST 530-2012 ceramic brick and stone

Products must be manufactured in accordance with the requirements of this standard according to technological regulations approved by the manufacturer.

5.1 Appearance of brick

Ordinary bricks are made with smooth or embossed vertical edges.

Facing bricks and stones are made according to the type of front surface:

With a smooth and textured surface;

With a surface textured by shotcrete, engobing, glazing, two-layer molding or other means.

Bricks can be natural colors or 3D painted.

5.1.2 Single intumescent (for example, lime) inclusions with a depth of no more than 3 mm and a total area of no more than 0.2% of the area of the front edges are allowed on front products.

On ordinary products, intumescent inclusions with a total area of no more than 1.0% of the area of the vertical edges of the product are allowed.

5.1.3 Efflorescence is not allowed on facing and clinker bricks.

5.1.4 Defects in the appearance of products, the size and number of which exceed the values specified in Table 4, are not allowed.

Notes

1. Broken edges less than 3 mm deep are not considered to be defective.

2. Cracks in the inter-cavity partitions, breaks and cracks in the elements of the tongue-and-groove connection are not a defect.

3. For front products, defects on the front edges are indicated.

5.1.5 Products are allowed to have a black core and contact spots on the surface.

5.1.6 A batch is not allowed to contain more than 5% of the batch volume.

5.2 Characteristics

5.2.1 The average density of brick and stone, depending on the average density class, must correspond to the values given in Table 5.

The deviation of a single value of average density (for one sample out of five) is allowed no more than:

50 kg/m³ - for classes 0.7; 0.8 and 1.0;

100 kg/m³ - for other classes.

Notes

1 Thermal conductivity coefficient values are given for masonry with a minimum sufficient amount of masonry mortar. The value of the thermal conductivity coefficient, taking into account the actual consumption of the solution, is established in the design or technical documentation (building codes and regulations, etc.) based on tests or calculations.

2 Thermal characteristics of solid (conditional) masonry are given in Appendix D.

5.2.4 Water absorption of products must be:

No more than 6.0% - for clinker bricks;

Not less than 6.0% for other products.

5.2.5 The rate of initial water absorption by the supporting surface (bed) of products must be no less than 0.10 kg/(m2 min) and no more than 3.00 kg/(m2 min) - facial products, ordinary products - without limiting the maximum meanings.

5.2.6 The acid resistance of clinker bricks must be at least 95%.

Types of damage to products after testing for frost resistance are given in Appendix B.

The frost resistance grade of clinker bricks must be no lower than F75, and that of facing products – no lower than F50. It is allowed, by agreement with the consumer, to supply face products of frost resistance grade F35.

5.2.8 Ceramic products are classified as non-combustible building materials in accordance with GOST 30244.

5.2.9 The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides Aeff in products should be no more than 370 Bq/kg.

5.3 Requirements for raw materials and supplies

Clay raw materials, siliceous rocks (tripoli, diatomite), loess, industrial waste (coal waste, ash, etc.), mineral and organic additives must comply with the requirements of the current regulatory and technical documentation for them.

5.4 Marking

5.4.1 During the manufacturing process, a trademark or short name of the manufacturer is applied to the non-face surface of the brick in any way.

The brick marking must contain:

Name of the manufacturer (and/or its trademark) and address;

Product designation;

Batch number and date of manufacture;

Number of bricks in a packaging unit, pcs. (kg);

Weight of the packaging unit, kg;

Mark of conformity for the supply of certified products (if provided for by the certification system).

5.4.3 The manufacturer has the right to put additional information on the packaging that does not contradict the requirements of this standard and allows identifying the product and its manufacturer.

5.4.4 Each package (transport package) must have transport markings in accordance with GOST 14192.

5.5 Packaging

5.5.1 Products must be placed on a pallet in a way that ensures the safety of the packaging unit during storage and transportation.

5.5.2 Stacked products must be packaged in shrink or stretch film or other materials that ensure the safety of the products.

5.5.3 One packaging unit must contain products of the same symbol.

5.5.4 By agreement with the consumer, other types of packaging are allowed to ensure the safety of products during transportation.

6 Rules for acceptance of bricks according to GOST 530-2012 ceramic brick and stone

6.1 Bricks must be accepted by the technical control of the manufacturer.

6.2 Bricks are accepted in batches. The batch size is set at no more than the daily output of one furnace.

When accepting bricks by a consumer, a batch is considered to be products shipped under a specific contract (order), or products in the amount of one vehicle, issued with one quality document.

6.3 The batch must consist of products of the same symbol.

6.4 The quality of bricks is ensured by:

Incoming control of raw materials and supplies;

Operational production (technological) control.

The quality of products is confirmed by acceptance control of finished products. Acceptance control includes acceptance and periodic tests.

6.5 To conduct tests using the random sampling method, bricks (samples) are selected from different places in the batch in accordance with Table 8.

Selected bricks are checked for compliance with the requirements of this standard in terms of appearance, size and correctness of shape, and then tested.

Periodic tests on indicators of water absorption, the rate of initial water absorption, acid resistance, the presence of efflorescence and frost resistance of products are also carried out when raw materials and technological parameters change; by the presence of lime inclusions - when the content of inclusions in clay raw materials changes. The results of periodic tests are applied to all bricks supplied in batches until the next periodic tests are carried out.

6.6 The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides Aeff is monitored during incoming control according to the documents of the enterprise supplier of raw materials. In the absence of data from the supplier company on the specific effective activity of natural radionuclides, testing of products for this indicator should be carried out at least once a year in accredited testing laboratories, as well as when changing the supplier of raw materials.

6.7 Thermal characteristics of solid masonry are determined when the product is put into production.

The batch is accepted if the results of repeated tests meet all the requirements of this standard; if they do not match, the batch will not be accepted.

6.11 Each batch of supplied bricks must be accompanied by a quality document indicating:

Name of the manufacturer and (or) its trademark;

Name and symbol of the product;

Number and date of issue of the document;

Batch number;

Number (weight) of products in a batch, pcs. (kg);

Strength grade, medium density grade, frost resistance grade;

Emptiness;

Water absorption;

Rate of initial water absorption;

Acid resistance (for clinker bricks);

Thermal Efficiency Group;

Specific effective activity of natural radionuclides Aeff.

During export-import operations, the content of the accompanying quality document is specified in a specific contract for the supply of products.

7 Test methods for bricks according to GOST 530-2012 ceramic brick and stone

7.2 Test methods for conducting production operational control are established in the technological documentation for the manufacture of products.

7.3 Determination of geometric dimensions

7.3.2 The length, width and thickness of each brick are measured at the edges (at a distance of 15 mm from the corner) and in the middle of the edges of opposite faces. The arithmetic mean of three measurements is taken as the measurement result.

7.3.3 The thickness of the outer walls of a hollow product is measured in at least three places on each outer wall. The smallest value is taken as the measurement result.

The dimensions of the voids are measured inside the voids in at least three voids. The greatest value is taken as the measurement result.

7.3.4 The width of the cracks is measured using a measuring lens in accordance with GOST 25706, after which the brick is checked for compliance with the requirements of 5.2.4. Measurement error - ± 1 mm.

7.4 Determining the correct form

7.4.1 Deviation from the perpendicularity of the faces is determined by applying a square to adjacent faces of the brick and measuring with a metal ruler in accordance with GOST 427 the largest gap between the square and the edge. Measurement error - ± 1 mm.

The greatest of all obtained measurement results is taken as the measurement result.

7.4.2 Deviation from the flatness of the brick is determined by applying one side of the metal square to the edge of the product, and the other along each diagonal of the edge and measuring with a feeler gauge, calibrated in the prescribed manner, or a metal ruler in accordance with GOST 427, the largest gap between the surface and the edge of the square. Measurement error - ± 1 mm.

The greatest of all obtained measurement results is taken as the measurement result.

7.5 The presence of lime inclusions is determined after steaming the brick in a vessel.

7.6 The hollowness of bricks is defined as the ratio of the volume of sand filling the voids of the product to the volume of the product.

The voids of the brick, lying on a sheet of paper on a flat surface with the holes facing up, are filled with dry quartz sand of fractions 0.5 - 1.0 mm. The product is removed, the sand is poured into a glass measuring cylinder and its volume is recorded. The hollowness of the product P, %, is calculated using the formula. The arithmetic mean of three parallel determinations is taken as the test result and rounded to 1%.

7.7 Determination of the rate of initial water absorption

7.7.1 Sample preparation

The sample is a complete product, from the surface of which dust and excess material have been removed. The samples are dried to constant weight at (105 ± 5) °C and cooled to room temperature.

7.7.2 Equipment

Stopwatch with 1 s division.

Drying cabinet with automatic temperature maintenance (105 ± 5) °C.

Scales providing measurement accuracy of at least 0.1% of the mass of a dry sample.

7.7.3 Test performance

The sample is weighed, the length and width of the supporting surface immersed in a container of water is measured, and its area is calculated. The product is immersed in a container of water with a temperature of (20 ± 5) °C to a depth of (5 ± 1) mm and kept for (60 ± 2) s. The test brick sample is then removed from the water, excess water is removed and weighed.

7.7.4 Processing results

The rate of initial absorption Sabs, kg/(m2·min), is calculated for each sample with an accuracy of 0.1 kg/(m2·min) according to the formula. The rate of initial water absorption is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the results of five parallel determinations.

7.8 Determination of the presence of efflorescence

To determine the presence of efflorescence, bricks are split into two approximately identical halves, one of which is immersed with the broken edge into a container filled with distilled water to a depth of 1–2 cm, and kept for 7 days (the water level in the container must be maintained constant). After 7 days, half of the product is dried in an oven at a temperature of (105 ± 5) ºС to constant weight, and then compared with the second half, which was not tested, checking for compliance with 5.1.3.

7.9 The bending strength of bricks is determined according to GOST 8462.

7.10 The compressive strength of products is determined according to GOST 8462 with the following additions.

7.10.1 Sample preparation

Samples are tested in an air-dry state. When testing bricks, the test sample is made up of two whole bricks laid on top of each other. When testing stones, one stone is used as a sample.

The preparation of the supporting surfaces of products for acceptance tests is carried out by grinding; for samples made of clinker bricks, leveling with cement mortar is used; during arbitration tests of brick and stone, grinding is used; for clinker bricks, leveling with cement mortar prepared in accordance with 2.6 of GOST 8462 is used. When conducting acceptance tests, it is allowed to use other methods of leveling the supporting surfaces of samples, provided that there is a correlation between the results obtained with different methods of leveling the support surface, as well as the availability of verification of the information that is the basis for such communication.

The test sample is measured along the center lines of the supporting surfaces with an error of up to ± 1 mm.

Axial lines are applied to the side surfaces of the sample.

7.10.2 Test performance

7.10.3 Compressive strength of brick Rcom, MPa (kgf/cm2), calculated by the formula

where P is the highest load established when testing the sample, N (kgf);

F is the cross-sectional area of the sample (without deducting the area of voids); You calculated as the arithmetic mean of the areas of the upperand bottom surfaces, mm2 (cm2).

The value of the compressive strength of samples is calculated with an accuracy of 0.1 MPa (1 kgf) as the arithmetic mean value of the test results for the number of samples established by 6.5.

7.11 The average density, water absorption and frost resistance (volume freezing method) of products are determined in accordance with GOST 7025.

The result of determining the average density of products is rounded to 10 kg/m3.

Water absorption is determined by saturating the samples with water at a temperature of (20 ± 5) ºС at atmospheric pressure.

Frost resistance is determined by volumetric freezing. The degree of damage to all samples is assessed every five freeze-thaw cycles.

7.12 The acid resistance of clinker bricks is determined in accordance with GOST 473.1.

7.13 The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides Aeff is determined according to GOST 30108.

7.14 The thermal conductivity coefficient of masonry is determined according to GOST 26254 with the following additions.

The thermal conductivity coefficient of a brick is determined experimentally on a fragment of masonry, which, taking into account the mortar joints, is made with a thickness of one bonded and one treaded row of bricks or stones. The masonry of enlarged stones is made one stone thick. The length and height of the masonry must be at least 1.5 m (see Figure 2). The masonry is carried out using a complex mortar of grade 50, with an average density of 1800 kg/m3, composition 1.0:0.9:8.0 (cement:lime:sand) by volume, using Portland cement grade 400 with a cone slump for solid products of 12–13 cm, for hollow ones - 9 cm. It is allowed to make a fragment of masonry different from that indicated above, using other solutions, the composition of which is indicated in the test report.

A fragment of brick masonry with through voids should be made using a technology that excludes filling the voids with masonry mortar or with filling the voids with mortar, which is recorded in the test report. The masonry is carried out in the opening of a climatic chamber with a device along the thermal insulation contour made of slab insulation; The thermal resistance of thermal insulation must be at least 1.0 m2 °C/W. After making a fragment of masonry, its outer and inner surfaces are rubbed with a plaster solution with a thickness of no more than 5 mm and a density corresponding to the density of the tested products, but not more than 1400 and not less than 800 kg/m3.

The masonry fragment is tested in two stages:

Stage 1 – the masonry is kept and dried for at least two weeks to a moisture content of no more than 6%;

Stage 2 – additional drying of the masonry is carried out to a moisture content of 1% -3%.

The moisture content of bricks in masonry is determined by non-destructive testing devices. Tests in the chamber are carried out at a temperature difference between the inner and outer surfaces of the masonry of ³ 40 ° C, temperature in the warm zone of the chamber = 18 ° C - 20 ° C, relative air humidity (40 ± 5)%. It is allowed to reduce the holding time of the masonry provided that the outer surface is blown and the inner surface of the fragment is heated with tubular electric heaters (TEH), spotlights, etc. to a temperature of 35 °C - 40 °C.

8 Transportation and storage of bricks according to GOST 530-2012 ceramic bricks and stones

8.1 Products are transported by all modes of transport in accordance with the rules for the carriage of goods in force for a particular type of transport.

8.2 Transportation of bricks and stones is carried out in packaged form.

8.3 The weight of one package should not exceed the rated load capacity of the pallet.

8.4 The technological documentation for the production of bricks provides a scheme for fastening products in a transport package, depending on the transportation distance and type of vehicle.

8.6 The consumer must store bricks in accordance with the requirements of 8.5 and safety regulations.

8.7 Loading and unloading of pallets with bricks must be carried out mechanically using special lifting devices that ensure the safety of products and compliance with safety requirements during loading and unloading operations.

Loading products in bulk (throwing) and unloading them by dumping are not allowed.

9 Instructions for the use of bricks in accordance with GOST 530-2012 ceramic brick and stone

The conditions for using products of other types are given in Table 9.

9.4 Reference values for the compressive strength of masonry made of brick and stone, manufactured in accordance with the requirements of this standard, are given in Tables B.1–B.2 of Appendix B.