Estimate for the implementation of design work. Operations with strings. Estimates in budgetary organizations: FCS regulations

• The estimate is a document for calculating the upcoming costs of the project. The estimate is signed by expense items: cost building materials, wages, taxes, business expenses, etc.

Drawing up estimates price from 12 250 rubles.

The cost of services depends on a number of factors, including great importance has the complexity of the work performed and their volume. Also, the total estimated cost, the form of the documentation being compiled is taken into account. Services are provided to verify previously compiled estimates, the process can be accelerated by the presence of a statement of the calculation of the volume of work or a defective statement.

Features of the provision of services

The complexity of the work is difficult to determine in advance, so the price for the preparation of estimates is formed during negotiations. An individual approach is taken to each client, each object has unique features, it is necessary to determine the need for certain structures, drawing up documents in additional to the main forms. The consultation is carried out by specialists who have extensive knowledge in this survey, serious experience in the field of design.

Preparation of budget documentation

Construction work cannot be started without an estimate; it is necessary to take into account all future expenses and income in advance. Drafting budget documentation implies the presence of certain initial data. For capital construction and reconstruction, project documentation is required, for repair work- a defective statement with a list of all necessary work.

Cost and terms of preparation

The price of the service can vary significantly depending on the complexity of the required operations and the total cost of future construction. The timing of the estimate is also individual, but in most cases it is a week from the date of submission of the initial data. All questions and points of contention are discussed during a preliminary consultation with the customer, the final cost may differ from the standard rates.

Budgeting

The estimated cost required for construction or repair is the basis for calculating the amount of capital investments. It is taken into account when financing construction, developing the price of construction products, in calculations for the implementation of design, construction and installation, repair work, as well as the cost of new equipment.

Estimates are made to determine the necessary financing of capital construction: new construction of facilities, major repairs, restoration of architectural monuments, as well as reconstruction and strengthening of construction projects.

Budgeting is a prerequisite for starting work on construction site and the basis for determining their cost. Estimates are prepared for bidding (tender), for draft and working designs. Professional specialists are involved in the preparation of estimates - estimators who are well versed in the technology of work.

Estimated documentation is made up of local estimates (primary document), object, summary calculations and estimates for determining the cost of construction (reconstruction, repair). Also take into account the calculations of estimates for individual types of costs, summaries of costs and other calculations.

Local estimates are made for each type of costs and work on the facility, based on the volumes that have developed during the preparation of the working documentation. Local calculations are performed in cases where the scope of work and costs are finally established, in the process of conducting work.

Object estimates summarize the results of local calculations and estimates and are the basis for the formation of contractual prices for construction and repair. Object calculations bring together the data of local calculations and estimates.

Calculations of estimates for the costs of certain types determine the limit of funds for reimbursement of costs not taken into account by the standards of estimates.

Summary calculations of prices for the construction, repair or reconstruction of buildings and structures determine the estimated limit of funds needed for the full completion of construction work, serve as the basis for starting financing for construction or reconstruction. The estimated summary calculation combines the results of all object estimates and calculations without amounts for costs for individual types and for limited costs.

Design and estimate documentation

Design and estimate documentation - a list of documents containing design solutions for the construction of an object with detailed description necessary work.

List and content design and estimate documentation for objects under construction depends on the standards, instructions determined by the project and the list of developed estimates.

The fundamental norms are established Urban Planning Code RF, where all aspects of the creation of design estimates for the construction of facilities under construction, repaired or reconstructed are indicated. The created project consists of two obligatory parts: text and graphic.

Design and estimate documentation is a list of documents required by contractors throughout the entire construction cycle. It is necessary during the reconstruction, carrying out major repairs, where initial stage is the development, coordination and final stage of the examination.

Documents are developed during the design of: buildings, structures and structures The fundamental document between the customer and the contractor (contractor) is a construction contract, which specifies in detail the scope of work performed and additional features indicating the list of works. The final contract contains references to separate documents, which stipulate the procedure for carrying out work, the responsibility of the parties for violation of the clauses of the contract.

It is especially worth considering that the contractor is obliged to carry out construction strictly observing the norms of the current legislation.

The project estimate serves as the basis for determining the amount of funds required for the implementation of construction or repair work.

Proper budgeting allows you to plan your budget. When making estimates for design work it is necessary to study the main provisions of the collection used.

Estimates for design work are made using the collection of CBC (base prices).

Until now, CBC collections serve as the basis for calculating the cost of design work. The ability to combine coefficients helps to evaluate almost all types of design work used and divide the cost of producing documentation: design and work.

Drawing up estimates for electrical work

Any type of work should begin with planning finances and time for their implementation, and electric installation work- not an exception.

This is necessary so that the customer understands exactly what work will take place and how much they cost, and the contractor knows the exact deadlines for which he needs to meet, and sees the list of materials that will be provided to him. If the views of the customer and the contractor do not coincide, then they can come to a common decision even at the stage of the project and the preparation of estimates for electrical work, that is, before the work itself begins.

Estimates should be drawn up by experienced professionals with some knowledge in electrical installation. Only such people will be able to competently and accurately compose an understandable document, justify its points and take into account many seemingly insignificant features that can significantly affect the final amount.

When drawing up estimates for electrical work, the estimator must be present at the facility itself in order to know exactly all the conditions in which the work will take place and make adjustments to the document. The final version of the estimate is signed by representatives of the customer and the contractor, agreeing with all the prescribed conditions and prices. After that, the work will go strictly according to the plan, for avoiding which fines and penalties are possible.

At the same time, all materials used and options for their replacement must be clearly spelled out in the estimate. The contractor is not allowed to take any replacement, and the customer should not demand to use only cheap materials in order to save money. Despite the fact that when drawing up estimates for electrical work, the estimator tries to minimize financial costs, first of all, he proceeds from safety considerations during further use.

Budgeting is a complex task that needs to be solved individually. Its outcome depends on many inconspicuous details that only an experienced professional pays attention to. You should not try to save on this phase of construction, so as not to lose much more after.

Preparation of budgets for the project

It is very important for any customers of the project to receive the most complete and detailed report on all subsequent expenditures of both finances and time.

Preparation of estimates according to drawings

Estimated documentation is one of the key documents in the design of any building.

This document includes all the costs associated with the construction, it is on its basis that the further search for funding, cost allocation, planning and analysis takes place. Drawing up estimates according to the drawings should be carried out by a qualified estimator who knows how to “read the drawings”. This knowledge will help him create the most complete and clear picture of future costs that will satisfy the customer.

The estimated cost should consist of several parts: direct costs (the cost of materials, wages to builders), overhead costs (these are the costs of organizing and maintaining the construction site) and estimated profit (taxes, the cost of creating infrastructure). All this must be taken into account when drawing up estimates according to the drawings. The document should be handled by specially trained professionals who are directly related to construction work. After their assessment, the estimate is signed by the representative of the customer and the contractor or his representative.

Some estimators prefer to deal only with the drawings themselves, without stopping by construction sites. Others, on the contrary, are more likely to visit the facility itself in order to see with their own eyes the scope of work and the cost of the materials used. Undoubtedly, both points are important, since they allow you to take into account absolutely all the nuances, but you need to remember that without good skills in parsing drawings, it will be quite difficult to make a correct estimate. The ability to "read blueprints" is far from all that a professional should be able to do. Without data on the materials used, the amount of work carried out and many other factors, drawing up an estimate according to the drawings will be incomplete and unnecessarily superficial.

Drawing up an estimate is an extremely difficult, rather complicated and purely individual matter, because it is necessary to take into account all sorts of nuances and subtleties, from the cost of materials to the subsequent costs of maintaining the building.

The cost of drawing up budget documentation

The cost of manufacturing estimates is determined based on the volume and complexity of the work. The cost of performing estimates on average is up to 1.5% of the total cost.

Estimating is possible in the form of a single order or a long-term estimate service. The price of one-time orders is determined from the average sum of the total price of the estimate and the quantity, estimated period.

To determine the cost of services for the production of estimate documentation, the labor intensity of the work of a specialist estimator is taken into account. This definition includes the need to visit the facility, the amount of documentation provided, as well as the estimated time frame for the performance of estimates.

Make an estimate

Before drawing up the estimate, the regulatory framework is determined, based on which the estimate will be implemented.

The standards are approved by the state, adjusted for each region. In particular, this is due to the difference in costs due to geographical location object, local climate, etc. The preliminary cost of construction is calculated at the pre-project stage.

When compiling such an estimate, they specifically use aggregated indicators, or they refer to indicators of a similar object. More accurate calculations occur during the preparation of the project. The drawings are the basis for the development of a consolidated estimate. Full estimate can be compiled by making local and object calculations for each type of cost. The cost is considered by types of work, grouped by the elements of the object. In addition, each type of work is calculated separately and adjusted if necessary. A separate element in the preparation of estimates is overhead costs. Labor remuneration, commissioning work, payment for the maintenance of personnel at the facility are just some of the elements. Estimates are compiled on the basis of state or sectoral current regulations.

Lecture "Financing, estimate and budget of the project"

1. Project financing.

2. Development of project estimates.

3. Development of the project budget.

1. Project financing should ensure the fulfillment of two main tasks:

Ensure such dynamics of investments, which would make it possible to carry out the project in accordance with time and financial (monetary) constraints;

Reduce the cost of financial resources and project risks by optimizing the investment structure and maximizing tax benefits.

For any investment project, it is necessary to coordinate the flow of funds in time in each time period (month, quarter, year), the enterprise must receive more funds than it needs to pay (for the return of investments, paying interest on them, paying taxes, etc.). ). If in each time period the balance is additional, then the financial stability of the investment project is ensured.

The project financing includes four stages:

Previous project viability study;

Development of a plan for its implementation;

Organization of financing;

Monitoring the implementation of the plan and adhering to the conditions of financing.

Previous viability analysis The project is carried out in order to determine whether the project is worth the time and resources that are associated with it and whether the flow of resources will be sufficient to cover all costs and obtain an average profit.

Project Implementation Planning covers the process from prior examination of its viability to the organization of funding. At this stage, all indicators and risks of the project are assessed, analyzing possible options for the development of economic, political and other situations, predicting the impact on the viability of the project of indicators such as interest rates on loans, inflation rates, and currency risks.

After the completion of the first two stages, proposals are developed on the organization of the project financing scheme, and at the stage of its implementation they carry out Control over the implementation of the plan and the terms of financing.

Means and sources of project financing.

There are such Project financing means:

Equity investments (introduction of funds, equipment, technologies);

Financing from public sources (directly through investment programs through direct subsidies on paid and free terms);

Leasing financing (on the basis of a long-term lease of property with the retention of ownership by the lessor);

Mortgage (pledge real estate for the purpose of obtaining a cash loan);

Debt financing (due to bank loans and debt obligations of legal entities and individuals). Each of these forms has certain advantages and disadvantages, therefore, it is possible to correctly assess the consequences of using different means of financing only after comparing alternative options.

Sources of project financing:

Own financial resources (profit, depreciation, funds paid by insurance companies as compensation), as well as other types of assets (fixed assets, land etc.) and attracted funds (funds from the sale of shares, charitable and other contributions, funds allocated by the level of holding or joint-stock companies, industrial and financial groups on a free and preferential basis);

Allocations from the state, regional and local budgets, the entrepreneurship support fund, provided free of charge;

Foreign investments provided in the form of financial or other participation in the authorized capital of common enterprises, as well as in the form of direct cash contributions from international organizations and financial institutions, states, enterprises and organizations different forms property;

Various forms of borrowed funds, in particular loans provided by the state on a reverse basis; loans from foreign investors; bond loans; loans from banks, investment funds and companies, insurance companies, pension funds; bills, etc.

Some banks provide a special service - they analyze the proposed project, bring it to a level that makes it possible to successfully organize its financing, negotiate to identify possible creditors and transfer to the customer (on commercial terms) the formed version of the project with specific recommendations. In this case, the lenders have an additional guarantee of the viability of the project.

Budget financing. Centralized investments, which are financed from the state, regional and local budgets, are concentrated on priority areas of economic development. The list of investment projects that are carried out at the expense of public investment is formed in strict accordance with the goals and priorities of the investment policy. Centralized investments from the budget in the production sector are allocated, as a rule, on a paid and reverse basis, in the manner determined by the government. Long-term loans, including preferential ones, which are provided to enterprises for the implementation of investment projects, must be returned in the prescribed manner.

Equity financing. One of the most common forms of project financing is the receipt of financial resources through the issuance of shares and bonds. Equity capital, which is based on the issue of shares, can take the form of cash contributions, equipment and technology, as well as services, documentation, property rights, rights to use resources, etc. The preference for the equity form of financing is that the bulk of the necessary resources come at the beginning or during the implementation of the project. This form makes it possible to transfer settlements with investors to late dates when the project's ability to generate profits increases. At the same time, projects are financed through the issuance of both shares and debt.

Debt financing. Sources of debt financing for projects are long-term loans from commercial banks, loans from state institutions, mortgage loans, private placement of debt, in particular, in the case of projects at existing enterprises. Project financing options should be selected taking into account the possibility of repaying the loan and paying the interest rate. The success of the project is affected by right choice sources of credit, which may be international financial organizations, specialized credit agencies, commercial banks, financial, investment and leasing companies, savings banks, wealthy individuals. Most often, the main source of loans are commercial banks. Financial institutions also take part in lending. Banking institutions analyze project options, organize project financing, act as a financial advisor, develop risk sharing schemes, and communicate with other creditors. Debt obligations - this is one of the forms of raising funds to increase equity, that is, the obligation of the enterprise to return to the creditor a certain amount of funds after a fixed period of time with an agreed premium in the form of a part of the profit from the project. In other words, it's a loan. It should be noted that this method of raising funds is associated with a certain risk. Therefore, even an increased interest rate does not make them financially attractive. In order to make the terms of financing the most acceptable, the debtor's securities are added to debt obligations - guarantors, bonds with a fixed interest rate, converted and subordinated converted bonds.

Financing alternatives. Financing projects in the form of loans is more expedient for attracting investments in efficiently operating enterprises. Such businesses are not required to pay higher loan fees because of the low risk; in addition, they have the material security of the loan, since they have assets. When creating new enterprises, implementing new investment projects, the best source of financing is equity capital. For such projects, obtaining a loan is associated with a high risk, since it creates the introduction of a rigid system of payments in order to ensure the return of principal and interest. It can be difficult for new businesses to meet payment deadlines due to the slow increase in profits. Liquidity problems in the first years of operation of an object in such a situation may not be unleashed even for promising projects that can provide significant profits in the future. In world practice, the main form of raising funds for investment is expansion for equity capital, as well as loans and issuance of bonds. The preference for this form is that earnings per share depend on the performance of the enterprise, and the issuance of shares to the public increases their liquidity; with the help of shares, capital is attracted for an indefinite period and without obligations of return; An open joint stock company has more opportunities to raise capital than a closed joint stock company. However, there are certain problems: an increase in the number of shareholders makes it difficult to manage the enterprise, and the issue of shares leads to the splitting of profits between a large number of participants; an open sale of shares may result in the loss of control of the property. The main difference between own and borrowed financial resources is that in the case of attracting the latter, interest on loans is deducted from the payment of taxes, that is, they are included in gross costs, while dividends are paid from the profit that remains at the disposal of the enterprise. This circumstance is a source of additional benefit for the enterprise.

Leasing financing. If an enterprise does not have free funds to buy equipment, it can apply to a leasing company. Instead of borrowing funds, an enterprise may lease equipment or other production assets. Such financing is called leasing. According to the drawn up agreement, the leasing company fully pays the manufacturer (or owner) the cost of the equipment and leases it with the right to purchase at the end of the lease. Thus, the enterprise receives a long-term loan from a leasing company, which is gradually paid as a result of attributing lease payments to the cost of production. Leasing enables the company to obtain equipment and start its operation without withdrawing funds from the turnover.

Mortgage - This is a loan against the outpost of real estate. Mortgages are one of the important sources of project financing in countries with market economy. The object of the outpost may be buildings, structures, houses, land and other types of real estate that are owned by enterprises and individuals. To finance projects, the following forms of mortgage loans are used: standard - payment of debt and payment of interest in equal installments; with an increase in payments initial stage increase in deposits at a certain constant rate, and then pay them out in constant amounts; with a variable payment amount - payment during the grace period of only interest without increasing the principal amount of the debt; with a fictitious account - opening a special account, to which the debtor deposits certain funds to secure the payment of contributions at the stage of project implementation.

In recent years, the developed countries of the world have been widely using project financing as one of the types of debt. Such financing consists in the fact that the creditor bank analyzes the proposed investment project, brings it to a level that makes it possible to organize its successful financing, negotiates with creditors, and transfers the formed version with specific conclusions and proposals to the customer on commercial terms. In this case, investors have a significant guarantee of the viability and effectiveness of the project. Project finance departments are part of many leading banking institutions.

Financing with full recourse to the borrower – The most common form of project financing. The preference is given because of the speed and ease of obtaining the funds needed to finance the project. The cost of this form is lower than the cost of the last two. This form is used in such cases:

To finance low-profit or non-commercial projects, whose customers have the opportunity to pay loans at the expense of the borrower's other profits, for example, projects that have a social focus;

When funds are provided in the form of an export credit; many specialized agencies providing such loans are able to take on the risks of projects without additional guarantees from third parties;

A recourse is a demand to repay a loan.

For projects with insufficiently reliable guarantees, even if they cover all risks;

For small projects very sensitive to slight cost increases.

When Financing without recourse to the supplier The lender does not have any guarantees from him and assumes almost all the risks associated with the implementation of the project. This form of financing has a high cost to the borrower, as the lender hopes to be appropriately compensated for the high degree of risk. Without recourse to the supplier, highly profitable projects are financed that result in competitive products. In order for lenders to risk investing in such a project, the following conditions are necessary:

The use of well-established technology, which makes it possible to produce competitive products;

The ability to assess the risks of construction, reaching the design capacity, as well as those associated with the functioning of the project;

Possibility to assess the market of products to be realized in order to pre-determine price risks;

Reliable agreements with suppliers of raw materials, components, energy carriers and certain prices for these resources.

Now the project is rapidly spreading Financing with limited recourse per supplier . In this case, when financing a project, all the risks associated with its implementation are assessed, which are distributed among the project participants in such a way that everyone can take on the risks that depend on him. The advantages of this form include its moderate price and the maximum distribution of project risks for the supplier. At the same time, the parties interested in the implementation of the project assume specific commercial obligations.

Monitoring compliance with the conditions of financing is carried out by regular audits on the following aspects: actual costs; real money flow; the financial condition of the project and the company that implements the project; reporting; financial management; erroneous costs. The effectiveness of the project manager is evaluated mainly by how he organizes control over the costs of the project.

2. Development of project estimates.

Project cost planning is the most important component of its successful implementation. All project participants - suppliers, banks, contractors - must take into account the cost indicators of the project when planning their own activities. The cost plan for a project is called a budget. This is a set of documentary calculations necessary to determine the amount of project costs. The estimate has a double meaning: it is a document that determines the cost of the project; it is a tool for monitoring and analyzing the cost of funds and resources for a project.

Appointment of estimates. On the basis of estimates, the volume of investments is determined, which includes the costs of acquiring technological, energy, lifting and transport and other equipment, instruments, tools and production equipment necessary for the operation of the enterprise; on the construction works; installation work; for the implementation of technical and author's inspection; for development project documentation etc.

The correct definition of the estimated cost of the project is of great importance. How accurately the estimate reflects the level of necessary costs depends on the assessment of the economics of the project, planning of capital investments and financing. The accuracy of the estimate depends on the accuracy of determining the scope of work associated with the project. Estimates are made in the design process on the basis of graphic materials, specifications for them and explanatory notes. Then determine the costs associated with the implementation of the project. Based on the estimated cost of the project, contractual prices are determined and contracts (agreements) are drawn up between customers and contractors, the general contractor and subcontractors. Estimated cost indicators are used to evaluate options for organizing work, choosing the most economically feasible one, as well as for comparing options for organizing work, choosing constructive and planned solutions, equipment and materials. On the basis of the estimate and the schedule, they draw up a project budget and keep records of costs, prepare reports and evaluate the activities of the customer and contractor. Therefore, the estimated cost should not only cover the costs, but also ensure the receipt of the planned profit. Comparison of the estimated cost of work and actual costs is the basis for identifying sources of profit and reasons for unprofitable work. But in any case, the estimate only gives a forecast of the final cost of the project, and therefore the residual value becomes known only when the financing of the project is completed. All project costs that must be displayed in the project estimate can be accounted for in one of the following categories:

The main costs associated with the investment project; reserve funds in case of increased costs;

Costs associated with the creation of initial working capital;

Interest on obligations assumed for the period of project implementation.

Methods for determining the estimated cost. To determine the estimated cost of the project and its individual stages, resource and basic-compensation methods are used. The basic-compensation method is reduced to streamlining the estimate documentation using the existing estimate norms. The cost of the project and its individual stages is formed taking into account the actual costs and can be finally determined only after the completion of the project. resource method cost determination consists in calculation in current or projected prices and tariffs of the elements of costs (resources) necessary for the implementation of the project. The cost price (future production costs) is calculated on the basis of the needs for equipment, materials, products and structures expressed in natural meters, data on their location and methods of delivery, energy costs for technological purposes, the operating time of equipment and machines, their composition, labor costs of workers . To determine the need for resources, use the information in the statement of the need for materials that are compiled during the design; data on labor costs of employees and on the time of use of equipment, machines and mechanisms; production norms for the cost of materials; collections of resource estimates. Resources, on the basis of which the cost of the relevant work is determined, are calculated for the project in general or for part of it. After that, the final (total) resource indicators are evaluated. To this end, it is recommended to preliminarily draw up a local resource sheet, which reflects the amount of resources for each type of work associated with the project.

Types of estimates. The estimated cost of projects, their parts and types of work is determined during design as part of projects and working documentation. To do this, they make up a consolidated estimate of the cost of the project, object and local estimates, local resource estimates, estimates for research, design and exploration work.

The consolidated estimate calculation is the main document by which the cost of the project is determined. Compose it on the basis of object and local estimates, as well as estimates for additional costs not calculated in the object and local estimates;

Object estimates are developed on the basis of local estimates for individual structural elements and types of work (costs for equipment, construction, installation and other types of work, for the organization of production and other costs associated with the object, as well as part of the reserve funds for unforeseen work and costs);

Local estimates are made according to working drawings for each type of work. They determine the estimated cost structural elements and types of work. The scope of work is taken from the relevant statements and determined according to the working drawings. They are calculated according to the schemes, so it is easy to follow the process of calculations, the sequence of their implementation and the necessary formulas.

Estimated cost structure. Estimated cost is the total amount of costs associated with the implementation of the project. This cost should take into account the costs of construction work, installation of equipment, purchase of materials, equipment, tools and inventory, other capital costs, as well as a reserve for unforeseen expenses.

Estimated cost of materials, structures, parts and semi-finished products includes their cost, the cost of packaging, details, delivery, as well as procurement and storage costs.

Costs for the operation of machines and mechanisms include the cost of delivery of machines to the project site, their installation and dismantling, depreciation; the costs necessary for capital and current repairs and maintenance of machines; the salary of service personnel; the cost of fuels and lubricants, replacement parts and accessories.

overhead costs provided for the organization, management and maintenance of the project materialization process. Unlike direct costs, invoices are not related to the performance of work and reflect the costs of creating necessary conditions for the normal functioning of the project materialization process.

Estimated profit - these are the funds necessary to cover individual (general) costs, which are included in the cost of work. The estimated profit covers the costs of paying income tax, developing production, stimulating employees and developing the social sphere.

To the composition Costs for the purchase of equipment, instruments, tools and production inventory Includes costs for the acquisition of technological, lifting and transport, energy and other equipment provided for by the project, which is subject to and not subject to installation; packaging and delivery, containers, as well as for the purchase or manufacture of devices, tools and inventory, without which it is impossible to operate the facility.

Other capital expenditures, which are included in the estimated cost, are the costs of research, design and design and exploration work, in construction - the costs of developing a construction site, payment for diverting land plots, reimbursement of the cost of land alienated for construction, resettlement in connection with construction, training of operational personnel for the enterprise; various compensations and additional payments to employees.

Provision for unforeseen work and costs is intended to compensate for the cost of work and costs that cannot always be foreseen during the design, but they can be included in the detailed development of design decisions and the performance of work related to the implementation of the project. A certain reserve of funds is calculated as a percentage of the total estimated cost and depends on the object and industry. This reserve should be such as to ensure the implementation of the project without additional financial assistance.

Based on the estimated cost, the contract price is determined, which is the basis for contract bidding, and after its final agreement, the basis for drawing up the contract.

3. Development of the project budget.

It is necessary to plan costs in such a way that they can meet the needs for financial resources throughout the entire period of the project. To do this, a project budget is drawn up - a plan that is expressed in quantitative terms and displays the costs necessary to achieve the goal. The budget reflects the estimated results of the adjusted schedule and project implementation strategy. The budget of an investment project must be drawn up so that all its components can be easily analyzed and verified. The overall budget reflects the cost of funds for the project by years throughout the entire period of its implementation. At the same time, the budget of the first year with quarterly and monthly distribution is determined with a high degree of accuracy, and the budgets of subsequent years may change with price changes. The plans of individual performers are based on the overall budget. The project budget, like the estimate, has a dual meaning: it is a plan of action, as well as a tool for management and control. A properly composed project budget is aimed at unleashing two main tasks: ensuring such dynamics of investments that will contribute to the implementation of the project, respectively, to time and financial constraints; reducing costs and reducing the risk of the project due to the appropriate investment structure and maximum tax benefits.

Project cost planning procedure. The initial information for cost planning is the project estimate documentation and its schedule. Before planning costs, the following work is performed: on the basis of the calendar plan, they make a list of work that must be performed in each time period (year, quarter, month); from the estimate documentation determine the cost of these works; calculate the cost of work by cost items (raw materials and materials, equipment, wages, overhead costs). When drawing up a project budget, costs are planned from general to specific. In addition to the list of main costs, the project budget should have an additional calendar, the degree of accuracy of which depends on characteristic feature project, investment volumes, as well as specific requirements proposed by creditor organizations. In the calendar, information is divided into different periods (month, quarter, half year, year) and can be compiled both for the project as a whole and for its individual components. Components of the project calendar: cost calendar (including payment dates); payment terms, mainly for the main cost categories; critical moments of the project implementation and means of reducing the risks associated with it. The project implementation calendar has three levels.

The main tasks of budget control – Obtaining accurate cost estimates, their distribution over time, confirmation of costs, timeliness of cost reporting, identification of erroneous costs, preparation of a project financial status report, cost forecast. Control over the costs of financial resources is carried out by a special control group under the project manager. Cost control focuses on identifying variances from plan, so project budget control is focused on meeting the original budget and identifying variances from it, rather than looking for cost savings. Plans and budgets are drawn up a year in advance, but their implementation is monitored regularly. Budgetary control provides for a detailed analysis of information on the implementation and status of project work. They carry out control in the following sequence: determine the volume of work performed and their estimated cost; compare the estimated cost of completed and planned work; determine the balances of the estimated cost and the actual costs of the work performed; compare actual costs with estimated cost executed works; determine the savings or costs of financial resources.

Preparation of cost reporting. During budgetary control, data on project costs are taken from accounting accounts. Project costs are associated with the transfer of funds to pay for materials, equipment, works and services. The costs that fall on reporting period are called current. There are also production costs associated with the production process, and non-production (disposal of fixed assets, write-off of unclaimed receivables, etc.). When choosing cost control accounts for a project, the relationship between the project and accounting must be taken into account. Accounting information is used to prepare internal reporting for daily planning, monitoring, control and strategic planning, as well as external reporting for owners and other external organizations. The project status report based on accounting data is the main means of controlling the cost of the project. For different users who take part in the implementation of the project, they prepare reports with varying degrees of detail and for different articles. External reports have a special form and provide for a specific calculation procedure, their preparation is associated with the accepted accounting system.

Budget control system. Constant comparison of actual results with the planned ones allows the project manager to evaluate the effectiveness of the project and determine the degree of its compliance with the initial plan. If, as a result of budgetary control, it is revealed that the budget is being fulfilled and there are no deviations, then the work is carried out according to the plan. If the actual budget indicators do not correspond to the planned ones, it is necessary to identify the causes and source of deviations. If the budget is real, then the probable reason for its non-fulfillment is an insufficient level of control. In this case, it is necessary to adjust the execution of work, bringing them in line with the schedule and budget. In the event of a change in the general situation (for example, a change in prices) or errors made during the planning and execution of work, it is impossible to implement the planned budget, it must be reviewed and adjusted to the circumstances. This means that budgetary control consists in comparing actual costs with forecasted ones, and the last forecast with the initial budget. Based on this comparison, the parameters to which the initial budget should be adjusted to fit changing circumstances are determined.

Change of schedule and budget . If the actual state of affairs deviates from the plan, it is necessary to draw up a new calendar plan and make changes to the budget. Work on the calendar plan and budget lasts the entire period of the project. Expected changes in the cost of equipment, materials and wages must be calculated when predicting the cost of future work. Without these changes, schedules and budgets will become increasingly inefficient. At the same time, projected estimates of the duration and cost of the work can only be verified after the work has been completed. In a real project, its duration and cost are always interconnected. As a project progresses, delays affect cost, and budget issues can affect schedule adjustments. The problems of integrating information about the cost and the schedule are related to the fact that in practice they are developed by different groups of performers with varying degrees of detail. Therefore, the easiest way to determine the relationship between the duration of the project and its cost is to identify the cost elements associated with the project activities.

Financing, estimate and budget of the project - 3.3 out of 5 based on 3 votes