Stages of design in state-of-the-art construction. Design - house design, building design, residential building projects, architectural design, engineering design

Design preparation for construction and reconstruction of a facility includes the following stages:

Development, coordination and approval of an architectural and urban planning solution - an architectural project (can be developed as part of project documentation);

Development, coordination, examination and approval of project documentation;

Development of working documentation.

The stages of design of a construction project are established by the Customer together with the designer in the design assignment.

· Stage "Sketch Design" (ED) - for technically complex objects with respect to urban planning, architectural, artistic and environmental requirements, engineering support, as well as the basis for drawing up architectural and planning assignments and design assignments, preparation of initial permitting documentation.

· Stage Project (P) - the main approved stage of design of construction and reconstruction projects.

· Stage Detailed documentation (DD) - a set of documents necessary for the production of construction and installation work.

· Stage Detailed Design (DP) - a stage that combines the two previous stages, namely the project and working documentation.

The design documentation at the Draft Design (DS) stage includes:

1. General explanatory note with initial permitting documentation.

2. Situation plan, M 1:5000, 1:2000.

3. Basic plan (plan of the existing use of the territory), M 1:1000,1:500.

4. General plan, M 1:1000, 1:500.

5. Plans of the first and non-repeating floors, facades, sections, M 1:200, 1:100,1:50.

6. Demonstration material (layout, general appearance, color scheme).

The design documentation at the Project (P) stage, the approved part of the working design (DP), includes:

1. Initial materials for design;

2. General explanatory note;

3. General plan and transport;

4. Architectural and construction solutions;

5. Solutions for engineering equipment and systems;

6. Engineering networks;

7. Environmental protection and sanitary and hygienic requirements;

8. Engineering and technical measures of civil defense. Measures to prevent emergency situations;

9. Technological solutions (if necessary);

10. Organization of construction (if necessary);

11. Consolidated estimate of construction costs;

12. Justification of investment efficiency (if necessary).

13. Organization and working conditions of workers (for production facilities);

14. Production and enterprise management (for production facilities).

The working draft is developed in a reduced volume and composition, determined depending on the type of construction and functional purpose of the object, in relation to the composition and content of the “Project” stage.

The working design includes working documentation.

Working documentation - is a set of working drawings and text documents containing the necessary information about the construction project, and is the basis for construction and installation work, as well as the manufacture of building products in factories or directly on the construction site.

Working documentation for construction must be issued to the customer in full. In this case, the composition of the working documentation in each specific case is established when concluding agreements (contracts) between the customer and the contractor.

The working documentation for the construction of a building or structure generally includes:

1) basic sets of working drawings intended for construction and installation work;

2) working documentation for construction products in accordance with GOST 21.501, provided for by the corresponding basic sets of working drawings;

3) specifications of equipment, products and materials in accordance with GOST 21.110;

4) statements of requirements for materials, statements of volumes of construction and installation work;

5) estimate documentation according to established forms (consolidated estimate calculation, object and local estimates).

Designing each construction site consists of stages. Depending on the decision of the customer (developer) and requirements town planning regulations conducts design work in one, two or three stages.

Design stages are divided into:

Project documentation
Working documentation
Working draft

Sketch Design (Architectural and urban planning appearance of a capital construction project)

It represents the stage of pre-project preparation during which the feasibility of design and construction work, is agreed upon with the customer and architectural departments of the city, district, region... (galaarchitecture, etc.). During it, a detailed study of the parameters of the planned object is carried out before a decision is made regarding all sections including design.

The purpose of the preliminary design is to justify the placement of the object, determine its investment attractiveness, visualization appearance and planning, determining the possibilities of constructing a facility or its reconstruction, taking into account a number of aspects of a social, economic, historical, cultural, urban planning, sanitary and hygienic and environmental nature.

The preliminary design includes:

Explanatory note
Situation plan with areas adjacent to the facility
General plan (site diagram)
Floor plans with explications of premises
Sections describing the “pies” and structural elements
Facades, developments and fragments of facades
Color and volumetric design of facades
Photomontage of an existing object
Visualization in 3D

Project documentation

The stage of development of design documentation for the construction of facilities and reconstructions, requiring approval by expert review. Developed in accordance with state standards.

The composition of project documentation is regulated by 87 paragraphs and includes:

This is all in the “Communication Networks” section

The documentation developed at the “Project” stage serves as the basis for approval, obtaining a construction permit and subsequent development of “Working Documentation”. Coordinated with the examination bodies.

Working documentation

Working documentation is the detailing of design documentation and its preparation for construction and installation work, including all the components, parts, statements, specifications necessary for the work.

The composition is regulated state standards, is specified by the customer and the project developer in the contract. For particularly complex objects, two design stages are provided: design and working. Working documentation is developed on the basis of decisions made after approval of the project documentation. If affected bearing structures buildings, design documentation is subject to state examination.

Working draft

A working project is a one-stage design that reduces the development time by 1.5-2 times, reducing the cost of creating a project by 30%. As part of it, in some cases, when working with objects of medium complexity, it is allowed to develop solutions within the scope of the Project with subsequent refinement of working drawings. The composition of the documentation, depending on the customer’s requirements, may be reduced or increased.

The list of initial data for project development includes:

Urban planning plan of the land plot (GPZU)
Title documents for the land plot
results engineering surveys(geodetic, geological, environmental...)
Technical conditions for connection to energy supply networks (electricity, heat, water supply, sewerage, communications, gas...)

In each specific project, the list of initial data may differ and is determined at the stage of consideration of the designed object.

Project documentation must be coordinated with the examination and other interested supervisory authorities.

To get the job done quickly and efficiently, you should contact highly qualified professionals.

The design documentation may include the following development stages:
I. Draft design "EP";
II. Feasibility study "TEO", feasibility study "TER";
III. Project "P";
IV. Working draft (DP);
V. Working documentation (P).

All these together are called design stages. Depending on the category of complexity of the design object, it can be carried out in one, two or three stages. Determining the complexity of an object is the responsibility of the customer and the designer.

The customer can instruct designers to carry out pre-design work on the placement of an object in any territory without special permits and approvals (with the exception of zones with a special security regime). Such pre-design work cannot be a design stage and is subject only to review and approval by the customer and urban planning and architecture authorities. The composition, volume and cost of these works are determined by the relevant agreement (contract).

I. Stage: Pre-project proposal

The pre-project stage includes a Sketch Design, which allows us to work out in more detail all the parameters of the object before making final decisions on all sections of the design, and a Design Project, which represents a set of works to develop the interior and exterior of the designed object in accordance with the functional purpose and the chosen style direction.

Draft design (ED)

"EP" is being developed to fundamentally determine the requirements for urban planning, architectural, artistic, environmental and functional solutions for the facility, confirming the possibility of creating a civil facility.

As part of the "EP" to justify decisions made on the customer's instructions, engineering and technical developments, facility engineering diagrams, and calculations can be additionally carried out. estimated cost and justification for the effectiveness of investments, in the case of designing an object in a block of existing buildings - an urban planning justification for the placement of the object.

"EP" is developed on the basis of the design assignment and initial data.

When developing the "EP" and determining its composition, one should be guided by the "Regulations on the draft architectural project", approved by order of the State Construction Committee of Ukraine dated October 23, 1991 No. 51-839/1. "EP" after approval by the town planning and architecture authorities, approval for a three-stage design or approval for a two-stage design by the investor is the basis for the development of the next stage.

II. Feasibility study (TES) and technical and economic calculation (TEC)

A feasibility study is developed for industrial facilities that require detailed justification of relevant decisions and determination of options and feasibility of constructing the facility.

FER is used for technically simple industrial facilities.

Feasibility studies and feasibility studies are developed based on the design assignment and initial data.

III. Stage: Project (Part of the detailed design that is approved)

The project is the main stage of designing construction and reconstruction projects, approved. Developed in accordance with government regulations, rules and standards. Certified by the corresponding record of the person responsible for the project (chief engineer of the project, chief architect of the project who manages the project).

The project is being developed to determine urban planning, architectural, artistic, environmental, technical, technological, engineering solutions object, estimated cost of construction and technical and economic indicators based on the design assignment, initial data and the previous stage approved during the three-stage design.

The project, after coordination and approval, is the basis for the development of the next design stage. The composition and content of sections “P” can be specified and supplemented by the customer in the design assignment, depending on the purpose and complexity of the objects being designed.

Conceptual solution;
Explanatory note;
Calculation justification.

IV. Working draft (DP)

"RP" is developed to determine specific urban planning, architectural, artistic, environmental, technical, technological, engineering solutions for the facility, the estimated cost of construction, technical and economic indicators and the implementation of construction and installation work (working drawings). "RP" is used for technically simple objects, as well as objects using mass-projects (standard projects).

"RP" is a general design stage and consists of two parts - a consent drawing and a working drawing. The conciliatory part is subject to coordination, examination and approval, and working drawings are developed for the construction of the facility. The approved part consists of an explanatory note, executed in a reduced volume relative to the project, depending on the type of construction and functional purpose of the object, estimate documentation, section of construction organization and drawings. The explanatory note must include an EIA (environmental impact assessment) section.

V. Stage: Working documentation (P)

Stage "P" is being developed for construction and installation work based on the approved previous stage (exceptions are sometimes possible). It includes working drawings. The volume and detail of working drawings must be brought to the minimum required volumes.

After approval of “P”, “EP”, “TER”, by decision of the customer, working drawings can be developed by a contractor or another designer who has received the right to the corresponding type of activity in the prescribed manner, with the involvement of the authors or with their written consent for the execution of working drawings by other performers with compliance with copyright decisions approved by “P”, “EP”, “TER” and compliance with copyrights.

For individual complex objects, the designer, when completing working documentation, can carry out additional developments that are not provided for by regulatory documents and clarify project materials. The need for these developments is determined by the customer. For industrial facilities, the initial data should also include information about the need for energy resources, service sites and equipment security.

Working drawings;
Specifications of equipment, products and materials;
Estimate documentation;

The PCB-PROJECT company guarantees full protection and examination of the produced design documentation for the designed objects in all government authorities that carry out the examination of the project.

The production, composition of design documentation, drawings are regulated in accordance with:

GOST 21.101-97 "System of design documentation for construction. Basic requirements for design and working documentation"

The design structure reflects the process of activity aimed at creating such a primary description of an object that will allow this not yet existing object to be created in reality. This description must be sufficient (detailed, detailed, comprehensive) and understandable to the performer (for which various generally accepted design rules are introduced).

In the final form, after completing the transition from the initial description to the final one, a package of documents must be received containing all the information about the form of creation of the object. To achieve this goal, a complex of creative, research and design work is carried out. In this sense, the design process can be considered as a specific sequence consisting of stages, stages and procedures. The stages and stages of design will depend on the type of presentation of the design process and what specific design standards are characteristic of a particular industry.

Staged design structure

The concept of design includes the creation of a primary description of a future object. The basis for design is manifested in the expressed needs of society, which in one way or another declares the need for the emergence of technical objects, phenomena and processes of varying complexity and purpose.

If we consider the design process from the moment the idea is conceived, then

the emergence of a project idea in its original form should be classified as a creative act that is difficult to automate. Today, such an idea is mainly still born in the creative laboratory of the designer or in the minds of the customer in the form of a general concept of the project, and then is refined during pre-project discussions. However, with the development of artificial intelligence, even this stage of idea generation will, in all likelihood, be increasingly entrusted to a computer, just as the computer is now entrusted with the full automatic design of technically simple objects.

Based on the degree of human and computer participation in the design, there are two types of process:

automatic - when the computer performs the full scope of design tasks,
automated - when “responsibilities” are distributed between a person and a computer in different proportions.

Since most processes now cannot be done without human participation, the share of computer-aided design is much larger than the share of fully automatic design. This is indirectly expressed in the formation of a set of generally accepted stages and stages of design. However, the creation and involvement of artificial intelligence may soon completely change not only the substantive features of design activity, but also traditional formal approaches, including ideas about the stages of design.

Two views of the design structure

At the moment, there are 2 representations of the design structure in the broad sense of this concept:

The structure of the process of implementing a design idea in the form of a formal solution, by gradually expanding the description of the object. This is the structure of the implementation of the idea, for which the design rules and design standards have determined their list of stages.

The structure for the development of project documentation with its own design sections, requirements and specifics for each individual industry.

In the first view, the structure determines which stages and steps need to be completed in a certain order. In the second presentation - in what form and sequence it is necessary to draw up a documentary description for each of these stages, taking into account industry requirements.

Thus, the concept of design process structure is applicable to design as a process of transition from an idea (ideal image) to the embodiment of an image in one or another material expression.

This process begins with a study of the public or private need that became the basis for initiating the design process. The need is expressed to conclude an appropriate agreement with the design organization, which represents the basis for the design. Part of such an agreement becomes a technical specification and/or technical proposal, which becomes a “road map” for the designer in implementing the process.

At intermediate stages, a comprehensive process of research, calculations and design decision-making takes place, which involves constant refinement of the results obtained. In the course of this, various intermediate types of descriptions arise, summing up step-by-step results in solving one or another type of problem. In general, design has developed certain formats for intermediate descriptions, which will be discussed individually below.

The result of the evolution of the idea and the development of its material design is a package of documentation, a three-dimensional layout, 3D visualization and other forms of material expression of the idea, depending on what method was used by the design organization in the process.

Currently, the most progressive results are three-dimensional mock-ups of objects with the application of graphic documentation and visualization, made using a computer and/or photo and film projection methods. This allows you to both see the entire object in space from the outside and simulate the natural movement of people in space (in architectural design). However, graphic documents that are understandable to any specialist remain the main link for the results of project activities: text descriptions, diagrams, tables, drawings, graphs, sketches. This method of transmitting project information maintains the status of the international language of project activities.

Since the designer works with an object that does not yet exist, it is not possible to immediately create a comprehensive description of it (especially when we are talking not about standard, but about innovative developments). Therefore, one of the main features of design is its iterative specificity - cyclic repetition associated with clarification and refinement. Each iterative turn adds accuracy and completeness to the description of the designed object.

One of the consequences of such clarification and increasing the completeness of the description is the division of design into the following main design stages:

The R&D stage is scientific research work, which combines pre-design research, the technical specifications stage and part of the technical proposal stage.
The R&D stage is experimental design work, combining the second part of the technical proposal stage, the preliminary design stage and the technical design stage.
The detailed design stage, which combines the stages of a detailed design and stages that include work with an already physically created object: debugging, testing, putting into operation.

One more characteristic feature the collective nature of project activity becomes, and the requirement to involve specialists in various fields in the process, which is due to the technical complexity and versatility of the object.

The multivariance of solutions and methods, thanks to the expansion of tools, on the one hand, allows the designer to solve any design problem without committing himself to the framework of any one method, which, as a rule, is always limited in application. On the other hand, all participants in the design process must be fully able to manage the design tools so that different qualifications do not interfere with procedural consistency. Basic design principles expressed in terms of:

unification, reducing the variety of elements of the same type in functionality,
standardization, which limits diversity by using standard elements,
normalization using previously developed elements.

Depending on the direction of the design process, which may either strive to synthesize system options from component blocks or involve the decomposition of complex descriptions, the stages of the processes will also differ.

Sequence of the design process depending on the approach

The structure can either be assembled from component blocks into a single system, or undergo a gradual process of detailing and decomposition of complex descriptions, which corresponds to the structural approach in the first case, and the block-hierarchical approach in the second.

The essence of the block-hierarchical approach to design is to divide the description of an object into different hierarchical levels, which correspond to the degree of detail of the properties of the object (or its part). That is, at the beginning of the first stage, the structure of the object is closed, unknown, requiring detail and clarification of the structure. The description of the first level gives a certain degree of detail, reveals the presence of connections between blocks and establishes a hierarchical connection with another level. Then the second and subsequent levels are also detailed and worked out. Detailing is considered sufficient when the blocks of the last level demonstrate a simple and transparent structure.

Each level will have its own forms of documentation, its own mathematical apparatus that facilitates the construction of algorithms, and its own set of tools (models, methods, languages, tools) inherent in this particular level.

Such an approach to the design object also indirectly affects the typology of the choice of design route and the division of movement along this route into stages. However, regardless of the approach, universal design concepts are applied in describing the process.

Thus, the basic concepts of design in terms of implementing the process of describing a future object are a design solution, a design procedure and a design operation.

A design solution is an intermediate or final (final) description of a future object, which is sufficient to create an object using available materials or (at an intermediate stage) to determine the further direction of activity and the possibility of actually moving towards it.
A design procedure is a formalized, regulated set of actions, the completion of which is a design solution. Procedures include finding a solution, adjustment, control, verification of correctness, optimization, etc. In this sense, the design process can be described as a sequence of design procedures, which together constitute a design route.
A project operation is a formalized set of actions, limited to a part of the project procedure, with an algorithm that is unchanged for a number of project procedures.

Since these concepts are associated with the implementation of a set of actions, the sequence of their implementation can also be presented in the form of a staged or staged process. However, such a view will only be a partial reflection general process design, and in general, the design stages are presented in the form of a list, including the stages of technical specifications, technical proposal, preliminary design, technical design, working documentation and certification.

Stages of the design process

GOSTs 2.103-68, and R 15.201-2000 define the structure and design rules that the customer and contractors are guided by when concluding an agreement, assessing the work done, and reporting. According to them, to structural elements design includes the following stages.

Terms of reference (TOR). The assignment establishes the main conceptual, technical and functional characteristics of the object, basic and special technical and economic tasks, requirements for compliance with requirements at various stages and stages of creating documentation, and composition.
Technical Proposal (PT). Such a proposal is a set of documents containing a feasibility study and technical justification for the feasibility of the project. A conclusion on feasibility is given after analyzing the customer’s technical specifications and considering alternative solutions by comparing them with each other. The basis for creating a technical proposal is also the characteristics of the object being created and the availability of patent materials. In construction, technical and economic calculations are carried out for relatively simple production and linear facilities in a more condensed form compared to justification.
Draft design (ED). At this stage, a package of documents is created that contain both general ideas about the principles of operation and structure of the object (including purpose, overall dimensions and other parameters), and information about the set of fundamental solutions chosen for this object. In the case of designing particularly complex objects, additional pre-design studies (pre-design) can be carried out, the result of which is the justification of the possibility of creating the intended object and the feasibility of the execution option. At this stage, prototypes for testing can also be created.
Technical design (TP). Technical documentation contains final solutions reflecting the structure of the facility and the initial data that is the basis of the working design.
Working draft (DP). At this stage, detailed documentation sufficient for the production of a prototype is developed. Based on the test results (which also take place in several stages - first at the plant, and then as part of the transfer process to the customer), the documentation can be corrected, clarified and, if necessary, expanded to allow the production of serial product samples (installation series). Next, the cycle of testing and clarification of documentation is repeated, reaching the level of the control series, the testing of which can also make a number of changes to the final version of the working documentation.
Certification. Control stage confirming the quality of manufactured products. In different versions, such a control stage can be a mandatory or voluntary examination. Certification can also be voluntary, but its implementation gives additional competitive advantages to the product when entering new markets. Most often, mandatory examination becomes a fundamental a necessary condition for export promotion.

When developing project documentation, several stages are often combined with each other, which is due to the degree of complexity of the task. The stage of setting the technical specifications and the stage of technical design can be part of the cycle of research and development work. The technical proposal stage and the preliminary design stage are part of the development work.

Industry specific features of design stages using the example of design in construction

Regarding the staged development of documentation in construction based on requirements Town Planning Code RF, Government Decree No. 87, GOSTs and SNiPs defining design standards, a certain order and list of process stages have been formed.

Unlike previous rules, the current design rules and standards do not imply a formal regulatory division of the design process into stages. Instead of design stages, the concepts of “Design documentation” and “Working documentation” apply. However, the actual chronology of the development of these types of documentation can be either sequential or parallel (which the current design rules do not prohibit). In this sense, it is legitimate to talk about the actual division of the construction design process into stages.

One-stage design, in this case, should be called a process in which the development of both design and working documentation is carried out in parallel. This makes it possible to speed up the implementation of the project as a whole, however, the logical continuity of the two types of documentation determines the two-stage model as more preferable for complex projects.
In a two-stage construction design model, the stage of working documentation is moved on only after the completion of the design documentation stage, all approvals and approval. With this approach, the costs of processing project documentation are minimized if ineffective solutions were identified during the analysis of the results.

In general, in design there is a tendency to increase the number of stages with an increase in the degree of complexity and detail of the designed object. The ratio of the possible number of stages to the complexity category of an object is as follows:

The one-stage model is used when designing objects of 1-3 categories of complexity, as well as in relation to objects built according to repeated and/or standard projects. This model, all other things being equal, allows you to reduce the design time by one and a half to two times, reducing the cost of development by approximately 40%. But the risks of making a mistake also increase, which makes the one-stage model unpopular in Russia.
The two-stage model is applicable to more technical complex buildings- objects of categories 4-5, as well as those objects of the 3rd category of complexity for which an individual approach is required in design.
The two-stage model, complicated by the pre-project proposal stage, as in the previous case, is applicable to objects of categories 4-5 and individual objects of category 3, if an insufficient list of initial permitting documentation is discovered, which requires refinement and clarification.

The complexity category of a structure depends simultaneously on many parameters: purpose, number of floors, configuration. The same type of structure may refer to different categories. So, using the example of warehouses, it can be seen that seasonal agricultural warehouses belong to the first category of complexity, warehouses with engineering support- to the second, and warehouses with engineering equipment - to the third (according to Methodological recommendations to determine the cost of contract bidding). Large military warehouses can also be classified in the 4th category in terms of complexity. But in general, the more complex the structure, the higher the complexity class and the more important it is to follow the logic of stages when designing.

However, even in construction industry the emergence of technological design methods is gradually beginning to erase the differences between stages. For example, already now with 3D-BIM design, the stages differ only in the degree of detail, and the entire work process is carried out by different specialists simultaneously in a single virtual space with tracking of all changes in real time.

Design standards in construction suggest dividing design into the following components within a two-stage (and three-stage) model:

Pre-project proposal.

During this period, a primary set of documents is collected, which is needed to pass regulatory approvals in the region and obtain architectural and planning assignments or initial permitting documentation (the preparation and development of which is also part of this stage).

The proposal substantiates the investment attractiveness and possibility of carrying out construction (reconstruction) in specific conditions, taking into account urban planning requirements and factors of a social, cultural, economic, environmental, sanitary and other nature. Also, in the process of creating a proposal, they prepare large-scale demonstration material, create and approve a preliminary design, select the preferred structural, architectural, technological solutions and options, engineering, security, fire protection systems and etc.

The list of initial data that the customer transfers to the design organization is specified taking into account the specifics of the project, object and construction site. The initial data is collected by the customer himself, if, according to the terms of the agreement, the designer is not involved in the process. In this case, the details of the document on the basis of which the design decision was made, design assignments, reporting documents on research results, approvals, acts, decisions of various governing bodies, information on land plots, the design capacity of the facility, information about the use of patented inventions and a lot of other data.

Project documentation.

This is the most voluminous part of the design, the technical embodiment of the image of the construction site, giving an idea of what kind of building is planned to be built. Here, information on architectural, structural and space-planning solutions is collected in sections (regulated by regulatory documents). contain data on engineering equipment and supply networks, including heat, electricity, gas, water supply and sanitation systems. A separate section presents the construction estimate.

Working documentation.

Describes the process of applied implementation of that object, and details the decisions made at the previous stage. For each section, local estimates are drawn up, drawings and specifications are prepared, components are worked out and, in general, documentation is generated that is sufficient so that the contractor can carry out construction only on its basis. The composition of the working documentation is determined by state standards, but can be specified, by agreement of the parties, by the customer and the designer. The main set of working drawings is represented by drawings of various brands, which are accompanied by attached documents (specifications, estimates, etc.).

Author's supervision.

Monitoring the progress of construction and the commissioning process. Such supervision is carried out to avoid mistakes on the part of the contractor and deviations from agreed decisions. The stage is initiated by the terms of the agreement between the customer and the designer. Responsible persons are appointed by a separate order to carry out supervision.

Despite some differences from the staged design of serial product samples, the staged construction design fits into the same iterative logic, which makes it possible to make it more accurate and complete at each new stage of the description.