How to fill the foundation with a basement under the house with your own hands?

When building a house with their own hands, the owners always try to increase its usable area. Many are building additional floors or simply using a larger plot of land for construction. But, if in this way it is impossible to solve the problem, then you can equip a basement in the house.

Of course, there will be a need for additional earthworks and more material, but if this does not frighten you, then you can safely create a foundation for a house with a basement. It is imperative that this room does not let water into itself, and condensation does not appear on the walls. It is possible to eliminate the occurrence of such problems by creating a reliable foundation, filled in according to all the rules.

The foundations of private houses with a basement are arranged only of a recessed type. In order to decide which type is more suitable, it is necessary to carry out certain calculations in accordance with the level of groundwater and soil characteristics.

Tape

Such a foundation is calculated depending on the load of the house, it can be made of various materials and in a prefabricated structure. Its disadvantage is that the load from the structure cannot be uniformly distributed over the entire foundation strip, therefore, on problem soils, it is better to refrain from building it.

The strip base is a concrete strip around the perimeter of the base, approximately 50 cm wide and 1.5 - 2 meters high. If a basement is planned at the bottom of the house, then it is best to create a foundation slightly higher than two meters in order to freely move around the basement in full growth.

The advantages of this foundation are:

Acceptable cost of filling and work.
The simplicity of the technology, which does not necessarily involve the involvement of specialists and many workers. You can make such a foundation for a house with a basement and with your own hands in several approaches in accordance with the technology.
The reliability of the finished structure. The tape base will be able to withstand significant loads.
The side plane will be convenient in order to carry out waterproofing and insulation work on it.
It is not necessary to involve heavy equipment, the trench can be dug with a shovel.

Advice! It is better to dig a trench with an American shovel. Its curved shape makes digging easier and faster.

It is possible, with the help of a strip base, to solve such a problem as to bring a foundation under an old wooden house, in which the base has become unusable.

Be sure to follow the technology when pouring the foundation so that there are no unpleasant surprises in the future.

Reinforced slab base

This foundation will become an alternative to the belt foundation on problem soil, since it is performed in the form of a single platform or from slabs. Of course, its implementation costs more money than the first one, but the reliability is also higher. On clay and heaving soils, such a base is simply irreplaceable, as it is able to distribute the load over the entire slab.

Block foundation

This is a kind of alternative option. For its installation, standard concrete blocks are used. But this foundation has a lot of nuances:

Since there will be seams on the plane of the base, it will be very difficult to build waterproofing.
During the movement of the soil, the plates may shift relative to each other, which entails the gradual destruction of the structure. To prevent this negative moment, it is best to attach special jumpers or reinforced meshes at the joints.
When joining the blocks, use as little grout as possible so that the joint is not too thick. Otherwise, the concrete will collapse over time, and moisture can get inside the foundation, and then into the basement.
Only heavy lifting equipment will help to make the foundation for a house of this type.

Of course, the use of blocks is possible, but it will be easier to complete the installation of the strip foundation.

Building a foundation for a house with a basement

As mentioned earlier, it is possible to build any type of foundation, depending on the surrounding soil and other conditions. We will consider a general scheme for pouring a foundation for a house with a basement, regardless of the type of foundation.

Stages of work

Usually the stages of work are carried out in the following order:

Site surveys and determination of the type of foundation to be erected.
Design and calculation of the necessary materials, their purchase and order of the equipment that may be needed during construction.
Digging a trench, in the case of a strip foundation, or a pit, if a slab base is chosen.
Falling asleep of a sand-crushed stone pillow to the bottom of a trench or foundation pit.
Pouring concrete.
If groundwater lies close to the foundation, then you need to take care of the drainage system.
Covering the basement with waterproofing and heat-insulating materials.
Finishing, but it can be done no earlier than after 1 year after construction.

Preparatory work

It is worth remembering that for each specific project of the house, changes may be made to the technology of building the foundation, since in each individual situation the work is considered and performed in different ways.

For example, the foundation for a brick house and a house made of timber will differ in its capacity. Since wood is much lighter, you can make a thinner foundation, use a smaller section of reinforcement, and spread concrete in different proportions. Laying the foundation for a wooden house will be much cheaper and more economical in terms of time. In any case, all these points are calculated individually.

To begin with, before making the foundation, you need to accurately calculate everything and create a project. Already this document must be followed during the construction process.

Arrangement of the foundation

Now let's take a closer look at what the construction of the foundation consists of:

Digging a pit, a little more than 2 meters high, to be able to move around the basement.
Leveling the soil at the bottom in a strict horizontal projection.
Pouring sand over the entire area of the pit bottom and compacting it tightly. This is to create cushioning between the concrete slab and the ground.
Rolling roofing material strips over the sand cushion with sheets overlapping each other at least 15 cm, as well as processing them with bitumen mastic. The edges of the roofing material along the entire perimeter of the pit must be raised to the side walls to a height of approximately half a meter.
Advice! You need to use a film-based roofing material, as it is more durable and can stretch slightly if necessary.
Installation of a reinforced mesh with a cross-section of rods of at least 6 mm and a mesh size of 50 by 50 cm. The reinforcement must be at least 4 meters in length so that the strength of the foundation is higher.
Release of reinforcement along the perimeter of the walls to a height of approximately half a meter in order to connect the floor and future walls of the basement.
Pouring concrete to the bottom of the pit with a layer of at least 30 cm. The mixture is poured in full at one time to avoid the layering of the base.
After the concrete has set to such a state that it can be walked on, it is necessary to tie the reinforcement cage of the walls and install the formwork around the perimeter.
Important! The formwork is formed half a meter from the walls of the pit itself, so that in the future it will be possible to fasten the heat-insulating material and waterproofing.
Pouring concrete into the finished formwork, after it dries, the boards are dismantled.
Organization of a drainage system, if data on the near occurrence of groundwater are obtained. To do this, you need to lay special pipes below the level of the base of the foundation.
Priming the outer surface of the walls and covering them with bitumen mastic.
Adhesion of expanded polystyrene to external wall surfaces.
Filling the gap between the wall and the edge of the pit with earth.
Laying floors from above.

Conclusion

Building a foundation with a basement is not an easy task, which requires experience and all knowledge, as well as strict adherence to the work algorithm. It is better, nevertheless, to entrust the installation or laying of the base under the house with a basement to specialists who will carry out preparatory work and research and carry out the foundation with high quality without the risk of experiencing problems in the near future as a result of improper construction.

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Building your own home is the dream of many men. Everyone wants their home to be functional. For this, additional premises are usually built. For many owners, the basement is an extremely useful room. Therefore, an increasing number of people are interested in the question: is it possible to build a foundation for a house with a basement with your own hands. To understand this, you should study the basic techniques for building and arranging a basement.

Types of premises

In order to start studying construction technology, you should familiarize yourself with the main types of basements.

When choosing any type of use of the premises, before the construction procedure, you should study how you can build a foundation for a house with a basement with savings in money and in a short time.

Choosing the type of foundation

Often, construction work requires a lot of financial resources. This is due to the fact that the construction of the basement must be carried out simultaneously with the construction of the foundation. The high consumption of materials provides additional costs.

Materials for work

Having decided on independent construction work, you should purchase the following tools:

Concrete mixing device
Shovel bayonet
Welding machine
Scoop
Trowel
Several buckets of different sizes
Hacksaw
Axe
Plane
Several hammers of different sizes

Before starting work, you should check all the tools, sharpen the cutting ones, check the effectiveness of the action.

Calculations

Before starting construction, an accurate calculation of the work performed should be carried out in order to build a foundation for a house with a basement yourself, you should calculate the future height of the room. Remember that the height of the ceiling should allow a tall person to move freely in it. The approximate height should be about 2 meters.

The foundation strip should be equal to the height of the basement. Unfortunately, the following factors prevent this from happening:

Ground water
Freezing level of the ground

To avoid this, the base of the building should be erected slightly higher. This will lead to an increase in the level of the first floor and the need to build an entrance staircase.

Before starting work, you should plan the foundation of the house. It is imperative to take into account the stress of the foundation and plan how to eliminate it.

A list of all the necessary materials should be compiled and their optimal amount calculated. It is recommended to make a small stock for each element.

The number and type of materials directly depends on what kind of foundation will be built. Therefore, without deciding on the choice of the type of foundation, you should not go to the hardware store.

Marking

Before starting to make the foundation of a house with a basement, it is necessary to mark the territory. It is produced in accordance with the site plan. The markup, made in accordance with all the rules, allows you to choose the correct and convenient location for the base of the house.

Care and caution should be exercised when marking. Mistakes can lead to incorrect installation of the walls and their subsequent destruction.

The markup is carried out in several stages:

Driving pegs into the ground to indicate the corners of the building and the main floors
The thread is pulled diagonally and the symmetry of the sides is determined
If inconsistencies are found, work should be started over.

Formwork and reinforcement

after finishing work on the marking of the territory, you can start the main construction work. To study the question of how to make a foundation for a house with a basement, it is necessary to perform sequential steps. Dig a trench first. It needs to be deep enough. Be sure to remove excess soil. The walls of the trench must be formed sufficiently strong, so that they cannot crumble and collapse.

After the completion of the construction of the trench, it is necessary to start forming the formwork. For work, you will need boards that need to be put together in the form of a shield. Their walls should be smooth. To do this, you need to process them with a plane. Before pouring them with a concrete solution, the formwork must be moistened with water.

Board shields are reinforced at the edges. It is worth remembering that after pouring the concrete, the formwork is removed. Therefore, you should plan in advance the procedure for its removal.

The bottom of the trench must be sprinkled with a layer of a mixture of crushed stone and sand, and roofing material should be laid on top.

After installing the formwork, it is necessary to install the frame mesh from the reinforcement. It is made by tying rods in compliance with the same parameters of height and width, the reinforcement is strengthened with posts every 40-50 cm.The height level of the reinforcing mesh should be 5 cm below the base level.

Foundation

After completing the preparatory work, you should go directly to the construction of the base. For this, the prepared trench must be filled with concrete.

The procedure should be carried out carefully. The concrete must be poured in layers. Each layer should be compacted. It is also necessary to monitor the surface. It should not have irregularities.

After the completion of the pouring of concrete, it is necessary to withstand 3-4 weeks for its complete solidification.

After that, you can remove the formwork layer. The remaining voids should be covered with soil.

A pit should be dug inside the base for the construction of the basement. All soil must be removed. After completion of construction, it is necessary to level the bottom of the pit, pour a layer of crushed stone or gravel 10-15 cm thick on top. The soil must be compacted well. Next, the floor must be filled with a layer of cement mortar.

Then you need to start building and waterproofing the walls of the basement.

How to fill the foundation for a house with a basement: features of the strip and block base, pouring

As you know, during the construction of a private house, you always want to organize everything so that there is more usable space. But if there is no way to expand the space and build additional floors, then why not make an underground floor - it's not so difficult. After all, in fact, this is just a well-equipped basement.

Well-equipped means at least that no water gets into it and there is no condensation on the walls. And in order to ensure all this, it is important, first of all, to properly fill the foundation of a house with a basement.

Photo of the foundation for a house with a basement floor

In this article, we will look at how this is done, and what are the nuances here.

Let's start with the most important thing.

What type of foundation can you make

Foundation options

It is worth noting that there can be no universal recommendation on what to make the foundation for such a project. If only because the type of soil is different everywhere, the depth of passage of groundwater is different, the level of soil freezing, etc.

Therefore, you need to carefully study the features of a particular object, and only then make a decision on the use of one technology or another, and possibly a combination of several.

But in general, the methods described below are used most often, so you should definitely familiarize yourself with them.

Tape base

Monolithic strip foundation

In its standard form, it is a tape of concrete around the perimeter of the house 40-50 centimeters wide and 1.5-2 meters deep (below ground level). But, of course, if you want to make a full-fledged underground floor, then in this situation the foundation for a house with a basement must be at least two meters deep - so that you can walk in full growth around the room.

The advantages of this type of base are as follows:

Quite an acceptable price for the project;
Relative simplicity of technology. It is quite possible to make the tape with your own hands and gradually, not in one approach (unlike a slab foundation, for example, where it is very desirable to fill all the concrete at a time);
High reliability of such a base. As a rule, the tape perimeter can withstand significant loads, and if done correctly, then the shrinkage of the house will be minimal. Accordingly, in an already finished house, the walls and all structural elements will be more intact;
The side plane of the strip foundation (due to the fact that it is solid and relatively flat) is easy to insulate and apply a waterproofing layer of bitumen or, for example, roofing material to it.

An example of basement insulation

The technology does not require the presence of special equipment at the facility. You can dig a trench without much difficulty with your own hands using an ordinary shovel.

Advice: if you work with shovels, we do not recommend using conventional bayonet - look for so-called "American shovels" on the market.
Due to their slightly curved shape, they are an order of magnitude easier and faster to dig than conventional ones - they have been tested in practice!

As for the disadvantages of the strip base, there is one significant disadvantage, which, as a rule, can be observed on many construction sites. We are talking about the unprofessionalism, and sometimes even the complete incompetence of the designers and the builders themselves.

Such "specialists" often incorrectly determine the type and characteristics of the soil (and often do not even try to do this at all), select the wrong materials for preparing the mixture, save money on the armopoyas device, etc. As a result, the foundation for a house with a basement is basically obtained, but only with critical defects.

Due to the fact that the concrete is of poor quality, cracks and chips quickly appear in its structure, which entails a violation of the hydro- and heat-insulating layer. The consequences are easy to imagine ...

Therefore, we will give practical advice: if your own knowledge and skills for designing and pouring the foundation for such a house is not enough, then spare no expense and take at least one consultation from a specialist in this matter.
It won't take much money, but in the end you will get a really dry and comfortable basement floor.

From blocks

Photo of the foundation from blocks

In this case, we mean standard concrete foundation blocks.

Of course, it is possible to make a base for a basement or basement of them, only there are certain nuances.

It is necessary to use a minimum of mortar for connecting blocks. If the thickness of the joints is too large, then in the future the cement-sand mixture will collapse and water will begin to get there.
Due to the presence of seams on the plane, the creation of a waterproofing layer of the basement foundation will be difficult. Because when the house shrinks, the blocks may well move slightly relative to each other, and this, of course, will not bring anything good.
So it is imperative to take this fact into account, and at those points where the seams pass, additionally fasten special reinforcing meshes, possibly jumpers. In general, everything must be done so that the waterproofing is not damaged in the future.
It is impossible to work with the blocks independently, as they are very heavy.

Block stacking with a crane

The conclusion is very simple: this material can be used, but it will be easier, safer and faster to make a strip foundation for a house with a basement - especially if you plan to do the work yourself, without involving third-party teams and equipment.

Therefore, it is the tape technology that we will consider as an illustrative example.

Fill the foundation

It is worth noting that, depending on the specifics of a particular project, significant changes may be made to the instructions below, since there cannot be a universal, template solution in such a case.

For example, we will consider a foundation that is made for a standard brick house, but perhaps you need to make a foundation for a log house with a basement. And here you can already save a little ...

After all, the timber is much lighter than the stone, which means that you can make the tape a little thinner, use the reinforcement of a smaller thickness, make the proportion of the concrete components different, etc.

So exactly following the advice, or making adjustments, depends only on the nuances of your situation.

And back to practice - a short step-by-step instruction.

A pit is being dug inside the perimeter of the future house. Its depth must be at least two meters.
The soil at the bottom of the pit is leveled as much as possible (horizontally), a layer of sand is poured on top, which is carefully rammed. In this case, sand is like a leveling and depreciation layer between the ground and the future concrete slab.

On top of the sand, you need to roll out strips of roofing material with an overlap of at least 15 cm. Moreover, the joints of the strips should be treated with bituminous mastic, and the edges along the perimeter of the pit should be wrapped up the walls by about half a meter in height. That is, you get a kind of waterproofing "bowl".

Advice: do not use roofing material on a cardboard or paper base, as it will tear very quickly - already during the pouring of a concrete slab along the bottom of the excavation.
It is best to use a film-based material, because it is more durable in itself and also tends to stretch a little if necessary.

Roofing material with a film base

Along the bottom of the pit, on top of the waterproofing, a frame is made of reinforcement with diameters of at least 6 millimeters, which will be the basis of the future slab. In fact, such a frame resembles a large mesh with a mesh size of about 50 by 50 cm.

Rebar frame

From the horizontal frame, you need to release upward, along the perimeter of the walls, reinforcement. A height of half a meter is enough. This is necessary then in order to "tie" the walls of the future basement and the "floor" to each other with metal - that is, a concrete slab, poured horizontally along the bottom of the pit.
After tying the reinforcement, we order (or do it ourselves) a concrete mixture and pour it onto the bottom of the pit. The thickness of the slab must be at least 30 cm.

Poured slab at the bottom of the pit

Please note that it is very undesirable to use reinforcement less than four meters long for the slab, because in this case the level of the monolith's “fracture” strength will significantly decrease.
Also, do not pour concrete in several passes.
If it is impossible to make sure that the mixture is poured in at one time, then at least do not let it dry completely until a new volume of solution is supplied.

When the slab seizes and it will be possible to walk on its surface, a formwork is made around the perimeter of the pit (from boards or QSB slabs) to fill the walls, inside which the same frame from the reinforcement is previously knitted only vertically.

Formwork for walls

On a note!
The formwork is done at some distance from the plane of the pit walls (usually half a meter is enough).
This is necessary then so that then between them there is enough space for more or less comfortable fastening of the insulation and the waterproofing layer.

If the formwork is ready, concrete is poured into it, and when it dries, the boards are disassembled.
The outer plane of the walls is primed, bituminous mastic is applied with a spatula, and then, after it dries, sheets of expanded polystyrene are glued on top. The space between the walls and the ground is filled with soil.

Basement external walls insulation scheme

Floor slabs are laid on top of the perimeter of the walls.

In principle, on this foundation for a house with a basement is ready - it remains on top of the basement to build the house itself.

Output

We got acquainted with how, in most cases, a foundation is made for a house with a full basement floor, as well as how waterproofing and insulation of such a foundation is done. We hope that this information will be useful to you in practice, and if you want to learn more, then check it out in this article.

http://moypodval.ru

Building a foundation for a house with a basement

A house with a basement has a number of advantages, the main of which is a large area. The main disadvantages can be considered the need for earthworks and an increase in the cost of project implementation. A reliable foundation for a house with a basement implies not only knowledge of the appropriate construction technology, but also the purchase of additional materials. This article will help you understand this issue, regardless of whether you are doing the construction yourself or hiring a contractor.

Strip base or slab?

A building with a basement or cellar needs a recessed base. When determining the required depth, it is important to take into account not only the characteristics of the house, but also factors such as the level of groundwater and the characteristics of the soil. Such calculations are usually carried out by professional builders. When all the calculations have been made, a choice is made in favor of one or another version of the foundation.

The most popular options for houses with a basement are:

Strip foundation. It is convenient in that it can be erected from various building materials, prefabricated structures or a monolith. To select certain materials, an accurate calculation of the foundation is carried out, taking into account such a parameter as the load from the house.
Reinforced slab base. The strip foundation has a serious disadvantage - it is unable to correctly distribute the load coming from the bearing walls on some types of soil. If you are building a house on problem ground, you should give preference to a slab base. It can be poured entirely on a selected area or equipped with separate slabs.

The strip and slab foundations differ not only in the materials used, but also in the price. The latter has a higher cost, which is fully justified when building a house with a basement on difficult ground. Peat bogs, clay and heaving soils are considered problematic. They are characterized by instability and high groundwater content. Because of this, they are subject to natural shrinkage and periodic movement. A regular foundation will not provide the necessary protection for a house, while a slab foundation has a large area for load distribution and guarantees the stability of the building. This is especially important for a home with a basement.

Future basement.

Stages of work

The peculiarities of building a foundation for a basement depend on the project of the house and the soil at the place of work. But, despite this, the stages of construction are always similar. For example, the following points are characteristic for the device of a slab base:

Preparation, that is, calculating the cost of work, purchasing all materials and ordering equipment.
Excavation of a pit and soil removal.
Creation of a cushion under the base using sand and crushed stone.
Pouring cement screed.
Arrangement of heat and waterproofing.
Actually the device of the foundation itself.
In case of close occurrence of groundwater, provision of a drainage system for the building.
Covering the basement of the house with a layer of hydro and thermal insulation.
Finishing, which is carried out 1 or 2 years after the completion of construction.

Preparation for construction

The work, as already mentioned, always begins with an accurate calculation of the foundation, drawing up a plan and estimating a budget. The cost of the work is calculated taking into account all the necessary building materials, as well as the order of equipment and trucks.

Excavation works.

If a reinforced concrete foundation was chosen, the concrete required for the foundation is taken into account. Also, adjustments are made to the original work plan.

It is very important to have time to fill the base in one day. Any delay threatens to reduce the strength of the structure. Installation of hydro and thermal insulation of the basement foundation is mandatory.

Technics and trucks will be needed at the very beginning. Since a foundation with a basement requires large-scale excavation work, do not skimp on this point. Trucks are needed to remove all excess land. Do not forget to leave some of the soil in order to fill the foundation.

Typically, the foundation is built below the level of soil freezing. First, the contours of the future building are outlined on the ground. Then excavation takes place using an excavator. The bottom of the resulting pit is cleaned and tamped by hand.

Creating the bottom of the base

After the completion of the preparatory stage, the lower part of the base is equipped. To do this, it is covered with several layers of sand and gravel. Each layer must be carefully tamped to avoid air voids.

Next, the cement screed is poured, which plays two important roles. First, it evens out the territory on which the foundation will be located. Secondly, the screed acts as heat and waterproofing, which is necessary for the basement foundation.

Pouring the foundation and completing construction

When the screed hardens, an additional layer of insulation is placed on it. Only now can you start pouring the foundation slab for the house with a basement. This stage includes several parts:

Formwork installation. In principle, most types of basement foundations cannot do without this important structural element. This form-building base helps to create the necessary shape of the concrete and to maintain it during its hardening.
Formwork reinforcement. It is carried out in accordance with the calculations. At this stage, reinforcement outlets about 100 cm long are also made in order to tightly tie the tape and the slab.
Pouring with concrete. If the weather is hot, the drying concrete must be watered with water. This compensates for the evaporated moisture needed to hydrate the material. Usually concrete dries completely in 2-3 days.
Organization of the drainage system. If there is groundwater nearby, it is worth taking the time to create drainage. For this, special pipes are laid below the level of the base of the house.
At the last stage of construction, a blind area is made, that is, a waterproof covering around the building. This will protect the foundation of the house with a basement from sedimentary waters. The basement is also covered with a layer of heat and waterproofing.

After completing the construction of the basement basement, you should wait 1-2 years before finishing the finishing work. It is then that the cladding and painting of the basement is carried out.

Thus, building a foundation with a basement with your own hands is not easy. To do this, you need to have certain experience and knowledge in the construction field. If you are not confident in your abilities, contact a professional team. They will help you determine whether you need a strip or slab foundation, make all the necessary calculations and carry out the most difficult stages of construction.

The foundation for a house with a basement - construction technology

A solid foundation for a house with a basement must support the weight of the building structure, as well as the impact of the soil. The principles of building a basement basement.

Source: podvaldoma.ru

Rules for building a foundation for a house with a basement

Rules for the manufacture of reinforcement for the base
Preparation for construction work
Formwork and concrete pouring
Arrangement of the pit and pouring the basement floor

The basement is a place that can simultaneously serve as a storage room for supplies for the winter and a warehouse for unnecessary things. As a rule, the arrangement of a full-fledged and functional basement must be started simultaneously with the construction of a house, i.e. from the moment the foundation was erected. Of course, the foundation for a house with a basement will be more expensive than a simple one, but the cost of its construction will pay off very quickly: the room under the floor will function as a "thermos", improving thermal insulation and reducing heating costs.

Basement foundation power circuits.

At first glance, the construction of such a structure is fraught with great difficulties, but with the proper skill it is possible to do it with your own hands.

The main thing is to decide on the type of foundation and make the correct calculations. According to experts, the best base for a house in this case is a strip foundation. Unlike columnar or slab, it does not require the arrangement of a high base and a large sample. The vertical segments of the strip base will serve as both the base of the building and the walls of the basement.

Rules for the manufacture of reinforcement for the base

Starting the construction of a foundation with a basement on our own, certain calculations should be made based on the height of the future structure. In this case, you can build on the following rule: the height of the basement should not be less than the height of the tallest member of the family. Also, the calculation of the foundation itself cannot be ignored. And if it makes no sense to calculate its bearing capacity, then it is necessary to calculate the compression and tension. Otherwise, the force of soil pressure, which will act on the monolithic foundation, without encountering resistance from the empty basement room, will simply split the concrete into parts.

Scheme of types of basement basement houses

With a planned basement height of 1.7-1.9 m, the base can be reinforced according to the following scheme:

2 grids with a vertical and horizontal step of about 40 cm are made from reinforcement with a diameter of 12 mm;
the meshes are transversely fastened to each other by reinforcement of the same diameter in a checkerboard pattern through 2 cells;
when laying reinforcement, the indent from the edge of the wall should be at least 5 cm.

The use of such reinforcement will reliably strengthen the monolithic foundation and prevent the destruction of concrete walls.

Preparation for construction work

If you decide, then we build the foundation of the house on our own. All construction work should begin with marking the site and preparing a foundation pit. It is also necessary to prepare tools and materials that will be needed during the construction process:

The device of the strip foundation with a basement.

Even a layman can make a competent marking of the site with his own hands, but it must be borne in mind that the presence of an error in the marking will lead to the construction of an uneven foundation and subsequent deformation of the walls of the house. Therefore, all marking angles are carefully checked using a tape measure.

You can make markings for a house with a basement as follows:

According to the plan, draw the perimeter of the future building along the ground.
Drive wooden pegs into the corners.
Adjust the distance between the pegs using the diagonals method, i.e. stretch the rope from the front right peg to the left rear peg, mark the distance. Then measure the length of the diagonal from the front left peg to the rear right. If the markings are done correctly, the diagonals between the stakes will be equal.

If the markings are verified, you can start digging trenches for the foundation. Trenches should be of the same depth and width around the entire perimeter of the house. With the required basement height of 1.7-1.9 m, the depth of the trench should be about 1.7 m. The excavated earth should be thrown to the outside, then it will be used for backfilling. When digging a trench, it is necessary to carefully monitor the quality of the walls: they must be even and not have ledges, which can lead to the collapse of the ground.

Formwork and concrete pouring

External insulation of the basement with a basement.

To erect the formwork with your own hands, you will need boards with a thickness of at least 25 mm. It is desirable that the side of the boards, directed towards the inside of the formwork under the monolithic foundation, is as smooth as possible. This will reduce the absorbency of the wood and improve the quality of the future substrate. You can make the boards smooth by treating them with a plane.

It is necessary to build shields from the boards, the height of which will be slightly higher than the height of the base walls. Then the formwork is installed around the entire perimeter of the future house and secured with spacers and slopes. At the bottom of the trench, a layer of gravel is poured, on top of which roofing material or any other waterproofing material is laid.

Reinforcement is placed in a trench prepared for pouring a concrete solution. In this case, the upper part of the reinforcement cage should not reach the upper end of the base by more than 2-2.5 cm. Otherwise, the reinforcement protruding from the foundation may interfere with the laying of the walls.

After installing the frame, concrete mortar is poured. Concrete can be purchased at the factory or made by hand. As a rule, a monolithic strip foundation is made of M200 concrete. For its preparation, you will need 5 parts of crushed stone, 1 part of M500 cement, 3 parts of river sand and 0.8 parts of water. If necessary, the amount of one or another component can be increased.

Diagram of the device for the blind area and basement waterproofing.

A base of this type is poured in layers. In this case, compulsory compaction of each layer is required. The uniformity of the pouring of concrete, on which the quality of the foundation with the cellar completely depends, is determined by the beacons. As beacons, you can use nails driven into the formwork at a distance of 1 m from each other at the level of pouring the concrete solution. The upper edge of the base is leveled with a trowel.

Concrete hardening takes place within 2-3 weeks, depending on the season and weather conditions. After that, you can remove the formwork, waterproof the base, if planned during the work, and fill the monolithic foundation from the outside with earth.

Arrangement of the pit and pouring the basement floor

When the concrete hardens, we proceed to the next stage of work and build a basement, fenced off with a base tape. To do this, a pit is dug in the fenced area, equal in depth to the strip foundation. All the excavated earth must be taken out of the inner space of the pit. At the end of the work, the bottom of the resulting pit should be leveled and covered with a layer of crushed stone of at least 10 cm. The crushed stone must be carefully tamped. It is best to do this with a manual rammer, which can be built from unnecessary logs.

Then the resulting pillow is poured with a layer of concrete mixture. With a close location of groundwater, the floor should be waterproofed, for which a layer of roofing material is laid on the crushed stone before pouring concrete. The concrete poured to the bottom of the pit must adhere closely to the walls of the foundation.

When the concrete floor is dry, you can proceed to waterproofing the basement walls. For this, the inner walls of the base are coated with hot bitumen or other liquid waterproofing materials. In the event that the foundation and basement are not waterproofed, it is necessary to build a drainage system and a high-quality blind area after building the house.

The construction of the basement with a basement has been completed. You can start building walls at home and arranging communications. With proper quality and adherence to all recommendations, the built basement will function for a sufficiently long time, and the base will withstand the load assigned to it, regardless of the number of storeys of the building and the type of roof.

Do-it-yourself foundation with a basement

How to build a monolithic foundation with a basement with your own hands? All construction work should begin with marking the site and preparing a foundation pit.

Source: moifundament.ru

The ideal foundation for a cottage with a basement - the best options

Dreaming of building their own house, many people vividly imagine what it will be like in the end - how many floors, how many rooms, how much area it can occupy.

These kinds of questions are critical and the approach to construction directly depends on them.

One of these topics is whether the house needs a basement or a basement.

The basement room gives many bonuses to its owner - additional areas for storing tools and pickles, where you can install a boiler room. And if you go deeper into the ground, then you can even build a workshop, home theater or laundry.

However, this kind of premises make construction more expensive.

What foundation is suitable for houses with a plinth

In the construction of low-rise housing, columnar, strip, slab and pile foundations are most often used. For the construction of premises with basements, the columnar and pile options are not suitable due to the difficulties that may arise during the construction of the basement.

Most often, in houses with basements, a slab or strip foundation is used.

When choosing between these two options, it is necessary to assess the quality of the soil, as well as the proximity of groundwater. If the soil is not earthquake resistant, and the water is close, then a single concrete slab is more suitable as a foundation.

The slab foundation is a single monolithic reinforced concrete structure, which is laid immediately under the entire building. Another advantage of this foundation is that it can withstand almost any weight of the building, and when groundwater rises, it rises with the house.

The process of laying such a foundation is reduced to the following stages:

A hole is dug about half a meter below the estimated level of the basement floor and covered with rubble or sand by 20-30 cm. The resulting layer is thoroughly spilled with water.
Next comes a layer of concrete, preferably at least 5 cm.
A layer of any waterproofing is laid (usually roofing material)
Another layer of concrete is poured.
Another intermediate layer of iron reinforcement and thermal insulation material.
It is closed with a third layer of concrete, but this time with a layer of at least 25 cm.

After completing these works, you can start building the walls of the basement, they also need to be reinforced to increase strength and closed with waterproofing to avoid structural damage due to wetting.

The strip foundation can be of two types - block, in this case, the foundation is laid with ready-made bricks or monolithic, that is, it is poured similarly to the tiled one, but using formwork.

In a block strip foundation, the speed and ease of assembly attracts.

Monolithic strip foundations are most often used in the construction of private houses and other low-rise buildings with basements. In the process of laying, the sand-crushed stone layer is first lined, the formwork is formed and concrete is laid into it. Further, the layers are repeated similarly to working with a monolithic foundation (waterproofing, concrete, reinforcement, thermal insulation and the final concrete layer).

The strip foundation is quite reliable and its convenience is that it can be used in buildings of any shape and any area. Assembling such a foundation is much faster and easier than laying a tiled monolith. Although both methods are quite expensive and require skills and abilities from the performers.

It is worth noting that in houses with basements there is a danger of radon gas poisoning - it can accumulate in the lower underground floors of the room, getting there from the ground. In order to avoid this kind of poisoning, it is possible to bring the pipes up from the sand-crushed stone layer in the process of laying the soil.

Ideal foundation for a cottage with a basement

In this article, we will talk about how to choose and build the perfect foundation for a cottage with a basement. Features and details later in the article ...

Source: otopleniedomov.com

Monolithic strip foundation for the house

A monolithic strip foundation is a one-piece structure made of steel reinforcement and concrete strip. It is located around the perimeter of the building and under all load-bearing walls and elements. If the technology is observed, the structure becomes a single whole - a monolith - and has a very high reliability and strength characteristics. For this reason, it is popular both in the construction of multi-storey buildings and private cottages.

It is advisable to use a monolithic strip foundation with a low level of groundwater: when they are located below the required depth of the foundation. Otherwise, it is necessary to organize drainage, and this is additional (and considerable) funds.

This is what the finished monolithic strip foundation looks like.

Device and types

In terms of depth, strip foundations are shallow and deep. Shallow ones can be used on calm, non-powdery soils with good bearing capacity for buildings with a small mass - made of wood and erected using frame technology.

In this case, the tape should go 10-15 cm into a solid layer, which is located under the fertile one. At the same time, according to the standards, it cannot be less than 60 cm.

Types of strip foundations by depth

Deep-laid monolithic strip foundations are made for heavy, massive houses. In the general case, they are lowered 10-15 cm below the level of soil freezing for a given region. In this case, the sole must be supported by a layer with good load-bearing capacity. If this is not the case, you have to go deeper below. For example, if the level of freezing of soils is 1.2 m, and the fertile layer ends at 1.4 m, then you have to drop below 1.4 m.

With or without formwork

In general, the technology for erecting a monolithic strip foundation provides for the installation of formwork. These are panel structures that shape the concrete and prevent it from spreading. It is clear that the formwork is an additional cost for materials, as well as additional time for its assembly and installation.

Formwork - a structure made of boards or plywood, which gives the foundation a shape

Sometimes, in order to save money, on good soils, a foundation pit is dug exactly along the markings - to the required width and depth. And concrete is poured into these pits without formwork. Such technology cannot guarantee the required degree of reliability; the result cannot be predicted. The fact is that concrete needs a certain amount of water to gain normal strength. Without formwork, water, although a little, is absorbed into the soil, which can affect the quality of the concrete stone itself. In the worst case, it can crumble.

They get out of the situation by spreading plastic wrap in the trench. But then they walk on it - you need to do the reinforcement. Both rods and boots damage the film more than once. As a result, moisture still goes away.

A foundation without formwork is a risky undertaking

In some cases, such foundations can be defended for a number of years without problems. But sooner or later, cracks appear or concrete begins to crumble. The second difficulty in working with such a foundation is its far from ideal geometry. In order to reduce heat loss, the foundation is insulated, and most often with foam plates or extruded polystyrene foam. Try sticking them on an uneven surface. The same situation with vapor barrier: it is very difficult (almost impossible) to stick the film on uneven, porous concrete with impregnated soil. Whether such an approach is justified or not is up to you, but such a foundation can only be recommended for a fence or a shed.

Basement in a house with strip foundations

The basement can be the same area as the house, or it can only take up part of the space. And you need to decide on its size before design.

If the basement takes up only a certain part of the space, it will be possible not to remove all the soil, but to dig only trenches for the tape. They also dig the basement according to certain rules. Its placement and arrangement can also be developed at the design stage.

A strip monolithic foundation with a basement is a difficult design task (to enlarge the picture, right-click on it)

If it was decided to make the basement later, then you need to choose a place and determine the depth so that when you draw lines from the base of the house at an angle of 45 °, they do not pass through the voids (shown in the photo on the right).

If the basement is located under the entire area of the house, then the entire soil is removed to the required depth. In general, such a project cannot be called a budget project: there is much more work and costs. Firstly, reinforced wall reinforcement and their greater thickness are required. Since there will be no soil inside, the walls of the basement will need to resist the pressure of the soil from the outside. Therefore, the thickness of the tape will be much larger and the reinforcement needs more powerful, it fits with a smaller step, and the number of reinforcement belts will also increase. As a result, the consumption of reinforcement will increase only on the foundation. Secondly, concreting will be required and, possibly, reinforcement of the basement floor throughout the entire area. And these are materials again - concrete and reinforcement. Third, effective ventilation will be required to remove underground gases. Such a structure can no longer be designed independently. A professional with extensive experience should work.

One of the options for arranging a foundation for a house with a basement (to enlarge the picture, right-click on it)

Monolithic strip foundation: construction stages

Even if an organization or a team will build a house, the developer needs to know the technology: this is the only way to control the process and be sure of the quality of the work.

In general, the technology is as follows:

Site marking.
Land works.
Base compaction, base bedding and ramming.
Marking the tape.
Waterproofing.
Formwork assembly and installation.
Armature knitting.
Pouring and vibrating concrete.
Curing.

Some clarification is required. Double markings - plot and tape - are needed if the house will be with a basement under the entire area of the house. The first time you mark out the area of the house, taking into account the allowances for the installation of the formwork. Here you can’t do without it. Then, after the pit has been dug and the bottom is poured and tamped, it will be necessary to mark the tape. These marks will then be used to install the formwork, which will form the "profile" of your house.

Now a little more detail about each of the stages.

Site marking

Since the soil was examined in a certain area for design, it must be tied tightly. The underground structure is often heterogeneous and a displacement of half a meter can be critical: suddenly there are subsiding rocks or a cavity. It is hardly worth positioning with an accuracy of a centimeter, but it is advisable not to miss too much.

So you can make a markup for the foundation on the site

Earthworks

Their volumes and the technique used depend on whether you will have a house with or without a basement. If not, then you marked the tape - this is how you will need to remove the soil. Only with a margin for the installation of the formwork - and this is sometimes 50 * 80 cm on each side. For the shields, spacers are needed that will prevent them from falling apart.

If the house has a basement, all the soil will need to be removed. The dimensions of the pit are 2-5 m larger than the dimensions of the foundation. This is all the same stock for formwork struts.

If the house has a basement, the foundation pit turns out to be large

For large volumes, it is better to use a special technique. Renting it costs a lot, but the work of a team of "diggers" for several days will not cost less. The speeds are disproportionate.

The top fertile layer is laid separately, it can be immediately distributed throughout the garden. The rest of the soil is dumped in a heap: partly it will go to backfilling, partly it will need to be taken out.

For a house without a basement, dig less

Compaction of the bottom of the excavation and bedding

After the bulk of the soil has been removed, the bottom must be leveled and compacted. When working with an excavator, it often happens that some areas are 20-30 cm deeper than necessary. All these irregularities must be corrected: fill up and tamp.

Tamping and leveling are needed over the entire area of the excavation or trench. Moreover, not with the help of a deck. It can be used if you are building a fence. Even during the construction of a bathhouse or summer cottage, it is better to use a vibrating plate.

Let's figure out why. The entire load of the building falls on this level. Even small voids and irregularities can cause uneven shrinkage and cracking. And the bottom after the excavation of the earth is uneven. And this can be eliminated with a tamper. It is even better if a layer of sand with medium to fine grains is poured onto the bottom. Due to its smaller size, it aligns better. But for a better and faster ramming, it needs to be moistened (pour water to wet its entire volume). The vibrating plate creates a force that compacts the sand by 15-20 cm. It is this layer that needs to be poured at one time. If, according to the project, a layer of sand is 30 cm, then you first need to pour 15 cm, shed and tamp it to a high density. Then pour in the second one and spill and tamp it too.

There are even narrow rammers for compacting the soil in the trench.

Often the project requires the creation of sand and gravel bedding. Then another layer of crushed stone with a fraction of 30-60 mm is poured over the compacted sand. And it is also compacted. The thickness of this layer of backfill is 10-15 cm. It also needs to be poured in small layers of about 5 cm and each tamped.

In this case, the soil is not only leveled, it becomes even denser: crushed stone is driven into the underlying rock, increasing its bearing capacity. Since the slab hits the stone with great force, the compaction occurs to a depth of 40-50 cm. And this is very good.

Formwork for a monolithic strip foundation

The formwork is made from boards with a thickness of at least 40 mm, low-grade plywood or OSB. Plywood is inexpensive, special - formwork. On the one hand, it has lamination - there is a protective film. Therefore, it can be used several times.

Shields made of sheet materials are reinforced with transverse and longitudinal bars. From the boards they are fastened with crossbars. The assembled shields are exposed according to the marking of the tape, fixed from the outside with slopes, and spacers are installed inside. All these fasteners must give the formwork the given dimensions. They will not allow the shields to fall apart or bulge out when pouring concrete: the mass will press on the walls a lot, therefore the fasteners must be reliable.

Formwork is an inapplicable attribute of a high-quality foundation

Reinforcement

Due to the structural features - large length and small width - the strip foundation is influenced mainly by forces that try to break the strip across. Therefore, it must be strengthened along the long side. Here they use powerful ribbed reinforcement from 10 mm in diameter and more. All transverse reinforcement only stabilizes the longitudinal rods in space, therefore it can be taken smooth and used with a small thickness - 6-8 mm.

Reinforcement scheme for strip foundation

Moreover, in most cases, regardless of the depth of occurrence, two reinforcing belts are sufficient: at the top and bottom of the tape. The exception is the construction of the foundation with a basement under the whole house.

The scheme of reinforcement of the strip monolithic foundation is shown in the photo. At each connection point, the reinforcement is tied with a special wire. This is done by hand using hooks or automatic devices - knitting guns.

There is another way: welding. But its use is not always justified. The work is faster, but the connection is tight. When tying with wire, the reinforcement has some freedom. And it helps to compensate for some deformations without breaking the concrete. When welding, the joints are rigid, which is not bad on the one hand, but on the other, too rigid a structure can cause cracks.

And this is how the reinforcement looks live

One more point: the weld point always begins to collapse first. Although the reinforcement is located in the thickness of the concrete, and therefore does not corrode (oxygen does not penetrate to it), in case of any violations and the flow of oxygen, the welded joints are destroyed first.

At this stage, the ventilation ducts and ducts are laid through which engineering communications will be supplied to the house. If you forget about this, you will have to destroy the monolith and this is very undesirable: the fewer flaws, the stronger the structure will be.

Pouring strip foundation

When building a more or less large house, it is easier and better to order the delivery of ready-made concrete to the site in a mixer. Then the filling can be done in one day.

You can make concrete yourself. But this will require a concrete mixer. It is impossible to ensure the proper degree of homogeneity by manually mixing the components in troughs.

For pouring a large foundation, it is easier to order a ready-made solution.

For manual pouring, you will need at least three people: one kneads the concrete in a concrete mixer, the second distributes the finished portion, and the third vibrates the newly poured area.

Vibration of concrete is carried out using hand-held or portable submersible vibrators. This process removes all voids and distributes the aggregate more evenly. As a result, the strength characteristics of concrete are much improved, it acquires frost resistance due to the fact that it absorbs water much less. Therefore, do not skip this stage: with the same components in the solution, we get concrete of a higher grade as a result.

To make the concrete more homogeneous and acquire additional frost resistance, treat it with a vibrator

Another point: when pouring from the machine, you need to use special gutters. Firstly, it is easier with them to deliver concrete to the desired point, and secondly, the solution should not fall from a great height. If the drop height exceeds 150 cm, it delaminates. The result is low strength.

Curing

If the work was carried out in hot dry weather, the tape must be covered with plastic wrap or any other material that prevents rapid evaporation of moisture. Since the depth of the concrete is large, wetting the surface will not give tangible results. The main thing is not to let the top dry out and the film copes with this task perfectly.

If the temperature during and after pouring is kept in the region of + 20 ° C, three days after pouring the concrete will gain a strength of about 50%. And on the fourth day, the formwork can be removed and further work can be started.

At lower temperatures, you need to wait longer: at + 10 ° C it is already 10-14 days, and at + 5 ° C the setting process practically stops. In such conditions, it is necessary either to insulate the formwork, or to heat up the concrete.

The monolithic strip foundation is ready, but there is still work to be done on its insulation and waterproofing. Only after that they fall asleep (backfill).

Monolithic strip foundation: device, structure, construction procedure

When building private cottages on heaving soils, a monolithic strip foundation is most often used. It takes a long time to build, but it is highly reliable.