How to make floors on the ground in a private house with your own hands

The floor on the ground in a private house, made by hand on the recommendations of experts, is strong and durable. A smooth, non-slippery surface and low thermal conductivity are also indicators of quality. Each layer in the floor structure has its own purpose and it is very important to follow the technology of its construction.

In a private house, most often the floor is arranged on a soil base. The main requirements for the design of the floor of the dwelling are:

1. Strength.
2. Low thermal conductivity.
3. Wear resistance.
4. Fire safety.
5. Durability.
6. Environmental friendliness.
7. Economy of building materials.
8. Low labor intensity.
9. Safety in operation.

The floor device assumes a positive room temperature, which should be at least 5 ° C, depending on the characteristics of the floor composition.

Important! It is impossible to lay the floor on a frozen base!

Basic composition of the floor

The composition of the floor depends on:

• purpose of the premises;
• operating mode temperature and humidity;
• type of soil base;
• floor technology;
• coating design solution.

Floor cake on the ground: 1 - compacted soil; 2 - sand-gravel mixture; 3 - concrete sonovanie; 4 - vapor barrier; 5 - thermal insulation; 6 - polyethylene film; 7 - reinforced screed

Base

The base for the floor is the soil that lies directly under the floor. Its purpose is to withstand the load on the floor, including its weight, without deforming the soil structure.

It is very important that there is no ground water directly under the floor. Its level decreases when drainage is installed around the house. It is possible to protect the floor from water by increasing the underlying layer of coarse-grained materials (sand, crushed stone or gravel), or by using synthetic waterproofing under concrete preparation.

If backfilling is necessary, then it is performed with non-porous soil. Bulk soil must be compacted. The soil layer must be removed to the full depth. Weak soils are either replaced with less compressible ones or compacted to prevent subsidence of the floor.

The heaving soil under the floor can be partially replaced with non-heaving soil, or the groundwater level can be lowered. It is impossible to lay the floor on soils of organic origin (peat, black soil, etc.). They are also replaced, for example, with sand or a sand-gravel mixture.

The surface of the base under the floor is leveled and compacted. You can compact the soil by sinking a layer of crushed stone or gravel 5-8 cm thick into the base at least 4 cm deep.

Underlayment

The purpose of the underlying layer is to distribute the load from the floor over the subgrade. Its minimum value is taken:

• sandy - 60 mm;
• crushed stone, gravel, slag - 80 mm;
• concrete - 80 mm.

Gravel (crushed stone), sand and gravel or sand preparation must be leveled and compacted. For a private house, its thickness is 10-15 cm.

Concrete preparation (concrete grade over B7.5) should be laid in strips 3-4 m wide using beacon boards. Concreting of strips is carried out through one strip with a time interval of 24 hours. Freshly laid concrete must be compacted.

For concrete preparation, a backfill is made of coarse sand, gravel (crushed stone) 12-15 cm thick, which is compacted to the full depth. Asphalt concrete preparation is laid in layers of 40 mm. The bottom layer is coarse-grained (binder), and the top layer is cast asphalt concrete.

Screed

The screed is the base for a clean floor. Its purpose is to:

• load distribution on the underlying layer;
• leveling the base under the coating;
• arrangement of slopes in the floor, if necessary;
• creating a heat-insulating layer (lightweight concrete);
• the ability to hide communications.

Concrete for screed along the heat insulator layer is accepted as a class of at least B15, cement-sand mortar must have a compressive strength of more than 20 MPa. In addition to leveling the surface of the previous layer, lightweight concrete screeds also play the role of thermal insulation. In this case, the concrete class is allowed not lower than B5. Insulation screeds made of porous cement-sand mortar must have a compressive strength of at least 5 MPa.

Concrete screed

The thickness of the screed in the case of sheltering pipelines in it is taken 4.5 cm more than the diameter of the pipe. The minimum thickness of screeds made from self-compacting mortars using dry floor mixes on a cement binder should exceed the maximum size of the filler by 1.5 times.

The semi-dry method of laying the screed on a cement binder significantly reduces the curing time of the mortar and increases the strength of the layer. The low water/cement ratio of the mixture requires the obligatory compaction of the freshly laid mortar and surface grinding. Fiber fiber in the composition of the mixture as a "mini-reinforcement" increases the strength of the floor, including its entire surface in joint work.

Semi-dry screed

With a high water-cement ratio of the cement-sand mixture, it self-levels. The disadvantage of this layer is the increase in the curing time of the screed. Highly plastic screeds are recommended to be arranged along a layer of dry heat-insulating material.

The solution, seeping into the gaps between the particles of insulation, binds them and creates a layer of lightweight concrete on top. This process strengthens and evens out the insulation layer. The minimum thickness of such a screed is 5 cm.

For the dry screed device are used:

• plywood;
• DVP (wood fiber boards);
• GVL (gypsum fiber sheets);
• CSP (cement particle board);
• Chipboard (chipboard);
• GSP (gypsum boards), etc.

Dry floor screed

Such a floor can only be installed in rooms with a dry regime, while it is necessary to reliably protect the screed from getting wet.

thermal insulation

As thermal insulation of the floor on a soil base, the following are used:

1. Lightweight concrete (expanded concrete, foam concrete, slag concrete, etc.).
2. Bulk heaters (expanded clay, expanded vermiculite or perlite, granular slag, etc.).
3. Plate and roll (mineral wool, polystyrene foam, foam glass, etc.).

The choice of insulation depends on the choice of floor design, in particular, its coating.

Waterproofing

Waterproofing for floors on a base of soil is necessary:

• to protect it from groundwater;
• to protect the heat insulator from moisture from the surface of the coating.

It should be continuous throughout the floor. The number of layers depends on the type of waterproofing:

• for bituminous and bituminous-polymer mastics, cement mortars, bituminous roll materials pasted on bituminous mastics - at least 2 layers;
• for built-up bituminous, self-adhesive, polymer roll materials - at least 1 layer.

The surface of bituminous waterproofing is prepared before applying interlayers, screeds, coatings with a cement binder, sprinkling with sand with a particle size of 1.5-5 mm. You can also use ready-made rolled waterproofing with surface dressing.

In addition to rolled waterproofing materials, self-leveling insulation is used, which impregnates a preparatory layer of bulk crushed stone (gravel) with bitumen. Asphalt concrete is used as a waterproofing, as well as rolled profiled polyethylene membranes. It is important that the waterproofing of the floor on the ground be combined with the waterproofing of the foundations, as well as the walls.

Coating

The surface of the finished floor covering must be non-slippery, safe in composition, wear-resistant, fireproof and even. The last condition is checked by the clearance between the two-meter control rail and the floor surface:

• from boards, parquet, linoleum, polymer mastic floors - 2 mm;
• concrete, xylolite, ceramic, porcelain stoneware floors - 4 mm.

Clearances for piece coating are allowed:

• between plank floor boards - 1 mm;
• between parquet floor boards - 0.5 mm;
• between planks of a piece parquet floor - 0.3 mm.

For carpeting, gaps between the connected panels are not allowed. For tiled and block flooring, the width of the joints is taken to be no more than 6 mm, if the tiles are laid on the layer manually.

Adhesive compositions for attaching the coating to the base must meet the requirements for the adhesion strength of the coating material with the previous layer to the peel. The thickness of the layer is also normalized.

Underground floor. Its composition and structure

An example of a floor on the ground is a floor with an underground. On a compacted soil base, posts made of concrete or solid clay bricks are installed. Their size in plan is 25x25 cm. The brick grade is taken at least 75, the mortar grade is at least 10.

For concrete posts under the logs, concrete is used grade not lower than 75. The distance between the axes of the posts at a load not exceeding 400 kg / m 2 is 1.1-1.4 m.

The height from the ground to the subfloor in the underground should not exceed 250 mm. 2 layers of rolled waterproofing are laid on brick columns.

To determine the size of the lag, you must consider:

• span (distance between supports along the axis);
• insulation thickness;
• the height of the cranial bars;
• subfloor thickness;
• gap between the clean floor and the upper edge of the insulation - min. 3 cm

1 - beam; 2 - cranial bar; 3 - draft floor; 4, 6 - vapor barrier; 5 - thermal insulation; 7 - floor board

The size of the cranial bars is 40x40 mm. As a heater, you can use a mineral wool board. For waterproofing, roll materials are used (bitumen, polymer or polymer-bitumen). All wooden floor elements must be antiseptic.