Language features

The question of the functions of language is closely connected with the problem of the origin of language. What reasons, what living conditions of people contributed to its origin, its formation? What is the purpose of language in the life of society? These questions were answered not only by linguists, but also by philosophers, logicians, and psychologists.

The appearance of language is closely connected with the formation of man as a thinking being. Language arose naturally and is a system that is necessary both for an individual (individual) and society (collective). As a result, the language is inherently multifunctional.

Thus, the language helps people to share experiences, transfer their knowledge, organize any work, build and discuss plans for joint activities.

Language also serves as a means of consciousness, promotes the activity of consciousness and reflects its result. Language is involved in the formation of the thinking of the individual (individual consciousness) and the thinking of society (social consciousness). This is a cognitive function.

The development of language and thinking is an interdependent process. The development of thinking contributes to the enrichment of the language, new concepts require new names; the improvement of the language entails the improvement of thinking.

Language, moreover, helps to preserve and transmit information, which is important both for the individual and for the whole society. In written monuments (chronicles, documents, memoirs, fiction, newspapers), in oral folk art, the life of the nation, the history of native speakers of a given language is recorded. In this regard, there are three main functions of the language:

Communicative;

Cognitive (cognitive, epistemological);

Accumulative (epistemic).

Additional functions are manifested in speech and are determined by the structure of the speech act, i.e. the presence of the addresser, the addressee (participants of communication) and the subject of the conversation. Let's name two such functions: emotional (expresses the internal state of the speaker, his feelings) and volitional (the function of influencing listeners).

The magical function of language has been known since ancient times. This is due to the idea that some words, expressions have magic power are capable of changing the course of events, influencing human behavior, his fate. In the religious and mythological consciousness, formulas of prayers, spells, conspiracies, divination, and curses primarily possess such power.

Since language serves as a material and form of artistic creation, it is legitimate to speak of the poetic function of language. Thus, the language performs a wide variety of functions, which is explained by its use in all spheres of life and activity of a person and society.

Russian language is the national language of the Russian people

Language is created by the people and serves them from generation to generation. In its development, the language goes through several stages and depends on the degree of development of the ethnos (Greek ethnos - people). On the early stage a tribal language is formed, then the language of the people and, finally, the national one.

The national language is formed on the basis of the national language, which ensures its relative stability. It is the result of the process of the formation of a nation and at the same time a prerequisite and condition for its formation.

By its nature, the national language is heterogeneous. This is explained by the heterogeneity of the ethnos itself as a community of people. First, people unite on a territorial basis, place of residence. As a means of communication, rural residents use a dialect - one of the varieties of the national language. A dialect, as a rule, is a collection of smaller units - dialects that have common linguistic features and serve as a means of communication for residents of nearby villages and farms. Territorial dialects have their own characteristics, which are found at all levels of the language: in the sound structure, vocabulary, morphology, syntax, word formation. The dialect exists only in oral form.

The presence of dialects is the result of feudal fragmentation at the time of formation Ancient Russia, then the Russian state. In the era of capitalism, despite the expansion of contacts between speakers of different dialects, and the formation of a national language, territorial dialects remain, although they undergo some changes. In the 20th century, especially in the second half, in connection with the development of the mass media (press, radio, cinema, television, intervision), the process of degradation of dialects, their disappearance, is underway. The study of dialects is of interest:

From a historical point of view: dialects retain archaic features that are not reflected in the literary language;

From the point of view of the formation of the literary language: on the basis of what main dialect and then the national language did the literary language develop; what features of other dialects it borrows; how the literary language influences the dialects in the future and how the dialects influence the literary language.

Secondly, social causes contribute to the unification of people: common profession, occupation, interests, social status. For such societies, the social dialect serves as a means of communication. Since the social dialect has many varieties, in the scientific literature, the terms jargon and slang are also used to name them.

Jargon is the speech of social and professional groups of people. It is used by sailors, electronics engineers, computer scientists, athletes, actors, students. Unlike territorial dialects, jargon does not have phonetic and grammatical features peculiar only to it. Jargon is characterized by the presence of specific vocabulary and phraseology.

Some slang words and set expressions are becoming widespread and are used to make speech expressive and expressive. For example: a bum, a homeless person, a breaker, a green, grandmas, a biker, a party, chaos, reach the handle, take it to the gun. Separate words and phrases are not currently perceived as jargon, since they have long entered the literary language and are colloquial or neutral. For example: cheat sheet, mood, rocker, snickers, be on a roll.

Sometimes the word slang is used as a synonym for the word jargon. So, for example, they talk about student, school slang, meaning jargon.

The main purpose of slang is to make speech incomprehensible to strangers. The lower classes of society are primarily interested in this: thieves, swindlers, cheaters. There was also professional slang. It helped artisans (tailors, tinsmiths, saddlers ...), as well as walkers (peddlers who sold small goods peddling and hauling in small towns, villages, villages) when talking with their own to hide from strangers the secrets of the craft, the secrets of their business.

IN AND. Dal in the first volume " explanatory dictionary” in an article with the title word afenya, ofenya gives an example of the argot speech of merchants: Ropa kimat, twilight, the vorykhans screech loosely. This means: It's time to sleep, midnight, soon the roosters will crow.

In addition to territorial and social dialects, the national language includes vernacular.

Vernacular is one of the forms of the national Russian language, which does not have its own signs of a systemic organization and is characterized by a set of linguistic forms that violate the norms of the literary language. The carriers of vernacular (citizens with a low level of education) do not realize such a violation of the norms, they do not catch, do not understand the difference between non-literary and literary forms.

Spacious are:

In phonetics: driver, put, sentence; ridiculitis, kolidor, rezetka, drushlag;

In morphology: my callus, with marmalade, doing, on the beach, driver, without a coat, run, lie down, lie down;

In vocabulary: a pedestal instead of a pedestal, a semi-clinic instead of a polyclinic.

Common speech, like territorial and social dialects, has only an oral form.

The concept of the Russian literary language

The highest form of the national language is the literary language. It is presented in oral and written form. It is characterized by the presence of norms that cover all levels of the language (phonetics, vocabulary, morphology, syntax). The literary language serves all spheres of human activity: politics, culture, office work, legislation, everyday communication.

The norms of the literary language are reflected in the dictionaries: orthoepic, spelling, explanatory, dictionaries of difficulties, phrases.

Literary language has two forms - oral and written. They differ in four ways:

1 Form of implementation.

2. Attitude towards the addressee.

3. Generation of form.

4. The nature of the perception of oral and written speech.

When implementing each of the forms of the literary language, the writer or speaker selects words, combinations of words to express his thoughts, and makes sentences. Depending on the material from which speech is built, it acquires a bookish or colloquial character. This also distinguishes the literary language as the highest form of the national language from its other varieties. Let's compare for example the proverbs: Desire is stronger than coercion and Hunting is stronger than bondage. The idea is the same, but framed differently. In the first case, the verbal nouns na - nie (desire, compulsion) are used, giving the speech a bookish character, in the second - the words hunt, more than that, giving a touch of colloquialism. It is not difficult to assume that the first proverb will be used in a scientific article, diplomatic dialogue, and the second in a casual conversation. Consequently, the sphere of communication determines the selection of linguistic material, and it, in turn, forms and determines the type of speech.

Book speech is built according to the norms of the literary language, their violation is unacceptable; sentences must be complete, logically related to each other. In book speech, abrupt transitions from one thought that is not brought to its logical conclusion to another are not allowed. Among the words there are abstract, bookish words, including scientific terminology, official business vocabulary.

Colloquial speech is not so strict in observing the norms of the literary language. It allows the use of forms that qualify in dictionaries as colloquial. The text of such speech is dominated by common vocabulary, colloquial; preferred simple sentences, participial and participle turnovers are avoided.

So, the functioning of the literary language in the most important areas of human activity; the various means for transmitting information embedded in it; availability of oral and written forms; the distinction and opposition of bookish and colloquial speech - all this gives reason to consider the literary language the highest form of the national language.

I want to draw your attention to the features that characterize the functioning of the literary language at the beginning of the 21st century.

First, the composition of participants in mass communication has never been so numerous and diverse.

Secondly, official censorship has almost disappeared, so people express their thoughts more freely, their speech becomes more open, confidential, and relaxed.

Thirdly, speech begins to dominate spontaneous, spontaneous, not prepared in advance.

Fourth, the diversity of communication situations leads to a change in the nature of communication. It is freed from rigid formality, it becomes more relaxed.

New conditions for the functioning of the language, the emergence of a large number of unprepared public speeches lead not only to the democratization of speech, but also to a sharp decline in its culture.

On the pages of the periodical press, in the speech of educated people, jargon, colloquial elements and other non-literary means poured in a stream: grandmas, piece, piece, stolnik, baldness, pump out, launder, unfasten, scroll and many others. The words party, disassembly, lawlessness have become common even in official speech. the last word in the meaning of "unlimited lawlessness" gained particular popularity.

For speakers, public speakers, the measure of admissibility has changed, if not completely absent. Cursing, "obscene language", "unprintable word" today can be found on the pages of independent newspapers, free publications, in the texts of works of art. In stores, at book fairs, dictionaries are sold that contain not only slang, thieves, but also obscene words.

There are many people who declare that swearing, swearing are considered characteristic, hallmark Russian people. If we turn to oral folk art, proverbs and sayings, it turns out that it is not entirely legitimate to say that the Russian people consider swearing an integral part of their lives. Yes, people are trying to somehow justify it, to emphasize that scolding is a common thing: Scolding is not a reserve, and without it not for an hour; Swearing is not smoke - the eye will not eat out; Hard words break no bones. It seems to even help in the work, you can’t do without it: You won’t swear, you won’t do the job; Without swearing, you can't unlock the lock in the cage.

But I think something else is more important: Argue, argue, but scolding is a sin; Do not scold: what comes out of a person, then he will be filthy; Swearing is not resin, but akin to soot: it doesn’t cling, it stains like that; With abuse people dry, and with praise they get fat; You won’t take it with your throat, you won’t beg with abuse.

This is not only a warning, this is already a condemnation, this is a ban.

The Russian literary language is our wealth, our heritage. He embodied the cultural and historical traditions of the people. We are responsible for his condition, for his fate.

Lesson 1

Date of:

Formed UUD:

1. Regulatory:

2. Communicative:

3. Cognitive UUD: the ability to draw conclusions, generalizations, exercise self-control and self-assessment,the ability to establish causal relationships, to transform information from one form to another.

Each stage of the lesson is aimed at achieving a certain result.

This methodological development of the lesson has a practical focus: practical tasks are aimed at working out the material, and diagnostic tasks are aimed at checking its understanding and assimilation, at improving the types of speech activity. The acquired knowledge will be needed by students in educational and practical activities. The lesson is aimed at fostering respect and love for the culture of the Russian people, the historical past, a careful and conscious attitude to the Russian language as a national value, a sense of patriotism,

Lesson Objectives: 1) to consolidate the idea of ​​the Russian language as the national language of the Russian people, state language RF and the language of interethnic communication and one of the world languages; 2) to form an idea of ​​the Russian language as a national value; 3) expand and deepen students' understanding of the meaning of the Russian national language; 4) repeat the main feature of the literary language - the presence of a system of generally recognized norms; five)generalize, systematize knowledge, educational and language skills on the topic.

Tasks:

Educational: systematization of information about the Russian language - the national language of the Russian people, the formation of skills in the application of the studied orthograms.

Developing: develop students' speech creative thinking, imagination, spelling vigilance.

Educational: fostering respect and love for the culture of the Russian people, the historical past, the Russian language, a sense of patriotism;education of students' speech culture.

Lesson type: Combined.

Form of organization of cognitive activity of students : collective, group, individual.

Implementation technology: Technology of the activity method of teaching. Technology of formation of educational tasks. Problem-diagnostic technology.

Resources: Textbook Russian language Grade 8: a textbook for educational institutions at 2 pm / S.I. Lvova, V.V. Lvov - M.: 2013 (FSES).

Teaching methods and techniques: verbal, visual, partially exploratory, commented reading, oral survey, teacher's story, work with text.

Equipment: epigraph to the lesson, textbook, educational texts, interactive whiteboard, presentation to the lesson.

Formed UUD:

Regulatory: the ability to formulate one's own opinion and position; planning ways to achieve goals,adequate self-assessment of the correctness of the performance of the action and making the necessary adjustments to the performance, reflection of the ability to organize one's own activity; forecasting.

Communicative: the ability to negotiate and come to a common decision in joint activities, including in situations of conflict of interest, the ability to organize and plan educational cooperation with a teacher and peers; the ability to argue one's point of view, to argue and defend one's position, the ability to negotiate and come to a common decision in joint activities, including in a situation of conflict of interest, to build a speech monologue in accordance with the tasks set; atthe ability to establish causal relationships.

Cognitive UUD:

1. Draw conclusions, generalizations;

2. Exercise self-control and self-assessment;

3. Ability to establish causal relationships;

4. Convert information from one form to another;

5. The ability to define the concept.

Epigraph to the lesson:

True love for one's country is unthinkable without love for one's language.

A man who is indifferent to his language is a savage.

His indifference to the language is explained by a complete indifference to the past, present and future of his people.

K. Paustovsky

During the classes

I. organizational stage.

II. Updating of basic knowledge.

Conversation :

How do you understand the expression "Russian is the national language of the Russian people"?

Define the national language.

What do you think affects language development?

What means of it change most intensively?

Why did the Russian language become one of the world languages?

What is its role as a world language?

Prove that the Russian language is one of the richest and most developed

languages ​​of the world.

III. Motivation for learning activities

1. The word of the teacher. Look around and you will see many amazing things created by the mind and hands of man: radio, telephone, computer, ships, planes, rockets... But the most amazing and wise thing that mankind has created is language. All people on Earth can speak. They speak different languages, but all languages ​​have one main task - to help people

understand each other in communication, in common work. Without language, the life of a person, people, society, the development of science, technology, and art are impossible. The meaning of language (speech, words) is noted by Russian proverbs:The human word arrows are sharper. Good speech is good to listen to. A bullet will hit one, and a well-aimed word - a thousand. The wind destroys the mountains, the word of the people raises. A living word is more precious than a dead letter.

It is not always easy to express your thoughts clearly, accurately and figuratively. This needs to be learned - learn hard and patiently. The writer A. N. Tolstoy said: “To deal with the language somehow means to think somehow:

inaccurate, approximately, incorrectly. Learning Russian will help you speak and write better, choose the most accurate and necessary words to express your thoughts. “The word is the clothing of all facts, all thoughts,” Maxim Gorky said.

Take care and love the word, because the Russian language begins with it.

2. A trained student reads a poem by Anna Andreevna Akhmatova"Courage":

We know what's on the scales now
And what is happening now.
The hour of courage has struck on our clocks,
And courage will not leave us.
It's not scary to lie dead under the bullets,
It is not bitter to be homeless, -
And we will save you, Russian speech,
Great Russian word.
We will carry you free and clean,
And we will give to our grandchildren, and we will save from captivity
Forever!

Conversation on the poem by A.A. Akhmatova Courage.

What is the call in this poem?

Do you think the poem "Courage" is relevant today?
- What problem do we face today when studying Russian?

Formulation of the topic of the lesson:Russian language as National treasure Russian people.

Pay attention to the epigraph to our lesson (students read the words of K. G. Paustovsky). Do you think that the words of K.G. Paustovsky are consonant with the topic of the lesson? So what are we going to talk about today? What problem to solve?

IV. Work on the topic of the lesson. Generalization, systematization, control of knowledge and skills of students.

1. The word of the teacher. Russian language in modern world performs two functions: 1) the national language of the Russian people; 2) one of the international languages.

The Russian language is the language of science, technology and culture. The works of outstanding Russian writers - A. Pushkin, M. Lermontov, N. Gogol, I. Turgenev, L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, M. Gorky, V. Mayakovsky, M. Sholokhov and others were created in Russian. Works of many famous scientists: linguists F. Buslaev, L. Shcherba, V. Vinogradov, mathematicians P. Chebyshev, A. Lyapunov, S. Kovalevskaya, physicists A. Stoletov, P. Lebedev, N. Zhukovsky, chemists D. Mendeleev, A. Butlerov, biologists K. Timiryazev, I. Sechenov, I. Mechnikov, I. Pavlov, physicians N. Pirogov, S. Botkin, geographer N. Przhevalsky and other figures of Russian science - are written in Russian. Russian is one of the richest languages ​​in the world. It has a large vocabulary, has developed expressive means to refer to all necessary concepts in any area of ​​human activity.

Literary language is the language of books, newspapers, theatre, radio and television, public institutions and educational institutions. Literary language is studied at school. Russian literary language - languagenormalized . The pronunciation of words, the choice of words and the use of grammatical forms, the construction of sentences in the literary language are subject to certain rules or norms. The literary language hasoral Andwritten shape.

2. Practical work.

Read the passage. What is the wealth of the Russian language?

Write down your answer.

The Russian language is one of the most developed and richest languages ​​in the world. It is sonorous and melodious: there are about eighty voiced sounds per hundred sounds - vowels and voiced consonants. The Russian language has a large vocabulary. It has many synonyms. With their help, all shades of thought and feeling are accurately and vividly expressed. The Russian language has many ways of forming new words, and therefore it has inexhaustible sources of replenishment of its vocabulary. In the Russian language, said Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol, “all tones and shades, all transitions to the most tender and soft; it is boundless and can, living like life, be enriched every minute.

3. Dictation "Checking myself" with additional task

Write down the text from dictation. Find obsolete words and word forms in the text. Explain their meaning.

And our Russia has given us one more gift: it is our wondrous, our mighty, our singing language. In it, all of it is our Russia. In it are all her gifts: and the expanseunlimited possibilities, and richness of sounds and words and forms; and spontaneity, and clarity; and simplicity, and scope, and guy; Anddaydreaming, and strength, and clarity, and beauty.

Everything is available to our language ... And therefore it is powerful to express, depict, convey everything. It has the buzz of distant bells and the silver of nearby bells. There are gentle rustles and crunches in it. It has grassy rustles and sighs. It contains screams, and thunder, and whistles, and bird chirps. There are heavenly thunders in it, and animal roars, and unsteady whirlwinds, and barely audible splashes. It contains the whole singing Russian soul; and the echo of the world, and human groans, and the mirror of divine visions...

This is the language of the matureoriginal national character. And the Russian people, who created this language, are themselves called upon to achieve spiritually and spiritually the beauty that their language calls them to...

How do you understand the statement of the outstanding Russian philosopher Alexander Ivanovich Ilyin? (1882-1954)

What is the main idea of ​​the text? Formulate and write it down. Explain the lexical meaning of the highlighted words.

From the first and second paragraphs, write out the words formed in a non-suffix way.

From the last sentence, write down the words in which the voiced consonant is stunned.

4. Physical Minute.

5. Creative work. young literary critics.

Compare three texts on the same topic - about rain. (Texts are projected on the board.)

1. Glass, rare and vigorous,

Hurrying with a cheerful rustle,

The rain has come and the forest is green

Quiet, breathing cool.

(I. Bunin)

2. And the rain rustled across the wide meadow,

Even the flowers were surprised at each other;

In leaf cups on every path

By fire, by silver.

(A. Yashin)

3. Spore rain pours steeply, strongly. He always approaches with an oncoming noise.

Particularly good is the spore rain on the river. Each drop of it knocks out a round depression in the water, a small water bowl, jumps, falls again. At the same time, there is a glass ringing all over the river. By the height of this ringing, you can guess whether the rain is gaining strength or resting. (K. Paustovsky)

Find the meaning of the word in the explanatory dictionarycontroversial.

In what passages is the disputed, sonorous, fractional rain described? (In the first and third). Rustling? (In the second).

What creates this impression? Find means of expressive speech in all three texts.

6. Brainstorming. Comparative analysis of texts. Creative application of previously learned material about language. (Texts for each group).

Group work (3 groups)

The task

Read the statements of famous writers about the language and, based on the information received earlier, draw a conclusion about the richness, beauty, expressiveness and development of the Russian language. One person from the group writes down the conclusions on the blackboard (in a strong class), in a weak one - with the help of a teacher.Orally compose proof that the Russian language is one of the richest and most developed languages ​​in the world.

- There is no word that would be so bold, smart, so burst out from under the very heart, so seething and quivering like a well-spoken Russian word.

(N. V. Gogol.)

- ... We must cultivate a taste for good language how to bring up a taste for engravings, good music.

(A.P. Chekhov.)

The true richness of a language lies not in the multitude of sounds, not in the multitude of words, but in the number of thoughts expressed by them. Rich

a language is one in which you will find words not only to indicate the main ideas, but also to explain their differences, their shades, their greater or lesser strength, simplicity and complexity. (N. M. Karamzin ).

Let there be honor and glory to our language, which in its native wealth, almost without any foreign admixture, flows like a proud,

the majestic river - rustles, thunders - and suddenly, if necessary, softens, murmurs in a gentle stream and sweetly flows into the soul, forming all the measures that consist only in the fall and rise of the human voice! (G. R. Derzhavin )

- ... Our unusual language itself is still a mystery. It has all the tones

and shades, all transitions of sounds from the hardest to the most gentle and soft; it is boundless and can, living as life, enrich itself

every minute ... (N. V. Gogol )

Russian language! For thousands of years the people have been creating this flexible, magnificent, inexhaustibly rich, intelligent, poetic and labor tool of their social life, your thoughts, your feelings, your hopes, your anger, the greatest future (A. N. Tolstoy ).

The Russian language is inexhaustibly rich and everything is enriched with astonishing speed! (M. Gorky )

We have been given possession of the richest, most accurate, powerful and truly magical Russian language. (K. Paustovsky ).

Language is the history of the people. Language is the way of civilization and culture. That is why the study and preservation of the Russian language is not an idle occupation from nothing to do, but an urgent need ... The Russian language in skillful and experienced lips is melodious, expressive, flexible, obedient, dexterous and roomy ... (A. Kuprin)

Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this property handed down to us by our predecessors, among whom again Pushkin shines! Treat this mighty weapon with respect; in the hands of the skilful, it is able to perform miracles ... Take care of the purity of the language, like a shrine! (I. Turgenev)

The result of work on quotes - a corrected entry on the board

and in notebooks:

The prevalence of the Russian language.

The presence of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, polysemantic words,

archaisms.

The melodiousness of the language, based on Slavic roots.

Continuous enrichment through foreign words, neologisms.

A reflection of the wisdom of the ages.

Through rich vocabulary, coverage of all life phenomena and emotions

person.

7. Listening to 2-3 reasoning.

8. Oral expression.

Read the text carefully and explain the meaning of the highlighted words and expressions. Make up and write sentences with these words. Do you agree with the position of the author? Justify your point of view. Give at least two arguments.

(According to V. Neroznak)

Determine the type of speech. Prove that this is an argument. How is the discussion structured? (A thesis is put forward, which is proved, a conclusion is made.)

What thesis is put forward in this text? What facts prove it? (The sonority, melodiousness of the language; its lexical richness; many ways of forming new words.)

Composition-miniature. Explain in writing the meaning of one of the statements. When writing essays and essays-miniatures, use the tips set out in memos No. 3,4,5 (see part 2 of the textbook).

1) As long as the language is alive, the nation is also alive. (V. Rasputin)

Every language reflects the culture of the people who speak it. (L. Shcherba).

10. Listening to 2 - 3 compositions.

11. Work in pairs. Creation of social advertising.

Remember what you know about social advertising and its purpose in our lives.

Give your opinion on whether the idea of ​​this advertisement (see the picture on p. 7 “We are losing him”, exercise 3) reflects the main content of the lesson?

Try to offer your own version of advertising, calling to take care of your native language. What do you think can be depicted on such a poster? What words to write?

12. Protection of creative projects.

V. Reflection. Summing up the lesson.

1. Frontal conversation using the interactive technique "Microphone".

Formulate evidence that confirms and, conversely, refutes the judgment:The fate of the native language depends on each of us.

What are the hardest arguments for you?

2. The word of the teacher. Human speech is a great miracle. Try to learn something without a language, without being able to speak... You will see that it is impossible. Without language, a person ceases to be a person.

People learned to speak when they began to work together, to help each other. The main thing in our speech is the word. Nothing more wonderful than a word can be found on Earth. The word is the most general and most precise designation of any thing, any action, any quality of an object. That is why it and only it allows a person to think - without it thought would be impossible. Human speech is, first of all, the main and main tool for the exchange of thoughts, for communication between people. If you need to ask permission to go to the cinema, you start talking. And if the chief designer of space rockets has to give a task to the builders of a star ship, he cannot do without words, without speech. Here you see

speech is the most important, the very first, necessary means of communication between people.

And if it is so important, then each person must do everything to master it perfectly. Study and protect the Russian language - the magnificent human speech.

Several useful tips for those who want to better speak their native language

1. Remember that the secret to success in Russian language work is simple: love and learn native language. To love a language means to try to unravel its many secrets, to feel the amazing beauty of Russian speech, to strive to master the innumerable treasures of the Russian language, to cherish it and be proud of it. To study the native language means to comprehend its laws, secrets, to learn how to use the acquired knowledge about linguistic phenomena to the maximum in one's own speech practice.

2. Keep in mind that good knowledge of the language is not expressed in how many definitions and rules you learn by heart. To know a language means to be proficient in it in different speech situations.

Russian is the national language of the Russian people, one of the richest languages ​​in the world. The famous writer K. Paustovsky, emphasizing the richness of the Russian language, wrote that "for everything that exists in nature, the Russian language has a great many good words and names."

The word must be treated with care. No wonder the poet V. Shefner wrote:

Words can kill, words can save

In a word, you can lead the shelves behind you.

How do you understand these words?

And here is how the Russian people expressed this idea in proverbs and sayings about the language (proverbs are projected onto the board, 2-3 proverbs are written in notebooks):

For a great deed - a great word.

The language is small, but it turns a great deed.

Good speech is good to listen to.

The saber will cut one, the Word an army.

From a good word the world is light.

You will catch up with a frisky horse, but never a dropped word.

An affectionate word breaks a bone.

Interest in the Russian language in the world is steadily growing. And this is mainly due to the growth of cultural and economic ties with Russia. Russian language in Western Europe today economists and lawyers, taxi drivers and policemen, workers of tourist business and sellers teach. An announcement like “The company needs employees with knowledge of English and Russian languages” can be seen in Armenia, the Baltic countries, and France.

Studying the Russian language, its development, delve into the essence of grammatical rules, reflect on the meaning of words, on their combinations, comprehend the essence of each sentence. Remember that generations of Russian people, using the language, enriching and improving it, reflected in words, phrases, sentences and their nature, and their history, and poetry, and attitude to life ...

VI. Homework

Theoretical material of the textbook for everyone (p. 3-4 of the textbook)

High level

Write an essay-reasoning according to Academician Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev: “Sloppiness in clothes is disrespect for the people around you and for yourself. Language, to an even greater extent than clothing, testifies to the taste of a person, about his culture, about his attitude to the world around him and to himself.

Enough level

Choose your proverbs about the language. Answer the question: what's the point

The lesson is in these proverbs.

Average level

Explain the meaning of the proverb: "To speak without thinking that to shoot without aiming."

How often do we, Russian speakers, think about such an important moment as the history of the emergence of the Russian language? After all, how many secrets are hidden in it, how many interesting things you can find out if you dig deeper. How did the Russian language develop? After all, our speech is not only everyday conversations, it is a rich history.

The history of the development of the Russian language: briefly about the main

Where did our mother tongue come from? There are several theories. Some scientists consider (for example, the linguist N. Gusev) the Sanskrit of the Russian language. However, Sanskrit was used by Indian scholars and priests. Such was the Latin for the inhabitants of ancient Europe - "something very clever and incomprehensible." But how did the speech that was used by the Indian scholars suddenly end up on our side? Is it really with the Indians that the formation of the Russian language began?

Legend of the Seven White Teachers

Each scientist understands the stages of the history of the Russian language differently: this is the origin, development, alienation of the bookish language from the folk language, the development of syntax and punctuation, etc. All of them can differ in order (it is still unknown when exactly the bookish language separated from the folk language) or interpretation. But, according to the following legend, seven white teachers can be considered the "fathers" of the Russian language.

In India, there is a legend that is even studied in Indian universities. In ancient times, seven white teachers came from the cold North (the Himalayas region). It was they who gave people Sanskrit and laid the foundation for Brahmanism, from which Buddhism was later born. Many believe that this North was one of the regions of Russia, so modern Hindus often go there on pilgrimage.

A legend today

It turns out that many Sanskrit words completely coincide with - such is the theory of the famous ethnographer Natalya Guseva, who wrote more than 150 scientific papers on the history and religion of India. Most of them, by the way, have been refuted by other scientists.

This theory was not taken out of thin air by her. Her appearance was an interesting case. Once Natalia accompanied a respected scientist from India, who decided to arrange a tourist trip along the northern rivers of Russia. Communicating with the inhabitants of local villages, the Hindu suddenly burst into tears and refused the services of an interpreter, saying that he was happy to hear his native Sanskrit. Then Guseva decided to devote her life to studying the mysterious phenomenon, and at the same time to establish how the Russian language developed.

Indeed, it is truly amazing! According to this story, representatives of the Negroid race live beyond the Himalayas, speaking a language so similar to our native one. Mystic, and only. Nevertheless, the hypothesis that our dialect originated from Indian Sanskrit is in place. Here it is - the history of the Russian language briefly.

Dragunkin's theory

And here is another scientist who decided that this story of the emergence of the Russian language is true. The famous philologist Alexander Dragunkin argued that a truly great language comes from a simpler one, in which there are fewer derivational forms, and the words are shorter. Allegedly, Sanskrit is much simpler than Russian. And the Sanskrit writing is nothing more than Slavic runes slightly modified by the Hindus. But after all, this theory is just where is the origin of language?

scientific version

And here is the version that most scientists approve and accept. She claims that 40,000 years ago (the time of the appearance of the first man) people had a need to express their thoughts in the process of collective activity. This is how the language was born. But in those days the population was extremely small, and all people spoke the same language. After thousands of years there was a migration of peoples. The DNA of people has changed, the tribes have isolated themselves from each other and began to speak differently.

Languages ​​differed from each other in form, in word formation. Each group of people developed their native language, supplemented it with new words, and gave it shape. Later, there was a need for a science that would deal with describing new achievements or things that a person came to.

As a result of this evolution, so-called "matrices" arose in people's heads. The well-known linguist Georgy Gachev studied these matrices in detail, having studied more than 30 matrices - language pictures of the world. According to his theory, the Germans are very attached to their home, and this served as the image of a typical German speaker. And the Russian language and mentality came from the concept or image of the road, the way. This matrix lies in our subconscious.

The birth and formation of the Russian language

About 3 thousand years BC, among the Indo-European languages, the Proto-Slavic dialect stood out, which a thousand years later became the Proto-Slavic language. In the VI-VII centuries. n. e. it was divided into several groups: eastern, western and southern. Our language is usually attributed to the eastern group.

And the beginning of the path of the Old Russian language is called education Kievan Rus(IX century). At the same time, Cyril and Methodius invent the first Slavic alphabet.

The Slavic language developed rapidly, and in terms of popularity it has already caught up with Greek and Latin. It was (the predecessor of modern Russian) who managed to unite all the Slavs, it was in it that they wrote and published key documents and monuments of literature. For example, "The Tale of Igor's Campaign".

Normalization of writing

Then came the era of feudalism, and the Polish-Lithuanian conquests in the 13th-14th centuries led to the fact that the language was divided into three groups of dialects: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, as well as some intermediate dialects.

In the 16th century, in Moscow Russia, they decided to normalize the writing of the Russian language (then it was called “prosta mova” and was influenced by Belarusian and Ukrainian) - to introduce the predominance of the composing connection in sentences and the frequent use of the unions “yes”, “and”, “a”. The dual number was lost, and the declension of nouns became very similar to the modern one. And the characteristic features of Moscow speech became the basis of the literary language. For example, "akanye", the consonant "g", the endings "ovo" and "evo", demonstrative pronouns (yourself, you, etc.). The beginning of book printing finally approved the literary Russian language.

Peter's era

It greatly influenced speech. After all, it was at this time that the Russian language was freed from the "guardianship" of the church, and in 1708 the alphabet was reformed so that it became closer to the European model.

In the second half of the 18th century, Lomonosov laid down new norms for the Russian language, combining everything that had come before: colloquial speech, folk poetry, and even command language. After him, the language was transformed by Derzhavin, Radishchev, Fonvizin. It was they who increased the number of synonyms in the Russian language in order to properly reveal its richness.

A huge contribution to the development of our speech was made by Pushkin, who rejected all restrictions on style and combined Russian words with some European ones to create a full and colorful picture of the Russian language. He was supported by Lermontov and Gogol.

Development trends

How did the Russian language develop in the future? From the middle of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries, the Russian language received several development trends:

1. Development of literary norms.
2. Rapprochement of the literary language and colloquial speech.
3. Expansion of the language through dialectisms and jargon.
4. The development of the genre "realism" in literature, philosophical problems.

A little later, socialism changed the word formation of the Russian language, and in the 20th century, the media standardized oral speech.

It turns out that our modern Russian language, with all its lexical and grammatical rules, originated from a mixture of various East Slavic dialects that were common throughout Russia, and the Church Slavonic language. After all the metamorphoses, it has become one of the most popular languages ​​in the world.

More about writing

Even Tatishchev himself (the author of the book “Russian History”) was firmly convinced that Cyril and Methodius did not invent writing. It existed long before they were born. The Slavs not only knew how to write: they had many types of writing. For example, traits-cuts, runes or a drop cap. And the scientist brothers took this very initial letter as a basis and simply finalized it. Perhaps they threw out about a dozen letters to make it easier to translate the Bible. Yes, Cyril and Methodius, but its basis was a letter. This is how writing appeared in Russia.

External threats

Unfortunately, our language has repeatedly been exposed to external danger. And then the future of the whole country was in question. For example, at the turn of the 19th century, all the "cream of society" spoke exclusively in French, dressed in the appropriate style, and even the menu consisted only of French cuisine. The nobles gradually began to forget their native language, ceased to associate themselves with the Russian people, acquiring a new philosophy and traditions.

As a result of this introduction of French speech, Russia could lose not only its language, but also its culture. Fortunately, the situation was saved by the geniuses of the 19th century: Pushkin, Turgenev, Karamzin, Dostoevsky. It was they who, being true patriots, did not allow the Russian language to perish. It was they who showed how beautiful he is.

Modernity

The history of the Russian language is polysyllabic and has not been fully studied. Don't briefly describe it. It will take years to study. The Russian language and the history of the people are truly amazing things. And how can you call yourself a patriot without knowing your native speech, folklore, poetry and literature?

Unfortunately, today's youth has lost interest in books, and especially in classical literature. This trend is also observed in older people. Television, the Internet, nightclubs and restaurants, glossy magazines and blogs - all this has replaced our "paper friends". Many people have even ceased to have their own opinion, expressing themselves in the usual clichés imposed by society and the media. Despite the fact that the classics were and remain in the school curriculum, few people read them even in a summary, which "eats" all the beauty and originality of the works of Russian writers.

But how rich is the history and culture of the Russian language! For example, literature is able to provide answers to many questions better than any forums on the Internet. Russian literature expresses all the power of the wisdom of the people, makes you feel love for our homeland and better understand it. Each person must understand that the native language, native culture and people are inseparable, they are one whole. And what does a modern Russian citizen understand and think about? About the need to leave the country as soon as possible?

Main danger

And of course, foreign words are the main threat to our language. As mentioned above, such a problem was relevant in the 18th century, but, unfortunately, it has remained unresolved to this day and is slowly acquiring the features of a national catastrophe.

Not only is society too fond of various slang words, foul language, in fictitious expressions, also constantly uses foreign borrowings in his speech, forgetting that there are much more beautiful synonyms in Russian. Such words are: “stylist”, “manager”, “PR”, “summit”, “creative”, “user”, “blog”, “Internet” and many others. If it came only from certain groups of society, then the problem could be fought. But, unfortunately, foreign words are actively used by teachers, journalists, scientists and even officials. These people carry the word to people, which means they introduce an addiction. And it happens that a foreign word settles so firmly in the Russian language that it begins to seem as if it is native.

What's the matter?

So what is it called? Ignorance? Fashion for everything foreign? Or a campaign directed against Russia? Perhaps all at once. And this problem must be solved as soon as possible, otherwise it will be too late. For example, more often use the word “manager” instead of “manager”, “business lunch” instead of “business lunch”, etc. After all, the extinction of a people begins precisely with the extinction of the language.

About dictionaries

Now you know how the Russian language developed. However, that's not all. The history of Russian language dictionaries deserves special mention. Modern dictionaries evolved from ancient handwritten and later printed books. At first they were very small and intended for a narrow circle of people.

The most ancient Russian dictionary is considered to be a short supplement to the Novgorod Pilot Book (1282). It included 174 words from different dialects: Greek, Church Slavonic, Hebrew, and even biblical proper names.

After 400 years, much larger dictionaries began to appear. They already had a systematization and even an alphabet. The then dictionaries were mostly educational or encyclopedic in nature, so they were inaccessible to ordinary peasants.

First printed dictionary

The first printed dictionary appeared in 1596. It was another supplement to the grammar textbook by Priest Lavrentiy Zizania. It contained over a thousand words, which were sorted alphabetically. The dictionary was explanatory and explained the origin of many Old Slavonic and was published in Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian languages.

Further development of dictionaries

The 18th century was a century of great discoveries. They did not bypass explanatory dictionaries either. Great scientists (Tatishchev, Lomonosov) unexpectedly showed an increased interest in the origin of many words. Trediakovsky began to write notes. In the end, a number of dictionaries were created, but the largest was the "Church Dictionary" and its appendix. More than 20,000 words have been interpreted in the Church Dictionary. Such a book laid the foundation for the normative dictionary of the Russian language, and Lomonosov, along with other researchers, began its creation.

Most Significant Dictionary

The history of the development of the Russian language remembers such a significant date for all of us - the creation of the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V. I. Dahl (1866). This four-volume book received dozens of reprints and is still relevant today. 200,000 words and more than 30,000 sayings and phraseological units can be safely considered a real treasure.

Our days

Unfortunately, the world community is not interested in the history of the emergence of the Russian language. His current position can be compared to one incident that once happened to the extraordinarily talented scientist Dmitri Mendeleev. After all, Mendeleev was never able to become an honorary academician of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (the current RAS). There was a grandiose scandal, and still: such a scientist cannot be admitted to the academy! But The Russian Empire and her world were unshakable: they declared that the Russians since the times of Lomonosov and Tatishchev were in the minority, and one good Russian scientist, Lomonosov, was enough.

This history of the modern Russian language makes us think: what if someday English (or any other) will supplant such a unique Russian? Pay attention to how many foreign words are present in our jargon! Yes, the mixing of languages ​​and friendly exchange is great, but the amazing history of our speech should not be allowed to disappear from the planet. Take care of your native language!

Russian is the largest language in the world. In terms of the number of people speaking it, it ranks 5th after Chinese, English, Hindi and Spanish.

Origin

Slavic languages, to which Russian belongs, belong to the Indo-European language branch.

At the end of III - beginning of II millennium BC. the Proto-Slavic language separated from the Indo-European family, which is the basis for the Slavic languages. In the X - XI centuries. the Proto-Slavic language was divided into 3 groups of languages: West Slavic (from which Czech, Slovak arose), South Slavic (developed into Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian) and East Slavic.

During the period of feudal fragmentation, which contributed to the formation of regional dialects, and Tatar-Mongol yoke Three independent languages ​​emerged from East Slavic: Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian. Thus, the Russian language belongs to the East Slavic (Old Russian) subgroup of the Slavic group of the Indo-European language branch.

History of development

In the era of Muscovite Russia, the Middle Great Russian dialect arose, the main role in the formation of which belonged to Moscow, which introduced the characteristic "acane", and the reduction of unstressed vowels, and a number of other metamorphoses. The Moscow dialect becomes the basis of the Russian national language. However, a unified literary language had not yet developed at that time.

In the XVIII-XIX centuries. Special scientific, military, maritime vocabulary was rapidly developed, which was the reason for the appearance of borrowed words, which often clogged and weighed down the native language. There was a need to develop a single Russian language, which took place in the struggle of literary and political trends. The great genius of M.V. Lomonosov in his theory of "three" established a connection between the subject of presentation and the genre. Thus, odes should be written in the "high" style, plays, prose works in the "medium" style, and comedies in the "low" style. A.S. Pushkin in his reform expanded the possibilities of using the “middle” style, which now became suitable for ode, tragedy, and elegy. It is from the language reform of the great poet that the modern Russian literary language traces its history.

The appearance of sovietisms and various abbreviations (prodrazverstka, people's commissar) is connected with the structure of socialism.

The modern Russian language is characterized by an increase in the number of special vocabulary, which was the result of scientific and technological progress. At the end of the XX - beginning of the XXI centuries. the lion's share of foreign words comes into our language from English.

The complex relationships of various layers of the Russian language, as well as the influence of borrowings and new words on it, led to the development of synonymy, which makes our language truly rich.

Its sound, expressive means and artistic possibilities were praised by many famous people. It was spoken by Pushkin, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky... and more than 260 million people continue to speak it. It arose not so long ago as the rest of its "brothers", however, it already has a rich history. We are talking, of course, about the Russian language, the history of the emergence and development of which we will tell today.

Origin: Versions by several scholars

According to a legend that exists in India, seven white teachers can be considered the "fathers" of the Russian language. In ancient times, they came from the cold North (the Himalayas region) and gave people Sanskrit, an ancient literary language that became widespread in India from the 1st century BC. BC, - thereby laying the foundation of Brahmanism, from which Buddhism was later born. Many believe that this North at that time was one of the regions of Russia, so modern Indians often go there as pilgrims .

However, what does Sanskrit have to do with the Russian language?

According to the theory of the ethnographer Natalia Guseva, who wrote more than 150 scientific works on the history and religion of India, many Sanskrit words completely coincide with Russian ones. But why did she even come to that conclusion? Once on a tourist trip along the northern rivers of Russia, Guseva accompanied a respected scientist from India. Communicating with the inhabitants of local villages, the Hindu suddenly burst into tears and refused the services of an interpreter. Seeing puzzled looks, he replied that he was very happy to hear his native Sanskrit. Natalya Guseva was very interested in this case, so she decided to devote her whole life to the study of the Russian language and Sanskrit.

By the way, the famous philologist Alexander Dragunkin fully supports his colleague and claims that the great language of the Russian people really comes from a simpler one - Sanskrit, which has fewer word-forming forms, and its writing is nothing more than Slavic runes slightly modified by the Hindus.

Text in Sanskrit.
Source: wikimedia.org

According to another version, which is approved and accepted by most philologists, people about 2.6 million years ago (the time of the appearance of the first person) were simply forced to learn how to communicate with each other in the course of teamwork. However, in those days the population was extremely small, so individuals spoke the same language. Thousands of years later, there was a migration of peoples: the DNA got mixed up and changed, and the tribes became isolated from each other, and so many different languages ​​\u200b\u200bappeared that differed from each other in form and word formation. Later, there was a need for a science describing new achievements and things invented by man.

As a result of this evolution, so-called matrices appeared in people's heads - language pictures of the world. These matrices were studied by the linguist Georgy Gachev, at one time he studied more than 30 of them. According to his theory, the Germans were very attached to their home, and so the image of a typical German-speaking person was formed - organized and thrifty. And the mentality of the Russian speaker came from the image of the road and the way, because. in ancient times, the Russian-speaking people traveled a lot.

The birth and formation of the Russian language

Let's bring some specifics to our article and talk in more detail about the birth and development of our native and great Russian language. To do this, let's go back to India in the III millennium BC. Then, among the Indo-European languages, the Proto-Slavic dialect stood out, which a thousand years later became the Proto-Slavic language. In the VI-VII centuries. already n. e. it was divided into several groups: eastern, western and southern (the Russian language is usually referred to as eastern). In the ninth century (the moment of the formation of Kievan Rus), the Old Russian language reached its maximum development. At the same time, two brothers, Cyril and Methodius, invented the first Slavic alphabet and alphabet based on the Greek script.

However, the creators of Slavic writing did not limit themselves to the alphabet alone: ​​they translated and wrote down gospel sermons, parables, liturgical texts and apostolic letters; and also for about three and a half years they were engaged in the education of the Slavs in Moravia (the historical region of the Czech Republic).

Thanks to the work and knowledge of the enlightenment brothers, the Slavic language began to develop rapidly. By that time, in terms of popularity, it could already be compared with Greek and Latin, which, by the way, also belong to the Indo-European language family.

Separation of language and normalization of writing

Then came the era of feudalism, and the Polish-Lithuanian conquests in the XIII-XIV centuries. divided the language into three groups: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, as well as some intermediate dialects. By the way, until the XVI century. Russian was under the huge influence of the other two - Belarusian and Ukrainian and was called "simple language".

In the XVI century. Muscovite Rus decided to normalize the writing of the Russian language, and then they introduced the predominance of the composing connection in sentences and the frequent use of the unions “yes”, “and”, “a”. Also, the declension of nouns became similar to the modern one, and the basis of the literary language was the features characteristic of modern Moscow speech: “akanie”, the consonant “g”, the endings “ovo” and “evo”.

Russian language in the 18th century

The Petrine era greatly influenced Russian speech. It was at this time that our language was freed from the guardianship of the church, and in 1708 the alphabet was reformed and made it similar to the European one.

"Geometry of Slavonic Land Surveying" is the first secular publication printed after the reform of the Russian alphabet in 1708.