Posture posture defects and exercise. Physical culture in violation of posture. Posture defects and exercise therapy in their treatment

Posture - the usual position of the body in a standing and sitting position (see Ch. 7, § 3).

Posture defects. They consist in changing the position of the trunk, shoulder girdle and pelvis, head, causing an increase or decrease in the physiological curves of the spine.

As stated in Ch. 7, the following posture defects are distinguished: round, round, and flat back. The round back is characterized by an increase in thoracic kyphosis and a decrease in cervical and lumbar lordosis. With this defect in posture, the chest sinks, the shoulders protrude and hang down, the shoulder blades recede back, the stomach is protruded forward. The rounded back is characterized by an increase in thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis. With this defect, a flattening occurs chest, the stomach protrudes forward. A flat back is characterized by the flattening of all physiological curves. The spring property of the spine decreases, which can lead to compensatory bending in the frontal plane - scoliosis.

Posture defects are seen in physically weak children. Long-term malposition of the body can lead to such defects - for example, a fixed incorrect posture at the desk.

Posture defects are not only ugly, but also impair function. internal organs... A decrease in the amplitude of movements of the chest and diaphragm disrupts the function of the respiratory system, while the conditions for the work of the cardiovascular system deteriorate. Reducing fluctuations in intra-abdominal pressure has an adverse effect on the gastrointestinal tract. Children with postural defects often have bad dream and appetite. Their attention is lowered, coordination of movements is poor. They are usually withdrawn, indecisive, and participate little in the games of their peers.

Prevention of postural defects consists in rational physical education and in observing the hygienic rules of life at home and at school. The child should sleep on an even hard bed, sit correctly at a desk and table, and not carry a load in one hand for a long time.

Therapeutic physical culture contributes to the development of correct posture, improves the general condition of the child, the function of the cardiovascular, respiratory and other systems, strengthens the muscles, especially the trunk.

The physical therapy classes include various general developmental exercises for the arms, legs and trunk. The lying position is widely used to strengthen the muscles of the trunk. In the supine position, exercises with various leg movements are used: leg raises, abductions and adductions, circular movements and the transition from a prone position to a sitting position. In the prone position - leading the legs back, bending the body backward, lifting the head and shoulders, simultaneously pulling the legs back and bending the body (taking the legs back and raising the shoulders should not be very high). All of these exercises are performed at a slow pace.

Exercises with a static delay in the position of deflection of the trunk and in the convergence of the shoulder blades are used. For middle and senior children school age can be used to strengthen muscles with dumbbell exercises and standing resistance exercises. In the initial lying position, stretching exercises are also used.

In the starting position on all fours, exercises are performed in raising the arms and legs and bending the trunk. With a round back, this position is used more widely to increase the mobility of the spine in its thoracic and anteroposterior direction.

In a standing position, along with exercises that strengthen the muscles of the trunk and limbs, many other exercises are performed to develop the skill of correct posture.

Developing the skill of correct posture is a lengthy process. The child has to repeatedly explain and show what correct posture is. At each lesson in front of the mirror, he must take the correct posture and feel well his muscular efforts necessary to maintain it. To educate the muscular-articular feeling of correct posture, exercises against the wall are also used: the child touches the wall with the back of his head, shoulders, buttocks and heels, and then, moving away from it, maintains the correct position. In the lesson, it is very important to repeatedly fix the child's attention on the correct posture and immediately correct all mistakes.

Special exercises that require sustained attention help to develop the correct posture: exercises in balance, walking with objects on the head, games in which the child must monitor his posture.

Posture defects impair respiratory function. The child, trying to maintain the correct posture, strains the muscles of the chest and breathes shallowly. To teach correct breathing, use breathing exercises.

In the classroom, various objects are widely used: balls, stuffed balls, clubs, dumbbells weighing 0.5-1 kg. A gymnastic stick is also used, but with caution, since some of its positions can aggravate postural defects (for example, with a concave back, holding the stick behind the back will increase lumbar lordosis). Exercises on the gymnastic wall are used, but only mixed hanging and climbing.

To increase the emotionality of the classes, 2-3 games should be included in each of them. The duration of the lesson is 45 minutes. They are held 3 times a week during one academic year.

Children with postural defects are not exempt from physical education according to the main program and must attend additional classes in special groups of corrective gymnastics.

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NOU HPE MOSCOW ACADEMY OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

BARNAUL BRANCH

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT

Group M31 / 2 _________________ Gradebook No. 13170 _________

CONTROL (COURSE) WORK

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

PHYSICAL EDUCATION FOR POSTURE DISTURBANCES

3rd year student

Galina Tretyakova

Teacher Khomyakov A.S.

Introduction

1.Theoretical part

The spine is the basis of health

Posture defects

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Therapeutic physical culture, which is recent times began to be used in preschool institutions, especially in orthopedic institutions, it is a new form of rehabilitation for children 1.5-7 years old with various pathological and pre-pathological conditions, since previously, various physiotherapeutic agents, as well as hardening, were used to prevent various diseases and maintain the health of preschoolers.

The reasons that determined the introduction of physical therapy in preschool institutions are diverse: this is a sharp deterioration in the health of newborns and, as a result, children preschool age; and the deterioration of the environmental situation, which caused a decrease in the child's immunobiological response, and more frequent reasons, including the employment of parents, the strict mode of operation of clinics and exercise therapy rooms, their remoteness from the place of residence of children in need of treatment. And in kindergartens there are conditions (daily routine, material and technical base, personnel) necessary for timely prevention and rehabilitation. At the same time, it is known that it is the timeliness of the impact of various means and methods of physical therapy that is the most significant factor in its implementation into the practice of preschool institutions.

Physiotherapy exercises makes it possible to have a general strengthening effect on the child's body; carry out timely correction of the existing pathological and pre-pathological condition; to form and consolidate the skills of correct posture; increase the nonspecific resistance of the body.

1.Theoretical part

The spine is the basis of health

The skeletal system of preschool children is rich in cartilaginous tissue, so the child's bones are soft, flexible, not strong enough, easily bend and become irregular under the influence of unfavorable factors. These include physical exercises that do not correspond to the age-related functional characteristics of the child's body, as well as the inappropriateness of the size of the furniture for the growth of the child and the wrong body position.

In children of this age, the spine is highly mobile. Incorrect functional postures (lying, sitting, standing) negatively affect its shape. Because of them, a violation of posture is formed.

In children of primary school age, the muscular system is relatively poorly developed, but by the age of 5, the muscle mass increases significantly, especially due to the muscles of the lower extremities. The muscular system itself develops unevenly, primarily due to large muscles, and small ones (muscles of the hands and feet, intercostal muscles) lag significantly behind in development. Therefore, they need constant training with moderate intensity.

The training of small muscles will be very useful for a child when he goes to school. The tone of the back and abdominal muscles that make up the "muscle corset" is of great importance for the formation of the child's posture. After the muscle corset is sufficiently strengthened, under the influence of the central function nervous system and training, the baby develops the correct posture - the key to the health of the internal organs.

For the correct harmonious development of the child, he needs sufficient physical activity and moderate exercise stress.

Taking into account the peculiarities of the body of a child of preschool age, we will formulate the requirements for the health problems of physical education:

contribute to the correct formation of the osteoarticular apparatus, the prevention of postural disorders and flat feet;

promote the development of all muscle groups;

improve the development of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems;

ensure the correct functioning of internal organs (digestion, excretion, etc.);

improve the function of thermoregulation, that is, the body's ability to maintain a constant body temperature in various conditions, i.e. hardening;

improve the activity of the central nervous system to balance the processes of excitation and inhibition, improve the motor analyzer, sensory organs.

V Explanatory dictionary V. Dahl wrote: "By posture they mean harmony, dignity, decency and beauty." Developing this definition, it is necessary to supplement the “basis of health”.

Posture is the usual position of a person's body at rest and during movement. Posture is formed from early childhood and depends on the harmonious work of muscles, the skeletal system, the ligamentous-articular and neuromuscular apparatus, the uniformity of their development.

A newborn child has only sacrococcygeal kyphosis, the rest of the physiological curves begin to form later. It is known that all bends of the spine perform a spring function, protecting the spinal cord and brain from concussion and tremors. They make it easier to maintain balance, provide high mobility of the chest. With severe kyphosis, as well as a straightened spinal column, the mobility of the chest decreases.

The correct posture depends on the condition of the bones and ligaments of the skeleton of the spine and pelvis, as well as on the tone of the muscles of the body. The spine is the main bone rod that supports the head and trunk. The pelvis serves as the foundation of the spine. If the muscles of the trunk are developed evenly and the traction of the flexor muscles is balanced by the traction of the extensor muscles, then the trunk and head are kept straight. Normal posture is characterized by a symmetrical arrangement of body parts relative to the spine, this is the position of the torso when the head is set straight (the ear tragus and the angle of the eye are a horizontal line), the shoulders are laid back and symmetrically located, the chest is deployed, in the lumbar spine there is a slight forward bend, belly tucked up, pelvic tilt = 35-55?

Correct posture is characterized by:

straight position of the head and spine;

vertical arrangement of spinous processes;

the horizontal level of the angles of the shoulder blades and shoulder girdle;

correct physiological curves;

equal triangles of the waist;

the horizontal level of the iliac crests;

symmetrical position of the gluteal folds;

the same length of the lower limbs and the correct position of the feet.

For preschoolers specific traits correct posture have their own characteristics: the head is slightly tilted forward, the shoulder girdle is slightly displaced anteriorly, without protruding beyond the level of the chest (in profile); the line of the chest smoothly passes into the line of the abdomen, which protrudes 1-2 cm; the curves of the spine are poorly expressed; the angle of inclination of the pelvis is small.

Timely impact on developing posture during preschool age is very important. The earlier prevention and correction begins different types violations of posture, the more likely that at school the child will not have problems with increased fatigue, headaches and muscle pains.

Posture defects

Weakness of the muscle corset, incorrect postures that the child takes while sitting, standing, lying, walking, playing, sleeping; congenital anomalies in the development of ribs, chest, vertebrae, lower extremities cause impaired posture, which leads to a decrease in the mobility of the chest, diaphragm, deterioration of the spring function of the spine, which, in turn, negatively affects the activity of the central nervous system, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, becomes a companion of many chronic diseases due to the manifestation of general functional weakness, hypotonic state of the muscles and ligamentous apparatus of the child.

The volume of muscle fibers noticeably increases by the age of 5, while muscle strength also increases, but these shifts are unequal in different muscle groups. Deep spinal muscles even at 6-7 years of age are characterized by weakness, which does not help to strengthen the spinal column. The abdominal muscles are also poorly developed. Therefore, preschoolers have functional (unstable) posture disorders. They begin to appear in young children: at toddler age they are found in 2.1%, at 4 years old - in 15-17%, at 7 years old - in every third child (!).

Diseases such as rickets, malnutrition, excess fat deposition, as well as unhealthy nutrition, in which the ratio of the main food ingredients - salts, vitamins, and trace elements - is not maintained, can also lead to poor posture.

Poor posture in a child most often develops due to weakness of the muscular corset and prolonged stay in incorrect, vicious postures that the child takes while sitting, standing, lying, walking, playing games, with various types of activities.

There are postural disorders in the sagittal (side view) and frontal planes. In the sagittal plane, there are five types of posture disorders associated with an increase or decrease in the physiological curves of the spine.

With a decrease in physiological curves, the following forms are formed: flat back; flat-concave back.

With an increase in physiological bends, stoop is distinguished; round back or total kyphosis; rounded back. In the frontal plane, an asymmetric posture is noted, in which there is a displacement of the spinous processes from the vertical line.

Flat back is a violation of posture, characterized by a decrease in all physiological curves of the spine, primarily lumbar lordosis and a decrease in the angle of inclination of the pelvis. Due to the decrease in thoracic kyphosis, the chest is displaced forward. The lower abdomen protrudes. The shoulder blades are often pterygoid. This violation of posture most sharply reduces the spring function of the spine, which negatively affects the state of the central nervous system during running, jumping and other sudden movements, causing its concussion and microtraumatization.

A flat back is a disorder of posture, consisting in a decrease in thoracic kyphosis with normal or increased lumbar lordosis. Cervical lordosis is often flattened too. The angle of inclination of the pelvis is increased. The pelvis is displaced posteriorly. The legs may be slightly bent or overextended at the knee joints. Often combined with grade 1 pterygoid scapula.

In children with such a violation of posture, the extensors of the trunk in the lumbar and thoracic regions, the iliopsoas muscles are tense and shortened. The muscles of the abdomen and buttocks are most significantly weakened.

Slouching is a violation of posture, which is based on an increase in thoracic kyphosis with a simultaneous decrease in lumbar lordosis. Cervical lordosis is shortened and deepened due to the fact that thoracic kyphosis extends to the level of 4-5 cervical vertebrae. The shoulder girdle is raised. The shoulder joints are shown. Slouching is often associated with grade 1 and 2 pterygoid scapulae, when the lower angles or inner edges of the scapulae lag behind the chest wall.

In stooped children, the upper fixators of the shoulder blades, the pectoralis major and minor, and the extensors of the neck at the level of the cervical lordosis are shortened and tense. The length of the torso extensor in the thoracic region, the lower and sometimes the middle retainers of the shoulder blades, abdominal muscles, and gluteal muscles, on the contrary, is increased. The abdomen protrudes.

Round back (total kyphosis) is a violation of posture associated with a significant increase in difficult kyphosis and the absence of lumbar lordosis. The cervical spine is partially, and in preschoolers it can be completely kyphosed. To compensate for the deviation of the projection of the general center of mass posteriorly, children stand and walk on slightly bent legs. The angle of inclination of the pelvis is reduced, and this also contributes to the flexion position of the hip relative to the midline of the body. The head is tilted forward, the shoulder girdles are raised, the shoulder joints are brought in, the chest sinks, the arms hang slightly in front of the body. The round back is often associated with grade 2 pterygoid scapula.

In children with a round back, the upper fixators of the shoulder blades, large and small difficult muscles are shortened and tense. The length of the extensor of the trunk, lower and middle fixators of the scapula, abdominal muscles, gluteal muscles, on the contrary, is increased. The abdomen protrudes.

A rounded back is a violation of posture, consisting in an increase in all physiological curves of the spine. The angle of inclination of the pelvis is increased. The legs are slightly bent or in a position of slight hyperextension at the knee joints. The anterior abdominal wall is overstretched, the abdomen protrudes, or even hangs down. The shoulder girdle is raised, the shoulder joints are brought, the head is pushed forward from the midline of the body. The rounded back is often combined with grade 1-2 pterygoid scapulae.

In children with such a violation of posture, the upper fixators of the shoulder blades, the extensors of the neck, the pectoralis major and minor, the extensor of the trunk in the lumbar region and the iliopsoas muscle are shortened. The length of the torso extensor in the thoracic region, the lower and sometimes the middle retainers of the shoulder blades, abdominal muscles, and gluteal muscles is increased.

Impaired posture in the frontal plane consists in the appearance of a curvature of the spine in the frontal plane and is called scoliotic or asymmetric posture. It is characterized by asymmetry between the right and left halves of the body, manifested in different heights of the shoulder girdles, different positions of the shoulder blades both in height and in relation to the spine, to the chest wall. The depth and height of the waist triangles in these children are also different. The muscles on one side of the body are slightly more prominent than on the other. The line of spinous processes forms an arc, apex facing to the right or left. When stretching the crown upward, raising the arms, bending forward and performing other self-correction techniques, the line of spinous processes in the frontal plane is straightened.

Prevention of posture disorders in a preschool institution is carried out in physical education classes, in the pool, in music lessons.

posture defect children physical education

Developing the correct posture is a difficult process that begins in infancy and lasts a long time. Good posture adorns a person's figure and helps him master complex motor skills.

Incorrect body position is associated with unilateral muscle burden, muscle weakness, the habit of lowering the head, pushing the shoulders forward, hunching over, bending the spine, etc. This creates unfavorable conditions for the functioning of the circulatory and respiratory organs, harms the health of children.

The teacher must know the correct stance and be able to show it to the children: the head is straight, the shoulders are symmetrical and slightly laid back, the stomach is tucked up, the legs are straight, the heels are together, the toes are symmetrically turned outward, forming an angle of about 15-20?.

To prevent and correct deviations in the formation of posture in children 3-4 years old, many games and exercises have been developed.

Exercises to develop the skill of correct posture.

I. p. - standing with your back to the wall.

1. The back of the head, shoulder blades, buttocks, calf muscles and heels touch the wall, the head is raised, the shoulders are lowered and laid back, the shoulder blades are against the wall. If the lumbar lordosis is enlarged, the lower back should be brought closer to the wall, slightly straining the muscles of the abdomen and the front of the thighs; in this case, the pelvis rotates around the hip joints, and the angle of its inclination decreases.

2. Pull your arms and shoulders down, head up, stretching the cervical spine (exhale), relax (inhale).

3. Stretch upward with your whole body, from head to heels (do not rise on your toes), lower your shoulders, stretch the entire spine (exhale), relax (inhale).

4. Put your hands on your head, pull up the whole body, except for the neck and head, stretching the thoracic and lumbar regions (exhale), relax (inhale).

The same spine stretching exercises can be performed while sitting.

5. Close your eyes, take a step forward, and adopt the correct posture. Open your eyes, check the correct posture, correct any defects.

6. Make two or three steps forward, sit down, stand up, take the correct posture, check yourself.

7. Make one or two steps forward, sequentially relax the muscles of the neck, shoulders, arms and torso - "sag". Straighten up, check your posture.

8. Get up on your toes, sliding your back along the wall, stretch your whole body up. Stay in this position for 3-5 seconds, return to SP.

All these exercises can be complicated - performed without leaning back against the wall.

The main means of prevention and a necessary component of the treatment of diseases of the spine is the development of the skill of correct posture. Unfortunately, this is not so much a difficult task for a child as for parents and teachers. Good posture itself can be formed in exceptional cases - in a perfectly healthy, overflowing with energy, harmoniously developed child. Everyone else needs:

provide conditions for the formation of correct posture;

know what correct posture is, exactly how to stand, sit and move without stooping;

consciously and carefully treat your health and one of its main supports - the spine;

bring the skill of correct posture to automatism with the help of special exercises.

Exercises for a sense of correct posture.

The most pronounced sensation of correct posture occurs when you touch your back against the wall. Children begin to feel the level of the shoulder girdle, the position of the shoulder blades, pelvis, and the whole body. In this case, the following exercises are helpful.

1.I.p. - stand with your back to the wall in the main stance, so that the back of the head, shoulder blades, gluteal muscles and heels touch it. Take a step forward, trying to maintain the same body position, return to the wall. Repeat several times.

2. I. p. - the same. Sit down and stand up or alternately raise and bend your legs, keeping the same position of the head, pelvis, back.

3. I. p. - too. Take a step forward, turn 360 degrees, straighten up, return to the wall.

The correct position and a distinct feeling of a straight back are also facilitated by exercises with hoops, sticks placed on the shoulder blades.

A healthy child must move a lot, especially since, due to the peculiarities of the children's nervous system and muscles, it is more difficult for him to maintain a motionless posture than to run, jump, twirl and jump. In a sitting or standing position, especially if it takes more than a few minutes to be in the same position, the child "sags", the vertical load is transferred from the muscles to the ligaments and intervertebral discs, and poor posture begins to form. Light but regular physical activity (swimming, home gym equipment, more outdoor games and less TV, daily exercise) - necessary condition for the normal development of the musculoskeletal system.

There are many games available to prevent and correct posture abnormalities in children. At the initial stage of training in the games "Stand up straight", "Pull up", "Keep your head straight", "Good and bad posture", "Show me how I am", etc., a detailed explanation and demonstration of the correct stance are given. After the children learn to distinguish the correct posture from the wrong one, games are conducted (with and without objects) aimed at mastering the correct body position when walking: "Shepherds and sheep", "Do not lose", "Imitation", etc.

In the process of learning to stand, it is advisable to use a template for the correct positioning of the feet, triangular wooden planks located at an angle of 30? special foot prints and a number of other objects and devices: short and long gymnastic sticks, rope, stuffed balls, sandbags.

The therapeutic effect of exercise and play is attributed to the important biological role movements in a child's life. It has a beneficial effect on the body's functions disturbed by the disease, accelerates recovery processes, and reduces the adverse effects of forced hypokinesia. Physical exercises have a variety of effects depending on their selection, methodology and physical activity.

Conclusion

So, physiotherapy exercises is the use of physical culture for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Physiotherapy exercises help to strengthen and increase the body's resistance to relapses of the disease, as well as to subsequent diseases and their complications. The main means of physiotherapy exercises are specially selected, methodically designed physical exercises and games.

In preschool age, posture has not yet been formed, therefore, unfavorable factors most strongly affect children during the period of rapid growth (6-7 years). The task of preschool institutions is to prevent diseases of the musculoskeletal system - scoliosis.

Poor posture, in addition to a significant cosmetic defect, is often accompanied by disorders of the internal organs: heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, negatively affects the higher nervous activity, accompanied by a rapid onset of fatigue, and often headaches.

Correction of posture disorders is a long process. Therefore, classes should be carried out systematically, at least 3 times a week, and must be reinforced by doing physical exercises at home. It is necessary to introduce these exercises into morning exercises, physical education, rhythmic gymnastics, physical education minutes.

Bibliography

1. Kozyreva, O. Complex physical rehabilitation of preschoolers with posture disorders // Preschool education. - No. 12. - 1998. - p. 49-56

2.Prevention of flat feet and posture disorders in a preschool educational institution: From work experience / comp. O. N. Morgunova.- Voronezh: TC "Teacher", 2005.- p. 3-10

3. Sargsyan, A. How to choose the correct posture for younger preschoolers // Preschool education. - No. 2.- 1989.- p. 46-52

4. Sidorova, E. Accept the correct posture // Preschool education. - No. 10.- 2006.- p. 62-64

5. Ryzhova, S. Gymnastics for children with postural disorders // Preschool education. - No. 7. - 2008. - p. 103-110

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STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PEDAGOGICAL EDUCATION

"Lipetsk State Pedagogical University"

Faculty of Physical Education and Sports

Department of Adaptive Physical Education

Test

Completed by a student

4th year OZO

Rudneva Elena

Lipetsk 2011

INTRODUCTION 1. Posture defects and exercise therapy in their treatment 2. Kyphosis and exercise therapy in its treatment

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

Comprehensive rehabilitation as a process of ensuring the readiness of a person with disabilities and a disabled person to implement a lifestyle that would not conflict with the lifestyle of healthy (normally developing) people involves the mandatory use of physical exercises adapted to a specific disease or defect in motor activity.

Physical rehabilitation is the basis, the basis of any kind of rehabilitation. This is due to the fact that a person is an indivisible unity of biological, psychological and social, which are in the closest relationship, interaction.

Human motor activity is embedded in genes and is associated with a fundamental property of living things - biological adaptation to living conditions and the sphere of habitation. At the same time, the modern conditions of life and work activity have reduced the motor activity of a person to almost zero, created a situation where his normal conditions are not in demand. Hypodynamia and hypokinesia - indispensable attributes of modern civilized life - have become one of the main factors causing deterioration in the health of the population.

Decreased volume and intensity physical activity, a low level of costs for muscular work, simplification and impoverishment of human motor activity lead to negative results and the functioning of both internal organs and systems of a person, and his psyche.

One of these negative consequences is changes in the musculoskeletal system.

Posture defects and exercise therapy in their treatment

Posture defects (stoop, asymmetry of the chest, girdles of the upper extremities, pronounced kyphosis in the thoracic or lordosis in the lumbar spine or insufficiently pronounced curves of it, weakness of the abdominal muscles, etc.) lead, as a rule, to insufficient mobility of the chest and diaphragm, to a decrease in the spring function of the spine, a decrease in fluctuations in intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure, which negatively affects primarily the activity of the central nervous system, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and the functioning of the digestive system. These changes are accompanied by a decrease in the adaptive capabilities of the organism, its weakening, a deterioration in resistance to adverse environmental influences, and a decrease in a person's ability to work.

It is very important in case of postural disorders to carry out from an early age (in the family, in kindergartens and kindergartens, in secondary school) general health activities (rational motor regime and nutrition, hardening, hygiene of physical and mental labor, physical education, etc.), including special importance is attached to the correct use of remedies for exercise therapy.

General tasks of exercise therapy for posture disorders: creation of favorable physiological conditions for increasing the mobility of the spine, for the correct mutual position of all parts of the body and targeted correction of the existing defect in posture. The general tasks also include the education and consolidation of the skill of correct posture.

Particular tasks of exercise therapy depend on the nature of posture disorders, since special exercises aimed at reducing the angle of inclination of the pelvis, for example, with a rounded back, are contraindicated in stoop, when it is necessary to increase the angle of inclination of the pelvis, to form lumbar lordosis.

Classes various forms Exercise therapy must be carried out with an emphasis on building strength and static endurance of muscles, which is very important for consolidating the correct posture skill. Physical exercises are performed from the starting position lying on your back, on your stomach, on your side, kneeling with different inclination of the body forward or backward, kneeling with support on the hands or forearms (various options for the knee-elbow or knee-hand position). By themselves, the starting positions determine the degree of participation and the load on individual muscle groups. So, in the initial prone position, especially the extensors of the trunk, back muscles are subjected to training.In the initial position, lying on the back, on the contrary, the flexors of the trunk, abdominal muscles, and in the initial position on the side, one-sided training of the muscles of the back and abdomen, abductor muscles of the extremities takes place. ... The knee-wrist and knee-elbow positions allow targeted action on certain muscle groups of the back, the girdle of the upper and lower extremities with the greatest mobility of the spine in all sections. Using the initial sitting or standing position (basic stance), one should take into account the work of the muscles supporting this posture, vicious conditioned reflexes and the emerging posture stereotype. Be sure to alternate static and dynamic exercises with exercises for relaxation, coordination and balance, with games, with breathing exercises.

In the treatment of posture disorders, the leading role is played by the upbringing in the patient of a conscious active attitude to classes, dedication, perseverance in a long training process, the creation of a muscle corset and the development of the correct posture stereotype. Systematic exercise therapy classes (3-4 times a week) are supplemented with a daily complex of hygienic gymnastics (taking into account a specific defect in posture), as well as an individual task (1-2 special exercises carried out several times during the day).

The dosage and types of physical exercises depend on the nature of the posture disorder, the patient's age, his physical fitness, and therefore in each case are determined separately.

Since the skill of correct posture is formed on the basis of the muscular-articular feeling, which allows one to feel a particular position of body parts, it is recommended to perform the exercises in front of a mirror. In this case, the patient himself controls the proprioceptive sensations with the help of the visual analyzer. It is useful to train patients with mutual control of the position of body parts by verbal correction of the existing defect in posture. Alternating in the classroom various gymnastic exercises with play (with and without objects), for attention, breathing, for relaxation, in balance, for coordination of movements, etc., you can achieve good endurance when holding the body in various correct poses and positions , with a variety of movements. Ultimately, this allows you to create the necessary functional basis for correcting posture defects (Table 1).

General Provisions

When choosing special exercises, it is necessary to keep in mind the tendency to substitution, when the stronger muscle participating in the creation of the posture defect performs the function of the weaker one during the exercise. So, when trying to strengthen the abdominal muscles in order to reduce lumbar lordosis and the angle of inclination of the pelvis, lifting of the lower limbs from a supine position is often used. Instead of weakened abdominal muscles, the function of flexion of the limbs is taken over by the iliopsoas muscle, the work of which contributes to an increase in lumbar lordosis and the angle of inclination of the pelvis. Another example: to strengthen the gluteal muscles in order to form extension in hip joints and decreasing the angle of inclination of the pelvis suggest different back swing. Normally, when performing such swings, the posterior muscle group of the thigh first turns on, then the gluteal muscles, and in last- extensors of the lumbar spine. But weakened and elongated gluteal muscles often lag behind and turn on later than the extensors of the lumbar spine, or do not turn on at all. As a result, such activities in both examples lead to an increase in the defect in posture. Therefore, when choosing exercises to strengthen muscle groups that tend to hypotension and increase in length, it is necessary to carefully monitor the order in which muscles are included in the motor act, to select starting positions that minimize the possibility of replacement.

The effectiveness of the use of special exercises largely depends on the starting positions. The most effective for the development of the muscles of the corset and the elimination of posture defects are those in which the load on the spine along the axis and the influence of the angle of inclination of the pelvis on muscle tone are minimal. These include lying on your back, on your stomach, on your knees, on all fours.

In case of defects in posture in the sagittal plane, the following special exercises are used: with an increase in the angle of inclination of the pelvis - exercises that help strengthen the ischiocrural, gluteal muscles, and the abdominal press. With a decrease in the angle of inclination of the pelvis, exercises are used to strengthen the extensors of the lumbar spine, the muscles of the anterior surface of the thigh. Elimination of pterygoid blades and reduction shoulder joints are facilitated by exercises that strengthen the lower and middle shoulder blades, relaxing and stretching the upper shoulder blades, pectoralis major and minor.

In asymmetric posture, symmetrical exercises are most important. They provide equalization of muscle strength and elimination of the defect. Studies have shown that when these exercises are performed, the weakened muscles on the deflection side work harder than those on the opposite side.

Teaching visual and kinesthetic perception of correct posture is achieved by controlling posture and performing special exercises in front of a mirror from various starting positions.

The following sections provide options for special exercises and complexes in game form for the correction of various types of posture disorders, performed from various starting positions. These lists are by no means intended to be complete, but are only very limited examples of the variety of exercises and starting positions that you can choose for practice.

For children of preschool age, classes conducted in a plot-role form have advantages over ordinary physical education. At the same time, immersed in the image, the child sometimes makes inaccuracies in the performance of movements, which can reduce and even negate the expected therapeutic effect. Therefore, it is important to teach children in advance how to perform the exercises correctly, or to start classes with a greatly abbreviated complex, building the plot in such a way that the incorrect performance of the exercise destroys the whole fairy tale. As you master some exercises, you can add others. Each complex contains 5 exercises in the introductory part, 9-10 in the main and the final part includes exercises in diaphragmatic breathing and relaxation. In the first lessons, it is advisable to take 3-5 exercises from the main part and gradually add 1-2 exercises per week.

The complex, given for correcting asymmetric posture, starts from the embryonic position and comes to a standing position through sitting and on all fours, thus repeating the formation of movements in human ontogenesis. This principle of building corrective gymnastics complexes can be used to treat any posture disorders.

Correct behavior in scoliosis

Intervertebral disc pressures (percentage of standing position)

Lying on your back 25%

Lying on its side 75%

Standing, tilted forward 150%

Standing, leaning forward, in the hands of the weight. 220%

Sitting forward bend 185%

Sitting with an inclination forward, in the hands of the weight. 275%

If you work while sitting, periodically "squeeze" your back and lower back into the back of the chair, and if there is a high headrest with effort, rest your head against it.

The same strong pressure between two vertebrae occurs when a person sits leaning forward, not leaning on their hands. If you lean on your hands, putting them on a table or the back of a chair, the load on upper part the trunk is reduced, and thus the pressure on the vertebrae decreases.

The pressure between the two vertebrae increases when a person picks up an object by leaning forward with their legs straight. In this case, the load on the intervertebral disc is several hundred kilograms.

When stretching the spine, for example, when a person hangs on his hands without support on his legs, the pressure is less than in the prone position. In this case, a stretching may even occur in the intervertebral disc. This circumstance is sometimes used in the treatment of certain diseases of the spine.

The weight of the head puts pressure on the cervical vertebrae. Even the arms are a strain on the cervical spine, as the shoulder muscles that lift the arms up are attached to the back of the head and neck. When you raise your arms up, these muscles tense and thereby weigh down the vertebrae. Many knowledge workers unknowingly raise their shoulders, which puts additional stress on these vertebrae. The cervical vertebrae are exposed to great stress when working with arms raised up (for example, when washing windows), especially if there are heavy objects in the hands.

When the head is tilted down in a sitting position, the load on the cervical vertebrae, according to the principle of the lever, will be many times greater than if you sit with your head up. To keep the head tilted, it is necessary to tighten the neck muscles. Holding this position for a while, you can feel pain in the back of the head, the reason for which is muscle tension.

The cervical vertebrae are exposed to a particularly strong load during prolonged work with arms and head raised up (for example, for school teachers during long-term work at the blackboard). Many people involved in this type of work suffer from constant pain in the back of the head.

Table 1.

Curativegymnastics atbreakingposture.

Lesson section	The originalposition	Exercises	Sell or number of repetitions	Methodicaldirections
	Standing against the wall in front of a mirror, arms along the torso	Take the correct posture, touching the wall with shoulder blades, buttocks, heels. The head is in a position that ensures that the angle of the orbit and the upper edge of the ear canal is on a horizontal line.		Breathing is arbitrary, control the posture in the mirror.
		To take the correct posture, alternately putting the right (left) leg to the side of the raised arm, rise on toes (inhale), look at the hands, while lowering, take the hands over the sides to the starting position, put the leg (exhale), the head returns to its original position
Basic	Standing, arms along the body, feet shoulder-width apart	Raising your arms forward to the horizontal, sit down (heels are lifted off the floor), while maintaining the correct position of the head and back (exhale), return to the starting position (inhale)		Slowly
		Raise straight legs up, spread them, connect them, lower them to their original position	10-12 times
	Lying on my stomach, hands on my belt	Raise the head, straining the muscles of the back, straighten the body, bringing the shoulder blades back, pull the shoulders back, the chest and feet (legs straight) torn off the floor (inhale), at the height of tension, breathing is delayed, returning to its original position, completely relax (exhale).		Slowly
	Lying on your stomach, the palm of one hand is on the back of the other, the chin is on the back of the hand	Raise straightened legs, spread them, bring them down and lower them to their original position, turn your head to the side (cheek to hand), completely relax		Slowly, turning the head to the left alternate with turning to the right, breathing is arbitrary
	Lying on your back, arms along the torso, palms to the floor	Alternate flexion and extension of the legs while suspended ("bicycle")		At an average pace, breathing is arbitrary
	Lying on your back, hands behind your head, fix your legs	Moving to a sitting position, keep your back straight (exhale), lower yourself to the starting position - relax		Slowly
	Knee-hand	At the same time, raise the straight right arm, left leg to the horizontal, return to the starting position. The same with the left hand and the right foot		Medium pace, voluntary breathing
3switching	Standing, sandbag on head, correct posture position	Walking while maintaining correct posture		At an average pace, breathing is arbitrary
	Standing, arms along the torso, correct posture position	Take the correct posture, alternately putting the right (left) leg to the side, raise your arms up, rise on your toes (inhale, look at the hands), lowering your hands through the sides, put your leg down, return to the starting position (exhale)		Slowly, focus on maintaining correct posture

2. KyphosisandExercise therapyathistreatment

Kyphosis- curvature of the spine in the sagittal plane with the formation of a bulge facing posteriorly. With a pronounced stooped back, the spine can be curved all over - from the lumbar to the cervical spine. With curvature of the predominantly upper thoracic spine, kyphosis is called "round back". With this deformity of the spine (especially with a round back), due to wedge-shaped deformity of the vertebrae, degeneration of intervertebral cartilage, deforming spondyloarthrosis and other reasons, as a rule, contracture of the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall, thoracic muscles and stretching of the back muscles, impaired posture (reduced shoulders, pterygoid shoulder blades). As a result, the mobility of the ribs and the chest as a whole is noticeably impaired, which leads to a decrease in vital capacity and ventilation of the lungs, the functional state of the spine is disrupted (especially the spring function), which results in adverse changes in the cardiorespiratory and other systems of the body.

With this pathology, in addition to observing a rational regime of static load on the spine, treatment by position, prescribing massage and other orthopedic means of conservative treatment, physical exercises are used that bend the body, strengthen the muscles of the back, increase the mobility of the spine in the thoracic region and "pull" it, forming the correct posture (various options for exercises on all fours in crawling, hanging, exercises lying on the stomach, treatment by positioning on a wedge-shaped stand, etc.). All these exercises must be carried out against the background of general strengthening measures, the use of breathing exercises, taking into account the physical fitness of the patient, his functionality(Table 2).

table 2

Curativeanthem atkyphosis (stoopedandround back)

Chapterclasses	The originalposition	Exercises	Number of repetitions	Methodical instructions
	Main rack	Rise on your toes, hands through the sides up (inhale), lower your hands through the sides, return to the starting position		Slowly
Basic	Standing, feet shoulder-width apart, gymnastic stick on shoulder blades	Raise the stick up, tilt your head back (inhale), return to the starting position (exhale)		Slowly
	Standing on all fours (knee-hand position)	Crawling on all fours in a “semi-deep” position (head up, elbows to the sides, chest down)	50-70 steps	Average pace
	Lying on your back, arms bent at the elbows	With support on the elbows and the back of the head, bend the spine in the thoracic region (inhale), lower to the starting position (exhale)		Slowly
	Lying on your stomach, arms to your shoulders	Bend the spine with tension, throw your head back. leaning on the forearms, tear the chest off the floor (inhale), return to the starting position (exhale)		Slowly
	Lying on your stomach, hands hold a gymnastic stick on your shoulder blades	Tilt your head, bend your spine, return to the starting position		Slowly. Breathing is arbitrary
	Standing, feet shoulder-width apart, holding a gymnastic stick on paws	Sit down with a stick on your shoulder blades (exhale), return to the starting position (inhale)		Average pace
Zakochitelny	Standing, hands on the back of the head, fingers intertwined	Rising on toes, take your elbows to the sides (inhale), lowering, return to the starting position (exhale)		Slowly

General developmental exercises:

1. Lying on your back, arms to the sides, in right hand tennis ball. Put your hands in front, move the ball to left hand... Return to starting position. Put your hands in front, transfer the ball to your right hand. Return to starting position. Look at the ball. Repeat 10-12 times.

2. Lying on your back, arms at your sides, with a ball in your right hand. Raise your hand up (behind your head) and, lowering it, transfer the ball to the other hand. Repeat the same with the other hand 5-6 times. Look at the ball. When raising the arms, inhale; when lowering, exhale.

3. Lying on your back, arms forward - to the sides. Perform surrounding movements with straight arms for 15-20 s. Follow the movement of the hand of one, then the other hand. Breathing is arbitrary.

4. Lying on your back, arms forward - to the sides. Swing one leg to the opposite arm. Repeat 6-8 times with each leg. Look at the toe. Move quickly. During the swing, exhale.

5. Lying on your back, hold a volleyball ball in your arms raised forward. Swing your leg with the toe touching the ball. Repeat 6-8 times with each leg. Look at the toe. During the swing, exhale.

6. Lying on your back, arms forward. Perform surrounding movements with your hands, lowering and raising them. Follow the brush of one hand, then the other. Perform 15-20 s.

7. Lying on your back, with your right hand raised forward, hold a tennis ball. Perform circular movements with your hand forward and backward for 20 s. Look at the ball. Change the direction of movement after 5 s.

8. Sitting on the floor, support with hands behind, straight legs slightly raised. Perform surrounding movements for 15-20 s. Look at the toe of one leg. Do not turn your head. Do not hold your breath.

9. Sitting on the floor, support with hands behind, straight legs. Alternately raise and lower your legs. Perform 15-20 s. Look at the toe of one leg.

10. Sitting on the floor, support with your hands behind. Swing the right leg up - to the left, return to the starting position. The same with the left foot up - to the right. Repeat 6-8 times with each leg. Look at the toe.

11. Sitting on the floor, support with your hands behind. Take the right leg * to the right, return to its original position. Repeat the same with the other leg to the left 6-8 times with each leg. Look at the toe.

12. Sitting on the floor, support with hands behind, straight leg slightly raised. Perform circular movements with the leg in one and the other direction. Repeat 10-15 with each leg. Look at the toe.

13. Sitting on the floor, support with your hands behind, but both legs are raised. Perform circular movements in one and the other direction for 10-15 s. Look at the toes.

14. While standing, hold the gymnastic stick below. Raise the stick up, bend - inhale, lower the stick - exhale. Look at the stick. Repeat 8-12 times.

15. While standing, hold the gymnastic stick below. Sit down and lift the gymnastic stick up, return to the starting position. Look at the stick. Repeat 8-12 times.

16. While standing, hold the dumbbells in front. Circular hand movements in one and the other direction - 15-20 s. Look at one or the other dumbbell. Perform circular movements for 5 s in one direction, then 5 s in the other.

17. While standing, hold the dumbbells in front. Raise one hand, lower the other, then vice versa - 15-20 s. Look at one or the other dumbbell.

18. Standing, dumbbells in lowered hands. Raise the dumbbells up, then lower them. Look first at the right dumbbell, then at the left. Look back at the right dumbbell. Perform eye movements in one and the other direction for 15-20 s. Change the direction of eye movement after 5 s.

19. Standing with a hoop in outstretched hand. Rotate the hoop in one direction, then in the other direction for 20-30 s. Look at the brush. Perform with one and the other hand.

20. Standing, look only forward at any object. Turn your head to the right, then to the left. Repeat 8-10 times in each direction.

21. Standing, look only forward at any object. Raise your head, then lower your head, without changing your gaze. Repeat 10 times. Look at an object.

Note. Exercises 3 and 4 can be performed with a 3-4 kg dumbbell.

Conclusion

The above exercises and systems of exercises, although they can alleviate the sensations of a person suffering from postural disorders, are temporary. Do not forget that with a systematic violation of the rules of work at the table, workplace, computer, posture disorders can return, and often in an even more pronounced form. Therefore, the task of extreme importance is the systematic repetition of health-improving complexes and strict adherence to the recommendations during work.

Fundamentals of the theory and methods of physical culture (Textbook for technical schools of physical culture). Edited by A.A. Guzhalovsky. - M .: Physical culture and sport, 1986. - S. 352., p. 5., p. 167.

Dembo A.G., Popova S.N. "Sports medicine, remedial physical culture" Textbook for students of technical schools of physical education, edited by - M .: Physical culture and sport 1985. - S. 368., p. 234., p. 243.

Bogen M.M. "Teaching motional actions" - M .: Physical culture and sport, 1973. - S. 192., p. 41.

"INTRODUCTION to the theory of physical culture" Tutorial for institutes of physical culture. Edited by L.P. Matveeva - M .: Physical culture and sport 1983. - S. 128., p. 6 - 12.

Ishal V.A., Izaak A.P. Method of production and graphical analysis of frontal radiographs of the spine in scoliosis. Guidelines. Omsk, 1974

I.K. Kotesheva Health-improving technique for scoliosis.

Chaklin V.D., Abalmasova E.A. scoliosis and kyphosis. M .: "Medicine", 1973.

Content

Introduction 3
1. Formation of posture 4
2. Exercise to correct postural defects 10
Conclusion 18
References 19

Introduction

Every person wants to have a beautiful figure. But the figure can be beautiful only with the correct posture. What is posture? This is the usual position of the body while standing, sitting, while walking. Posture is considered correct if the head is slightly raised, the chest is deployed, the shoulders are at the same level; the head and spine, when viewed from behind, form a straight vertical line, and when viewed from the side, the spine has small indentations in the cervical and lumbar regions (lordosis) and a slight bulge in the thoracic region (kyphosis).
Correct posture is needed not only for beauty,
but also for health. If it is violated, the respiratory function worsens, it can
myopia, osteochondrosis of the spine and other diseases appear. The correct position of the torso depends on the uniform tension of the muscles of its back, front, and also side surfaces.
To correct posture, it is not enough to engage in only regular physical education. It should be supplemented with special corrective exercises. The earlier the defects of posture are identified and the earlier their correction began under the guidance of an experienced physiotherapy specialist, the greater the effect can be achieved. However, it must be remembered that it is easier to prevent postural problems than to correct them. Therefore, you must always monitor your posture, constantly train the muscles of the trunk, especially the muscles of the back and abdomen.

1. Formation of posture

Posture begins to develop at an early age, with muscle strength and the correct distribution of muscle traction (for example, the ratio of the strength of the flexor and extensor muscles of the trunk) are of great importance. Over the years, the posture is consolidated.
Parents, raising a child, should always remember that good, healthy habits, such as the habit of washing hands, brushing teeth, as well as holding the body correctly, grafted in early childhood, are firmly preserved in a person for life, become his natural need,
Parents should teach a child from an early age to properly hold the body: do not lower your head, straighten your back (bringing your shoulder blades closer), pick up your stomach.
To create good posture, first of all, you should teach children to stand and walk correctly. It is necessary to develop in them the habit of standing, leaning evenly on both legs or often alternating the supporting leg, always keeping the head and torso straight, and slightly taking the shoulders back. This position must be maintained while walking.
A schoolchild should carry a bag, suitcase or briefcase in one or the other hand in order to avoid a one-sided tilt of the torso. It is recommended to wear not a briefcase, but a satchel.
Poor posture and curvature of the spine are also contributing to the habit of standing on one leg at all times.
Another reason may be the unequal length of the legs (one shorter than the other) due to their uneven development. In these cases, the silhouette suffers: one shoulder becomes higher than the other. If measures are not taken in time to correct the outlined deformities of bones and muscles, then a curvature of the spine, more often its lateral bend, called scoliosis, may develop. Acquired scoliosis initially manifests itself as a slight sideways curvature of the spine, especially when the back muscles are fatigued; after rest, the curvature decreases. Over time, it becomes more pronounced, the shape of the chest changes, the shoulder and scapula on the convex side of the curved thoracic spine are located higher than on the concave. The mobility of the spine is sharply reduced. Any physical exertion is exhausting. There are frequent complaints of back pain. At the same time, the position of the internal organs changes, which adversely affects their function.
Overweight due to a sedentary lifestyle and poor nutrition can become the cause of poor posture. Physiological lumbar lordosis can be exacerbated by obesity and weakness in the abdominal muscles. To maintain balance, the torso is tilted backward, bending at the lower back, and the center of gravity of the body in an upright position is shifted forward. With lordosis, pain often occurs due to the redistribution of the body's load on the vertebrae and overstretching of the musculo-ligamentous apparatus of the spine. A shift in the center of gravity of the body causes an abnormal position and development of the pelvic bones, which leads to disorders that subsequently complicate childbirth in women. Lordosis is often accompanied by prolapse of internal organs (stomach, intestines, kidneys, etc.), which explains various violations of their activity ......................... ......................................

Conclusion

Every family wants their children to grow up healthy, strong, slim. In order for a child to develop normally, not only mentally, but also physically, it is necessary from the first days of life to create a correct regime for him, to bring up good skills in him.
A normal physique and correct posture, that is, the correct position of the body at rest and in motion, are included in the concept of "health". A person who is erect and at ease makes a good impression.
Posture defects not only impair the beauty of the body, but also harm physical development children, their health, reduce efficiency.
If the child keeps upright, does not hunch over, then best conditions for the work of his lungs, heart, stomach. Correct posture, creating the most favorable conditions for the vital activity of the body, thereby contributes to an increase in its performance.
Posture is not congenital. It is formed in the process of growth, development, as well as study, human labor activity and exercise.
Posture is a conditioned motor reflex. Only when this conditioned reflex is systematically repeated does the correct posture become habitual.
However, the development and consolidation of the skill of correct posture, as well as any reflex, proceeds slowly. Correct posture in children must be nurtured from an early age. The skill of correct posture is easily brought up and consolidated in schoolchildren in cases where, simultaneously with general strengthening of the body, health-improving measures (rational daily routine, good sleep and nutrition, hardening), students daily perform versatile physical exercises.

Bibliography

1. Zhuravleva AN, Graevskaya ND Sports medicine and exercise therapy.- M .: Medicine, 1993.- 433 p.
2. Epifanov V. A., Rolik I. S. Means of physical rehabilitation in the treatment of osteochondrosis of the spine.- M .: VNTITs, 1997.- 345 p.
3. Kurpan Y., Talambum E. Physical culture forming posture.- M .: Physical culture and sport, 1990.- 32 p.
4. Remedial physical culture: Handbook / Ed. prof. V. A. Epifanov. - M .: Medicine. - 592 p.
5. Loveiko ID, Fonarev MI Physical therapy for diseases of the spine in children.- M .: Medicine, 1988.- 144 p.
6. Mirskaya N. Poor posture. Typical situations.- Moscow: Chistye prudy, 2005.- 32 p.
7. Khristinin V. I. Keep straight. - M .: Medicine, 1965. - 24 p.

Plan for answering the second question:

· The role of exercise in posture defects.

· The value of exercise in scoliosis.

· The value of exercise for flat feet.

Physical exercise is called a motor action created and used for the physical improvement of a person.

Only physical exercise systems create opportunities for the development of all human organs and systems in an optimal ratio.

Posture defects are associated with changes in the physiological curvatures of the spine, their strengthening or weakening in the sagittal plane. Posture defects are associated with shoulder girdle asymmetry, where one shoulder and shoulder blade is above or below the other. Under the influence of regular exercise, the child's muscular system is strengthened, which prevents the formation of incorrect posture. Under the influence of special physical exercises, the spine becomes more mobile, the defects of physiological curvatures are eliminated, the muscles of the back and chest are strengthened, a muscular corset is created that holds the spine in the correct position.

In classes remedial gymnastics include a variety of general developmental exercises (GAD) for the arms, legs and trunk. To strengthen the muscles of the trunk, initial positions (I.P.) are widely used, lying on the back and stomach. Hangs on an inclined plane, stretching are used. I.P. - lying on the back, exercises with various leg movements are prescribed: lifting them, abducting and adducting, flexing and extending, circular movements (bicycle) and the transition from a lying position to a sitting position. In I.P. - lying on the stomach, - abduction of straight legs backward, bending of the trunk backward, lifting the head and shoulders off the floor, abduction of the legs backward and bending of the trunk, etc. In I.P. - while standing, exercises with dumbbells are used, in resistance, strengthening the muscles of the legs and trunk. Much attention is paid to the development of correct posture. Special exercises are used that require steady attention: exercises in balance, walking with objects on the head, games in which the child must monitor the correct posture.

With defects in posture, the respiratory function is weakened, it is necessary to use breathing exercises in chest, diaphragm and full breathing.

Various objects should be used: balls, rubber and stuffed, clubs, gymnastic shelf, dumbbells weighing 0.5 - 1 kg. as well as exercises on the gymnastic wall (mixed hanging and climbing). With total kyphosis - (round back), and kypholordosis - (round concave back) - the following physical exercises are included: mobilizing the spine in the thoracic region (increasing its mobility in the pathological curvature zone); stretching the spine (exercises in extension of the spine are performed from different starting positions); respiratory. With pronounced lumbar lordosis, it is recommended to perform torso tilts with a straight back.

Mobilization of the spine, predominantly in the thoracic region, is achieved using exercises in the knee in the wrist starting position: flexion of the spine, turns and lateral tilts of the trunk. In case of kyphotic deformity of the spine, it is advisable to use stretching and extension exercises of the spine. These include hanging on a corrective frame, a gymnastic wall with extension of the spine (facing the wall); extension of the trunk, lying on the stomach on an inclined plane. Abdominal exercises are also widely used.