historical maps (photo, video). How the territory of Ukraine has changed. historical maps (photo, video) Map of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic of 1940 of the USSR border
In the Finnish archives, I discovered several interesting maps from the Soviet-Finnish war.
Perhaps the most interesting of them is the unique map that was attached to the peace treaty between the USSR and Finland on March 12, 1940. On the map you can see the border between the USSR and Finland established under the agreement, as well as the signatures of Risto Ryti, Juho Kusti Paasikivi, Rudolf Walden, Väinö Vojonmaa (from Finland) and Vyacheslav Molotov, Andrey Zhdanov, Alexander Vasilevsky (from the USSR) who approved the agreement.
The following map shows the territory of the Democratic Republic of Finland (Suomen kansanvaltainen Tasavalta). The map was compiled by the Airbrushing Department of the Red Army Air Force. In lilac color it shows the border between the USSR and the Finnish Democratic Republic - a puppet state created on December 1, 1939 on the territory of the Karelian Isthmus occupied by the Soviet Union during the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940) according to the Treaty of Mutual Assistance and Friendship of December 2, 1939 ...
The new republic was officially recognized by only three countries of the world (USSR, Mongolia, Tuva). This is somewhat reminiscent of the situation with a number of modern countries.
- Click on the image to view the map in detail or to compare this map with others.
- Click to view a description of the card.
The next Soviet map of 1940, published in mass circulation, already shows the border between states according to the peace treaty between the USSR and Finland of March 12, 1940.
- Click on the image to view the map in detail or to compare this map with others.
- Click
UNION OF WESTERN TERRITORIES TO THE USSR. (1)
Liberation campaign of the Red Army in Poland. Vthe incorporation of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus into the USSR.
My friends, before presenting you with a selection of photographs about the events that took place 74 years ago, I want to make a reservation that there are also photos that are used by pseudo-historians in anti-Soviet and Russophobic propaganda to prove the union of the USSR and Germany (which did not exist) and identification Nazi Germany and the USSR. There was only short-term cooperation, the purpose of which was the demarcation of borders, the transfer to the Soviet Union of territories and settlements previously captured by the Germans during the occupation of Poland. And also the photographs capture the meeting of the soldiers of the Wehrmacht and the Red Army on these lands, which simply could not be, as a result of the advance of armies into the interior of the country.
In order to debunk the false myths about the alleged alliance of Nazi Germany and the USSR, I included such photos with genuine description in this collection. The article and video below will also shed light on those events.
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Complete text herehttp://www.predeina-zaural.ru/istoriya_nashey_rodiny/prisoedinenie_zapadnoy_ukrainy_k_sssr_17_sentyab rya_1939_goda.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=32HBqgQ5NZ8
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1. Soldiers consider trophies captured in battles on the territory of Western Ukraine. Ukrainian front. 1939 g.
RGAKFD, 0-101010
2. Tanks BT-7 of the Soviet 24th light tank brigade enter the city of Lvov. 18.09.1939.
3. Portrait of a Red Army soldier from the crew of the BA-10 armored car in the city of Przemysl. 1939
4. Tank T-28 ford the river near the town of Mir in Poland (now the village of Mir, Grodno region, Belarus). September 1939
10. Commanders of the 29th tank brigade of the Red Army at the BA-20 armored car in Brest-Litovsk. In the foreground is battalion commissar Vladimir Yulianovich Borovitsky. 09/20/1939
12. Wehrmacht soldiers with a Red Army soldier on a Soviet armored car BA-20 from the 29th separate tank brigade in the city of Brest-Litovsk. 09/20/1939
14. The cavalry detachment is on one of the streets of Grodno in the days of the annexation of Western Belarus to the USSR. 1939 g.
16. German generals, including Heinz Guderian, confer with the battalion commissar Borovensky in Brest. September 1939
17. Soviet and German officers are discussing the demarcation line in Poland. 1939 g.
Soviet lieutenant colonel art an illerist and German officers in Poland discuss the demarcation line and the associated troop deployment on a map. German troops advanced significantly east of the previously agreed lines, crossed the Vistula and reached Brest and Lvov.
18. Soviet and German officers are discussing the demarcation line in Poland. 1939 g.
20. General Guderian and brigade commander Krivoshein during the transfer of the city of Brest-Litovsk to the Red Army. 09/22/1939
During the invasion of Poland, the city of Brest (at that time - Brest-Litovsk) on September 14, 1939 was occupied by the XIX Motorized Corps of the Wehrmacht under the command of General Guderian. On September 20, Germany and the USSR agreed on a temporary demarcation line between their troops, Brest withdrew to the Soviet zone.
On September 21, the 29th separate tank brigade of the Red Army under the command of Semyon Krivoshein, which had previously received an order to take over Brest from the Germans, entered Brest. During negotiations on this day, Krivoshein and Guderian agreed on the procedure for transferring the city with a solemn conclusion German troops.
At 16 o'clock on September 22, Guderian and Krivoshein rose to a low rostrum. In front of them, the German infantry marched in formation with unfolded banners, then motorized artillery, then tanks. On low level flight, about two dozen aircraft flew by.
The withdrawal of German troops from Brest, which was attended by the Red Army, is often called a "joint parade" of the troops of Germany and the USSR, although there was no joint parade - Soviet troops did not march through the city with the Germans. The myth of the "joint parade" is widely used in anti-Russian propaganda to prove the union of the USSR and Germany (which did not exist) and to identify Nazi Germany and the USSR.
21. General Guderian and brigade commander Krivoshein during the transfer of the city of Brest-Litovsk to the Red Army. 09/22/1939
Bundesarchiv. "Bi ld 101I-121-0011A-2 3"
22. Red Army soldiers are watching the ceremonial withdrawal of German troops from Brest. 09/22/1939
vilavi.ru
23. Trucks with Soviet soldiers follow the street in Vilna. 1939 g.
The city of Vilna from 1922 to 1939 was part of Poland.
RGAKFD, 0-358949
24. The parade of troops of the Belarusian Military District in honor of the annexation of Western Belarus to the USSR. 1939 g.
Shooting author: Temin V.A. RGAKFD, 0-360462
25. View of one of the streets of Grodno in the days of the annexation of Western Belarus to the USSR. 1939 H
Shooting author: Temin V.A. RGAKFD, 0-360636
26. View of one of the streets of Grodno in the days of the annexation of Western Belarus to the USSR. 1939 g.
Shooting author: Temin V.A. RGAKFD, 0-366568
27. Women at a demonstration in honor of the annexation of Western Belarus to the USSR. Grodno. 1939 g.
Shooting author: Temin V.A. RGAKFD, 0-366569
28. Demonstration on one of the streets of Grodno in honor of the annexation of Western Belarus to the USSR. 1939 g.
Shooting author: Temin V.A. RGAKFD, 0-366567
29. Population at the entrance to the building of the Provisional Administration of the city of Bialystok. 1939 g.
Shooting author: Mezhuev A. RGAKFD, 0-101022
30. Election slogans to the People's Assembly of Western Belarus on the street Bialystok. October 1939
RGAKFD, 0-102045
31. A group of young people from the city of Belostok is sent to a propaganda bike ride dedicated to the elections to the People's Assembly of Western Belarus. October 1939
RGAKFD, 0-104268
32. The peasants of the village of Kolodina go to the elections to the People's Assembly of Western Belarus. October 1939
Shooting author: Debabov.
RGAKFD, 0-76032
33. Peasants of the village of Perekhody, Bialystok district at a polling station during the elections to the People's Assembly of Western Belarus. September 1939
Shooting author: Fishman B. RGAKFD, 0-47116
34. View of the Presidium of the People's Assembly of Western Belarus. Bialystok. September 1939
Dmitry Alexandrovich published a small journalism
"Shameful pages from the history of political geographers"
/ On the anniversary of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact /
He recently discovered the official Soviet World Atlas of 1940 online, which he had never seen before. Special attention He was attracted by the map of Central Europe (if the quality is not open or unsatisfactory, then the address is: http://atlas1940.narod.ru/atlas_028.JPG).
This card is actually called 28. Germany 1: 7,500,000
Berlin http://atlas1940.narod.ru/main.htm
Unfortunately, it is necessary to look at the map, since "Proza.Ru" pictures are more
300 KB does not publish. At the same time, in the image editor, make the picture a lot lighter and add contrast.
The author suggested: "Look closely. In place of Poland, cut by three times by the annexations of neighboring imperialist powers, we read the name of the state unprecedented in history: REGION OF STATE INTERESTS OF GERMANY. Poland, fighting against the Nazi hordes and the 4th partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, recognized the complete destruction of this state and a protectorate over it on the part of Germany (and what should she have admitted when the war was already going on since 1939 ?!). And what about the Western friends of Czechoslovakia. and Poland ?!
The cynicism and political shortsightedness with which an entire nation with a centuries-old history of statehood is humiliated (Poland is clearly on the map) are striking. To paraphrase Ulyanov-Lenin, this is the highest and last stage of imperialism. This is political gangsterism, when two gangs have divided someone else's. And it doesn't matter that soon these bandits fought among themselves - this does not cancel the crime (does this mean the United States and its allies ?!).
It would be interesting to see the reaction of round-the-clock Russian patriots to the "area of state interests of the Golden Horde" (super provocation !!!). And if you also recall the three sections of the Commonwealth in the 18th century and the bloody suppression of three uprisings of the Poles, Belarusians (and that got it in passing!) And Lithuanians against Russian tsarism in the 19th century? Why love? For the mass shootings of Polish officers in Katyn? For repression and deportation? Behind the Iron Curtain? "
About the times from the Golden Horde to the divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (come on, Russia alone has done all this), the conversation is in a different place.
But the Atlas of the first half of 1940 inevitably reflected only the realities of the beginning of World War II. And not the USSR - Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria betrayed. Maybe I got the wrong card
but it says too little: "AREA OF STATE INTERESTS OF GERMANY." Even if in the first half of 1940 something like that was written somewhere, then it should be emphasized and emphasized - the 2nd World War was already underway. USSR - less than a tenth of the world's population (and a little more than world GDP?) - chances to resist difficult game Germany, with its allies and its opponents, led by the United States (in the name of their political games, they accepted the USSR into the League of Nations in 1934) practically did not have it. The USSR played for specific historical circumstances, where Poland did not behave friendly towards the Soviet Union (and yet it clearly existed on the map).
The author of the journalism becomes even more inflamed: "I remember well the political maps of school times. In them, given the opportunistic" fraternal "nature of relations with the People's Republic of Poland, the territory of Poland, not occupied by the 39th Soviet troops, was already shaded as only occupied by Germany, disappeared into oblivion. ... interests ". The regions of Czechoslovakia occupied by the Nazis and occupied Austria were hatched in the same way. After the war, the history was once again rewritten by the Kremlin chroniclers. Conveniently, the traces of their predecessors who gave a blunder were swept away. Our generation was already regaled by the lackeys of Brezhnev and Suslov.
Now take another look at the map. The then ally of Hitler, the Soviet Union, RECOGNIZED the dismemberment and deprivation of the statehood of Czechoslovakia, with which, by the way, had a treaty of mutual assistance on the eve (that is, the USSR alone betrayed Czechoslovakia ?! What kind of policy does this author serve ?!). And Transcarpathia was already recognized as part of Hungary, and Klaipeda was German, and the Polish Vilna was easily sold to Lithuania for military bases. And after all this, the Poles are accused of historical Russophobia ...
In these August days we remember the anniversary of the shameful and criminal Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, but, thank God, no one is celebrating ... "
By the way, this author, in the end, nevertheless celebrated an obviously attractive anniversary for him in a peculiar way.
The USSR in the League of Nations since 1934 has repeatedly offered to give a collective rebuff to the aggressor - our current NATO friends ignored this (as well as Georgia's aggression).
How in 1940 it would have been necessary - according to the author - to shade Czechoslovakia and Austria,
sold to Germany not to the USSR. It would be good to remind the present-day Lithuania about the Polish Vilna.
Similarly to Baltic friends about Klaipeda, Ukrainian friends about Transcarpathia.
Part of the Polish elite (behaving from the "Sarmatians") is accused of centuries-old Russophobia not on this card,
namely, according to centuries-old politics. Most likely associated with the planting of Catholicism among the Poles-Slavs in the Middle Ages. This is where the barrier of rejection is, not in the 1940 map.
It is worth avoiding such provocations - such as "Shameful Pages from the History of Political Geography" - in the very interesting and attractive for many thousands of Internet users "PROZE.RU". If not a provocation, then let the author significantly raise the level of his historical knowledge.
Reviews
You are a funny author. They copied completely the text of Aleksandrovich and with might and main its PR. Only your insertion lines look ridiculous, since for the most part they are off-topic or similar to squeals, and in any case do not reach the argumentation of your opponent. Not to mention how wretched and futile your attempts to whitewash the collusion of two criminal regimes. Even for chauvinistic rage, you are rather weak. You seem to have misunderstood the meaning of the article. It is about the devilish role of Soviet propaganda, which, it seems, has zombified you too, which is not surprising.
Always on any site you need to know a few "sacred cows" and a dozen of their apologists. Unfortunately, I am not your cherry.
In order to provide a substantive (concrete) answer to someone, one must use the specific text of the respected author, and not his arbitrary statements.
This article is clearly not what you saw in it -
"It is about the devilish role of Soviet propaganda, which seems to have zombified you, too, which is not surprising."
If you have been brainwashed by anti-Soviet (more precisely, anti-Russian) propaganda,
then there is no surprise either.
Are you a funny author ?! Probably in some cases, like any person.
"We have copied the text of Aleksandrovich in full and are promoting it with might and main. Only your inserted remarks look ridiculous, since for the most part they are off-topic or like squeals, and in any case do not reach the argumentation of your opponent." It is a pity that in the reviews of the text of "Aleksandrovich" itself, there are almost no explanations of mine. As, however, and the squeals of the author himself.
“Not to mention how miserable and hopeless are your attempts to whitewash the collusion of two criminal regimes. You are rather weak even for chauvinistic rage.
Yes, for chauvinistic rage - sorry - rather weak.
It has already been said about your educational mission: "It seems that you did not understand the meaning of the article. It is about the devilish role of Soviet propaganda, which seems to have zombified you, which is not surprising."
Who did not understand what. Who is zombified by whom. God bless him.
And Aleksandrovich's little article is still provocative, clearly not reflecting the complex geopolitical realities of the beginning of World War II.
Yes, and quietly smuggling in the version of the poor sheep - "torn apart Georgia."
The first World War 1914-1918, the February and October revolutions of 1917 in Russia led to a change political map Europe. The Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies on October 25 (November 7) 1917 announced the transfer of power in Russia into the hands of the Soviets. The III United All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on January 10-18 (23-31), 1918, proclaimed the creation of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR), which was legally enshrined in the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, adopted by the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets on July 10, 1918. On March 12, 1918, after the government of the RSFSR moved from Petrograd, Moscow became the capital of the RSFSR. As a result of the conclusion on March 3, 1918, Russia of a peace treaty (Brest Peace) with Germany and its allies (Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey) in the city of Brest-Litovsk annexed Poland, the Baltic States, part of Belarus; Part of the Transcaucasus (districts of Ardahan, Kars and Batum) was ceded to Turkey. According to the terms of the agreement, the RSFSR recognized the independence of Finland and Ukraine. In the course of what began soon civil war on the territory of the former Russian Empire the independent Poland, the Transcaucasian (Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan) and the Baltic (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) republics were formed. On December 12 (25), 1917, the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic was proclaimed (actually formed in March 1919). On January 1, 1919, the Byelorussian SSR was formed (in February it became part of the Lithuanian-Byelorussian SSR, which existed until August 1919, the Byelorussian SSR was restored in July 1920). Bessarabia was occupied by Romania in 1918, and Western Ukraine and Western Belarus became part of Poland.
During the civil war and foreign intervention (1918-1920), several dozen national-state formations were proclaimed on the territory of Russia, most of which existed from several months to a year.
On the territory of the former western outskirts of Russia, new states were formed, the borders with which were soon secured by the peace treaties of the RSFSR with Estonia (February 2, 1920), Lithuania (July 12, 1920), Latvia (August 11, 1920), Finland ( October 14, 1920), Poland (March 18, 1921). The position of the border of the RSFSR with Romania remained unsettled, since it did not recognize the forcible capture of Bessarabia by Romania in 1918.
On April 22, 1918, the Transcaucasian Democratic Republic was proclaimed. However, under the influence of factors of domestic and foreign policy, it soon disintegrated into the Armenian, Azerbaijan and Georgian bourgeois republics. In 1920-1921. on their territories, respectively, the Armenian, Azerbaijan and Georgian SSRs were created. In Central Asia, the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (Khorezm NSR) (April 26, 1920) and the Bukhara NSR (October 8, 1920) were created.
Changes have also taken place in eastern Russia. After the landing in the city of Aleksandrovsk on April 22, 1920, the Japanese troops occupied the northern part of Sakhalin Island, where power passed into the hands of the Japanese military administration. The Uryankhai Territory departed from Russia, on the territory of which the People's Republic of Tannu-Tuva was proclaimed. In Transbaikalia and the Far East on April 6, 1920, the Far Eastern Republic was formed.
As a result of the changes that took place, by the beginning of 1922, most of the territory of the former Russian Empire was occupied by the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR). Formally independent were the Ukrainian SSR, the Byelorussian SSR, the Armenian SSR, the Georgian SSR, the Azerbaijan SSR, the Khorezm NSR, the Bukhara NSR and the Far Eastern Republic. On March 12, 1922, the Azerbaijan, Armenian and Georgian SSRs united into the federal Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of the Transcaucasus, on December 13, 1922, transformed into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic. On November 15, 1922, the Far Eastern Republic merged with the RSFSR.
On December 30, 1922, the I Congress of Soviets of the USSR proclaimed the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) as part of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic of the RSFSR, the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (Ukrainian SSR), the Belarusian Socialist Soviet Republic (BSSR) and the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (ZSFSR) - Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia). The largest in area of the RSFSR included, in addition to the European part of the RSFSR, Siberia, the Far East, Kazakhstan and Central Asia, except for the Bukhara and Khorezm NSR.
The II Congress of Soviets of the USSR approved on January 31, 1924 the Basic Law (Constitution) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The Bukhara and Khorezm NSR were transformed into the Bukhara and Khorezm SSR on September 19, 1924 and October 20, 1923, respectively.
In 1924 and 1926. parts of the territories of the Vitebsk, Gomel and Smolensk provinces inhabited by Belarusians were transferred from the RSFSR to the Byelorussian SSR. In the same period, there were minor changes in the border between the RSFSR and the Ukrainian SSR.
In 1924, the national-state demarcation of Central Asia was carried out. The Bukhara and Khorezm SSRs were liquidated. On their territory and adjacent territories of the Turkestan ASSR, which was part of the RSFSR, on October 27, 1924, the Turkmen SSR and the Uzbek SSR were formed (the latter included the Tajik ASSR, formed on October 14, 1924). At the III Congress of Soviets of the USSR (May 13-20, 1925), these republics were admitted to the USSR. The Tajik ASSR on October 16, 1929 was transformed into the Tajik SSR and on December 5 of this year became part of the USSR. The Kazakh (until April 19, 1925 - Kyrgyz) ASSR remained in the RSFSR. The structure of this autonomous republic, in turn, included the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (until May 25, 1925 - the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous District, until February 1, 1926 - the Kyrgyz Autonomous Region) and the Karakalpak Autonomous Region.
According to the "Convention on the Basic Principles of Relations between the USSR and Japan" signed on January 20, 1925 in Beijing, the 1905 Portsmouth Peace Treaty was restored, and Japan returned the northern part of Sakhalin Island to the USSR.
The XII All-Russian Congress of Soviets approved on May 11, 1925 the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic.
On May 20, 1926, the Council of People's Commissars of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics adopted a resolution "On the declaration of the territory of the USSR of the lands and islands located in the Arctic Ocean", according to which all the Arctic islands between the meridians 32 ° 4'35 "east longitude and 168 ° 49 '30 "west longitude were declared the territory of the USSR. In the summer of 1929, a permanent Soviet colony and the world's northernmost research station were organized on Franz Josef Land (Hooker Island). On July 29, 1929, Soviet polar explorers hoisted the USSR flag on the Nile Cape of the Georg Land.
On December 5, 1936, at the Extraordinary VIII Congress of Soviets of the USSR, a new Constitution (Basic Law) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was adopted, according to which all Union republics that existed by that time, as well as the Kazakh and Kyrgyz SSRs transformed from the ASSR, were included in the USSR. The Karakalpak ASSR was transferred from the RSFSR to the Uzbek SSR. The Azerbaijan, Armenian and Georgian SSRs, which had previously been part of the TSFSR, became independent members of the USSR. Thus, by the end of 1936, there were 11 republics in the USSR: the RSFSR, the Azerbaijan, Armenian, Belarusian, Georgian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Turkmen, Uzbek and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics.
On January 21, 1937, at the Extraordinary XVII All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was adopted.
At the beginning of November 1939, according to the decisions of the people's assemblies of Western Belarus and Western Ukraine, these regions were included in the USSR and reunited with the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR.
After the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940. according to the peace treaty between the USSR and Finland, signed on March 12, 1940, the state border between the countries was established along a new line: the entire Karelian Isthmus with the city of Vyborg, the Vyborg Bay and the islands, the western and northern shores of Lake Ladoga with the cities of Kexholm were included in the USSR (now Priozersk), Sortavala and Suoyarvi, islands in the Gulf of Finland and other territories. The Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, together with the part of the former regions of Finland that entered it, was transformed on March 31, 1940 into the Karelo-Finnish SSR and thus seceded from the RSFSR. The rest of the districts seceded from Finland became part of the Leningrad and Murmansk regions.
By an agreement of June 28, 1940, the Romanian government peacefully transferred Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the USSR, and on August 2, the Moldavian SSR was formed by uniting six districts of Bessarabia (Beltsy, Bendery, Cagulsky, Orhei, Soroka and Kishinev) and the Moldavian ASSR, before that which was part of the Ukrainian SSR. Northern Bukovina and three districts of Bessarabia (Khotinsky, Akkerman and Izmail) were included in the Ukrainian SSR.
In early August 1940, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia became part of the USSR as union republics.
As a result, the USSR in August 1940 included 16 union republics.
During the Great Patriotic War and after its end, there were subsequent major changes in the territory of the USSR. The Tuva People's Republic (this is how the People's Republic of Tannu-Tuva was called since 1926) entered the USSR on October 11, 1944 as an autonomous region within the RSFSR (on October 10, 1961, it was transformed into the Tuva ASSR). At the end of the war, the USSR signed a number of agreements and treaties with Finland, Czechoslovakia, Poland, which included the solution of territorial issues.
Finland, under the armistice agreement of September 19, 1944 and the peace treaty of February 10, 1947, transferred the Petsamo region (Pechenga) to the USSR. According to the Soviet-Czechoslovak agreement of June 29, 1945, the Transcarpathian Ukraine became part of the USSR and was reunited with the Ukrainian SSR.
During the Great Patriotic War, there were minor changes in the borders between the Union republics. So, in 1944, Zanarovye and Pechora from the Estonian SSR, the Pytalovsky region from the Latvian SSR were transferred to the RSFSR, and some territories of the North Caucasus were transferred from the RSFSR to the Georgian SSR (in 1957 they were returned to the RSFSR).
According to the decision of the Crimean () conference on February 4-12, 1945 and in accordance with the Soviet-Polish agreement of August 16, 1945, the border between the USSR and Poland was established along the so-called "Curzon line", but with a deviation from it by 5-8 km to the east, that is, in favor of Poland. Additionally, Poland was assigned the territory south of the city of Krylov with a deviation to the east of up to 30 km in favor of Poland, part of the territory of Belovezhskaya Pushcha, including the settlements of Nemyriv, Yalovka, Bialowieza, with a maximum deviation in favor of Poland 17 km east of the Curzon line ”. Thus, the Bialystok region of Belarus and the Przemysl (Przemysl) region in Western Ukraine were transferred to Poland.
By the decision of the Berlin (Potsdam) conference on July 17-August 2, 1945, the territory of the USSR was expanded at the expense of a part of East Prussia, which became the Königsberg, then the Kaliningrad region as part of the RSFSR.
Kurile Islands and the south of Sakhalin Island, by the decision of the Crimean Conference, were recognized as the property of the USSR, but were held by Japan. After the USSR declared war on Japan by the beginning of September 1945, the southern part of Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands were liberated from Japanese troops, and on February 2, 1946, by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the southern part of Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands were declared the property of the Soviet state.
Exploration and mapping of the territory
By 1917, there were many “blank spots” on the map of Russia, especially in Eastern Siberia, Central Asia and the Arctic. In addition, the development of the country's productive forces required detailed study and mapping. natural conditions and resources. Therefore, expeditions to little-explored regions of the country were organized already in the first years. Soviet power.
Comprehensive studies of the nature of a number of remote regions of the country, aimed at creating new mineral resource bases, were carried out by expeditions organized by the Commission for the Study of the Natural Productive Forces of Russia, created back in 1915 on the initiative of V.I. Vernadsky, and then (since 1930 .) Council for the study of the productive forces of the country. They led to the discovery of new deposits - copper and iron ores in the Urals, potash salts in the Urals, apatites on the Kola Peninsula, new gold-bearing areas in Siberia, the Volga-Ural oil and gas region. Research in the mountains of the northeastern USSR and other regions of the country significantly changed the previous ideas about the relief and the hydrographic network of the country.
In 1926, the Indigirskaya expedition under the leadership of geologist S. V. Obruchev discovered the mountain system “Chersky ridge” with heights of more than 3000 m (earlier, the lowlands were depicted on the domestic ones). Geodetic and topographic work in the expedition was carried out by K. A. Salishchev, later a famous Soviet cartographer, in 1968-1972 - President of the International Cartographic Association. Through the efforts of the expedition in 1926 and 1929-1930. the first detailed cartographic image of the mountain systems of the Chukotka Peninsula and the basins of the Indigirka, Kolyma, Anadyr rivers was obtained, the Alazey plateau was highlighted.
The Soil, Geomorphological, Geological, Botanical Institutes, created at the USSR Academy of Sciences (USSR Academy of Sciences) in the mid-1920s and early 1930s, took over most of the work on the development of new thematic maps - soil, geomorphological, tectonic, geobotanical, etc.
In the 1920s, large studies began in the Arctic, which made it possible to significantly refine the map of this region. As a result of the work of a number of expeditions (1921, 1923-1924, etc.), the outlines of Novaya Zemlya were determined. An expedition of the Arctic Institute under the leadership of G. A. Ushakov and N. N. Urvantsev in 1930-1932 found out the location of the islands of Severnaya Zemlya. It turned out that Severnaya Zemlya is not a single island, but an archipelago of five large (Bolshevik, October Revolution, Komsomolets, Pioner, Schmidta) and many small islands, straits between the islands are open.
A number of unknown islands have been discovered in the Kara Sea. In 1930, an expedition on the icebreaking steamer "Georgy Sedov" under the command of O. Yu. Schmidt discovered the islands of Vize, Isachenko and Voronin; an expedition on the icebreaking steamer "Rusanov" in 1932 - Izvestia TsIK Islands; expeditions on the icebreaking ship "Sibiryakov" in 1932 and 1933 - the islands of the Arctic Institute (Sidorov and Bolshoi). In 1935, a high-latitude expedition on the icebreaking steamer Sadko under the command of GA Ushakov discovered Ushakov's island, completely covered with an ice sheet.
Arctic expeditions discovered new islands and “closed” non-existent ones. Thus, the issue with “Sannikov's Land” and “Andreev's Land” was finally resolved. If the first one (“seen” by the Russian industrialist Y. Sannikov in 1811) simply did not exist, then the land seen by S. Andreev in 1764 turned out to be the island of New Siberia, discovered in 1806.
Soviet polar expeditions clarified the depths and boundaries of the continental shelf, discovered a depth of 5180 m in the central depression of the Arctic Ocean. The drifting expedition "North Pole-1" headed by ID Papanin in 1937 finally established the absence of land in the area of the pole, got an idea of the depths in this area.
For the study and development of the northern seas and their coasts in 1932, the Main Directorate of the Northern Sea Route was founded. The navigation of the icebreaker Sibiryakov (1932-1933) marked the beginning of the development of the Northern Sea Route.
The outlines of the northern coast of Siberia have noticeably changed on the maps, in particular, the outlines of the Gydan Peninsula, Olenek Bay and the Lena Delta, and the Taimyr Peninsula. On the Taimyr Peninsula in 1928-1944 mountains with a height of more than 1000 m were discovered, flora and fauna were studied, Lake Taimyr was comprehensively studied (Taimyr expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences under the leadership of A.I. Tolmachev, 1928, etc.).
In Eastern Siberia, large mountain ranges were identified (Yablonovy, Stanovoy, Dzhugdzhur, Suntar-Khayata), Kolymskoye (Gydan), Chukotka, Koryaksky highlands and Anadyr plateau.
Geysers were discovered in Kamchatka in 1941 south of Lake Kronotskoye.
Geologist S.V. Obruchev in 1917-1924. the Tunguska coal-bearing basin was discovered and the map of the region was significantly updated; Glaciologists M.V. Tronov and other researchers discovered unknown lakes and numerous glaciers in the south of Siberia, in the Sayan and Altai.
In the Polar Urals, a new mountain range was discovered by the Severodvinsk-Pechora expedition of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR under the leadership of geologist, academician A.D. Arkhangelsky.
In the north of the Russian Plain, the geologist M.N. Karbasnikov discovered in 1928 the Windy Belt Ridge 200 km long.
On the Kola Peninsula, under the leadership of AE Fersman, huge reserves of apatites and copper-nickel ores were discovered.
During the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), intensive work was carried out in the field of geology of minerals in the Urals, Siberia and the North-East of the USSR. Research on the study of the geological structure, patterns of formation and location of oil and gas fields contributed to the discovery and development of the West Siberian oil and gas region of the Timan-Pechora basin.
In 1932-1933, large glaciological expeditions were carried out, covering many glaciers of the Caucasus, Novaya Zemlya, Ural, Altai.
Topographic and geodetic works
In the first years of Soviet power, topographers geodetic works in the country were conducted mainly by the Corps of Military Topographers (KVT) of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA). In August-November 1918, during the civil war, KVT specialists carried out surveys and created topographic maps for the strip of the Volga River (from Kamyshin to Kazan) up to 60 versts wide. Topographic surveys on a scale of one verst in an inch were also deployed in other parts of Russia - in the south of the European part, the Urals, along the line of state borders with Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Poland. This period is characterized by the beginning of metric mapping. The cartographic department of the KBT compiled the first maps in the metric system: a survey-topographic map of a scale of 1: 1,000,000 (with the participation of the Russian Geographical Society), a four-sheet “Administrative map of the RSFSR. European part ”scale 1: 3,000,000, etc. Since 1923, the Corps of Military Topographers became known as the Military Topographic Service (MTS), which in 1923-1927 compiled and updated about 2,000 nomenclature sheets of topographic maps of various scales.
The creation and formation of the state cartographic and geodetic service of Russia is usually counted from the moment of the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR) dated March 15, 1919 on the establishment of the Supreme Geodetic Administration (VSU) at the Scientific and Technical Department of the Supreme Council of National Economy (VSNKh). The main task of the VSU was - to unite all geodetic and cartographic works in the country; study of the country's territory in topographic terms in order to raise and develop productive forces, to save technical and financial resources and time; organization of cartographic works and publication of maps; organization of scientific work in the field of geodesy, astronomy, optics, cartography; systematization and storage of maps and filming materials; coordination of geodetic activities with geodetic organizations of foreign states, etc. S. M. Soloviev was appointed the chairman of the VSU collegium, and since August 1919 the prominent scientist-geodesist M. D. Bonch-Bruevich became the head of the VSU. From the very beginning of its activity, the State Cartographic and Geodetic Service inextricably linked the nationwide tasks of mapping the country with the solution of specific national economic problems - energy, land reclamation, the search for minerals, accounting for land and forest resources, etc.
Since 1919, the state cartographic and geodetic service began to carry out geodetic and survey work, including in the Moscow region coal basin and Kuzbass, in the areas of construction of the Volkhov hydroelectric power station, Dneproges, Turksib, in the Volga region, Central Asia, in the North Caucasus, as well as in Moscow , Leningrad and other cities. From 1920 to 1923 topographic surveys areas were carried out on a scale of 1: 25,000 : 100 000. During the first five years of existence (1919-1924) of the State Cartographic and Geodetic Service, topographic survey at a scale of 1:50 000 covered 23 thousand square meters. km. the territory of the USSR.
Since 1924, the systematic implementation of astronomical and geodetic works began in the USSR.
With the establishment in 1924 of the State Technical Bureau "Gosaerophotography", aerial photography began for the needs of the national economy of the USSR and for the purpose of creating maps. One of the initiators of its implementation was M.D.Bonch-Bruevich. The first experimental aerial survey was carried out in 1925 in the area of the city of Mozhaisk on an area of 400 sq. km.
By 1925, the State Cartographic and Geodetic Service completed 76 thousand square meters. km. topographic surveys, identified 58 points of class 1 triangulation, 263 points of filling triangulation networks, 52 astronomical points, paved 2.2 thousand km. accurate leveling.
In 1926-1932, topographic surveys were carried out at a scale of 1: 25,000-1: 100,000 on an area of 325.8 thousand square meters. km. In 1928, a decision was made to switch to a system of plane rectangular coordinates in the Gauss-Kruger projection on the Bessel ellipsoid. Since 1928, when creating topographic maps at a scale of 1: 100,000, the contour-combined method began to be used, and since 1936 - the stereotopographic method. The topographic stereometer created in 1932 by Professor F.V.Drobyshev made it possible to provide most of the work on mapping the country on a scale of 1: 100,000, completed in the early 1950s.
Astronomer-geodesist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences F. N. Krasovsky developed the scientific foundations of a new triangulation scheme for classes 1 and 2, together with A. A. Izotov, determined the parameters of the reference ellipsoid in relation to the territory of the USSR. Since 1942, the parameters of the reference ellipsoid, called the Krasovsky ellipsoid, have been used to create all maps in our country. In 1932, systematic gravimetric studies began to solve geodetic problems, provide exploration for minerals and study the internal structure of the Earth. By 1935, degree measurements were completed in the form of a class 1 triangulation from Orsha to Khabarovsk.
Since 1935, aerial photography has become the main method of state mapping of the country's territory.
The State Cartographic and Geodetic Service continued to increase the volume of topographic and geodetic works of national importance. For 1930-1935. 31.1 thousand rows of triangulation of classes 1 and 2 were laid, 21 thousand km of leveling passages, aerial photography was carried out on an area of 482 thousand square meters. km, the triangulation and leveling polygons were equalized in the European part of the USSR. At the same time, the annual volume of topographic and geodetic works did not correspond to the rapid pace of development of the country. In 1932 and 1933. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR made decisions aimed at creating conditions that “ensure the use of topographic and geodetic, aerial survey, cartographic and gravimetric materials for the purpose of nationwide cartography”, and establishing the procedure for financing topographic and geodetic, aerial survey, cartographic and gravimetric work. These solutions ensured an increase in the rate of development of topographic, geodetic and cartographic works. From 1935 to 1938, 3184 points of triangulation of classes 1 and 2 were identified, 26,800 km of leveling passes were laid, aerial photography was carried out on an area of 1,788 thousand square meters. km, 1082 sheets of topographic maps were prepared for publication, topographic and geodetic works were carried out at the most important construction sites of the country.
September 14, 1938 By a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Main Directorate of Geodesy and Cartography (GUGK) was created under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. On February 5, 1939, A. N. Baranov, who headed the GUGK for 28 years, was appointed head of the GUGK. The main tasks of the GUGK included the creation of a state geodetic base and a state topographic map of the USSR; meeting the needs of the national economy, science, cultural and educational needs of the USSR with modern general and special, political, administrative, physical and geographical, economic and educational maps and atlases; state geodetic supervision and control of departmental topographic-geodetic and cartographic works. A. N. Baranov made a huge contribution to the development of the state cartographic and geodetic service of the USSR. Under his leadership, scientific, technical and production programs for topographic, geodetic and cartographic support of the state territory were carried out.
In the pre-war years (1939-1941), all topographic and geodetic units of the Military Topographic Service of the General Staff (MTS GSh) of the Red Army under the leadership of M.K. USSR territories: Bessarabia, Western Ukraine, Western Belarus, the Baltic States, on the Karelian Isthmus. As a result of these works, topographic maps were created on a scale of 1: 25,000 and smaller for the entire border strip.
To serve the multifaceted needs of the national economy, the country's defense and create a full-fledged topographic basis for the development of small-scale and special maps for the country's territory, the State Cartographic and Geodetic Service (GUGK and VTS General Staff of the RKKA) began in 1940 to compile a new survey topographic map at a scale of 1: 1 000 000. The first sheets of a topographic map at a scale of 1: 1,000,000 were compiled in 1918, by 1939, 80 sheets were published, but they could not meet the requirements of the national economy due to the heterogeneity of the fundamental principles, content and design.
The Great Patriotic War, which began in June 1941, set the country's state cartographic and geodetic service to urgently provide the Red Army with topographic maps of a scale of 1: 100,000 for the inner regions of the European part of the USSR - from the country's western borders to the Volga. In just six months (July-December 1941), the Cartographic and Geodetic Service completed this task.
During the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), created at the Academy of Sciences, the Commission for Geographical and Geological Services of the Red Army was involved in providing troops with military-geographical descriptions and integrated military-geographical maps. From 1941 to 1944, multi-sheet comprehensive military-geographical and thematic maps of the European and Far Eastern theaters of military operations were created.
At the end of 1941, work began on the creation of a new topographic map on a scale of 1: 200,000, which in July 1942 began to be supplied to the Red Army. In the following years of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet troops were provided with topographic maps of 1: 25,000 and 1: 200,000 scales. During the Great Patriotic War, the Cartographic and Geodetic Service carried out surveys and reconnaissance on an area of 5 million square meters. km. By 1945, a new map of 1: 1,000,000 scale (232 nomenclature sheets) was created on the territory of the USSR in uniform symbols and projections. The map has greatly expanded the understanding and knowledge of the territory Soviet Union, summarizing the numerous survey, cartographic and literary materials of various departments and institutions of the country on the geographical and cartographic study of the USSR. In 1947 this map was awarded the Great Gold Medal of the Geographical Society of the USSR.
General geographic, complex and thematic mapping
The mapping of the territory of Russia by the state cartographic and geodetic service in the first years of its development was limited by the lack of publishing equipment, financial resources and personnel. Despite this, in the 1920s, the maps necessary for the country were published - "Schematic Map of the Electrification of Russia" (the first Soviet economic map), drawn up by the GOELRO Commission; maps - the European part of the RSFSR (scale 1:10 000 000) and the Asian part of the RSFSR (scale 1:30 000 000). From 1921 to 1923 The State Cartographic and Geodetic Service published 65 cartographic works, among which were the complex atlas “Nature and Economy of Russia” in 2 issues (1923), “Administrative Map of the RSFSR. European part "scale 1: 3,000,000. At the same time, general geographic maps of the European part of the USSR were published on a scale of 1: 1,500,000 (1927) and the Asian part of the USSR on a scale of 1: 5,000,000 (1929).
Among the important cartographic works of this period should be attributed the "Hypsometric map of the middle and southern zone of the European part of the USSR with the adjacent parts of the Western states" published in 1926 by the Military Topographic Service at a scale of 1: 1,500,000. measures.
The creation of thematic and complex cartographic works required the efforts of teams from various branches of science and industry.
In 1928, the State Cartographic and Geodetic Service began compiling the "Atlas of Industry of the USSR" (in five issues), the first Soviet comprehensive economic and geographical atlas, which was published in 1931.
Meeting the needs educational institutions educational maps and atlases has become an important task of the state cartographic and geodetic service.
During this period, work is underway to compile and publish educational, administrative and thematic maps.
The 1930s are characterized by the beginning of comprehensive regional mapping of the country. The Atlas of the Moscow Region (1933) and the Atlas of the Leningrad Region and the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1934) were created, characterized by the completeness and versatility of the content, a variety of ways of displaying natural conditions and phenomena, economics and culture.
An outstanding event in the mapping of the territory of the country of the XX century was the release in 1937 of the "Great Soviet Atlas of the World", the publication of which was carried out in accordance with the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Elements of the physical, economic and political geography of the world and the USSR are reflected in the atlas. Atlas was highly appreciated in our country and abroad and was awarded the “Grand Prix” at the international exhibition in Paris in 1937.
Since 1936, cartographic work has been carried out at a rapid pace. By 1938, the output of cartographic products in comparison with 1935 had increased sixfold. The total circulation of maps and atlases published by the Cartographic and Geodetic Service for two years (1937, 1938) amounted to 6,886 thousand copies.
In 1938, the first atlas created by the Military Topographic Service, the Atlas of the Commander of the Red Army, was published.
In 1940 and 1941. The State Cartographic and Geodetic Service issued a “Hypsometric map of the USSR” at a scale of 1: 5,000,000 and a “Hypsometric map of the European part of the USSR” at a scale of 1: 1,500,000. The latter map served as the basis for the domestic hypsometric scale and methods for displaying morphological features of various types of relief.
An important event in the mapping of the country was the publication by the State Cartographic Service of maps and atlases of mass demand. For example: "Pocket Atlas of the USSR" (1934, 1936, 1939), maps of regions and regions of the country, which have become widespread and highly appreciated by consumers.
Since 1934, the restructuring of the teaching of geography and history at school has required the State Cartographic and Geodetic Service to provide the educational process in schools with educational atlases and wall maps. In 1938, the first “Geographic Atlas for the 3rd and 4th grades was published. primary school”, And in 1940 -“ Geographic Atlas for the 5th and 6th grades of secondary school ”, which were reprinted annually for almost two decades. For 1938-1945. 40 educational wall historical maps were compiled (20 of them on the history of the USSR), which laid the foundation for Soviet educational historical cartography.
Simultaneously with the publication of numerous maps, work was carried out on new original maps and atlases, the publication of which was carried out in subsequent years. In 1947, the first map of the USSR was issued on a scale of 1: 2,500,000.
For the successful conduct of geological exploration in the country, a variety of thematic maps were needed. In this regard, since 1920, geological and hydrogeological surveys began on a scale of 1: 200,000 - 1: 1,000,000; survey geological maps of the Asian part of the USSR were published on a scale of 1: 10,520,000 (1922) and 1: 4,200,000 (1925). In the 1930s, the first geological maps of the entire territory of the USSR were compiled on a scale of 1: 5,000,000 (1937) and 1: 2,500,000 (1940). The first "Tectonic Scheme of the USSR" was compiled in 1933. At the same time, various regional geological maps were created for the territory of the Greater Donbass, the Moscow Region basin, Kamchatka, the Northern Dvina and Pechora regions, the Urals, etc.
In 1938, the first sheets of the "State Geological Map of the USSR" at a scale of 1: 1,000,000 were published. By 1940, two-thirds of the country's territory was covered by geological surveys.
In 1939, the Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR developed a "Geomorphological map of the European part of the USSR" on a scale of 1: 1,500,000, which, in addition to the land relief, for the first time in the world displays the morphology of the seabed, large lakes and their shores, and a "Map of geomorphological zoning of the USSR" on a scale 1:10 000 000.
In 1929, applied survey agroclimatic maps of the country at a scale of 1: 10,000,000 were created: “Map of agroclimatic zones of the USSR”, “Map of actual and climatically possible northern and upper boundaries of agricultural crops”. In 1933, the Institute of Climatology of the Main Geophysical Observatory developed the "Climatological Atlas of the USSR".
In 1927, the “Map of the mean river flow of the European part of the USSR” was created. In 1937, the “Map of the river flow of the USSR” was published on a scale of 1: 15,000,000.
Since the 1920s, large-scale soil research and mapping of the soils of collective and state farms, as well as areas of proposed land reclamation (Zavolzhye, middle Asia, Transcaucasia). The Soil Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences compiled and published maps: "Soil Map of the Asian Part of the USSR" on a scale of 1: 4,200,000 (1926), "Soil Map of the USSR" (1929) in a scale of 1:10 500,000, "Soil Map European part of the USSR ”(1930) on a scale of 1: 2,520,000. At the same time, cartometric work was carried out to calculate the areas of soils in the European part of the USSR, and the publication of a multi-sheet“ State soil map of the USSR ”at a scale of 1: 1,000,000 was started.
Geobotanical Department of the Main botanical garden, and then the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in the mid-1920s. began work on the creation of a "Geobotanical Map of the European Part of the USSR" at a scale of 25 versts per inch (1: 1,050,000) on 18 sheets (a total of 8 sheets were published). Since 1920, work has begun on the study of forests in various regions of the country and the compilation of forest maps. In 1939, an overview “Map of Vegetation of the USSR” on a scale of 1: 5,000,000 was published.
In 1922-1925, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, with the participation of the State Geographical Society, published a multi-sheet “Dazimetric map of European Russia” at a scale of 1: 420,000. It was based on the results of the All-Russian population census of 1897. Until 1926, 46 sheets of the map were published.
Based on the results of the 1926 All-Union Population Census in 1929, a new “Survey Map of Population Density of the USSR” was compiled on a scale of 1: 10,000,000.
During the same period, mapping was developed in the country. ethnic composition population. The Commission for Studying the Ethnic Composition of the Population at the USSR Academy of Sciences compiled and published maps of the peoples of the Urals Territory, the Volga region, the Murmansk province, and the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The multi-sheet "Ethnographic Map of Siberia" on a scale of 1: 4,200,000 (1927), compiled from the data of the 1897 census and local censuses of later years, was especially famous. More than 190 nations were shown on the map. Later, the “Ethnographic Map of the Caucasus” at a scale of 1: 840,000 (1930), “Map of the settlement of the peoples of the Far North of the USSR” at a scale of 1: 5,000,000 (1933) were published.
In 1926, the "Economic Map of the USSR" and "Economic Map of the European Part of the USSR" were published, in 1927 - "Map of Industry of the European Part of the USSR" on a scale of 1: 1,500,000, in 1929 - "Map of Industry of the Asian Part of the USSR" scale 1: 5,000,000. These maps show in greater detail the location of different industries by settlements... Industry maps and general economic maps were also issued for individual regions of the USSR.
A major step in economic mapping was the release in 1934 of the atlas “USSR Industry at the Beginning of the Second Five-Year Plan,” on 64 sheets of which the location of factories and plants is shown with large-scale icons. Outstanding cartographic works of this period include: "Atlas of energy resources of the USSR" (1934), economic atlases of the Middle Volga region (1932), Ivanovo industrial region (1933), Kursk region (1935).
Development of mapping Agriculture demonstrates the "Map of agriculture of the USSR" published in 1926 on a scale of 1: 11,000,000. In 1928, the "Map of the location of wheat crops", developed by the All-Union Institute of Plant Industry, was published. Agriculture maps during this period were developed mainly at the regional level.
Before the Great Patriotic War atlases on fisheries were published: “Atlas of the USSR Fishing Industry” (1939) and “Atlas of Maps of the Distribution of Commercial Fish in the Northern Caspian” (1940).
Many economic maps of districts and administrative regions were issued, including a large series of schematic economic maps of districts of the Moscow region. The annual publication of schematic maps of the density of the movement of goods on railways and the most important inland waterways (1926-1933). Based on the results of expeditionary studies of the economy and communication routes of the Kolyma-Indigirsky Territory in 1931, a navigation atlas of the Kolyma River and its tributaries was compiled.
Reshetnikov F.P. The Great Oath (JV Stalin's speech at the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets on January 26, 1924). 1949
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Map of the USSR at the time of formation - December 30, 1922
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By hyperlink on Regnum, the full version, here in LJ abbr .: 
The most important data of the USSR 1938-1940
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The most important data of the USSR 1941-1945
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Indicators of socio-economic development of the USSR 1946-1950
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Indicators of socio-economic development of the USSR 1950-1958
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Indicators of socio-economic development of the USSR 1959-1970
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See the gallery of the most important documents that determined the formation, development, greatness and fall of the USSR:
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Coat of arms of the USSR, approved by the second session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on July 6, 1923
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Coat of arms of the USSR, approved by the decree of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on May 27, 1937
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The coat of arms of the USSR, approved by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on June 26, 1946
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The coat of arms of the USSR, approved by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on September 12, 1956
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State emblem of the RSFSR. State flag of the RSFSR. 1918 H
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Anthem of the USSR. A version of the text dated September 23, 1943 with the reproduced revision by I.V. Stalin
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Anthem of the USSR. Variant of the text dated October 28, 1943. Litters-autograph of I.V. Stalin
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Anthem of the USSR. Option dated October 28, 1943
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Anthem of the USSR. Version of the text of November 4, 1943
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See also about the anthem of the USSR: Exactly 70 years ago, on December 21, 1943, the newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda published the text of the new anthem of the USSR, which replaced the previous anthem, Internationale.
And the words of the chorus of the anthem of the USSR obliged and oblige:
Hail, our free Fatherland,
The glory of the peoples is a reliable stronghold!
Soviet banner, national banner
Let it lead from victory to victory!
Anthem of the USSR. Stalin's
https://youtu.be/-3vMv8swXMQ
https://youtu.be/2P5Fbh80eGw
The draft of the basic law (Constitution) of the USSR of 1924. 1 page
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(for the remaining 10 pages of the draft Constitution of 1924, see Regnum)
The draft of the basic law (Constitution) of the USSR of 1924. 2 pages
The draft of the basic law (Constitution) of the USSR of 1924. 3 pages
The draft of the basic law (Constitution) of the USSR of 1924. 4 pages
The draft of the basic law (Constitution) of the USSR of 1924. 5 pages
The draft of the basic law (Constitution) of the USSR of 1924. 6 pages
The draft of the basic law (Constitution) of the USSR of 1924. 7 pages
The draft of the basic law (Constitution) of the USSR of 1924. 8 pages
The draft of the basic law (Constitution) of the USSR of 1924. 9 pages
The draft of the basic law (Constitution) of the USSR of 1924. 10 pages
The draft of the basic law (Constitution) of the USSR of 1924. 11 pages
Treaty on the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1922 1 page
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Treaty on the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1922 2 page
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Treaty on the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1922 3 page
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Declaration "On the entry of Western Ukraine into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic". 1939
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Declaration of the Belarusian People's Assembly on the entry of Western Belarus into the BSSR. October 29, 1939
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Declaration on the entry of Latvia into the USSR. July 21, 1940
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Declaration on the entry of Latvia into the USSR. July 21, 1940 (Seimas of the Republic of Latvia)
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Declaration on the entry of Lithuania into the USSR. July 21, 1940
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Declaration on the entry of Lithuania into the USSR. July 21, 1940 (Russian)
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Declaration on the entry of Estonia into the USSR. July 22, 1940 (cover)
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Declaration on the entry of Estonia into the USSR. July 22, 1940
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Declaration on the entry of Estonia into the USSR. July 22, 1940 (Russian)
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Postage stamps dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the founding of the USSR
Postage stamp dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the formation of the USSR
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Postage stamps dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the formation of the USSR
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Postage stamp dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the formation of the USSR
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Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR "On the denunciation of the Treaty on the formation of the USSR." December 12, 1991
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To preserve Russia and Kazakhstan, a "big purge" and rehabilitation of the Soviet era is needed // IA REGNUM. 03/17/2011. 
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