5.3. Stages of development of project documentation

Design preparation of construction. The schematic diagram of the pre-design and design preparation of construction using the example of a civil-housing facility is shown in Fig. 5.8.

Rice. 5.8. Schematic diagram of pre-design and design preparation of construction for housing and civil facilities

The development of design documentation is carried out on the basis of a design assignment in accordance with the initial permitting documentation and in compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents.

The design stage of the facility is established by the customer together with the general designer in the design assignment. There are recommendations for determining the design stages. So, for Moscow, five categories of object complexity have been established, depending on which the following recommendations are given regarding the design stages:

1) project, working documentation for objects of V, IV categories of complexity and for objects of III category of complexity for individual projects;

2) working draft (approved part and working documentation) for objects of III-I categories of complexity, as well as for objects built according to standard and reusable projects.

By the decision of the local authority for urban planning and architecture, the object can be classified as unique with the establishment of a special design procedure. As a rule, this is the case in the following cases:

The location of the object on a territory of particular importance in terms of urban planning;

The special social significance of the object;

Of particular technical difficulty.

When considering the development of project documentation, one should distinguish between:

1) a project for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures for industrial purposes;

2) a project for the construction of housing and civil facilities.

The composition of the project documentation. The project for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures for industrial purposes consists of the following sections:

General layout and transport;

Technological solutions;

Management of production, enterprise and organization of working conditions and labor protection for workers and employees;

Engineering equipment, networks and systems;

Organization of construction;

Environmental protection;

Civil defense engineering and technical measures, as well as measures to prevent emergencies; - estimate documentation;

Investment efficiency.

The project for the construction of housing and civil facilities consists of the following sections:

General explanatory note;

Architectural and construction solutions;

Technological solutions;

Engineering equipment solutions;

Environmental protection;

Civil defense engineering and technical measures, as well as measures to prevent emergencies; - organization of construction (if necessary);

Estimated documentation;

Return on investment (if needed).

The working project is developed in a reduced volume and composition, determined depending on the type of construction and the functional purpose of the facility in relation to the composition and content of the project. The working project includes working documentation.

Development of special sections of the project. For their development, as a rule, specialized organizations with appropriate licenses are involved.

The most frequently developed special sections of the project are:

Environmental protection;

Civil defense engineering and technical measures;

Engineering and technical measures to prevent emergencies;

Fire extinguishing, fire alarm, security and fire alarm and smoke protection; warning people about fire and evacuation of people in case of fire;

Organization and working conditions of employees, production and enterprise management;

Engineering protection of territories, buildings and structures from hazardous natural and techno-natural processes;

Corrosion protection of building structures;

Construction organization projects (PIC) and work production projects (PPR);

Estimated documentation;

Investment efficiency;

Measures to ensure the living conditions for people with disabilities and low-mobility groups of the population;

Architectural lighting;

Acoustic protection of buildings and structures from operational noise and vibration;

Project management.

Coordination of project documentation. The project documentation is coordinated by the customer. If necessary, in accordance with the design contract, a general designer can be involved in this work.

Design documentation for the construction of an enterprise, building and structure, developed in accordance with current norms, rules and standards, which must be certified by an appropriate record of the person responsible for the project (chief engineer, chief architect, project manager), agreement with state supervision authorities and others interested organizations are not subject - with the exception of cases stipulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as the subjects of the Russian Federation.

Project documentation is subject to mandatory submission for consideration:

To the local authority for urban planning and architecture (for the approval of an architectural and urban planning solution in the absence of it at the previous stage of project preparation);

Local Environmental Protection Authority;

The body of sanitary and epidemiological supervision in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

In special cases, additional coordination of the location of the object (drawing up of conclusions) can be carried out. All regions of Russia have their own lists of organizations, whose approvals are required in special cases of object placement.

State examination. The state examination of project documentation is carried out in order to prevent the construction of objects, the creation and use of which does not meet the requirements of state norms and rules or damage the rights and interests of citizens, legal entities and the state protected by law, as well as in order to control the observance of socio-economic and environmental policy ...

For objects, the construction of which is carried out at the expense of their own financial resources, borrowed and attracted funds of investors, project documentation is submitted for examination in the amount necessary to assess design solutions in terms of ensuring the safety of life and health of people, the reliability of buildings and structures being built, compliance of design solutions with the approved urban planning documentation and compliance with the established procedure for the coordination and approval of construction projects. At the request of the customer, consideration of design documentation for such objects can be carried out both in full and in the volume of individual sections, which is determined by the contract for the examination.

The project documentation is submitted to the body of the state non-departmental examination by the customer with the involvement of the general designer to protect the design decisions. A set of project documentation is accepted for the expert opinion in the amount of the approved part, agreed in the prescribed manner.

Based on the results of the examination, a conclusion is drawn up. The expert body carrying out a comprehensive examination prepares a consolidated expert opinion on the construction project as a whole, taking into account the conclusions of the state examinations that took part in the consideration of the project.

Working documentation. The composition of the working documentation for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures is determined by the relevant state standards of the SPDS and is specified by the customer and the general designer in the design agreement (contract).

State, industry and regional standards, as well as drawings of typical structures, products and assemblies, which are referenced in the working drawings, are not part of the working documentation and can be transferred by the designer to the customer, if it is stipulated in the contract.

In the event of a change in the design, engineering, technological solutions of the project, as well as the approved part of the working project, the documentation is subject to re-submission to the appropriate body of the state non-departmental examination.

Approval of project documentation. Approval of project documentation is carried out in order to obtain a permit and an order for the production of construction, installation and earthworks. Depending on the funding sources, the approval of project documentation is carried out:

During construction, reconstruction at the expense of city sources - by a legal act of the city administration;

During construction, reconstruction at the expense of its own financial resources, borrowed and borrowed funds of the customer - directly by the customer (by the corresponding order, order).

Since the approval of project documentation is necessary in order to obtain a building permit, the interested person (customer), if necessary, also checks the availability and proper execution of the following documents:

Title documents for the land plot;

Urban plan of the land plot;

Materials of design documentation;

A positive conclusion of the state examination of project documentation.

After the approval of the project documentation by the customer (before issuing the building permit), the body authorized to issue the permit checks the project documentation for compliance with the urban planning plan of the land plot. In addition, the specified body checks the availability of documents attached to the customer's application for the issuance of a building permit, including:

Title documents for the land plot;

Urban plan of the land plot;

Materials contained in the design documentation;

A positive conclusion of the state expertise of design documentation in relation to the relevant facilities.

On the basis of the project documentation approved in accordance with the established procedure, the authorized bodies draw up:

Permission to carry out construction and installation works;

An order for the production of preparatory, earth and construction works.

Registration of a permit for the production of construction and installation works is carried out at the appropriate stages of construction, provided with working documentation.

The administrative and technical inspection body issues an order for the right to carry out earthworks related to the movement of soil outside the construction site, subject to the obligatory submission by the customer of a duly approved document confirming the right to temporarily or permanently store the soil at the destination.

Transfer of projects to customers. Storage of documentation. How

As a rule, the contract between the customer and the general designer provides for the transfer of the finished design documentation to the customer. The customer accepts it by signing the invoice. The act of acceptance and transfer of design and estimate documentation is signed by the customer, provided that there are no comments on the results of the work performed in accordance with the contract.

The act of acceptance and transfer of project documentation, as a rule, is signed by the customer, provided:

Approval of project documentation by competent (authorized) state bodies;

The presence of a positive conclusion of the state examination;

The customer has no comments on the results of the work performed.

The storage of documentation is carried out at the customer, in design organizations and the Federal Archival Agency, which is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation.

The rules for accounting and storage in design organizations of the originals of project documentation (hereinafter referred to as the original document) for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures of all industries and the national economy are determined by GOST.

The storage periods for original documents in design organizations are established by ministries and departments in the lists of documents agreed with the Federal Archival Agency.

The originals of documents are selected for state storage or destruction as they have no scientific value and have lost their practical significance in accordance with the instructions of the Federal Archival Agency.

Originals of documents are subject to registration and storage in the organization that developed them. The original documents that have fallen into disrepair or are lost can be restored by the decision of the head (or his deputy) of the organization - the holder of the originals.

Project manager functions. At all stages of the development of project documentation, the leading role belongs to the project manager (in Russian terminology - the chief project engineer, the chief project architect).

During design, the project manager performs the following functions:

Control of the compliance of the volume and timing of the work performed with the required minimum stipulated by the contract;

Selection and attraction of leading specialists in engineering disciplines to the project, coordination of their activities;

Determination of rational terms for the start of work in order to avoid their premature completion;

Adjustment of the number of employed workers;

Control over changes to the project;

Control over factors, conditions and documents that can increase the cost of work;

Verification of compliance with the sequence and priorities selected in the work planning process;

Ensuring the preferred choice of standard materials and equipment in as many situations as possible, as well as ensuring the minimum range of products used;

Preparation and implementation of the agreement with the licensor;

Preparation and control over compliance with the design work plan, linked to the overall project plan;

Development of a design assignment together with the customer.

Depending on the scale and complexity of the project, the functions of a manager at the design stage can be assigned both to the manager of the entire project and to a specially appointed project manager working in a team under the guidance of the general manager.

Automation of design work. An integrated model of the technological design process is a system of technologically sound information links between these specialists, which ensures the production of settlement and graphic information in the form of a standard set of drawings, tables and texts based on and in accordance with the current regulatory documents for construction.

The use of informatization means allows you to get a fundamentally new environment - a computer-aided design system (CAD). The enlarged structure of CAD in construction is shown in Fig. 5.9.

Rice. 5.9. An approximate diagram of the structure of a computer-aided design (CAD) system

The basis of the computer-aided design (CAD) technological line in the CAD environment is made up of graphical databases that cover all parts of the project. The work with the bases is carried out in a dialogue mode using branched graphical menus, from which the necessary image elements are visually selected.

Elements of general-purpose drawings (frame with a stamp of any format, various arrows, marks, axes, tables, etc.); - architectural elements (construction of any grid of columns and axes, walls, partitions, windows, doors, elevations, stairs, etc.); - architectural nodes (drawing individual mates in close-up);

Plumbing equipment (elements of drawings for heating, ventilation, water supply, sewerage, etc.);

Electrical equipment (elements of drawings for electrical lighting, power electrical equipment, etc.).

On the basis of the integrated use of system tools that allow performing all the functions of preparing, storing, searching, processing, displaying, designing and analyzing information in an automated mode, designers in the TLAP environment have the opportunity to combine in development time and agree on design solutions. At the same time, coordination is provided in all parts in all parameters without the release of intermediate drawings with their repeated exchange. Data stored in graphic databases are reusable elements.

A sufficient number of packages focused on design in construction have appeared on the foreign and now the domestic market of specialized software tools. They have standard graphic blocks already laid down by the developers, the possibility of conjugation of various standard elements, and the formation of specifications. A significant drawback of these systems (in principle, quite powerful and convenient) is that all of them, as a rule, are developed by foreign firms and are oriented accordingly to foreign standards.

In practice, when designing, drawing packages such as AutoCAD are used, which are a universal electronic drawing board. In this case, the production of a bank of typical graphic elements is entirely the responsibility of the user.

The specified operating time can go in two ways. The first and the simplest way is direct drawing (accumulation of standard blocks of information) by qualified user-designers. The second way is more complicated, but also more effective - writing, within the framework of the existing system tools, programs for the formation of graphic images, the corresponding calculation modules and information retrieval systems. The developed interface blocks allow you to create complex software directly oriented to the domestic consumer. To solve such problems, professional programmers are needed.

However, to date, there are no packages that completely satisfy the designers, containing all the necessary catalog information on various types of building parts and structures produced in our country. In practice, with rare exceptions, individual developments are used, adapted to the needs of a particular organization, which are not universal.