How to build a monolithic house with your own hands. Influence on concrete hardening time. Operating principle of vibrator for concrete

Concrete is a building material consisting of crushed stone, sand, water and cement. Preparing concrete involves thoroughly mixing the ingredients and pouring it into containers, where the concrete solution subsequently hardens. For construction warm home Special fillers are added to the mixture to improve the quality of concrete. Concrete composition for building houses has many advantages, one of them is the ability to prepare a solution and build a structure with your own hands.

When working with a concrete house, the following advantages are distinguished:

speed of installation;
reliability;
longevity;
high strength of the structure;
relatively low financial costs;
in the house monolithic structure there are no gaps through which cold passes;
soundproofing the room;
the possibility of using any finishing material on top of concrete;
the possibility of constructing buildings with your own hands;
concrete has various geometric shapes, which simplifies the installation process;
when pouring the solution evenly, the formation of cracks is reduced;
the use of light mixtures in the composition does not require deepening the foundation.

DIY concrete houses have the following disadvantages:

the need for additional equipment when working at height;
due to the metal reinforcement of the walls, the house will need grounding;
when using permanent formwork, it is necessary to ensure ventilation of the room so that the house can breathe;
welding the frame will require a lot of labor, which is also needed if possible;
a warm house can only be built after proper insulation;
if the design includes permanent formwork, polystyrene is used, and when burned it releases toxic substances that are harmful to human health.

Tools and materials for work

When constructing buildings and structures made of concrete, you cannot do without the following tools and equipment:

mixer for connecting concrete components;
containers for mixing concrete mixture with your own hands;
reinforcement;
trolley for transferring solution;
construction hair dryer;
perforator;
knife for cutting foam;
various tools;
wire cutters;
roulette;
wire;
hammer;
sand;
fittings;
cement;
concrete mixer;
crushed stone;
formwork

Construction methods

The construction of concrete houses occurs in two ways: using removable formwork and non-removable formwork. The removable method involves individual planning of formwork, the purpose of which is to accurately replicate the contours of the future structure. Removable formwork is made of plastic, metal or wood. This method pours concrete mortar with minimal heat transfer, which allows heat energy to be retained in the room. The non-removable method makes the walls thin, but at the same time retains all its structural properties. This formwork has a thermal insulation layer and built-in reinforcement.

With permanent formwork

Permanent formwork for the foundation.

The permanent formwork method has the following types of construction: corner, longitudinal, above the window, under the window. This method of wall construction has an internal layer of thermal insulation, which allows you to save on heating costs. It simplifies the installation of the structure due to its lightness and creates various room configurations.

Thermal insulation of the material is especially important for buildings and structures, because its absence requires the construction of walls of great thickness. The disadvantages include the formation of danger as a result of the release of toxins into the atmosphere, which appear during a fire in buildings.

Construction technology

The formwork is placed on a layer of waterproofing and fastened into grooves; this technology creates a strong pouring of concrete mortar, as a result of which there is no leakage of the mixture at the joints. When pouring the formwork, it is prohibited to use heated solutions; they can form condensation in large quantities, which will increase the humidity of the room. Applying permanent formwork, the house is provided with a good layer of thermal insulation, which will only require covering the polystyrene foam boards with facing material.

With removable

Using removable formwork, methods for its insulation are chosen. One option is to insulate the gap with warm plaster; the second method is a well façade. The well facade is a monolithic wall facing with brick, and the gap between them is sealed with insulation. The well facade is the optimal solution for insulation, which provides the walls with breathable qualities. Thus, the house is resistant to overheating in the summer and will keep the room cool, and in the cold season it will keep warm and resist freezing.

Construction technology

The technological process consists of pouring formwork in several stages. Begin laying the solution no more than 50 centimeters of concrete. Leave the mixture to dry, the next layer is applied after the previous one has completely hardened. After pouring the solution, it is compacted using a deep vibrator. Next, move the mold up after the solution has completely hardened.

The concrete mixture is laid until the required wall height is reached. To make the structure strong, reinforcing mesh is installed in the walls. The finishing of the walls and installation of thermal insulation material is carried out one and a half months after laying the concrete solution, waiting for the final strength of the structure. Thermal insulation material can be:

Styrofoam;
mineral wool;
warm plaster;
extruded polystyrene.

The removable form is made of wood, metal or plastic. When using a plywood sheet, it is cut with a fine-toothed file and drilled on both sides; this method prevents destruction of the coating. When plywood is stored at the bottom of the formwork, it is protected from moisture penetration onto its surface. To ensure that disassembling the formwork does not cause difficulties, the plywood is coated with a special mixture and fasteners are fixed to it.

Conclusion

Concrete is a unique construction material, thanks to which various architectural solutions. The popularity of concrete is due to its many positive qualities. It gives buildings and structures strength, reliability and longevity. Therefore, concrete is often used for the construction of houses and load-bearing structures.

An important advantage of durable building material is the ability to prepare it yourself and use it in the process of constructing structures.

Monolithic house- a structure constructed from a material such as reinforced concrete. This technology helps to erect a building in a short time, of almost any shape and number of floors. What is monolithic technology? This is the construction of a building directly on site by pouring concrete into formwork. This construction method has both advantages and disadvantages. Let's look at them first.

TO benefits monolithic construction applies:

- the integrity of the entire structure, and the strength of the structure and improvement of its characteristics;
- due to the absence of seams monolithic house it becomes warmer, which is an important factor and helps to save money during the heating season;
- such construction can be started on any type of soil, regardless of the time of year;
- by building a monolithic house you save money on materials, save time, since this technology helps to achieve results in the shortest possible time;
- thanks to this method you can build structures of the shape you want, and you can finish the walls of the building different materials;
- the appearance of cracks in the walls is also eliminated due to the uniform shrinkage of the building;
- also an advantage is high noise insulation;
- build a monolithic house with your own hands you can with a minimum number of assistants; - when building a house you do not need to use such heavy equipment as cranes;
- ceilings and walls are immediately ready for finishing work.

Despite the huge number of advantages, monolithic construction also has its own flaws:

- since the walls of the house are made of reinforced concrete structure, then it is necessary to do grounding for the entire house; - pouring concrete requires a concrete pump, which is not a cheap tool;
- difficulties also arise due to weather factors, which can make it difficult to work with concrete; -
-work mainly takes place in open space, and this can create some discomfort for the worker in bad weather conditions.

Materials used for the construction of monolithic structures

The amount of concrete you need per 1 square meter will be from 0.3 to 0.8 cubic meters. and from 25 to 70 kilograms of reinforcing steel. When making formwork, you can use plastic, wood, polystyrene foam or steel. The metal elements that bear the main loads are mainly made of aluminum or steel. In the manufacture of load-bearing formwork elements, galvanized or galvanized steel with an anti-corrosion coating is used. It is worth noting that aluminum formwork is 3 times lighter than steel, which reduces the cost of effort spent during transportation and installation, and, accordingly, the cost of building a house.

Wood: in the manufacture of formwork elements, laminated wood or plywood are often used. Laminated wood is known for its strength, and wooden elements are exposed to the external environment, causing it to swell and quickly deteriorate. Polystyrene foam: This is not a removable formwork that is assembled dry. This material is similar to the bark of a cork tree. This material is absolutely environmentally friendly, non-radioactive, and resistant to environmental influences. This material may resemble polystyrene foam, but its characteristics are many times superior to it.

Building a monolithic house with your own hands is not very difficult. The project of your future structure can be thought out and built independently, you can use the Internet or order a project from design specialists.

If you decide to do everything yourself, the most important thing you need to do is calculate the strength load-bearing walls, and the load placed on them, as well as the thickness of the fill cement mortar and the amount of insulation material. Once you have calculated everything and fully prepared your project, you can begin foundation work.

As at the beginning of any construction project, it is important to clear and prepare the construction site. Of course the most the best option there will be a foundation reinforced concrete slab, since it will easily support the entire structure and will reduce all influences of the soil on the structure. This method is often used in construction with permanent formwork. And in construction with removable formwork it is often built ground floor and the foundation is made strip.

House with permanent formwork

The construction of a monolithic structure with permanent formwork is a fairly simple task. Construction of a building using this technology includes: preparation of formwork, preparation of concrete, and pouring ready-made concrete into the formwork. You need to purchase formwork elements. they come in several types, for example: wall, corner and radius. First, we calculate the required quantity of each formwork element according to our project. The formwork must be treated with a special solution.

We install the formwork on the foundation, installing it like a constructor, connecting the key joints together. When installing formwork, parts such as joint locks, racks and brackets are used. After all the preparations, concrete is poured into the formwork. But first, it is worth noting that concrete must be used to fill permanent formwork, and it is not recommended to use warm mixtures. To begin with, we fill one row of permanent formwork and install all the necessary elements, such as water supply, sewer and ventilation pipes.

Next we insert a mesh of reinforcement. When making formwork for the foundation, use slopes and spacers. Typically, permanent formwork is made of polystyrene foam. This design consists of two plates connected by jumpers. Reinforcement is placed in the cavity and filled with concrete. Concrete is prepared from M500 cement, crushed sand and water.

Fill the first layer about 50 centimeters and compact the solution with a vibrator. It is important that you can build no more than 50 - 70 centimeters of the wall per day. This formwork is called an ideal and flat surface, which, upon completion of the construction of walls, immediately allows finishing work to begin. walls need insulation, but how finishing material can be used wet facade- plaster with decorative plaster. To make the construction task easier for you, you can call several partners, because further up at the height you will need to use a concrete pump, but it is difficult to do this yourself. The resulting reinforced concrete walls have a soundproof and heat-insulating structure.

This type The construction of houses has long been practiced by many construction companies, thanks to which money is saved, and the building is built in the shortest possible time. Experts in this field have long calculated that the construction of monolithic buildings using permanent formwork is the most cheap way construction. And perhaps soon, many construction organizations will switch to this technology.

House with removable formwork

Removable formwork is made from wooden boards ranging in size from 30 - 50 mm. At the bottom of the structure, metal ties with bolts are installed, which prevent the formwork from expanding after pouring concrete. The formwork is fixed on top with either wooden or the same metal plates.

Next, reinforcement or frame is inserted into the formwork. Next, a solution called sawdust concrete is prepared. It consists of eight parts sawdust, one part cement, two parts sand, and three parts lime. It is important to mix sand with cement and lime with sawdust separately. Next, mix these mixtures together and add water little by little, while stirring. water should not leak out of the solution. The solution is poured into the formwork in a layer of approximately twenty centimeters. Mix the mixture thoroughly with a vibrator.

Next, leave the solution to harden for one day. Then fill in the next layer of solution. We work in this sequence until we fill the formwork. At the top we leave a distance of 10 - 15 cm to simplify the work. We rearrange the formwork above after three to five days, when the resulting structure has hardened sufficiently for this purpose. Also, do not forget to protect the formwork from rain and sun.

After the walls are erected, the concrete needs to finally harden, it should be given about a month for this, and then you can begin further work in preparation for the roofing. But before that we reconstruct the formwork. The ceilings should protrude by 20 cm. When the reinforced concrete hardens and dries completely, if necessary, you can insulate the walls with warm plaster. This mixture is an excellent heat and hydro insulator.

At this point, the construction of a monolithic house with your own efforts can be considered complete. From the material read, it is clear that it is simple and fast, as well as economical. And many people have long chosen this method construction for your own houses, thanks to which you do not need to pay a lot of money for this work. Thanks to such construction, a significant part of the funds remains in your budget and you gain enormous experience.

Insulation of reinforced concrete structures

The choice of which material to insulate depends on the financial capabilities and desires of the person. If you want to save money, it is better to use mineral wool, and if comfort and appearance are more important to you, then polystyrene foam is better. The insulation method with a well facade is also used. In this case, an indentation is made from the outside of the reinforced concrete wall, then covered with bricks or tiles, and insulation is poured into the free space. This can be environmental wool or expanded clay. A huge advantage of this type of construction is its environmental friendliness, and such a house turns out to be as breathable as possible, keeps cool in the summer and does not release heat in the winter. The disadvantage of this type of construction with removable formwork is the constant assembly and disassembly of the formwork. Therefore, the choice of how to build with removable or permanent formwork is yours. Although it is worth noting that construction with permanent formwork helps save time.

The conclusion is this: the monolithic method of building houses has only good feedback. Monolithic houses They are durable, have good heat and noise insulation, and are environmentally friendly. The construction process is as simple as possible, which allows a person to build his own house without any special skills. This type of construction in the near future may become the main one among construction companies, because this technology is simple, and thanks to the minimum number of workers, money and time are saved. And this method allows you to build the most unusual objects in their shape and design.

It surpasses all other types of buildings in strength. Previously, only industrial facilities and high-rise buildings, today private individuals also use this technology to build cottages and houses.

House built according to monolithic technology, allows you to realize the most incredible design ideas in life.

And increasingly, future homeowners are thinking about how to build a monolithic house with their own hands. This kind of construction is becoming more and more popular also because a house made with your own hands using this technology is surprisingly durable. It can withstand a small earthquake, does not require much labor or expensive materials, is durable and reliable in operation. A monolithic house can be finished with anything, and the walls can be erected immediately equipped with additional insulation. Technology that uses non-removable technology allows this.

Disadvantages and advantages

This technology, like any other, has its advantages and disadvantages. And the advantages are very significant:

The integral solidity of the structure greatly increases the mechanical strength of the structures. They are resistant to damage caused by ravines, earthquakes and ground shifts.
There are no so-called cold bridges, which are found in conventional buildings made of structures with seams. This makes the rooms warmer.
can be done at any time and on any soil.
Quite fast construction.
Low financial costs.
Projects of monolithic buildings may have curvilinearity.
If perlite, sawdust, slag, expanded clay and similar substances are used in concrete solutions, then the structure will be light enough so as not to make a heavy foundation for it.
Additional insulation will not be needed during construction with a permanent structure. And at the same time, the total thickness of the wall will be less than usual;
Monolithic walls have exceptional sound insulation.
can be made of any material.
This technology eliminates the appearance of cracks in the walls due to the uniform shrinkage of the building.

And about the disadvantages of monolithic construction - there are much fewer of them:

on the upper floors of the structures being built, it is impossible to do without a mortar pump or concrete pump;
monolithic floor slabs will require multiple labor costs, as special scaffolding is needed;
with permanent formwork, it is necessary to equip the house with supply and exhaust ventilation, otherwise humidity and its consequences cannot be avoided;
mandatory plastering in order to avoid possible negative consequences from its combustion - the release of toxic substances;
mandatory grounding of the entire building, since it is reinforced concrete.

Construction technology

As is already clear from the above, the monolithic construction technology can be produced with different formworks: removable and non-removable. Both types of construction have their own nuances and features both in the construction itself and during operation.

Removable is individual for each project. Its task is to accurately repeat all the features and curves of the future structure. Plywood, wood, iron or plastic are most often used.

The distance between the walls is the width of the future wall. And it is calculated taking into account the region of construction and the thermal conductivity of the concrete mixture used. The shields are fastened with nuts, studs, and washers. To facilitate removal after pouring, corrugated tubes are placed on the threaded rods to protect them from contact with concrete mixture.

This technology allows you to pour not only ordinary concrete into the formwork yourself, but also mixtures with lower thermal conductivity: perlite concrete, expanded clay concrete, slag concrete, sawdust concrete, aerated concrete, foam concrete, wood concrete and others. Such walls will be more vapor-permeable and warmer, but they can withstand less load.

A very important point in monolithic construction is reinforcement. It uses steel or plastic reinforcing mesh, and for even greater strength, a reinforcement frame is made.

You can pour concrete no more than half a meter at a time. And it is allowed to continue pouring only after it has set. Concrete must be compacted using deep vibrators, while Special attention given to the corners. After the concrete has hardened, the removed formwork is placed higher, and work continues in this way until the entire structure up to the roof is poured.

Finishing and insulation of walls can be done with your own hands no earlier than 4-5 weeks, after maximum strength has been achieved. Insulation is done mineral wool, expanded polystyrene, warm plaster or extruded polystyrene foam.

Sometimes insulation is made with your own hands using a well facade. In this case, an indentation is made from the concrete wall and a wall is laid out of brick or tile, and the indentation is filled with ecowool, expanded clay or other insulating material.

Advantages of non-removable

The shape may vary. There are longitudinal, corner, window-sill, over-window and others. At its core, the arrangement is reminiscent of assembling structures from a children's play set.

Permanent formwork is more popular because it also serves as an insulating layer, while overall labor costs are reduced and there is no need to spend money on wall insulation.

After the foundation is equipped with a waterproofing layer, polystyrene foam formwork is installed on it, fastened with special profiles having a tongue-and-groove fastening shape, which allows concrete to be poured without leakage and without sagging at the fastening points.

The width of polystyrene foam can be different. And if there are a large number of them, they can be manufactured at the factory to order. The standard block width is 150 mm, with polystyrene walls of 5-7.5 cm.

This fully meets the requirements, in which the heating will have to be turned on only when it is below +5 degrees outside.

To fill permanent formwork, you cannot use warm mixtures - only ordinary concrete. The thing is that the vapor permeability of warm mixtures is significantly higher than the vapor permeability of polystyrene foam; such proximity will lead to condensation and the house will become overgrown with fungi and mold.

After the construction of walls with permanent formwork, they do not need to be insulated; application of decorative plaster or siding.

Kinds

During the installation of the frame, boards are used. The foundation must be at least 20 cm wider than the future walls.

In application, there are several types: formwork for foundations, floors, ring walls with the ability to change the radius, tunnel formwork. Thus, any building structural element can be manufactured.

It is impossible to construct different elements in the same way. For example, foundation formwork is installed on horizontal supports and slopes; walls are made using construction locks, brackets and racks. And for floors, the formwork is laid on a structure made of supporting volumetric racks or telescopic racks.

A removable one can be built from steel, plastic and wood. If we build formwork from plywood, then it must be cut with a saw with fine teeth in order not to damage the lamination and veneer. Holes are drilled on both sides for the same reason. Plywood formwork should be stored in a dry place. In order to make removable formwork easy to remove, special fastenings are not only made for it, but also treated with a solution specially designed for this purpose.

Tools and technology

To build a house with your own hands using monolithic technology, you will need the following:

concrete mixer, mixer;
when preparing a concrete mixture manually, you will need dishes for mixing it, shovels, and measuring utensils;
a stretcher for carrying concrete mixture or a wheelbarrow;
gas cutter, construction hair dryer;
mesh for reinforcement;
scissors for cutting mesh, pliers or other similar devices;
knife for cutting polystyrene foam;
hammer, nails;
tape measure, water level;
machine for giving the mesh a special shape;
metal and wooden supports;
reinforcing hook for tying wire;
perforator;
individual protection means.

The monolithic technology of building a house with your own hands allows you to completely dispense with additional building materials, except for those required for making the mixture for pouring into the formwork.

Didn't find the answer in the article? More information

Modern materials, from which housing can be built today surprises with its diversity. Architects offer a lot of projects that combine various materials. And manufacturers offer to buy finished projects, which are assembled directly on the construction site from pre-marked parts. However, monolithic walls using technology are completely produced on the construction site, when concrete is poured into pre-set formwork. We will try to figure out how to build a monolithic house with our own hands in this article.

Advantages and disadvantages of monolithic construction

Advantages

Strength and resistance to damage. Monolithic design, due to its integrity, it is highly resistant to various ground movements, earthquakes and gullies.
Curvilinear construction. Due to the fact that the formwork can be installed with any curvature of the lines. Building a house from a monolith with intricate walls is a completely feasible task.
Integrity of the walls. The absence of seams makes the building box warmer.
All-weather construction. Modern materials make it possible to carry out monolithic work at any time of the year and on any soil.
Fast construction.
Relatively low financial costs.
Uniformity of shrinkage. The constructed monolithic frame of the building does not crack due to uniform shrinkage.
Any option for interfloor covering. It can be constructed from monolithic concrete, slabs or wood.
Lightweight concrete mortars. You don’t have to build a heavy buried foundation if insulating additives are added to the concrete solution: slag, expanded clay, perlite, sawdust, etc.
Finishing and insulation with various materials. You can choose any material that suits you.
Warm permanent formwork. If you build walls using permanent formwork, then additional insulation is not required, and the thickness of the walls is significantly reduced. In addition, good sound insulation of the premises is created.

Flaws

During construction multi-storey building, you will need a mortar pump or concrete pump. This specialized technique is used to pour concrete mixtures at height. Therefore, it becomes expensive if you build it yourself.
Fill monolithic slabs overlap requires the installation of special scaffolding.
When using permanent formwork, supply and exhaust ventilation will be required due to the high humidity in the house. Since the permanent structure is the thermal insulation of the walls, which has zero vapor permeability, and therefore condensation constantly forms.
Exclusive and complex projects may require the manufacture of special formwork, which requires additional time.
Mandatory plastering of walls made of permanent formwork. This is due to the low environmental friendliness of the main material of permanent formwork - polystyrene foam. When burned, this material releases substances that are very toxic to humans, despite the fact that it dies out 2 minutes after ignition.
Reinforced concrete has metal reinforcement and requires mandatory grounding of the entire house.

Advice! If you build walls without using permanent formwork and carry out monolithic work from warm concrete, and make insulation with environmentally friendly materials, then you can get your own comfortable, inexpensive and warm home.

Types of formwork for monolithic construction

Monolithic construction is always carried out using formwork. Depending on the area of application, there are the following types of formwork:

For the foundation. Installed on horizontal supports and struts;
For walls. Installed using brackets, racks and connecting locks;
For ceilings. It is laid on a prepared structure of volumetric supporting or telescopic racks;
Tunnel;
For ring walls with a changed radius.

Using various combinations of formwork types, monolithic work can be carried out for any structural elements of the future building.

Removable formwork

The removable form is made of steel, plastic, wood, aluminum, etc. The various materials from which the formwork is made require individual approach during operation. For example, plywood - should be stored in a dry place. To make holes in plywood or cut to avoid damaging the lamination and veneer, you must use a fine-tooth saw. Holes for cables and pipes must be made on both sides.

Advice! In order for the removable formwork to easily move away from the hardened concrete, it must be treated with a special solution.

Permanent formwork

This type of formwork consists of polystyrene foam, is ready for use and does not require additional processing. Manufacturers market all sorts of configurations: longitudinal, corner, above-window and under-window, etc. The construction of removable formwork is reminiscent of assembling a construction set, which is then poured with concrete.

Monolithic construction technology

Today, builders use two technologies for constructing monolithic walls. Each is determined by the type of formwork that is used:

removable - the structure is disassembled after the concrete has hardened;
non-removable - the dismantling of which is not provided.

Monolithic walls with removable formwork

Removable formwork can be used repeatedly. As a rule, prefabricated formwork is made of metal and/or wood: metal panels are attached to a wooden frame.

Advice! The most inexpensive option is formwork, which is put together directly on the construction site from boards or plywood.

The form is set to the width of the future wall and the height of the concrete layer (20-200 cm), which is poured simultaneously, as in a mold.

Construction of walls using removable formwork:

Assembly and installation of formwork. For this purpose, panels are assembled from bars and boards up to 50 mm thick. The formwork panels are placed opposite each other, panel to panel, and the distance between them is fixed with spacer bars. Opposite panels are fastened with tightening bolts or twisted wire. Next, spacer slope racks are installed in 1 m increments.
Reinforcement. For reliability, the wall structure is reinforced by installing a frame made of reinforcement or reinforced mesh (steel or plastic) into the formwork.
Pouring concrete. The formwork is poured with concrete mixture in layers (no more than 50 cm at a time). Then the newly poured mixture is compacted with a deep vibrator. After the concrete layer has hardened, the formwork is moved higher to pour the next layer. This is how the construction of the required wall height is repeated.

The concrete gains sufficient strength to carry out subsequent work within five weeks. Only after this period can insulation of walls and façade finishing work begin.

Attention! Construction using technology with removable formwork requires additional insulation of the walls. This is due to the fact that a frame made of 8-18 mm metal reinforcement creates so-called “cold bridges”. And, if you want the house to be warm, then the zero point should at least be closer to the outer surface of the wall, and better yet, outside it (in the insulation layer).

There is an option to create warmer walls using mixtures with lower thermal conductivity (for example, foam concrete, aerated concrete, expanded clay concrete, slag concrete or perlite concrete). However, these materials are less resistant to loads and destruction (suitable for areas with minimal seismic activity).

Using wet or ventilated facade technologies, walls can be insulated with mineral wool, “warm” plaster, expanded polystyrene, extruded polystyrene foam.

In addition to such insulation, you can use the well facade method. It consists in the fact that on the outside of the concrete wall, with a small indentation from it, a brick or tile is made, and the resulting gap is filled with insulation: ecowool, expanded clay, etc.

Monolithic walls with permanent formwork

Permanent formwork is blocks or panels made of various materials, which are mounted into the structure, reinforced and then filled with concrete. After the concrete mixture hardens, the structure is not removed, performing the function of insulation.

Thermoblocks made of foam polystyrene are the most popular type of permanent formwork today.

Construction of walls using permanent formwork:

Installation of formwork. Formwork blocks made of expanded polystyrene are laid out on the surface of the foundation, and they are connected into tongue-and-groove locks, which ensure the strength of the structure and prevent concrete from leaking out. For one pour, the blocks are laid out to a height of up to 50 cm (otherwise the solution will not harden well).
Reinforcement of the structure. There are special grooves inside the blocks for laying horizontal reinforcing rods. After their installation, vertical reinforcement is carried out. At the junction points, the vertical and horizontal rods are connected to each other with knitting wire.
Pouring concrete into formwork. The concrete mixture is poured simultaneously to the height of the constructed formwork and immediately compacted with an internal vibrator. While the concrete hardens, you can begin laying out the next row of formwork. As a rule, the time to lay out the next row of formwork is equal to the time it takes for the concrete to harden in the previous row, so the process of building a wall practically goes without stopping.
Finishing work. Almost any materials can be used to decorate monolithic walls with permanent formwork. This is necessary to protect polystyrene foam from various damages.

Attention! Warm mixtures cannot be used in technology with permanent polystyrene foam formwork. Only concrete is suitable for this. This is due to the fact that polystyrene foam is a non-breathable material, and warm mixtures, on the contrary, have high vapor permeability; as a result, condensation will accumulate between the layers - a good environment for the development of mold and mildew.

Types of concrete solutions for monolithic construction

Concrete. Cold and requires mandatory insulation.
Reinforced concrete. Requires additional insulation, since the reinforced frame “pulls” the cold.
Expanded clay concrete. Warm, and the degree of heat retention and vapor permeability depends on the density of the solution.
Slag concrete. Less durable than expanded clay concrete.
Sawdust concrete. It is a mixture of cement, water, sand and sawdust. Requires a layer of waterproofing. Quite durable, environmentally friendly, retains heat.
Arbolit. It is similar to sawdust concrete, but instead of sawdust there are wood chips.
Foam concrete is a mixture of cement, water, sand and foam former. Warm and breathable material.

Construction of a house using permanent formwork

Along with traditional construction methods, a relatively new construction system based on using permanent formwork. Houses using this technology are built very quickly, they are economical and have a durable structure.

The essence of permanent formwork technology is that when constructing wall structures, slabs or hollow blocks are used, which are permanent formwork. It can be made of various materials: polystyrene foam, polystyrene concrete, wood concrete. What the technology has in common is the following: as it is filled with concrete mixture, the formwork forms monolithic walls of the house, and itself performs the functions of insulation and sound insulation.

Construction using permanent formwork characterized by extreme simplicity. All blocks have standard basic length, height and thickness. Thanks to precise geometric dimensions and locking connections, structural elements are installed “dry”, without the use of any binding solutions.

Foundation

Build a house using permanent formwork, it is possible on any traditional foundation, but preferable are monolithic foundation or prefabricated from concrete blocks. In the latter case, it is necessary to make a monolithic strapping belt with a height of at least 300 mm, in which steel anchors with a diameter of at least 10 mm are installed. Anchors are necessary for joining with wall reinforcement and creating a rigid spatial structure of the structure.

Load-bearing walls

Laying the concrete mass begins with the first row of wall blocks. Experts recommend not to rush: within 24 hours, lay and fill with concrete mixture a section of wall no more than four blocks high (0.75 m). First, fill the corners of the building and the outer holes, and then the middle part of the wall. This makes it possible to avoid disturbing the geometry of the building as a whole. After filling the formwork with concrete mixture, check the alignment of the wall using a plumb line. While the concrete has not hardened, it can be adjusted.

Lungs expanded polystyrene And polystyrene concrete find application in almost all types low-rise construction. Including construction using permanent formwork technology. Having the desire and some skills, it is quite possible to build a house from polystyrene foam blocks on your own.

Wall blocks are unusually light: the weight of a Simprolit block is no more than 7 kg

Popular monolithic construction system made of polystyrene foam is “Izod”, from polystyrene concrete - "Simprolit". Both technologies are based on the use of wall blocks with through cavities. The enclosing structure is assembled from the blocks and filled with reinforcement and concrete. As a result, a frame of columns and lintels is formed inside the wall, the load-bearing capacity of which is determined by the grade of concrete and the cross-section of the reinforcement.

Important: before filling the cavities of the blocks with concrete, lay communications - electric lighting and communication cables, water supply and ventilation pipes.

Floors

To install the floors, a reinforced concrete strapping belt is formed in the upper part of the wall, onto which floor slabs or wooden beams. When installing monolithic floors the strapping belt and the floor slab are formed as a single structure.

Thus, as a result of two technological operations (installation of wall blocks and installation of floors), a house is built in one and a half to two months, which is a rigid spatial frame structure framed by a heat- and sound-proof shell. After installing the roof structure, the box of such a warm house is ready for finishing works and connecting internal communications.

Filler

The most suitable material for concreting walls is concrete with a fine granite fraction and a tensile strength of 200 kg/cm². Although the project may provide for other concrete, depending on the static calculation of the structure. To maintain the calculated water-cement ratio and actual binder savings, it is necessary to add a plasticizer to the prepared concrete.

How to build

Hollow blocks with grooves and protrusions are assembled as parts of a children's construction set. The first row is installed on the prepared foundation surface, the blocks are fixed metal elements- reinforced - and as the structure is erected, they are filled with concrete mixture. If necessary, horizontal reinforcement is placed in the grooves of the blocks every 3-4 rows.

Due to the fact that both the outer and inner walls of the “pie” into which monolithic concrete, are made of a material that in itself is an excellent insulator; the walls of the house do not require additional thermal insulation.

A wall with a thickness of 290 mm corresponds to one and a half meters in its thermal and sound insulation properties brickwork. And at the same time it is built much faster and costs less.

Lightweight polystyrene foam is a good insulator, does not rot, does not absorb moisture, however, it is vapor- and air-tight. Therefore, in such a house it is necessary to install a forced ventilation system.

Installation of Simprolit blocks (polystyrene concrete)

Chip-cement slabs

Technology for building houses based on permanent formwork made of chip-cement slabs is basically similar to the method of installation from polystyrene blocks. Only the role of enclosing structures is played by wood-cement panels.

More than 60 years ago, a building material was manufactured and patented in Europe Durisol - hollow cement-bonded particle blocks. Each block consists of two parallel plates connected by jumpers. For load-bearing walls, blocks are used, in which approximately half of the internal space is occupied by a heat insulator - polystyrene foam. For example, for blocks with a thickness of 375 mm, the thickness of the insulation is 175 mm. For internal walls, blocks without insulation are used.

Cement-bonded particle block Durisol

Installation wood chips blocks

Under the first layer of blocks, waterproof insulation is laid on the foundation, protecting the chipped concrete walls of the blocks from soil moisture. The first row requires precise horizontal and vertical laying. In case of minor unevenness, the blocks can be leveled using cement mortar or wedges. After four rows have been laid, the blocks are poured with concrete to a height of approximately 100 mm below the top edge of the walls. External and internal walls made of concrete rods are erected simultaneously.

Laying is done dry with a bandage of 250 mm. Bandaging the corners is done using replaceable corner blocks. Concrete rods must extend to the entire height of the floor, especially in the inter-window partitions. Vertical and horizontal reinforcement is carried out according to the project, reinforcement of openings (windows, doors) is mandatory.

Velox slabs

Another option permanent formwork are chip-cement slabs(Velox technology). This formwork consists of wood-cement panels 35 mm thick and 2000 x 500 mm in size, which are fastened together with metal ties. External and internal walls are formed from slabs. The properties of wood in chip-cement slabs are completely preserved: they are perfectly sawn and processed.

Permanent formwork has two options. A slab with a glued layer of polystyrene foam insulation is used as an external panel, interior wall panels - without insulation (these can be hollow boxes or just slabs).

When forming wall structure The slabs are manually installed in pairs parallel to each other and fastened with wire ties and nails; installation is carried out along the belts to the height of the floor. Reinforcement is installed into the cavity between the slabs, and each floor of the structure is filled with concrete in 2 stages. This “pie” is a ready-made wall: monolithic concrete serves as a load-bearing structural element, polystyrene foam is an excellent insulation material, and wood-cement boards are a smooth base for any finishing.

Velox permanent formwork diagram 1. Slab connection fastened with nails 2. Double-sided connection 3. Single-sided connection 4. Velox WS-EPS thermal insulated board 5. Nails 6. Reinforcement above window and door openings 7. Velox WS board 8. Velox WSD board 9. Piping reinforcement 10. Slopes 11. Concrete pouring 12. Screeds for concreting the foundation

Light concrete (foam, gas, expanded clay or polystyrene concrete) is used as filler, and to enhance the load-bearing properties of the walls, internal columns are enclosed in the formwork at a certain pitch and filled with heavy concrete. This is especially important in window and door openings.

We get: outer panel formwork with a layer of expanded polystyrene; inside the wall there is a monolithic concrete frame that provides the necessary strength of the building, and as a result, a structure that does not require additional insulation. A wall 32 cm thick has the equivalent thermal resistance brick wall 2.3 m.

The Technoblock permanent modular formwork system does not require any further finishing. Each such technoblock consists of façade and internal vibro-cast concrete plates connected to each other with plastic ties. The ties are attached to metal L-shaped hooks, which are screwed into the embedded nuts of the concrete plates.

The texture of the façade plate can be different: smooth, imitating brick or masonry. To insulate the walls, one or two s.c. are installed in the block. polystyrene foam 5 mm thick. Technoblocks are laid in the same way as conventional permanent formwork, connecting each other in a row with wire ties. Metal reinforcement, communication pipes, embedded elements to create openings are placed in the internal space of the blocks and filled with concrete. Ready house assembled in just a few days with the help of two or three people.