In which country is rice most grown? Rice and seafood - how and where does it grow? Growing rice in the Krasnodar Territory: features

One of the oldest cereals in the world is rice. Thanks to its useful properties and good digestibility, this product is very popular, and in some countries it even has the honor of being national dish... Correct cultivation of crops allows you to get an unprecedented harvest of the most valuable product.

Features of culture

Rice is a grain that contains carbohydrates (80 g), proteins (7.13) g, fats (0.66 g), water (11.61 g). It also contains B vitamins, iron, copper, selenium, trace elements. The seed has a shell, under which the white part is located. It is most commonly consumed in food.

Root system the plant has a fibrous structure, it contains cavities. These cavities provide oxygen delivery to the water-filled soil.

As it grows, the rice looks like a normal bush with nodular stalks. The thickness of the stems ranges from 2 to 4 mm. Height is 40 cm or more. In some cases, the length can be up to 4 meters.

The leaves are oblong. The inflorescence looks like a broom up to 20 cm long. It can be grouped in one direction, or it can be opened. On it are spikelets with short legs.

At first, the plant is green. As it ripens, brown shades appear.

Rice culture appeared several millennia ago. As it spread across the globe, the adaptive qualities of the plant appeared that helped it survive in various weather conditions. For growing an annual plant, chernozem or silty soil, which contains many organic substances, is suitable. Rice maturation can take up to 120 days. To keep the rice as long as possible, you need to create a warm, moist growing environment for it.

Due to its beneficial properties, the rice culture is widely used in various spheres of life. It should be noted that the cereal crop is used not only in cooking. It is effectively used in medicine and industry. With the help of it, paper products, baskets, ropes are made. Straw is an excellent feed for livestock because it contains a lot of nutrients.

Why does it grow in water?

Rice crops prefer very high humidity. It is through water that all the necessary substances are nourished. In addition, the water removes weeds from the plant, allowing for a bountiful harvest.

To provide a given crop with suitable growth conditions, the land is zoned. Water is poured into the formed zones. At the time of the emergence of the first shoots, the soil must be saturated with water.

There are several ways to water rice.

Constant. The soil is in water all the time.
Partial. At the beginning and at the end of plant growth, the water layer is made smaller.
Temporary. During certain periods of plant growth, the required water level is maintained.

It is also important to note that the cereal plant prefers shade. The most favorable temperature for growth is considered to be 18 degrees above zero. Although rice will yield a crop even at temperatures ranging from 12 to 40 degrees above zero.

Depending on the thermometer reading, rice takes a different amount of time to become saturated with water. So, at a fairly critical temperature of 12 degrees above zero, the plant will need a week to saturate with water. The higher the temperature, the less time it takes to absorb moisture, which is necessary for full growth. For example, at a temperature of 30 degrees, it will take only 12 hours.

Varieties

There are about 40,000 types of rice all over the world. In China alone, 10,000 different varieties have been bred.

All varieties differ according to the following criteria:

type of cultivation;
growing area;
the duration of the cultivation;
sizes;
color;
density and shape of the seed.

On store shelves, you can find about 20 varieties of rice, which differ in the type of processing and price. At the same time, the low price does not mean the poor quality of the product.

In addition to the usual white rice, there are grains of brown, brown and even black, which are inherent in wild varieties. The color depends on the type of cleaning of the grain shell.

It is important to note that the darker the color, the more natural the product is and the more nutrients it contains.

In Asia, an unusual variety of rice is grown, which has a brownish tint. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that during cooking, the grain size increases several times. The higher the shelf life of the beans, the better the taste.

Depending on the grain size, the following types of rice are distinguished.

Long grain. This type is often used for preparing basic dishes. The grain size is 8-9 mm. The product is airy, does not stick together.
Medium grain. This type has dimensions of about 5 mm. It is more often used for making desserts. The product has a homogeneous texture and retains its shape after cooking.
Fine grain. The grain size is approximately 4x2 mm. The product has a sticky texture and contains a large amount of starch. It is more commonly used for making sushi.

The following varieties of rice are widespread.

Basmati. The product is distinguished by its long grains. Has a pleasant taste, aromatic smell. Is an traditional dish Indian food.
Jasmine. The product is represented by long thin grains of white color. Has a fragrant smell. It is a traditional Chinese dish.
Wild. The kernels are dark to black in color. The length of these fruits may vary.

The following types are distinguished by the type of processing.

Sanded. Rice has White color... The grains can be round or oval, medium or large.
Brown unpolished. This type of culture is represented by various grain sizes. There are long, short, medium grains. Unlike traditional white rice, only the rice shell is removed during processing. The germ and bran remain in the product. Such a product is considered to be the most useful.
Paddy. This is unprocessed grain. Its shelf life can be up to several years.
Steamed. Such grain is pre-soaked in liquid. Then steam is processed.
Broken. During processing, the grains are broken. Large pieces are used for cooking, and small pieces are ground into flour.
Shell. After grinding the grain, an outer shell remains, which serves as a nutritious feed for livestock.

Where is it grown?

Asia is considered the birthplace of rice. A tropical climate is suitable for a grain crop, so it can be found in India, Indonesia, China, America. In Russia, rice fields prevail in the Krasnodar Territory, namely in Krasnodar. The Kuban has the most suitable climate for growing rice. The presence of a special type of soil, which is located in the lower reaches of the Kuban River, allows you to get the best harvest.

Rice also grows in the CIS countries, for example, in Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan. It can be seen in Australia, Vietnam, Japan, the Philippines. On the territory of Russia, culture can also be found in the Astrakhan region, Primorye, the Chechen Republic.

Wild rice can be found in Canada and America. By outward appearance they bear little resemblance to traditional grains and are very resistant to environmental influences. Small lakes are their favorite locations. It should be noted that such rice is difficult to process and also difficult to harvest. Therefore, it is not cheap.

Plains and even mountainous surfaces are also suitable for planting rice.

There are various fields for growing crops.

Dry land. The location of such fields excludes the creation of artificial devices for additional irrigation. In view of natural conditions the soil is intensively saturated with moisture.
Estuary. The main task is performed by the river bays, which are used to grow the rice field. For such a field, a special type of rice is selected with a minimum ripening period.
Irrigation. Special flooding of the area is carried out with the help of dug holes. Two weeks before harvesting, the water is removed. After the land dries up, the crops are harvested.

Agrotechnics

The technique of growing rice involves carrying out certain activities to create favorable conditions.

Before sowing seeds, they are cleaned. For this, sorting mechanisms are used. After cleaning, a quality check is carried out. Unsuitable seeds are thrown away.
Before sowing, about a week before, the seeds are dried. Then they put it in warm water for several days. After that, they are dried again and only after that they are laid in the prepared soil. The depth of the seeds should not exceed 8-10 cm. Rice is sown in rows, crosswise or randomly from an airplane. It should be noted that in Asia they prefer to do everything by hand, while in the West they often resort to using the latest technology.
The soil is prepared in advance. To do this, it is treated with steam or fodder grasses and legumes are planted, which contribute to the desiccation of marshy areas. Apart from this, herbs are the best source of food for the earth. Exposure to steam helps the soil recover faster.

It is important to note that after growing legumes or grasses, rice can be sown for three consecutive years. If we resort to the technology of soil cultivation with steam, then such soil is suitable for sowing rice crops only for two years in a row.

In Asia, there is a special technique for growing cereals. In order to select the most viable grains that will give in the future good harvest, sowing seeds is carried out in greenhouses. Mud with water is used as soil. After the sprouts reach 9-10 cm in length, they are placed in water. Then, when the length of the sprout reaches 45-50 cm, the plant begins to bloom, emitting the smell of cooked rice.

The harvested crop is dried, left in special places where there is strict control over temperature and humidity. When stored properly, grains stay fresh throughout the year.

When growing rice in the Kuban, modern technology is used.

The entire growing process is divided into three stages.

The soil is watered abundantly. This is done in the spring when the weather gets warm.
The second stage is started after the plant grows to 15-20 cm. The field is intensively flooded with water.
The third stage includes drying out the soil. The works are carried out approximately two weeks before the harvest.

The required water level is maintained using modern devices.

In Russia, several types of grain cultivation technologies have been developed that allow for a high yield, for example:

tillage by means of mechanical leveling of the surface, fertilization, saturation of the soil with herbicides;
processes using technical units, plows, allowing you to get smooth plowed soil;
technology without the use of fertilizers allows you to grow varieties of dietary rice;
modern herbicide-free agricultural technology allows you to effectively control weeds.

The use of modern technological methods for growing rice crops has expanded the scope of this priceless product, which is known all over the world.

How rice is grown and harvested, see the video below.

By the way, it's interesting ...

According to preliminary results, the export of Russian rice in 2012 reached its historical maximum value - 334 thousand tons, which is twice the figure in 2011, according to the Institute for Agricultural Market Studies (IKAR).

Almost equal quantities of rice groats and paddy rice are exported abroad. “Our rice is becoming more and more popular in foreign markets due to its high quality and competitive price level,” notes IKAR. The largest volumes of Russian rice were purchased by Libya. Turkey, which in 2009 - 2011. occupied the leading place in the list of buyers, moved to the second place. The bulk of purchases from both countries is paddy rice. "Rice-groats were traditionally imported mainly by countries the former USSR", - explains IKAR. At the same time, Egypt, which produces and exports rice, for the first time in last years purchased in Russia almost 17 thousand tons of rice groats. (proof)

So, all the same, not all agricultural products are dead yet?

I just thought here ... from a stereotyped worldview, I know how rice is grown in China (well, or in those places), something like this:

And what about Russia? Something I have not seen such fields here! O! So there is a topic to delve into the Internet ... useful ...

Man has been growing rice and consuming it for seven thousand years. This is evidenced by the ancient manuscripts of India and China, ancient rice fields with a system of irrigation canals, the remains of pottery with traces of rice. The place of origin of rice has not been precisely established, however, according to some scientists, its culture originated in India, as evidenced by the growth of intermediate forms here between wild and cultivated rice. One of the oldest centers of rice culture is China, where it was grown in the 5th millennium BC. By about 500 BC, rice paddies were spread across large parts of India, China, South and Southeast Asia.

When spreading, rice easily adapted to more severe weather conditions: in South Asia, rice required a lot of water and heat all year round, and in central China, Korea and Japan, varieties took root that easily tolerate night cold and require small amount water.

In Asia, rice is still planted and harvested by hand. It has been cultivated for centuries on small patches of land, on the slopes of hills and mountain plateaus.

In the thirteenth century in southern Europe, rice was planted in the fields of Sicily and Valencia. Rice, which took root in Italy and Spain, was predominantly round-grain and medium-grain. It produced good crops and did not require much water for irrigation. Later, rice became popular in Northern and Central Europe, where it was exported from the American and Asian colonies.

He came to North America along with the British, French and Japanese. On the North American continent on the coast The Pacific the main cultivars are round-grain rice brought in by Japanese emigrants, while long-grain rice grows on the Atlantic coast and the southern United States. However, even before the arrival of the colonists, the Indians of North America collected and ate wild rice from the Great Lakes region. A distant cousin of rice, this perennial herb produced grains that were distinguished by their extraordinary color and taste, as well as nutritionally superior to regular rice.

Rice was brought to South America by the Spanish and Portuguese. Brazil and Argentina became the largest rice producers.

In 1893, on the initiative of the Samarkand military governor, Count N. Ye. Rostovtsev, 14 poods of seeds of "dry land" rice were purchased in China (the so-called rice cultivated without flooding with a layer of water). It was grown not with a constant flood, but with periodic floods of water into the checks. At the same time, the soil almost did not dry out. From sowing, 158 poods 36 pounds of grain were harvested. The entire crop was purchased by the loan office. We bought another 800 poods of seeds in China. They were distributed free of charge to the population for sowing. In 1895, they harvested already 30 thousand poods of grain.

But later, for some reason, they decided that keeping the fields in a "swampy state" was dangerous due to the spread of malaria. For this reason, the sowing of rice was generally prohibited, including in Armenia and Georgia. However, over time, this ban was lifted.

In the European part of Russia, the first attempts at rice cultivation were undertaken at the initiative of Tsar Ivan the Terrible. He instructed the Astrakhan governor to grow "Saracen millet", as rice was then called, in the lower reaches of the Volga. However, how this venture ended is unknown.

An attempt to sow rice, undertaken by Peter the Great, turned out to be successful. The seeds brought from Arabia by merchants specially sent there were sown in the royal botanical garden near Astrakhan and in the Terek river delta on the lands of the Armenian settlers. In both places the rice took root and continued to grow.

Rice terraces in China

Rice fields are of three types: checks, dry land and estuary. On checks, rice is grown under constant flooding until the harvest is almost ripe, and the water is drained before harvesting. Approximately 90% of the world's rice production is obtained in this way. Dry dry rice is grown without artificial irrigation in areas with high rainfall. On checks and dry land, the same varieties can be bred, however, in the first case, the yield is usually higher. Estuary rice is grown in floodplains during floods. In this case, special varieties with a rapidly lengthening stem are used, and panicles float on the surface of the water. Each year, this method of growing rice is possible only on small plots of land, and it gives much less grain than a check, but it is an extremely important source of food for the population of river valleys in Asia.

The main environmental factors limiting rice cultivation are soil temperature and moisture. Rice is a thermophilic plant, however, too high temperatures lead to excessive vegetative growth and mutual shading of shoots in crops. An abundance of sunny days, favoring photosynthesis, usually contributes to a higher yield.

Rice is an optional hydrophyte capable of transporting oxygen from leaves to flooded roots, so water can be kept in the fields throughout the growing season to reduce competition with weeds and increase yields.

In hilly rice-growing areas, rice is grown on sloping terraces enclosed by ramparts that retain water in the plots. In plains, irrigated rice paddies are usually carefully leveled (planned) to ensure uniform irrigation and good drainage, and divided into bunded areas (checks) that are flooded through a canal system.

Rice is undemanding to the soil, but for its cultivation, silty and clayey soils are preferable, which hold water well. However, sandy soils, despite their low natural fertility, with adequate cultivation, often give the highest yields.

In the United States, rice is sown from March to June. Sowing methods are different - the seeds are either embedded in the soil by machines, or scattered (sometimes from an airplane) over the dry or flooded surface of the field. In countries where agriculture is not mechanized, rice seeds are first germinated in ridges, and then seedlings 30-50 days old are transplanted in nests of three to four specimens into soft soil covered with a shallow layer of water.

When sowing in dry soil, it is immediately flooded, and then periodically the depth of flooding is changed depending on the phase of plant development, as well as to combat weeds and pests. At the onset of the wax ripeness phase, the water is discarded and the soil is dried for harvesting. When harvesting with a combine, the moisture content of the grain should be on average 18-22% and not lower than 16%, otherwise it may crack.

So how is rice grown in Russia now? ,

But like this

Probably many people were reminded of "in the Leninsky region they thrashed into the bins of the Motherland ... than they fulfilled the five-year plan in three years ..."

In Russia, rice is grown in Krasnodar and Stavropol Territory, in the Saratov region, although I was told that rice fields were also seen in Primorskoye. There are dry varieties of rice, they do not need flooding. Yields are by definition lower than conventional yields, but growing areas are much wider.

FUN FACTS
Man began to grow rice 7-8 thousand years ago.
About 500 million tons of rice are produced on Earth annually.
It takes 5000 liters of water to grow one kilogram of rice.
In North America, rice fields are planted from airplanes, and in parts of Asia, every grain is still planted by hand.
Brown long grain rice is the most common; Brown rice or medium-grain rice is less popular.
Compared to other grains, rice contains more potassium and phosphorus.
Rice is a source of complex carbohydrates for a balanced diet.
The average Asian eats rice at least twice a day.
The main ingredient in classic English pudding is rice.
Rice contains eight essential amino acids.
Most of the vitamins and minerals are contained in the bran shell, which remains only on the grains of brown rice.
Rice is the only major grain that grows in water.
Rice goes well with both fish and meat dishes.
The name of the Japanese car "Honda" means "main rice field".
Parboiled rice grains retain most of the vitamins and minerals.
The name of the Japanese car "Toyota" means "fertile rice field".

sources

Rice in China is perhaps one of the oldest cultural elements in the Middle Kingdom. And one day my friend asked: "And how is" their "rice different from ours?"... Having scribbled a hefty collection of answers for him in the messenger, I thought that you too would be interested to learn about the difference in prices, production, and even about fake rice in China.

The importance of rice in China

So what is the difference between rice in China and "Russian"? First of all, the attitude of the Chinese people towards them and their historical and social value. Here they treat him not so much with trepidation, but with respect. After all, rice has been feeding both the richest and the poorest for many years. Although once it was the privilege of only one emperor.

Why is rice so popular in China? Most likely, this can be called love of convenience. It so happened that no other agricultural crop gives such high yields as rice. In a country with a catastrophically large population and the same small area the yield indicator comes first. And if we take into account that rice is only nutritiously inferior to wheat, but is capable of producing 2-3 harvests per year, then other “food market players” had little chances.

Today, the Chinese eat rice in staggering amounts every day, several times, because a very large part of Chinese cuisine is based on this ingredient.

How rice is grown in China

At the moment, more than 10,000 varieties of rice have been developed in China, which differ from each other in the region of growth, size, color, density and ripening rate. Some varieties can only grow in flooded fields, while others are capable of producing crops on ordinary dry land.

Rice is grown in China in special fields, which are filled with water in advance. Although these "reservoirs" are shallow, Chinese rice farmers move along them, both on boats and on their feet, even in cold weather.

The Chinese plant rice in a non-standard way (although they do not always do this): they first wait for the sprouts to sprout in a special greenhouse, where mud mixed with water is used instead of soil. Thus, the natural selection of the most viable plants occurs. When the sprouts reach about 10 centimeters, they are simply thrown into the water, and then they independently take root into the soil.

Just imagine, in ancient times, rice ripened for eight months, which in modern conditions is unacceptably long. But science is moving forward and in breeding laboratories they have bred varieties that ripen in three! months. After two months, the sprouts that have risen to a height of 50 centimeters, magically bloom. Flowering rice has a delicate aroma similar to boiled rice, but spicier and sweeter. From this moment, the process of formation of rice grains takes place, which later harden.

Rice that has reached a state of readiness is harvested and dried by scattering it on the roads. The rooms where it will be stored must have the strictest control over humidity, otherwise mold will appear. Under ideal conditions, rice can be stored in a warehouse for about a year, packed in bags - it has a shelf life of about three years.

China annually harvests about 600 billion kg of rice, but this amount is still not enough to fully meet the needs of the Chinese for daily consumption of this product.

Why are rice fields flooded with water?

If rice can exist in dry soil, why are rice fields flooded with water in most photographs and images?

The mention of rice cultivation in Asia begins about eight thousand years ago. So, in those very immemorial years, it was revealed that rice in water gives 20 times more yield than on ordinary soil. Why is there such a miraculous effect? The point is that rice sprouts do not like cold, and water creates a kind of environment that, firstly, provides the plant with a comfortable temperature and does not allow "frost" to harm the root system, and secondly, it serves as a single means of exchange of all necessary minerals and substances between shoots in the field, so rice is one of those crops that can be grown for hundreds of years in one place without the addition of any fertilizer.

Sometimes fish or ducks are raised on flooded fields to increase yields, since their "manure" is able to compensate for the lack of nitrogen in the soil.

Where rice is grown in China

Rice is madly in love with the abundance of sun, warmth and moisture. That is why the central and southern parts of China, with their subtropical climate, are the most suitable for rice production.

The most famous and picturesque rice terraces in China are located in Longji Village, Longshen County. The unusual location of the fields on the slopes of the hills mesmerizes with its intricate curves and ingenuity of engineering the Chinese rice farmers. The cascading organization of the field allows water to be evenly distributed over all areas of soil with sprouts.

How much does rice cost in China? Price in shops and markets.

In supermarkets in northern China (where I now live), the cost of rice, depending on the variety and quality, varies from 4 to 10 yuan (~ 40-100 rubles) per kilogram. In the markets, the situation is almost the same. The further south you move through the country, the cheaper it will cost. But since the Chinese usually take it in whole meshes in bulk, it turns out much cheaper. You can find the prices for the main products in China in the text article "" and.

But you should have seen how they choose the rice they are going to buy. This is a very long and electoral process. They come up to one open stand of rice. They bend over and peer for a long time. Then they type it in both palms, sniff it, look more closely. Pour out. Then they come to another box with wonderful white grain, repeat all the previous operations and pour out again. Sometimes they just rake in one hand and just sniff.

How many arguments are there between the old people who prove to each other which rice is better and why it is worth buying this or that. It turns out that this is a whole science - buying rice. I remember how we do it in Russia: I came up, saw a bag of rice, looked at the price, looked at the production date (sometimes without this item) and went to the checkout. What a difference! By the way, we just shot a video, be sure to watch it.

How rice is cooked and eaten in China

In modern China, rice is cooked 95% of the time in electric rice cookers. In (eateries) they are very large, and in houses they are no more than a multicooker.

The Chinese invariably eat steamed rice, because it tastes strikingly different from boiled in water. We ourselves did not understand the difference until we tried it. The thought arises in my head that we have eaten some semblance of rice all our life in Russia, but here in China we have a real, incredibly tasty and simply bringing down from the aroma of cheekbones a masterpiece of culinary.

Let me open a little veil of secrecy for you: guess how much rice is cooked per day to feed nearly one and a half billion people? Lots of! But you cannot even imagine how much of it is thrown away every day due to the fact that "you could not eat everything."

Those who are poorer eat mainly rice with vegetables, occasionally diluting this "routine" with meat. Most of the Chinese eat rice as a snack, at the very end of the meal. Moreover, they can sit in a restaurant for several hours and eat an immense amount of various delicacies, but they will always have a place in their stomachs for a cup of rice.

How rice is used in China

Rice is used in China in different ways: as a food product (flat cakes, different kind sweets, vinegar, etc.) to make vodka or yellow wine.

The importance of rice in the life of China is felt not only in everyday life, but also in art, literature, religion, and especially in language. For instance, Russian word"eat" in Chinese it is written 吃饭 (chī fà n) , sounds like "Chifan", which literally means “eat food” or “eat rice (ready-made dish)”. But the words sound even more interesting: "breakfast" -早饭 (zǎ ofà n) , "Tsaofang", literally translated "early rice"; "dinner" - 午饭 (wǔ fà n) "Wufan"- "midday rice"; "dinner" — 晚饭 (wǎnfàn)"Wanfan"- "late rice".

Medicine is known and medicinal properties rice. Chinese doctors believe that rice "protects the stomach, strengthens health and expels disease from the body." The Chinese use not only grains of rice but also straw to make roofs, hats, shoes, baskets, umbrellas, fans and even paper. Also, the rice crop and all its derivatives are excellent as livestock feed and fertilizer. And the female half of humanity has been actively using Chinese rice powder for a long time.

Fake plastic rice in China

A couple of years ago, there was news that plastic, fake rice was being produced in China. The sources said that it was "zakos" for the elite rice cultivar Wuchang. The peculiarity of the counterfeit is that it looks exactly the same as ordinary rice, but visually more attractive and, in addition, has a bright aroma during cooking and an "amazing" taste, so it still costs a penny.

Thanks to these qualities, he gained unprecedented popularity. It is "synthesized" from potatoes, sweet potatoes (sweet potatoes) and some types of plastic, which are not at all useful for the human body.

It is still not clear how true the news is, but this story teaches us to carefully monitor what we eat every day and carefully monitor our well-being.

Of course, there are foods that initially seem inedible to our eyes, but the Chinese gobble them up with a bang behind their ears, for example, or strange

Let's summarize

Rice is an ideal product for an increasingly inhabited planet Earth: it is not picky about the soil, gives gigantic yields, is a raw material for the production of many species delicious dishes, alcohol and household items, and can be stored for a long time. Science is moving forward and new varieties of a wide variety of nutritious plants are being developed to meet the needs of a growing population, but rice will most likely remain at the top of the pedestal of the greatest agricultural crops.

Rice is a very ancient and most widespread crop on Earth. The homeland of rice is Asia, although now it is distributed almost all over the world. This is not surprising.

Its fruits, rich in amino acids, have excellent taste and are easily perceived by the human body.

The use of cereals occurs in various areas of national production. You will learn about the process of growing rice in this article.

Features of rice

How does this plant grow? In order for a rice crop to grow fruitfully, a very moist soil is required.

This tropical annual has a preference for shade. An important condition for its growth is the liquid regime in the phases of formation.

For example, when germination occurs, the earth must be saturated with liquid.

Further suitable criteria are when the field will be covered with a layer of moisture. The course of grain swelling is influenced by temperature.

At a temperature of +13 above zero, a seed, in order to germinate, absorbs moisture for five to seven days, at +17 - a couple of days will be enough for it, and at +27 - only 15 hours will be enough.

The interval in which this culture will actively grow is quite large and varies from +12 to +41, inclusive. The best temperature is +18, and the duration is up to three days. The seed stops growing at +10, maximum +12 degrees.

The cultivation of this plant is carried out according to special five to nine field crop rotations.

In order to obtain large yields, the agro-reclamation conditions for the cultivation of this crop must be favorable.

For this, rice fields are freed from flooding. On them plant dry land crops, as a rule, forage grasses, or leave the territory under fallow.

This means that the rotation of rice as a crop includes fallow and grass fields.

After flowering of such predecessors as legumes and herbs, rice can be sown for three years. If the field was planned for fallow, then two years. Grasses are not just connected to the rice crop rotation: they destroy the weeds of swampy places, saturates the earth with nutrients, show themselves to be of better quality.

The introduction of the steam link is of great importance, especially for the implementation of repair tasks that are associated with land reclamation. Moreover, it is thanks to the siderates increased fertility... The fallow rice paddies are sown with the following plants:

rapeseed;
vetch;
peas;
soy;
buckwheat and other plantings, as well as mixtures.

Where does rice grow

This plant is cultivated in areas with a tropical climate, but it is also found in the subtropics. Today, the cereal is widespread in India, China, Indonesia, South America. In the Asian countries of the world, the culture is cultivated by hand.

American plant breeders, for example, have developed an improved seeding method - from an airplane to the field. The growing areas of cultivated rice are flooded with water, pre-prepared flat rice fields.

For cultivating undemanding varieties of care, they are suitable dry terrain and plateaus... There is a wild form of rice, which is outwardly unlike the white we are used to. It is found in the States and Canada on multiple lakes of not very large sizes.

Rice farming: where and how rice is grown

The main types of farming for the cultivation of the presented culture are the following:

Why rice grows in water

This cereal crop is a plant that is not afraid of flooding. The root system receives oxygen delivered by the leaves from the surrounding air.

Nutrition for plantings brings water, it also allows you to fight against weeds, due to which the level of yield increases. To create suitable conditions for the convenient growth of this cereal crop, field lands are divided into zones with the help of rollers. Channels are created, which are filled with water.

Growing technology

The technological process of growing rice on checks is not dependent on weather conditions, since it is entirely under human control. This method is most commonly used for growing cereals. Rice is planted in this way.

For growing seedlings, grains are sown in pre-prepared cells... Their germination is carried out at an air temperature of + 13 / + 16 degrees.

After that, the resulting ready-made seedlings are planted on the check.

After two or three days, the checks are poured to the water level above the soil plane in the range of 13-15 cm.For optimal growth, planting requires warmth, for this reason the temperature must be at least +25 degrees.

When the time comes to kill the weeds, the water is drained. After manual weeding, the checks are filled out again. In order for this cereal to mature and the soil to dry out, the water is first drained before harvesting the cereals. This should be done approximately when the stem Green colour changes to lemon.

Chinese breeders have received 10 thousand varieties of this cereal. They differ in growing conditions, growing region, ripening period, as well as external characteristics: size, color and density of grain.

Some varieties may be cultivated with flooded rice paddies, and some may be suitable for dry soil. Rice farming in China is done in fields flooded with water.

Planters move along them on foot or on boats, regardless of the weather. An original method is used for planting rice.

The seeds are sown in a specially designated greenhouse... Mud mixed with water becomes the soil. This is done in order to choose the most viable plants that will be able to grow successfully in the future.

When the sprouts stretch up to 10 cm in height, they are thrown into the water, in the ground they will all set up spontaneously. When they grow up to 50 cm in height, it is time to bloom. The smell of flowers is similar to the smell of boiled rice, but it is softer and sweeter.

During this period of time, grains are formed. After harvesting, rice is placed directly on the roads for drying, then it is sent to the warehouse. The moisture storage is continuously monitored.

If the grains are provided with perfect conditions, then this cereal can be stored for 12 months, in packaged form - up to three years. Every year in China, order 600 billion kg of rice, but still it is not enough to meet the needs of the entire population of this large country.

The history of rice in our country

Just recently, showcases of almost all domestic shopping centers... They began to actively cultivate this culture in their native country even under N. Khrushchev, but at first these were not very large rice fields.

Even before Peter the Great, and then - revolutionary leaders at the end Soviet power Attempts have begun to grow this cereal on an industrial scale. And only when in the sixties of the last century reclamation devices were made, and industrial cultivation of cereals in the Krasnodar Territory became real.

Kuban rice

At the present time, 90 percent of all rice received on the territory of our country, agricultural workers are able to grow only in the Krasnodar area. For this, all conditions have been formed on the territory under consideration.

The Krasnodar Territory is distinguished by a suitable natural setting and unique climatic conditions. The cultivation of this cereal in the Krasnodar Territory is carried out using such lands, which have the name flooded and floodplain... The area of their location is the lower reaches of the Kuban River. This place is invariably warm weather and there is always a supply of agricultural resources.

Due to the fact that the indicated terrain has a flat relief with slight slopes, it is possible to create rice fields with checks of a significant scale. In the Kuban for growing rice use modern equipment... The technological process of cultivating a culture can be symbolically divided into three periods.

On the days of May, when the weather settles and is stably warm, they start growing cereals. The ground is pre watered thoroughly... When the shoots have grown to a maximum of 20 cm, they begin to flood the field. The tops of the crop should protrude out of the water. On the eve of harvesting, moisture is drained. This is done 15, maximum 20 days before the start of work.

In the fields, the desired liquid level is maintained thanks to the channel system. To grow 1 kilogram of rice cereal, about seven tons of water are consumed. Harvesting activities are carried out with the introduction of specialized harvesters into the work and only on clear, warm days. If the field is covered with fog or it rains, the technical equipment is not taken out into the field.

Rice as one of the main raw crops is used by the following industries:

Medical.
Manufacturing.
Perfumery.

Rice made it possible manufacturing of various products: cardboard, paper, bags, ropes, baskets and more. etc. Rice straw is used as feed for livestock, because there is an undeniable benefit in it, since rice husk is full of useful elements.

People most often prefer food eat white rice... However, red is considered the best in Japan. It acquires a pink tint due to the influence of beneficial trace substances. The dishes prepared from it were eaten by kings and emperors.

Rice is one of the most popular foods. It is produced in areas with hot and humid climates. Typically, rice is cultivated in tropical countries, but it can also be grown in subtropical countries. China, South America, India, Asia, Indonesia - the main areas of distribution. In Asian countries, rice is planted by hand. In America, it is sown on the fields directly from the plane. Huge benefit hiding in rice husks. However, it is scraped off and sent to livestock feed. People eat white rice. In Japan, red rice is considered the best - it acquires a pinkish tint under the influence of bacteria. This was the food used by the emperors.

Landing features

Rice belongs to the herbal family. In appearance, it resembles a reed. The landing is peculiar. First, the field is moistened until it turns into mud. Then you can start sowing. To support crop growth, an intricate network of canals, dams and embankments must be installed. It will allow you to maintain the moisture content of the soil in the desired condition. The soil should be covered with the thinnest layer of water. In order to facilitate work, fields are often arranged in mountainous areas.

When installing terraces in mountainous areas, water flows from one field to another. Watering is done using jugs or a special machine. Donkeys drive the irrigation device. Finished rice differs from what we see in the store in color. It is brown in color, not white, because it is covered with husks.

Weeds are usually removed manually. But for this you need to drain the water. Its level is usually regulated with a gate. In order to grow 1 kilogram of rice, about 5 thousand liters of water are required.

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Where rice grows in Russia

Rice can be grown even in Russia. Its cultivation began in the days of Khrushchev. At the moment, rice can be found in the Primorsky Territory, Chechnya, Astrakhan Region, Dagestan, Rostov Region, Kalmykia. About 80% of rice is grown in the Kuban. The thing is that the summer is longest here.

Now rice is used as a main dish, as a side dish for mushrooms, meat, vegetables and for dessert. Most of the vitamins remain in unpolished rice. The thing is that it is not processed. Among other things, it has more fiber and minerals than white rice. Due to the fact that the plant contains a large amount of carbohydrates, it is very nutritious. In addition, rice is rich in proteins, minerals and vitamins, is easily digestible and goes well with a large number of foods. Growing a culture on your own is difficult enough.