Strategy of the state anatinarcotic policy of the Russian Federation. Theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of anti-drug policy Information on the strategy of anti-drug policy
Oleg Korchagin, Ilnur Batyrshin. Selected aspects of the implementation of the State Anti-Drug Policy Strategy Russian Federation until 2020 // STATE SERVICE,
2015, №3 (95)
.Oleg Korchagin, Ph.D. in Law, Deputy Head of the Federal State Institution "Research Center of the Federal Service of the Russian Federation for the Control of Drug Trafficking" (119034, Moscow, Prechistenka st., 14/1, bldg. 2). Email: [email protected].
Ilnur Batyrshin, Candidate of Sciences in Physics and Mathematics, Head of the Federal State Institution "Research Center of the Federal Service of the Russian Federation for the Control of Drug Trafficking" (119034, Moscow, Prechistenka St., 14/1, p. 2). Email: [email protected].
Annotation: In order to determine and assess the intermediate results of the implementation of the Strategy of the State Anti-Drug Policy of the Russian Federation until 2020, the authors analyzed separate aspects activities in this direction. The legislative, institutional and functional foundations of the national system of drug control and counteraction to their illicit trafficking have been investigated. The main factors influencing the implementation of anti-drug activities in key areas are summarized: reducing the supply of drugs, reducing the demand for them, improving international cooperation in the anti-drug sphere.
Some proposals are formulated in order to further neutralize the determinants of drug addiction of the population of the Russian Federation and to develop additional effective approaches to the legal solution of existing social problems, a characteristic is given to the foreign policy of the Russian Federation in the area under study.
Keywords: strategy, politics, public administration, control, drug trafficking, counteraction.
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated June 9, 2010 No. 690 approved the Strategy of the State Anti-Drug Policy of the Russian Federation until 2020 (hereinafter referred to as the Strategy), in the preparation of the draft of which both interested state bodies and representatives of science, creativity and business took part. The general goal of the Strategy is to significantly reduce the illegal distribution and non-medical consumption of drugs, the scale of the consequences of their illegal circulation for the safety and health of individuals, society and the state as a whole.
The implementation of the Strategy is carried out on the basis of a balanced and reasonable combination of measures that can be distributed in the following key areas:
- reducing the supply of drugs by purposefully suppressing their illegal import, production and circulation within the country, increasing the efficiency of law enforcement;
- reducing the demand for drugs by improving the system of preventive, curative and rehabilitation work, including the creation of a system of medical and social rehabilitation drug users;
- further development and strengthening of international cooperation in the field of drug control.
The results of the fight against the supply of drugs, first of all, must be assessed by the effectiveness of suppressing the activities of the organizers of the criminal business. For the Federal Drug Control Service of the Russian Federation, this is a priority area. During the period 2010–2014, the Service liquidated the activities of 288 criminal communities, investigated over 56 thousand crimes committed in an organized manner, and removed more than 3.23 billion rubles of money from illegal circulation. An analysis of statistical indicators on drug seizures suggests that the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia in the structure of all law enforcement agencies intercepts up to 90% of wholesale drug supplies and prevents more than 20 tons of drugs from entering the illegal market and selling annually, worth over 120 billion rubles. The vast majority of crimes related to the legalization of proceeds from illegal drug trafficking are also suppressed and investigated by the drug control authorities.
Large-scale production of opiates in Afghanistan and their trafficking to the Russian Federation through the countries of Central Asia remain the key factor determining the situation in the supply of drugs. The creation of the Customs Union in 2011, as well as the entry into force from January 1, 2015 of an agreement on the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union (hereinafter referred to as the EAEU) on its basis, formed additional prerequisites for increasing this traffic. This situation obliges the entire block of the EAEU, and not each of the union states separately, to the need to create a unified law enforcement system that is adequate to modern threats, including one based on the implementation of processes of harmonization and unification of internal legislative bases.
In the past few years, there has been an increase in the role of the so-called northern branch of the Balkan Route in the supply of opiates to Russia, which originates in Iran and passes bypassing Turkey through the Caucasus region, as well as using the Caspian and Black Seas to Russia and through Ukraine to Western Europe. This is confirmed by the seizures in 2014 of especially large consignments of heroin in Armenia (about 1 ton) and in Georgia (about 2.7 tons), intended for shipment in the direction of the state border of the Russian Federation. The threat of “heroin trafficking” across the Black Sea acquired special significance after the Crimea was admitted to the Russian Federation.
No less dangerous is the increase in the supply of synthetic drugs from China, a number of Southeast Asian states, the Baltic states (Lithuania and Estonia), as well as Poland, Holland and Belgium. Some of these substances are not included in the current lists of controlled narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. Their share in the total amount of seized drugs is increasing. So, in 2012 it was 3.6%, and in 2014 it reached 12.8%. At the same time, the geography of their distribution is expanding: in 2014, they were seized even where drugs of plant origin traditionally predominate (Khabarovsk Territory, Primorsky Territory, the republics of the North Caucasus).
By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1178 of November 19, 2012, in the List of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors subject to control in the Russian Federation, the concept of "derivatives of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances" criteria for classifying substances as controlled [Fedorov A.V. 2013. S. 1–2.]. This made it possible to put under control over 750 new types of psychoactive substances in a short time. Nevertheless, the algorithm for classifying newly identified substances as analogs and derivatives of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances remains rather complicated and time-consuming. So, in 2014, in a number of regions of the Russian Federation, new uncontrolled psychoactive substances that are part of "smoking mixtures" that are not covered by the concepts of analogues and derivatives of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances became widespread.
Federal Law No. 7-FZ of February 3, 2015 supplemented the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation with Article 234.1, which establishes liability for illegal traffic in new psychoactive substances. The Federal Drug Control Service of Russia has been instructed to maintain a register of such substances.
As part of the implementation of the Strategy, criminal liability for crimes related to drug trafficking has been differentiated; for the sale and smuggling of drugs on an especially large scale, criminal liability is provided up to life imprisonment. No less important was the joint work of Roskomnadzor, the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia and Rospotrebnadzor to clean up the Russian segment of the Internet from prohibited information. It should be noted that, in general, since the approval of the Strategy, it has been possible to halt the growth of drug addiction in Russian society, and largely due to an increase in the quality of interaction between law enforcement agencies.
At the same time, we are forced to state that there has not been a dramatic decrease in the level of drug addiction. This is due, first of all, to the presence of a stable demand for drugs, low individual self-control of a significant part of citizens [Luneev V.V. 2005. S. 14.]. In addition, the society's tolerance for drugs remains high. Most of the citizens who are brought to criminal or administrative responsibility for offenses related to drug trafficking are themselves drug users and obtain funds for their purchase by illegal means. These individuals are in need of rehabilitation assistance.
It is necessary to create an ideal balance of punitive law enforcement and rehabilitation and socializing measures of anti-drug activities. A number of measures in this direction have already been taken.
Legislative initiatives entered into force in 2012
The Federal Drug Control Service of Russia, providing for the possibility of granting a deferral of punishment for drug addicts who have committed some minor crimes for the first time and voluntarily expressed a desire to undergo treatment, as well as comprehensive rehabilitation (Article 82 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and paragraph 4 of Part 1 of Article 398
Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation).
Federal Law No. 313-FZ of November 25, 2013 provides for the possibility of the court imposing the obligation to undergo diagnostics, preventive measures, drug addiction treatment, medical, social rehabilitation on a person who has committed an administrative offense, while recognized as a drug addict or drug user without a doctor's prescription. Administrative liability has been introduced for evading the fulfillment of this obligation (Article 6.9.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation). In accordance with the new article 72 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (“Imposing punishment on a person recognized as a drug addict”), the court has the opportunity to oblige the convicted person to undergo drug addiction treatment and medical and / or social rehabilitation in addition to the main punishment.
The State Program of the Russian Federation "Counteracting Illegal Drug Trafficking", approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 15, 2014 No. 299, provides, in particular, the creation of a National System for Comprehensive Rehabilitation and Resocialization of Persons Who Use Drugs for Non-Medical Purposes. Its implementation should result in a significant reduction in the demand for drugs and the decriminalization of society, especially the youth environment. By Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 507 of July 10, 2014, the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia is empowered to coordinate the activities of federal executive bodies and executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in this area.
In our opinion, in the near future the state needs to continue developing the system of encouraging drug users to cure, rehabilitate and resocialize. The resulting conclusion to a certain extent corresponds to the position of some experts [Milyukov S.F., Kozhukhova I.V. 2014. S. 8-11], considering the formation of the "institute of motivation" as a factor in the humanization of criminal legislation in relation to drug addicts.
First of all, it is important to fully implement one of the basic principles of the state's criminal policy - to carry out a thorough differentiation of responsibility based on the differentiation of the typical degree of public danger of an act and the typical degree of danger of persons who have committed various crimes: without the purpose of selling drugs, retail sale, wholesale and sales carried out in organized criminal forms. The implementation of this measure will require a revision of the existing approach to determining the size of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 1, 2012 No. 1002 and the introduction of additional amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
The Russian Federation is deeply integrated into the international drug control and countering drug trafficking system. The external anti-drug policy of our state is based on the strict implementation of the provisions of the three basic anti-drug conventions of the UN and includes:
- exchange of operational information with foreign partners about drug supply channels, members of large organized crime, identified drug lords and financial flows from drug trafficking;
- conducting joint interstate and international operations and investigations;
- development of topical proposals of a political nature to improve measures of regional and international drug control.
So, for example, successful joint operations to suppress the supply of cocaine to the Russian Federation are carried out by the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia jointly by the law enforcement agencies of Nicaragua, Peru, etc. The practice of holding joint measures to block maritime drug trafficking with the Anti-Drug Police of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been resumed within the framework of the international operation "Clean Caspian". A decision was made to establish an Anti-Drug Operations Center in the format of a working group of the Coordinating Council of Heads of Competent Authorities for Counteracting Illicit Drug Trafficking of the CSTO Member States (KSOPN).
One of the main priorities of the international anti-drug activities of the Russian Federation is the coordination of efforts of various states of the world to eliminate planetary centers of drug production (cocaine - in South America, heroin - in Afghanistan), aimed at consolidating the anti-drug problem in the international agenda and the alternative development of hostage states of drug production.
In 2014, during its presidency of the UN Security Council, Russia made significant progress for the first time in recognizing the production of Afghan drugs as a threat to international peace and stability. The phenomenon of Afghan drug production received the appropriate qualifications in a statement by the President of the UN Security Council in June 2014. In the same year, Russia took the initiative to create an International Anti-Drug Academy.
The foreign policy of the Russian Federation is aimed at defending its position on maintaining the conventional system of international control and consolidating various forces in order to form a single international anti-drug coalition ahead of the Special Session of the UN General Assembly on the world drug problem, which will be held in 2016.
This vector was outlined in June 2013 by the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin in his speech to the participants of the International Conference of Law Enforcement Agencies on Combating Illicit Drug Trafficking. He noted the importance of preserving and strengthening the existing international legal norms in the anti-drug sphere: “Russia supports the central coordinating role of the UN in the fight against drug trafficking. Therefore, we consider it necessary to fight all types of drugs. We perceive with concern the "legislative indulgences" in individual countries, which lead to the legalization of the so-called "light" drugs. This is a very dangerous path! " ...
A new qualitative round of relations between the Russian Federation and the UN can be traced in the message of its The Secretary General to the participants of the 2nd Moscow Ministerial Anti-Drug Conference (April 23, 2015). Ban Ki-moon thanked the Russian Federation for organizing and holding the conference, noting the special role of the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia. In his message, he emphasized that "... the issue of the impact of drugs on global security and sustainable development is high on the international agenda in 2015, when the world is trying to shape a new set of sustainable development goals."
Summarizing a brief analysis of the anti-drug activities of the Russian Federation in the international arena, we believe it is possible to characterize its future course as directed towards the necessity:
- putting the drug problem on a par in scale and consequences with the global problems of terrorism, piracy and nonproliferation nuclear weapons;
- consolidation in international legal acts of the threat to international peace and security, which is posed by two planetary drug production centers;
- awareness by the world community of the degree of influence of transnational organized crime and the shadow banking sector on the development of illegal drug trafficking and drug addiction, destroying the socio-political structure of various states;
- the formation of a global alliance for alternative development and the development of a comprehensive international plan for alternative development aimed at significantly reducing the illicit cultivation of drug-containing plants by 2025;
- adoption of a system of measures aimed at intensifying efforts to combat new and newly emerging psychoactive substances;
- reducing the demand for drugs by marginalizing the narcotic lifestyle, fostering a culture of a non-narcotic society, and encouraging those who have already become addicted to healing, rehabilitation and resocialization;
- imparting a tougher and more protected character to international legal provisions on the preservation and strengthening of the existing international drug control system and the prevention of legalization of non-medical consumption of certain types of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances;
- creation of high-quality and effective tools for the implementation of the global anti-drug policy.
The implementation of these measures will allow consolidating the efforts of the world community to combat the illegal distribution of drugs, create preconditions for further expanding the area of influence in the anti-drug sphere and, as a result, will allow achieving the effect of strengthening the authority of the Russian Federation in the international political arena.
Literature
V.V. Luneev Crime of the XX century: world, regional and Russian tendencies / V.V. Luneev. - Ed. 2nd, rev. and add. - M. 2005.S. 14.
Milyukov S.F., Kozhukhova I.V. Humanization of criminal legislation in relation to drug addicts by encouraging them to treatment and rehabilitation: the experience of critical analysis // Drug control. 2014. No. 4. P. 8–11.
Fedorov A.V. Commentary on the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 19, 2012 No. 1178 “On Amendments to the List of Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Their Precursors Subject to Control in the Russian Federation // Narkokontrol. 2013. No. 1. P. 2–3.
Here and further in the article, the statistical data on law enforcement activities are taken from interdepartmental forms of statistical reporting 1-MV-NON, 2-MV-NON, 3-MV-NON, 4-MV-NON, 5-MV-NON, 6-MV- NON, 7-MV-NON.
See: Address by the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin to the participants of the XXX International Drug Enforcement Conference (IDEC). June 5-7, 2013, Moscow [Electronic resource]. - Access mode http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/18261 (date of last visit 05/10/2015).
The message of the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon to the participants of the second Moscow anti-drug ministerial conference [Electronic resource]. - Access mode http://www.fskn.gov.ru/pages/main/prevent/3943/36503/36771/index.shtml. (Date of last visit 10.05.2015).
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 9, 2010 N 690
"On approval of the Strategy of the state anti-drug policy of the Russian Federation until 2020"
In order to consolidate the efforts of federal government bodies, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, organizations and citizens of the Russian Federation to suppress the spread of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors on the territory of the Russian Federation, I hereby decide:
1. Approve the attached Strategy
2. The Chairman of the State Anti-Drug Committee to include in the annual report on the drug situation in the Russian Federation data on the implementation of the Strategy of the State Anti-Drug Policy of the Russian Federation until 2020.
3. This Decree comes into force from the date of its signing.
|
President of Russian Federation |
D. Medvedev |
Strategy
state anti-drug policy of the Russian Federation until 2020
(approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 9, 2010 N 690)
With changes and additions from:
I. Introduction
1. The need to adopt the Strategy of the State Anti-Drug Policy of the Russian Federation until 2020 (hereinafter referred to as the Strategy) is due to the dynamics of changes taking place in Russia and in the world, the emergence of new challenges and threats associated primarily with the intensification of transnational crime, the growth of terrorism, extremism, the emergence of new types of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances (hereinafter referred to as drugs), the strengthening of negative trends, such as a steady decline in the population of Russia, including a decrease in the number of young working-age population due to the expansion of the illegal distribution of drugs.
The national security strategy of the Russian Federation is one of the main threats to the state and public safety recognized the activities of organized criminal organizations and groups, including transnational ones, associated with the illegal circulation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
2. The current drug situation in the Russian Federation is characterized by an increase in the scale of illicit trafficking and non-medical consumption of highly concentrated drugs, such as heroin, cocaine, amphetamine-type stimulants, drugs with psychotropic effects, as well as their influence on the spread of HIV infection, viral hepatitis, which is a serious threat to the security of the state, the country's economy and the health of its population.
Decree.
In a number of Russian regions, there is an increase in the spread of drugs made from local herbal raw materials and medicinal preparations containing narcotic drugs and which are on sale, new types of psychoactive substances are emerging, contributing to the formation of dependent forms of behavior.
The effectiveness of the state anti-drug policy is negatively affected by the absence of a state system for monitoring the development of the drug situation.
Preventive activities, medical care and medical and social rehabilitation of drug addicts are not organized effectively enough. The potential of public associations and religious organizations is not used sufficiently.
It is necessary to take comprehensive and balanced measures that would not only significantly reduce non-medical drug consumption and the consequences of their consumption, but also contribute to the destruction of financial, organizational, informational and other drug dealer networks.
II. General Provisions
3. The strategy has been developed in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, generally recognized principles and norms international law in the field of combating illicit trafficking in drugs and their precursors, taking into account domestic and foreign experience. The strategy defines the goal, principles, main directions and tasks of the state anti-drug policy of the Russian Federation.
The Strategy develops and concretizes in relation to the field of anti-drug activities the relevant provisions of the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation and the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020.
4. The state anti-drug policy is part of the state policy in the field of ensuring national security and socio-economic development of the Russian Federation.
The general goal of the state anti-drug policy is to significantly reduce the illegal distribution and non-medical consumption of drugs, the scale of the negative consequences of their illegal circulation for the life and health of citizens, state and public security.
The objectives of the Strategy are to suppress the illegal distribution of drugs and their precursors on the territory of the Russian Federation, to reduce non-medical drug use.
Decisions and measures taken by the state authorities of the Russian Federation in the field of combating illicit trafficking in drugs and their precursors are aimed at ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation, taking into account the principles of state policy in the sphere of trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors, as well as in the field of countering their illegal traffic, established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
5. Achievement of the general goal of the state anti-drug policy is carried out on the basis of a balanced and reasonable combination of measures in the following areas:
a) reducing the supply of drugs by purposefully suppressing their illegal production and trafficking within the country, countering drug aggression;
b) reducing the demand for drugs by improving the system of preventive, curative and rehabilitation work;
c) development and strengthening of international cooperation in the field of drug control.
6. Main strategic objectives:
a) development and implementation of a state system for monitoring the drug situation in the Russian Federation;
b) creation and implementation of a nationwide set of measures to suppress the illegal distribution of drugs and their precursors on the territory of the Russian Federation;
c) creation of an effective system for protecting the territory of the Russian Federation from the illegal movement of drugs and their precursors across the state border of the Russian Federation;
d) ensuring reliable state control over the legal circulation of drugs and their precursors;
e) creation of a state system for the prevention of non-medical drug use with the priority of primary prevention activities;
f) improving the system of providing drug addiction medical care drug addicts and their rehabilitation;
g) improving the organizational, regulatory and legal and resource support of anti-drug activities;
Information about changes:
Clause 6 was supplemented with sub-clause "z" from February 23, 2018 - Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 23, 2018 N 85
h) activation of anti-drug propaganda using the mass media and modern information technologies;
Information about changes:
Clause 6 was supplemented with subclause "and" from February 23, 2018 - Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 23, 2018 N 85
i) development of a set of additional measures to counter the legalization (laundering) of incomes obtained as a result of illicit trafficking in drugs and their precursors, as well as their use for financing terrorism.
7. The state anti-drug policy is a system of strategic priorities and measures, as well as the activities of federal government bodies, the State Anti-Drug Committee, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, anti-drug commissions in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies, aimed at preventing, identifying and suppressing illegal trafficking of drugs and their precursors, prevention of non-medical drug use, treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts.
The strategy of the state anti-drug policy is the officially adopted main directions of state policy that determine the measures, organization and coordination of the activities of federal government bodies, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies in the field of trafficking in drugs and their precursors and countering their illicit trafficking.
8. Anti-drug activities - activities of federal government bodies, the State Anti-Drug Committee, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, anti-drug commissions in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local government bodies to implement the state anti-drug policy.
Anti-drug activities are directed by the President of the Russian Federation.
9. Subjects of anti-drug activities are:
a) the State Anti-Drug Committee, coordinating the activities of federal executive bodies and anti-drug commissions in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as organizing their interaction with executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, public associations and organizations for the implementation of the state anti-drug policy;
b) anti-drug commissions in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and in municipalities, ensuring coordination of the activities of territorial bodies of federal executive bodies, executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local self-government bodies, as well as organizing their interaction with public associations for the prevention of non-medical drug use and their counteraction illegal traffic within the framework of their powers;
c) the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, which ensures the fulfillment of functions for the implementation of the state anti-drug policy, legal regulation, control and supervision in the field of trafficking in drugs and their precursors, as well as in the field of countering their illicit trafficking;
d) The Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation, which carries out the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of organizing medical prevention, medical care and medical rehabilitation for people who use drugs and drug addicts, as well as in the field of pharmaceutical activities, including the issues of trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors;
e) other federal executive bodies ensuring the implementation of functions to counter the illicit trafficking in drugs and their precursors, as well as measures to prevent non-medical drug use within the powers granted to them by the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation;
f) senior officials (heads of the highest executive bodies of state power) of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, exercising, within the framework of their powers, the management of anti-drug activities on the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
g) executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation ensuring the implementation of the state anti-drug policy in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
h) local self-government bodies, within their competence, organize the implementation of the legislation of the Russian Federation on narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors.
10. Public associations and religious organizations have the right to participate in the prevention of non-medical drug use and the rehabilitation of drug users.
11. The objects of anti-drug activity are:
a) the population of the country, primarily children, adolescents, young people and their families, especially those at risk of being involved in the illegal circulation of drugs and their precursors, as well as people who use drugs for non-medical purposes, and their families; drug addicts in need of treatment and rehabilitation, and their families; employees of certain types of professional activities and activities associated with sources of increased danger;
b) organizations and institutions involved in the legal circulation of drugs and their precursors;
c) organized criminal groups and communities involved in the illegal circulation of drugs and their precursors.
III. Improving the system of measures to reduce the supply of drugs
Information about changes:
Section III was supplemented with clause 11.1 from February 23, 2018 - Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 23, 2018 N 85
11.1. The main factors that have a negative impact on the drug situation in the Russian Federation are:
a) the active distribution of synthetic drugs, the growth of their world production, the emergence and distribution of new types of drugs;
b) large-scale production of opiates on the territory of Afghanistan and their subsequent illegal movement across the state border of the Russian Federation;
c) the emergence of new forms of illegal activities associated with the use of information, communication and other high technologies;
d) an increase in the illegal production of synthetic drugs on the territory of the Russian Federation, the use of modern information and communication technologies for their distribution and propaganda;
e) expanding the practice of using international postal services for organizing drug smuggling channels and the capabilities of organizations specializing in international delivery of goods;
f) the distribution of drugs made from local herbal raw materials, and the abuse of drugs with psychoactive effects, which are available on the market;
g) insufficient effectiveness of the organization of preventive activities, comprehensive rehabilitation and resocialization of drug addicts, incomplete use of the potential of public associations and religious organizations in the implementation of anti-drug policy and prevention of non-medical drug use;
12. The system of measures to reduce the supply of drugs in illicit trafficking is a set of measures by the federal executive authorities and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to counter the illicit trafficking in drugs and their precursors, developed within the framework of interagency cooperation with the coordinating role of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.
The second paragraph has expired on February 23, 2018 - Decree
Information about changes:
Section III was supplemented with clause 12.1 from February 23, 2018 - Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 23, 2018 N 85
12.1. The system of measures to reduce the supply of drugs in illicit trafficking is designed to ensure:
c) elimination of the raw material base of illegal drug production on the territory of the Russian Federation;
e) suppression of criminal ties with the international drug business;
g) suppression of the circulation of new types of drugs, as well as new potentially dangerous psychoactive substances and intoxicating substances.
13. The strategic goals of the state anti-drug policy in the field of reducing the supply of drugs in illicit trafficking are:
a) countering the illegal movement of drugs and their precursors across the state border of the Russian Federation;
Information about changes:
Clause 13 was supplemented with subclause "a.1" from February 23, 2018 - Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 23, 2018 N 85
a.1) improvement of law enforcement measures to suppress the activities of organized criminal groups (criminal communities) involved in the illegal circulation of drugs and their precursors;
b) invalidated from February 23, 2018 - Decree
c) invalidated from February 23, 2018 - Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 23, 2018 N 85;
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 23, 2018 N 85;
e) undermining the economic foundations of drug-related crime;
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 23, 2018 N 85;
g) invalidated from February 23, 2018 - Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 23, 2018 N 85;
h) lost force from February 23, 2018 - Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 23, 2018 N 85.
14. The system for protecting the territory of the Russian Federation from the illegal movement of drugs and their precursors across the state border of the Russian Federation includes a set of measures aimed at:
a) strengthening the border regime through organizational-technical and administrative-legal regulation;
b) intensification of international cooperation in order to reduce the cultivation of narcotic plants and the production of drugs in Afghanistan, as well as the scale of the import of synthetic drugs from abroad and the illegal movement of drugs and their precursors in transit countries;
Information about changes:
Clause 14 was supplemented with sub-clause "c" from February 23, 2018 - Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 23, 2018 N 85
c) increasing the efficiency of border and customs control, including through the development of cooperation between law enforcement agencies of the states - participants in anti-drug activities.
15. Reducing the supply of drugs in illicit trafficking is carried out using the economic capabilities of the state, allocating for these purposes a sufficient amount of financial, material and other resources, including resource support of state bodies countering the illicit trafficking of drugs and their precursors, by developing a system of their technical equipment.
Organizational measures to reduce the supply of drugs
16. When implementing measures to reduce the supply of drugs in illicit trafficking, the Russian Federation proceeds from the need to constantly improve law enforcement measures to suppress the activities of organized criminal groups (criminal communities) operating in the sphere of illegal trafficking in drugs and their precursors.
In order to ensure the reduction of the supply of drugs in illicit trafficking, the comprehensive development and improvement of the activities of state authorities involved in countering the illicit trafficking of drugs and their precursors are being ensured.
Measures are being taken to strengthen social guarantees for employees of state authorities engaged in anti-drug activities.
The Russian Federation provides scientific and technical support for anti-drug law enforcement activities, equipping state bodies that counter the illicit trafficking in drugs and their precursors with special means and equipment.
A program of measures is being developed to create and develop a system of professional training in the field of anti-drug activities.
Cooperation of law enforcement and other government agencies with citizens and civil society institutions is ensured to assist law enforcement agencies in countering the illegal circulation of drugs and their precursors, detecting places of growth of wild drug-containing plants and the facts of their illegal cultivation, identifying and suppressing corruption ties that contribute to illegal drug trafficking and their precursors.
Law enforcement measures to reduce the supply of drugs
17. In order to significantly reduce the supply of drugs on the territory of the Russian Federation, the system of combating organized crime is being improved.
To solve the problems of destroying the infrastructure of illicit production and transportation of drugs and their precursors, drug distribution networks on the territory of the Russian Federation, a plan of law enforcement measures is being drawn up, taken in cooperation with state bodies countering the illicit trafficking of drugs and their precursors.
Information about changes:
Section III was supplemented with clause 17.1 from February 23, 2018 - Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 23, 2018 N 85
17.1. The system for combating organized crime provides:
19. The participation of the Russian Federation in the implementation of measures to strengthen the "security belts" around Afghanistan in order to suppress the illicit import of opiates is ensured.
Coordinated interstate preventive and operational-search measures are being taken to identify and eliminate channels of international drug trafficking.
The solution to the problems of ensuring anti-drug security is achieved by strengthening the state border of the Russian Federation and the customs border of the Eurasian Economic Union, increasing their technical equipment, creating and improving mechanisms for controlling goods transported across the customs border of the Russian Federation.
Mechanisms for making decisions about not allowing entry into the Russian Federation or about the undesirability of stay (residence) in the Russian Federation of foreign citizens or stateless persons posing a threat to state and public security are being improved.
Targeted measures are being taken to ensure general safety in sea areas. A system of measures is being created to control the infrastructure of sea freight and passenger traffic.
Measures are being taken to identify new potentially dangerous psychoactive substances in order to suppress their illegal traffic in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Measures are being taken to curb drug trafficking in places of cultural and leisure activities.
20. The safety of the legal drug turnover in the Russian Federation is ensured by improving the state mechanism for monitoring its implementation, especially over the turnover of precursors.
A system of measures is being formed to ensure the development and production of new medicines containing drugs (in oily forms, plasters and others), the extraction of which is not readily available and the use of which for non-medical purposes is difficult.
When solving the tasks of destroying the raw material base of illegal drug production in the Russian Federation, the system for detecting illegal crops and foci of growth of wild-growing drug-containing plants is being improved, scientific methods are being developed for the use of chemicals to destroy drug-containing plants, as well as reducing the content of psychoactive substances in them.
Information about changes:
Section III was supplemented with clause 20.1 from February 23, 2018 - Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 23, 2018 N 85
20.1 The strategic objective of law enforcement agencies in undermining the economic foundations of crime related to drug trafficking and their precursors is to exclude the proceeds from such trafficking from economic activities and prevent them from being used to restore and expand the infrastructure necessary to resume these illegal activities.
Information about changes:
Section III is supplemented with clause 20.2 from February 23, 2018 - Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 23, 2018 N 85
20.2. The activities of law enforcement agencies to undermine the economic foundations of crime related to illegal trafficking in drugs and their precursors are aimed at:
b) counteraction to legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime;
c) improvement of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of combating the legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime;
d) suppression of the functioning in the information and telecommunication network "Internet" of information resources used for the distribution of drugs and the implementation of payments through electronic means of payment, including payment cards, and monetary surrogates;
e) improving the forms and methods of detecting and recording crimes in the sphere of illegal drug trafficking and their precursors, committed using modern information technologies, including electronic means of payment, as well as new methods of legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime;
Improving the regulatory framework for drug supply reduction
21. The Russian Federation implements measures aimed at improving legislation in the field of trafficking in drugs and their precursors and in the field of combating their illegal trafficking in order to protect the health of citizens, state and public security.
When implementing these measures, the implementation of the best international experience of regulatory regulation is ensured.
In order to reduce the supply of drugs, there is a tightening of administrative responsibility for illegal drug use, criminal responsibility for crimes related to the illegal circulation of drugs and their precursors, including for the sale of drugs in correctional institutions, as well as in institutions or places used for conducting educational, sports, cultural, entertainment and other public events.
The Russian Federation ensures the adoption of measures aimed at stimulating social activity by informing the state authorities countering the illicit trafficking in drugs and their precursors about the facts of their illicit trafficking.
Systemic measures are being taken to improve the conditions for the activities of state bodies that counter the illicit trafficking in drugs and their precursors, to undermine the economic foundations of drug crime.
Legal mechanisms are being formed to counteract new forms and methods of committing crimes in the sphere of illicit trafficking in drugs and their precursors using modern information technologies.
IV. Improving the system of measures to reduce the demand for drugs
22. The system of measures to reduce the demand for drugs, aimed at improving the health of the population of the Russian Federation by reducing the consumption of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances and reducing the adverse social consequences of their use, is based on the priority of preventive measures of a public, administrative and medical nature and includes:
a) the state system for the prevention of non-medical drug use;
b) narcological medical care;
c) medical and social rehabilitation of drug addicts.
23. The main threats in this area are:
a) widespread in society a tolerant attitude towards non-medical drug use;
b) an increase in the number of people involved in non-medical drug use;
c) insufficient efficiency of the organization of the provision of drug addiction medical, pedagogical, psychological and social assistance to drug addicts;
d) a decrease in the number of specialized drug addiction medical institutions, a low number of drug addiction rehabilitation centers (departments) in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as an insufficient number of medical psychologists, social work specialists, social workers and other personnel involved in the implementation of medical and social rehabilitation;
e) insufficient availability of medical and social rehabilitation for drug addicts;
f) an increase in the number of people who have undergone treatment, rehabilitation and have returned to non-medical drug use;
g) displacement of personal orientations towards consumer values;
h) the range of offers on the labor market is not wide enough to ensure youth employment;
i) poor organization of leisure activities for children, adolescents and youth.
State system for the prevention of non-medical drug use
24. The state system for the prevention of non-medical drug use is a set of measures of political, economic, legal, social, medical, pedagogical, cultural, physical culture, sports and other nature, aimed at preventing the emergence and spread of non-medical drug use and drug addiction.
The strategic goal of preventing non-medical drug use is to reduce the scale of non-medical drug use, create a negative attitude towards illegal drug trafficking and consumption, and significantly reduce the demand for them.
26. State authorities at all levels, local governments, public associations and religious organizations, citizens, including specialists from educational organizations, medical and cultural institutions, and volunteers of youth organizations, are involved in the formation of a system for the prevention of non-medical drug use.
Prevention measures for non-medical drug use are intended for all categories of the population, primarily for children and young people in unfavorable family and social conditions, in difficult life situations, as well as for people at risk of non-medical drug use.
27. One of the preferred directions of anti-drug activities is the inclusion in the main and additional educational programs general educational organizations, professional educational organizations, educational institutions of higher education and organizations of additional professional education of sections on the prevention of substance abuse, as well as programs aimed at the appropriate target audiences (hereinafter referred to as targeted programs). At the same time, the implementation of targeted programs should cover the following age and social groups:
a) children and adolescents under the age of 17 inclusive (students of educational organizations and convicts in educational colonies of the penal system of Russia);
b) youth under the age of 30 inclusive;
c) the working population;
d) conscripts and military personnel.
28. When carrying out preventive measures, preference should be given to a combination of individual and group methods of work, as well as methods of direct and indirect (indirect) impact on people from risk groups of non-medical drug use, mastering and disclosing the resources of the psyche and personality, supporting the young person and helping him in self-realization of one's own life purpose.
It is also necessary to develop mechanisms of social partnership between government agencies and Russian companies and corporations, public associations and organizations in carrying out anti-drug preventive measures.
Narcological medical care
29. The provision of narcological medical care to persons who allow non-medical drug use is carried out in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens.
30. The current state of the system of narcological medical care is determined by:
a) insufficient effectiveness of drug addiction medical care;
b) the reduction in the number of specialized state drug addiction medical institutions and the deterioration of their staffing;
c) insufficient financial and technical support for drug addiction medical care.
31. The strategic goal of the state policy in the development of drug addiction medical care is the timely identification and treatment of persons who illegally use drugs, improve drug addiction medical care for drug addicts, increase its availability and quality, and reduce mortality.
32. The main measures to improve the efficiency and development of drug addiction medical care:
a) preparation and approval of the procedure for the provision of drug addiction medical care and standards for the provision of drug addiction medical care;
b) improving the foundations of legislative, economic and other support for the organization of compulsory forms of medical care for patients with drug addiction, including issues of interdepartmental interaction and its information support;
c) formation of the state program of scientific research in the field of drug addiction;
d) prevention of the use in the Russian Federation of substitution methods for treating drug addiction with the use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances included in lists I and the list of narcotic drugs, as well as legalizing the use of certain drugs for non-medical purposes;
e) improvement of methods for diagnosing drug addiction, examination, treatment of drug addicts;
f) regular training of specialists in the field of drug addiction medical care, raising the level of awareness of primary health care professionals on the organization of drug addiction medical care;
g) improving the financial support for the activities of specialized state drug treatment institutions of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, drug treatment units of medical institutions municipalities at the expense of budgets of all levels;
h) taking measures to strengthen social guarantees for the staff of the narcological service.
Rehabilitation of drug addicts
33. Rehabilitation of drug addicts is defined as a set of medical, psychological, pedagogical, legal and social measures aimed at restoring physical, mental, spiritual and social health, the ability to function in society (reintegration) without using drugs.
34. The current state of the rehabilitation system for persons with drug addiction is determined by:
a) imperfection of the regulatory framework for the rehabilitation of drug addicts;
b) insufficient financing of the rehabilitation link of drug addiction medical care at the expense of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
c) an insignificant number of narcological rehabilitation centers, as well as rehabilitation departments in the structure of existing narcological institutions in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and a low level of their staffing;
d) poor development of the system of motivation of persons who allow non-medical drug use to participate in rehabilitation programs, as well as the mechanism for selecting participants for inclusion in rehabilitation programs;
e) insufficient effectiveness of medical and social measures ensuring the restoration of socially significant resources of the personality of a patient with drug addiction and his further socialization in society;
f) the lack of conditions for social and labor reintegration of participants in rehabilitation programs.
35. The strategic goal of state policy in the field of rehabilitation of drug addicts is the formation of a multi-level system that ensures access to effective rehabilitation programs for people with drug addiction, restoration of their social and social status, improvement of the quality and increase in life expectancy of drug addicts.
36. The main directions of development of medical and social rehabilitation of drug addicts in the Russian Federation are:
a) organization of drug rehabilitation centers (departments) in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
b) financing of narcological dispensaries and other specialized narcological institutions of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for organizing the activities of narcological rehabilitation units;
c) strengthening the staff of narcological rehabilitation centers (departments) and subdivisions in order to provide a brigade form of work with patients with drug addiction;
d) systematic training and retraining of specialists (psychiatrists-narcologists, psychotherapists, medical psychologists, social workers, specialists in social work) on the issues of medical and social rehabilitation of drug addicts;
e) increasing the availability of medical and social rehabilitation for drug addicts, as well as for those seeking medical help who use drugs with harmful consequences;
f) organization of a system of training and employment of drug addicts who have undergone medical and social rehabilitation;
g) development of criteria for assessing the effectiveness of the work of drug rehabilitation centers (departments), as well as non-medical rehabilitation organizations;
h) improving the methods of medical and social rehabilitation of drug addicts;
i) the formation of a legal framework that ensures the use of the potential of traditional religious confessions, non-governmental and public organizations in the state system of rehabilitation assistance;
j) introduction of a system of state control over the activities of non-medical rehabilitation institutions, regardless of their organizational and legal form;
k) formation of an effective mechanism of state support for scientific research in the field of rehabilitation of drug addicts, development and implementation of innovative programs for the rehabilitation and reintegration of drug addicts;
l) formation of a system for informing the population about the range of rehabilitation services provided at the state, regional and municipal levels;
m) creation of mechanisms to motivate persons who allow non-medical drug use to participate in rehabilitation programs;
n) creation of mechanisms for purposeful work with relatives of persons participating in rehabilitation programs, ensuring the formation of a socially positive environment for the rehabilitated;
o) development of mechanisms of state support for institutions that ensure social and labor reintegration of participants in rehabilitation programs.
37. The main activity for the development of medical and social rehabilitation of drug addicts is the preparation of a program for the development of medical and social rehabilitation, within the framework of which it is planned to introduce into the activities of regional drug rehabilitation institutions low-cost technologies and hospital-replacing forms of providing rehabilitation assistance, including the organization of medical and labor workshops, as well as equip them with equipment for the provision of consultative, diagnostic and rehabilitative medical care.
V. Main directions of development of international cooperation
38. The strategic goals of international cooperation of the Russian Federation in the field of drug control are:
a) the use of mechanisms of multilateral and bilateral cooperation with foreign states, regional and international organizations, including the expansion of the necessary legal framework;
b) strengthening the existing system of international drug control on the basis of the relevant UN Conventions, UN Security Council resolutions, decisions of the General Assembly and other bodies of the UN system.
39. Achievement of these goals ensures the deployment of an effective system of international anti-drug cooperation of the Russian Federation as a mechanism for coordinating the efforts of all participants in the fight against drug trafficking.
40. The priority areas of international cooperation of the Russian Federation in the field of drug control are:
a) countering the global drug threat, taking into account the principled position of the Russian Federation on the central coordinating role of the UN and its Security Council in the fight against new challenges and threats in this area;
b) concentration of the main efforts on combating the smuggling of opiates and cannabinoids from Afghanistan and the countries of Central Asia into the Russian Federation;
c) increasing the role of Russia in providing technical assistance to Afghanistan and other countries of Western and Central Asia in countering the Afghan drug threat;
d) conducting purposeful work to predict and eliminate threats to the national security of the Russian Federation from other types of drugs, including synthetic ones;
e) development of regional cooperation in the field of drug control using the potential of such international organizations and structures as the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Council of Europe Committee of Experts on the Assessment of Measures to Combat Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism, the Eurasian Group on combating money laundering and financing of terrorism, and others, including in the context of strengthening the "belts" of anti-drug and financial security around Afghanistan;
Vi. Organizational, legal and resource support of anti-drug activities in the Russian Federation. Mechanism for monitoring the implementation of the Strategy
41. Improvement of organizational, legal and resource support of anti-drug activities in the Russian Federation is carried out in order to increase the level of coordination of subjects of anti-drug activities and the quality of their work in the field of combating drug trafficking in the Russian Federation, prevention of non-medical drug use, treatment and rehabilitation of people who use drugs. drugs.
42. Improving the organizational support of anti-drug activities will be facilitated by:
a) creation of a state system for monitoring the drug situation in the Russian Federation;
b) development and implementation of state programs of the Russian Federation, state programs of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipal programs in the field of counteracting drug abuse and their illicit trafficking;
c) enhancing the role of anti-drug commissions in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the part concerning the legislative consolidation of the obligatory execution of decisions of the commissions for territorial bodies of federal executive bodies, executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local self-government bodies;
d) delineation of powers between federal government bodies, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local government bodies on the organization and implementation of measures aimed at preventing non-medical drug use and crime associated with the illegal circulation of drugs and their precursors, as well as anti-drug propaganda;
e) creation of a mechanism for interaction between law enforcement and other state bodies with citizens and civil society institutions on the issues of counteracting non-medical consumption and illegal distribution of drugs;
f) invalidated from February 23, 2018 - Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 23, 2018 N 85
43. Improving legal regulation of anti-drug activities provides for:
a) improvement of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the main strategic directions of the state anti-drug policy;
b) improvement of the criminal law legislation of the Russian Federation in the part concerning the harmonization of dispositional structures with the measures of criminal punishment depending on the severity of the crimes committed, wider use of administrative precedence, ensuring the flexibility of the punishment system, which provides for the differentiation of responsibility;
c) the introduction into the legislation of the Russian Federation of norms providing defendants with drug addiction and those found guilty of committing crimes of small or medium severity related to the illegal circulation of drugs and their precursors, the opportunity to choose between treatment and criminal punishment;
Information about changes:
Clause 43 was supplemented with subclause "v.1" from February 23, 2018 - Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 23, 2018 N 85
c.1) improvement of the legislation of the Russian Federation, establishing the responsibility of convicts recognized as drug addicts for evading the obligation imposed on them by the court to undergo drug addiction treatment and medical and (or) social rehabilitation, as well as the mechanism for monitoring the fulfillment of this duty by this category of persons;
d) invalidated from February 23, 2018 - Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 23, 2018 N 85
e) amendments to the legislation of the Russian Federation, providing an opportunity to include issues related to the activities of local self-government bodies in the field of prevention of non-medical drug use and anti-drug propaganda in the list of issues of local importance;
f) improving the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of information and informatization in the part concerning the development of mechanisms that prevent the promotion of drug use, as well as allow more active use of the media in propaganda healthy way life;
g) adoption of measures stimulating the development of an international legal framework for cooperation, improvement and harmonization of national legislations of the states - participants in anti-drug activities;
h) creation of legislative and legal conditions to guarantee the conduct of anti-drug propaganda and prevention in the media;
i) legal regulation of the activities of non-medical organizations of various forms of ownership, individuals in the field of prevention of non-medical drug use and rehabilitation of drug addicts.
44. The system of strategic planning documents (state programs of the Russian Federation, state programs of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipal programs developed in order to implement the state anti-drug policy) is formed by the Government of the Russian Federation, the State Anti-Drug Committee, interested federal government bodies with the participation of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Federation on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, legislative acts of the Russian Federation and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.
45. The information basis for the implementation of the Strategy is intended to ensure the creation of a unified interdepartmental databank of interested federal government bodies, containing information that allows to promptly respond to changes in the drug situation in the Russian Federation and make informed operational decisions.
46. Control over the implementation of the Strategy is carried out by the State Anti-Drug Committee, and the results of control are reflected in the annual report to the President of the Russian Federation on the drug situation in the Russian Federation.
The implementation of the Strategy at the federal level is carried out according to the plan of relevant measures.
The State Anti-Drug Committee at its meetings hears officials of federal bodies of state power, bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on the implementation of the action plan for the implementation of the Strategy.
The implementation of the Strategy at the regional and municipal levels is carried out in the form of state programs of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipal programs developed in order to implement the state anti-drug policy.
Expected results and risks
Information about changes:
The subsection "Expected results and risks" was supplemented with clause 46.1 from February 23, 2018 - Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 23, 2018 N 85
46.1. Expected results of the implementation of the state anti-drug policy:
g) an effective system of measures to counter drug trafficking into the territory of the Russian Federation;
h) reliable state control over the legal circulation of drugs and their precursors;
i) organizational, regulatory and resource support of anti-drug activities.
48. Managed risks: decrease in the level of arrangement and protection of the state border of the Russian Federation; reduction of the number of specialized drug addiction medical institutions and the number of psychiatrists-drug addicts, psychologists, social workers; decrease in the availability, quality and effectiveness of measures for the prevention of non-medical drug use, treatment and rehabilitation of people who use drugs.
Partially manageable risks: the formation of a tolerant attitude towards illegal drug use in society, discrediting the activities of federal government bodies and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, countering illegal drug trafficking; strengthening efforts to legalize drug substitution therapy and promoting drug use under the guise of syringe exchange programs; an increase in the number of people involved in illegal drug use.
Unmanageable risks: an increase in crime (including international) in the sphere of illicit trafficking in drugs and their precursors with the emergence of new channels of smuggling; an increase in the level of illegal migration; the emergence in the illicit circulation of new narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances with a narcogenic potential.
Countermeasures: improving anti-drug activities based on an assessment of the nature, scale and consequences of the impact of adverse factors on the achievement of the general goal of the state anti-drug policy and solving the tasks of the Strategy.
Final provisions
49. The strategy is designed for the period 2010-2020.
The implementation of the measures envisaged by the Strategy is ensured by consolidating the efforts and resources of the entire society, government bodies at all levels, public associations and citizens.
To solve the tasks set by the Strategy, it is envisaged to ensure a consistent and stable increase in spending on state support for anti-drug activities in all areas.
50. Financing of expenditures for state support of anti-drug activities is carried out at the expense of allocations from the federal budget, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local budgets and other sources of funding not prohibited by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Achieving an optimal model for a full-fledged revival of Russia is closely related to the stability of the social system, a significant reduction in various threats to national interests, cultural values, and humanistic traditions. Today, one of the main tasks on the way to strengthening Russian statehood is to ensure national security, eliminate external and internal threats to Russia's security. One of the most dangerous threats is drug addiction.
Anti-drug activity is presented as a constantly ongoing social process based on a legal basis, complex interaction of theory and social practice, state and public institutions and aimed at reducing drug addiction in society and reducing drug crimes.
V modern world, and in particular in the Russian Federation, the scale of the drug threat has reached the same level with such problems as international terrorism and local wars. In this regard, anti-drug policy is of particular importance.
Anti-drug policy as a sphere public life includes the relationship between its subjects, management and organizational activities, the functioning of legal and socio-political institutions.
Consideration of anti-drug policy as a conscious activity in the legal and social spheres provides for the achievement of a specific result, reflecting the level of effectiveness of countering drug aggression, the availability of reliable legal instruments in order to resist the destructive tendencies of social development in Russia.
Achieving the goal of reducing drug addiction and reducing drug crime, which means resolving the main issue of anti-drug policy, reflects the need for a constant system of state pressure measures, mobilizing various civil society institutions and the Russian public to strengthen the fight against drug trafficking and drug trafficking.
Since ancient times, drug use and drug trafficking have been an integral part of social relations and are regulated by the norm. From the monuments of law of ancient civilizations, numerous evidences have come down to us about the legal norms governing activities related to narcotic drugs. For example, the Manu dharmashastra (II century BC - II century AD) contains a strict prescription for observing the rules of class consumption of soma: "Whoever has a three-year supply of food sufficient to support servants, or even more, is worthy to drink soma." ... Since the reign of Tamerlane (1336-1405), drug users and especially drug traffickers have been subject to severe penalties. For over a century, Chinese authorities have made desperate drug control efforts (Edicts 1729, 1799, 1808, 1809, and 1815).
The problem of drugs and legal opposition to their spread from century to century geographically expanded. It should be noted that the national legislation of all states provides for a large number of regulations to combat drug trafficking and the spread of drug addiction.
The right to use drugs, given the fact that they cause an unusual state of mind, had only a select few and for a specific purpose. For a long time, bans were imposed on the distribution of drugs, and their unauthorized use entailed the most severe punishment. Thanks to these restrictions and prohibitions, many peoples have protected themselves from the destructive effects of drug addiction.
To understand the structure of modern Russian legislation aimed at combating drug trafficking, it seems necessary to trace and comprehend the history of its formation, which goes back several centuries, as well as to define what we call narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. Narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances are substances of synthetic or natural origin, drugs, plants included in the List of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors subject to control in the Russian Federation. This list is indicated in Article 2 of the Federal Law "On Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances". Depending on the danger and control measures applied by the state, narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances are classified as follows:
Narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, the circulation of which is completely prohibited on the territory of the Russian Federation;
Narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, the circulation of which is limited and in relation to which special control measures are established;
Psychotropic substances, the circulation of which is limited and in respect of which certain control measures can be excluded.
The executive power, represented by the Government of the Russian Federation, approves the List of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors subject to control in the Russian Federation (Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 30, 1998 No. 681).
Now let's move on to the analysis of the formation of state policy in relation to narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
On the territory of Russia, since the adoption of Christianity, control over the use of drugs, in general, has been exercised by the church. Violators of the rules for handling the potion according to the Charter of Prince Vladimir Monomakh "On tithes, courts and people of the church" (XI-XII centuries) were ordered to be subjected to cruel persecution, including deprivation of life. Gradually, the functions of control over drug trafficking were transferred from church to secular authorities - to officials of the Robber and Zemsky Prikaz. In general, the history of Russian drug laws can be divided into 3 stages.
The first is the laws of the period of control (1915-1990). In the Russian Empire, control over drug trafficking until 1917 was entrusted to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The Police Department and the Medical Department dealt directly with these issues. The growing problems of drug addiction prompted the monarchical authorities to adopt on June 7, 1915, the first in the history of Russia, a special anti-drug criminal act - the Decree "On measures to combat opioid smoking." This law was signed by Nicholas II and operated in the Far East. In addition to criminalizing actions related to drug trafficking, large Russian cities clinics for the treatment of drug addicts were opened. In 1918, the Decree on the nationalization of pharmacies selling drug-containing drugs came into force, and in 1924 - the Decree on the criminal responsibility for the distribution of drugs. The resolution of the Council of People's Commissars in 1938 established the rules for the consumption, sale and transportation of drugs, poisonous and potent substances. From 1952 to 1962, an article was introduced into the republican criminal codes, providing for liability for the sale, storage and transportation of drugs. In 1963, the USSR joins the "Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs" (1961), adopted by the UN and providing an international drug control system. The convention only allowed illegal drugs to be used for medical and scientific purposes. A positive role was played by the Decree "On strengthening the fight against drug addiction", put into effect in 1974 by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The decree had a pronounced complex coordinating character and was not a recommendation document for the regions, but a binding one, having the force of law. The decree was supplemented with important legislative provisions. On their basis, a norm was introduced into the Administrative Code of the RSFSR that permits bringing to a fine or administrative arrest for illegal drug use without a doctor's prescription or possession (purchase) of drugs without the purpose of selling (for oneself) in small quantities. By the beginning of the 1980s, the problem of drug addiction in Soviet Russia began to worsen, the scale of the illegal trade in homemade drugs, as well as the number of people who admit their non-medical consumption, increased. Drug trafficking began to threaten to turn into a serious criminal problem. Given the scale of the problem, its successful solution became possible only if coordinated national measures of a preventive, social, organizational, medical and legal nature were taken. In this regard, in October 1982, a closed resolution of the CPSU Central Committee was adopted on organizing the fight against drug addiction, but no real practical measures were taken in this direction. Four years later (January 30, 1986), the CPSU Central Committee again adopted a resolution "On serious shortcomings in the organization of the fight against drug addiction", the implementation of which was given more serious attention to government agencies and the public. Thus, by the beginning of the 90s, an effective, interconnected system of legal measures to combat drug addiction had developed in the USSR: administrative responsibility, criminal liability, compulsory and voluntary medical measures. A unified legal framework was created for the ministries and departments responsible for this area.
The second stage is a period of liberalism and attempts to decriminalize drug laws. On October 25, 1990, the USSR Constitutional Supervision Committee with its Conclusion No. 8 (2-10) "On legislation on the issue of compulsory treatment and labor re-education of persons suffering from alcoholism and drug addiction" actually began a liberal round in the drug policy of Russia. According to the Conclusion, "drug use was equated to an inalienable human right, which is not obliged to take care of one's own health before anyone." It was emphasized that such a person's obligation cannot be ensured by coercive measures. The previous legal provisions were losing their force, thereby destroying the common legal space necessary for the coordination of anti-drug forces, and creating conditions for the dominance of narrow departmental sectoral interests. In 1991, the deputies of the Supreme Soviet considered that legal liability for illegal drug use without a doctor's prescription (both criminal and administrative) was incompatible with a new democratic Russia and the creation of an open society. From 1987 to December 5, 1991, for illegal drug use (without the permission of a doctor), according to the Administrative Code of the RSFSR, a fine or arrest of up to 15 days was imposed. On December 5, 1991, the deputies canceled this norm. At the same time, they canceled criminal measures for repeated illegal drug use within a year after the administrative punishment. Previously, these measures were carried out, although not often, but the threat of their use significantly constrained the growth of the number of drug addicts. In 1996, when the consequences of the state's liberal attitude towards illegal drug consumption sharply exacerbated the drug situation, the State Duma of the Russian Federation prepared a bill “On Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances,” according to which the use of drugs without a doctor’s permission was again prohibited. The law, having passed the stages of the legislative process, was not signed by the President of the Russian Federation. In 1996, Russia was forced to adopt a new Criminal Code. As amended by the liberals from the State Duma, an attempt is made to decriminalize the possession and acquisition of drugs on a small scale. However, this attempt failed due to the position of the Standing Committee on Drug Control of the Ministry of Health of Russia, which, under the influence of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, reacted to liberal innovations in criminal legislation by revising its protocols on the size of the “large size” by significantly reducing it, and actually reducing it to “small size” ".
The third stage is the period of the beginning of a return to control over illegal drug use.
The lack of consistency in the country's anti-drug policy complicated the drug situation so much that in 1998 the bill “On Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances,” proposed in 1996, was adopted by the State Duma and signed by the President of Russia. To overcome departmental disunity and the domination of the departmental approach over the state one, in 1998 the Russian state absolutely correctly proclaimed two specific goals in the field of drug control in this law:
A gradual reduction in the number of drug addicts;
Reducing the number of offenses related to drug trafficking.
But the absence in Russia for a long time of a basic federal law in the field of legal regulation of drug trafficking has already had a negative impact on the formation of an effective state and legal policy aimed at counteracting drug addiction in society. The new Federal Law in 1998 restored the ban on the consumption of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances without a doctor's prescription in the Russian Federation, with this change in legislation, society began to slowly return to the lost understanding of the need for practical control over the most insignificant, from the point of view of combating drug trafficking, and the most important one, from the point of view of effective prevention of drug addiction, the stage of drug trafficking - their consumption without a doctor's prescription. Russian society is going through a difficult transitional period in its development on the way of establishing a rule of law and acquiring the status of a full-fledged participant in the processes taking place in the modern civilized world, the purpose of which is the development of democracy, the establishment of human rights and the dignity of the individual. Any transitional period is associated with the disorganization of state structures, the loss of the usual spiritual guidelines, the confrontation of political forces, these processes are developing today in our society in extremely complex and aggravated forms. The instability of the functioning of the emerging state system stimulates the growth of social tension and the aggravation of the crime situation.
Let us consider the currently existing anti-drug legislation as documents, the content of which concentrates the essence of the implemented state anti-drug policy, namely:
The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Chapter 25 deals with crimes against public health and public morals;
The Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation. Chapter 6 - Administrative offenses infringing on health, sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population and public morality;
Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances". This federal law established the legal foundations of state policy in the field of trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and in the field of countering their illicit trafficking in order to protect the health of citizens, state and public security. At the same time, he determined the directions of state policy in the area under consideration, which play the role of priority legal restrictions:
State monopoly on the main activities related to the circulation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances;
Licensing of all types of activities related to the circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances;
The procedure for the cultivation of narcotic plants;
The procedure for the export and import of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances under state control;
The procedure for the use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances for medical purposes.
With the adoption of this law, for the first time in our country, a procedure was established for compiling lists of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances subject to control in the Russian Federation. The Law "On Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances" positioned Russia as a subject that actively forms and implements the state-legal policy of counteracting drug addiction in the country. The law was developed in the spirit of the recommendations of the UN Drugs Program and received its approval. By adopting the law, Russia has demonstrated that its official policy is aimed at tough state opposition to the illegal circulation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
This law determined that “the state policy in the field of trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and in the field of combating their illicit trafficking will be aimed in practice at establishing strict control over the circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, at a gradual reduction in the number of drug addicts, as well as at reducing the number of offenses related to the illegal circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances ”.
Labor Code of the Russian Federation. Article 81 (clause 6 "b"): termination of the employment contract by the employer in connection with the appearance of the employee at work (at his workplace or on the territory of the organization - the employer or the facility where, on behalf of the employer, the employee must perform a labor function) in a state of alcoholic , narcotic or other toxic intoxication.
The search for new, promising ideas for overcoming drug addiction in Russian society should be carried out from the standpoint of the theory of conflict. Drug crime is only one of the parties to the social conflict, in the resolution of which the relevant state policy plays a decisive role. At the same time, countering drug crime, in contrast to combating it, includes not only the activities of law enforcement agencies to prevent, detect, suppress, disclose and investigate crimes, but also targeted activities carried out by various departments, public organizations, individual citizens, that is, all society. Insufficient effectiveness of counteraction to drug addiction in Russian society is the result of the development of a conflict that arises and develops between legal restrictions and legal opportunities in the field of trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. On the one hand, the state forms quite definite restrictions on the possibilities of citizens regarding the use and distribution of drugs, and on the other hand, it is obliged (but does not always do this) not only to protect the rights of citizens, but also to encourage their social and legal activity aimed at counteracting drug addiction in society. ...
Unfortunately, the most effective form of implementation of anti-drug policy - based on partnership between the state and society - has not yet received noticeable development and distribution in Russia. This weakness of the state anti-drug policy makes its results minimal in modern Russian society. And this could be of fatal strategic importance for the future of Russia. By the state-legal policy of counteracting drug addiction in society, we mean the implementation, within the framework of the legislatively established legal restrictions, of a set of measures of a regulatory, organizational, managerial, psychological, pedagogical, medical and socio-economic nature, aimed at solving problems caused by the illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic drugs. substances.
In accordance with this, an effective anti-drug policy should proceed not only from legal restrictions in the sphere of trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, but also be based on the idea of partnership between public authorities and individuals on the basis of harmonizing state and personal interests, creating conditions for the development of all groups of the population. As you know, partnership between the state and the individual is the goal of the welfare state. The Constitution of the Russian Federation has defined social protection, social assistance to its citizens as one of the attributes of Russian statehood. Counteraction to drug addiction as a function of the state is of a managerial nature, based not on the suggestibility and suppression of the will of citizens, but on their conscious participation in socially valuable anti-drug activities based on their own social and legal activity, prompted by legal incentives and developed within the framework of legal restrictions. The effectiveness of state and legal policy is largely determined by the awareness of the state about the problem that needs to be addressed, as well as about actual situation affairs in society. A managerial decision, of course, should be based on knowledge of the situation, factors, and their interrelationships. Information contributes to the implementation of all management functions (planning, organizational, control, regulatory, distribution), and, in addition, allows us to model the process of proposed actions, to obtain the so-called information equivalent of the result in order to amend the program of action of the control system. Only a systematic approach makes it possible to integrate heterogeneous particular problems, bring them to one common denominator and thus present the most complex group of problems as a single problem, find a single integrative quality, the very foundation on which the building of the system is built. Without the common unity of all elements of the drug addiction counteraction control system, the integrating and regulating role of the state, an integral, logically harmonious, purposeful design and action of the process under consideration is impossible. The combination of the general, the particular and the individual in the system is a necessary basis for its functioning, which becomes possible as a result of the universal connection of the elements of the system as an objective fact of the actual legal life of society. The principle of consistency creates the preconditions for creating conditions in society that make it possible to quickly identify problem situations and take targeted actions to localize them, as well as use the mechanism for coordinating and integrating interests and needs.
Thus, the goal of the state anti-drug policy is to establish a healthy and safe lifestyle in society based on the formation of positive and life-affirming (alternative drug addiction, substance abuse, alcoholism) values and ideals, spirituality and morality, citizenship and patriotism, respect for the law, and overcoming legal negativism.
In order to fully reveal the concept of "anti-drug policy", it is necessary to consider the priority directions and principles of state policy in the field of counteracting drug addiction in society, which will be discussed in the next paragraph.
As evidenced by the analysis of law enforcement practice, and the results of scientific research, the drug situation in the country today is real threat national security and public health. However, there is still no proper understanding of the current situation in society. Despite the increased activity of the mass media, anti-drug propaganda is carried out haphazardly. In periodicals, fiction, cinema there are few high-quality materials, books, films, anti-drug works See: S.A. Rozanov. Synthetic drugs. Textbook. -SPb .: Prospect, 2001.S. 90.
Moreover, some mass media carry out covert and explicit advertising of the drug subculture, descriptions of drug adventures of idols, discussions about the necessity or possibility of legalizing drug use, decriminalizing offenses in this area, methods of "effective and quick cure for drug addiction."
According to experts, the main factor determining the operational situation in the sphere of drug smuggling in the near future will be the struggle of international criminal groups for sales markets in Russia. Space the former USSR will continue to be used for the transit of drugs to countries Western Europe however, this area of smuggling will not play a decisive role for now. International criminal structures from Latin America, the Near and Middle East, Southeast Asia, in search of new sources of profit, will mainly focus on the development and development of drug markets in the territory of the former USSR, primarily in Russia, where there are more profitable prospects in comparison with traditionally established drug markets in Western Europe and North America See: I. Komissina, A. Kurtov. Drug "dawn" over Central Asia - a new threat to civilization // Central Asia and the Caucasus. 2005. No. 5. P. 23.
Thus, in the near future, the negative development of the drug situation will be primarily directed against Russia. A certain role in this will be played by the existing level of criminalization of society, the unpreparedness of law enforcement agencies for large-scale counteraction, as well as favorable economic conditions for laundering the proceeds of the drug business.
The impact of such negative trends led to the need to develop a Strategy for the state anti-drug policy of the Russian Federation.
This Strategy has been developed in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, generally recognized principles and norms of international law in the field of combating illegal drug trafficking and their precursors, taking into account domestic and foreign experience. The strategy defines the goal, principles, main directions and tasks of the state anti-drug policy of the Russian Federation.
National security requirements dictate the need to form the fundamental directions of the country's anti-drug policy in the interests of ensuring its security and stable development, aimed at organizing the practical activities of the state in the field of trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, precursors and countering their illicit trafficking.
In the national security strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020, one of the sources of threats to national security recognized the activities of transnational criminal groups and organizations associated with the illegal circulation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
The general goal of the Strategy is to significantly reduce the illegal distribution and non-medical use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, the scale of the consequences of their illegal traffic for the safety of the individual, society and the state, and increase the level of public health.
Decisions and measures taken by public authorities in the field of combating illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances are based on the principles of legality, observance of constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, openness, concreteness, consistency, comprehensiveness, proactive impact, ensuring equality of all before the law and inevitability responsibility, reliance on the support of society.
The achievement of the goal of the Strategy is carried out in the following areas:
- - reducing the demand for drugs by organizing a system of preventive, curative and rehabilitative work, forming immunity in society and intolerance to the non-medical use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances;
- - reducing the supply of drugs by purposefully suppressing their illegal production and trafficking within the country, countering external drug aggression.
- - development and strengthening of international cooperation in the field of drug control.
Main strategic objectives:
- - development and implementation of a state system for monitoring and assessing the state of the drug situation in the Russian Federation and the regions;
- - creation of a state system for the prevention of non-medical consumption of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances with the priority of primary prevention measures;
- - improvement of the system of treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts;
- - creation and implementation of a nationwide complex of measures to suppress the illegal distribution of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors on the territory of the Russian Federation;
- - development of measures to counter drug trafficking on the territory of the Russian Federation, adequate to the existing drug threat;
- - ensuring reliable state control over the legal circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors;
- - improving the organizational and regulatory support of anti-drug activities.
The strategy is a fundamental document for the development, improvement and adjustment of the state anti-drug policy and is aimed at coordinating the activities of state authorities, local governments, public associations in the field of trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, precursors and countering their illicit trafficking.
Drug addiction is the main problem in our country today. The problem of the spread and use of drugs in Russia is a national problem that requires immediate action by the state, since, in terms of its long-term consequences, it can be classified as a direct threat to the national security of Russia. Comprehensive monitoring of the drug situation should provide the maximum possible data on the state of the drug situation, the dynamics of its change, the impact on the ongoing socio-economic and demographic processes.
At the same time, it is necessary to realize that Russia today is in a unique position - it belongs to that small number of states that are simultaneously consumers, producers, and transit zones for narcotic drugs.
The Russian society has not yet developed a proper understanding of this threat, both to the social stability of society and the threat to the health of the nation as such.
The problem of drug addiction is not always singled out as an independent one, often viewed in the general context of crime.
This situation can be reversed with the involvement of all the main structures of society and the state - from law enforcement agencies to health and education authorities. Steps, even the most decisive ones, only in one of the sections, will yield nothing.
Rationally creating a powerful outreach campaign, social advertising campaign. It should be aimed at young people, parents, and government officials. The media can play a key role in protecting society from this new scourge. Any media action will save hundreds of people. And any, even the most limited campaign - hundreds of thousands.
Taking into account the system of drug distribution in cities, especially in large cities, it is advisable to conduct a nationwide campaign "Drug-Free Zone". Wherein Special attention pay to educational institutions and places of recreation for young people. Develop a support system, both moral and financial, for institutions, centers and retail facilities that are ready to participate in this campaign.
At the same time, if possible, envisage in the legislation the possibility of applying sanctions to structures-objects where drugs are distributed.
This is an ongoing campaign that covers all major areas:
- - mass media;
- - educational institutions of all levels;
- - legislative and executive authorities.
The fundamental feature of such a campaign in the Russian Federation should be that it would combine close interaction of state bodies with public forces. The practice of the last two years shows that steps along only one line do not bring the desired result. It should not be hoped that a real effect can be achieved only through the efforts of individuals or social structures.
At the same time, it is fundamentally important for Russia that such a campaign does not remain only at the level of federal center, but would have received real support from the leaders of the subjects of the federation. At the same time, it is necessary to provide for the allocation of appropriate funds in the budgets of all levels.
A useful impetus could be given by a special appeal by the President of Russia on the problem of drug addiction to Russian society and his personal patronage of the whole range of measures taken in the fight against drugs both at the state and public levels.
An important event in attracting public attention to the problem of drug addiction was the holding of special open hearings in the State Duma. They allowed, first of all, to take a step forward in coordinating the efforts of both various government departments and public organizations, to determine further steps in the legislative sphere.
Taking into account the Federal Law "On Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances", it is desirable to make additions and changes to a number of federal laws, to ensure control over the timely preparation of regulatory legal acts by the executive power, the development of which is provided for by the above-mentioned law.
The problems of the spread of drugs and the fight against drug addiction should be considered at the level of the leaders of the CIS countries, taking into account the fact that the main flow of drugs into the territory of Russia comes, first of all, from Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as from Azerbaijan and Georgia.
It is quite obvious that the fight against drugs requires the intensification and development of international cooperation. It's like improving legislative framework such cooperation (signing of bilateral agreements), and on practical cooperation, in particular, in carrying out operations to control the transit of drugs through the territory of the Russian Federation.
To date, 49 intergovernmental and interdepartmental agreements have been concluded, fully or partially devoted to cooperation in the fight against drug trafficking. The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia has established working contacts with states with which no bilateral agreements have been concluded. To date, direct contacts have been established with 49 foreign law enforcement units in the area of drug trafficking.
The situation will be helped by the creation by joint efforts of all law enforcement agencies of Russia and the CIS of a special databank, which should include all persons involved in the supply and distribution of drugs. Under certain conditions, representatives of law enforcement agencies of other countries should have access to this bank, primarily those with whom the closest cooperation is needed in the fight against drug trafficking (USA, Germany, Great Britain, the Netherlands, China).
In addition, it seems advisable to limit (taking into account, however, existing interstate agreements on visa-free entry) the possibility of the appearance in Russia of persons participating in the drug trade or even simply suspected of doing so. In particular, we can talk about special stamps in the passports of citizens of the near abroad, the presence of which will make it impossible for them to stay on the territory of the Russian Federation.
There is an obvious need to increase the efficiency of the activities of law enforcement agencies and special services in tracking the transactions of drug dealers known to them in order to prevent laundering of funds obtained by criminal means and undermine the financial and other economic base of the drug business.
Today, the need to quickly resolve the issue of strengthening at all levels of the Ministry of Internal Affairs units involved in the fight against drug trafficking, as well as the structures of the State Customs Committee. At the same time, special attention should be paid to key zones - Moscow and St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Astrakhan, Krasnodar Territory and the North Caucasus, and the Far East.
It is important to improve the level of technical equipment of all services combating drug trafficking. More widespread use of new technical means to combat drug trafficking, in particular, gas analyzers that are capable of trapping narcotic microparticles in any environment.
Subdivisions of the Federal Drug Control Service of the Russian Federation are one of the main actors in the fight against drug trafficking, the successful implementation of their tasks and functions in this area largely depends on the correct setting of information support.
Information support should become a source of intensification of the activities of the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia in countering illicit drug trafficking, rationalizing the use of forces and means already at their disposal, and ensuring the adoption of adequate legal and organizational decisions.
Therefore, the need to rethink the achieved scientific results and develop new theoretical and practical approaches to providing information support for the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia requires research of a higher scientific level and a wide theoretical range.
A comprehensive program for the development of information support for the activities of the service can become a source of intensification of the activities of the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia in countering illegal drug trafficking, which provides for:
- - development of the concept of information support;
- - the creation of specialized units in the structure of the Federal Drug Control Service, whose functions include the creation of information databases on combating drug trafficking, the organization of constant monitoring;
- - the spread of drug addiction, ensuring interaction with the media in raising the awareness of citizens about combating drug trafficking, etc .;
- - development and approval of regulations on specialized divisions of the Federal Drug Control Service;
- - Amendments to the regulations of the Federal Drug Control Service on the organizational and staff structure of the regional departments of the Federal Service for the Control of Drug Trafficking.
The strategy of the state anti-drug policy of the Russian Federation until 2020 was approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated June 9, 2010 No. 690.
The need to adopt the Strategy is dictated by the current drug situation in the Russian Federation, which is characterized by the expansion of the illicit trafficking and non-medical use of drugs such as heroin, desomorphine, amphetamine-type stimulants, synthetic cannabinoids, drugs with psychotropic effects, and an expansion of the spectrum of narcotic substances.
The actual number of drug addicts in the Russian Federation ranges from 2 to 2.5 million people, moreover, mainly between the ages of 18 and 39.
More than 90% of drug addicts are opiate drug users. The key factors in the negative development of the drug situation in the Russian Federation are the large-scale production of opiates in Afghanistan and their subsequent transnational traffic to the territory of Russia, as well as the persistent increase in the consumption of the homemade drug desomorphine. In addition, in a number of Russian regions there is an increase in the spread of new types of psychoactive substances, contributing to the rapid formation of dependent forms of behavior.
The current anti-drug legislation does not allow effective monitoring of the development of the drug situation, in particular, to establish a relatively accurate number of drug users. Dispensary registration of drug addicts is carried out on a voluntary basis. Mortality rates from acute drug poisoning also cannot be considered as objective statistics, since they include only deaths in persons with drugs detected in the body at the time of the study. In addition, a significant part of drug addicts die from secondary acute diseases resulting from drug addiction, such as purulent-septic diseases, which are the main cause of death in desomorphine users.
The preventive activities carried out do not have a systemic basis. One of the main problems is that actions in the field of drug addiction prevention do not have a scientific and practical basis. Many prevention programs are not professional enough and are implemented by people without special training and education. The situation is aggravated by the fact that there are no educational institutions in Russia to train specialists in the field of prevention of various forms of addiction. Due to the lack of professional personnel, anti-drug work, as a rule, is of an episodic, non-systemic nature. Responsibilities for the implementation of preventive anti-drug programs today are assigned to specialists in related areas of social work, only as additional functions.
The organization of treatment and rehabilitation work with drug addicts remains an even weaker link in the system of comprehensive prevention of drug addiction. The current system of drug treatment in the structure of health care institutions. In social rehabilitation, the potential of public associations and religious organizations is not used sufficiently. Without effective treatment drug patients lose the meaning of the whole direction of anti-drug measures aimed at developing a system for early detection of the disease.
The current situation requires the adoption of comprehensive and balanced measures, which would not only significantly reduce the non-medical consumption of drugs and the consequences of their consumption, but also contribute to the destruction of the financial, organizational, and informational foundations of the drug industry.
Goals and objectives of the Strategy of the State Anti-Drug Policy of the Russian Federation until 2020.
The strategy of the state anti-drug policy is the officially adopted main directions of state policy that determine the measures, organization and coordination of the activities of federal government bodies, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies in the field of trafficking in drugs and their precursors and countering their illicit trafficking.
The strategy has been developed in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and other normative legal acts of the Russian Federation, generally recognized principles and norms of international law in the field of combating illicit trafficking in drugs and their precursors, taking into account domestic and foreign experience.
The overall goal of the Strategy is to significantly reduce the illicit distribution and non-medical consumption of drugs, the scale of the consequences of their illicit trafficking for the safety and health of individuals, society and the state.
The achievement of the general goal of the Strategy is carried out on the basis of a combination of measures in the following areas:
- - reducing the supply of drugs by purposefully suppressing their illegal production and trafficking within the country, countering drug aggression;
- - reducing the demand for drugs by improving the system of preventive, curative and rehabilitative work;
- - development and strengthening of international cooperation in the field of drug control.
Main strategic objectives:
a) development and implementation of a state system for monitoring the drug situation in the Russian Federation;
b) creation and implementation of a nationwide set of measures to suppress the illegal distribution of drugs and their precursors on the territory of the Russian Federation;
c) development of measures to counter drug trafficking into the territory of the Russian Federation, adequate to the existing drug threat;
d) ensuring reliable state control over the legal circulation of drugs and their precursors;
e) creation of a state system for the prevention of non-medical drug use with the priority of primary prevention activities;
f) improvement of the system of rendering drug addiction medical assistance to drug addicts and their rehabilitation;
g) improving the organizational, regulatory and resource support of anti-drug activities.
III. Methods for implementing the Strategy of the State Anti-Drug Policy.
1. Improving the system of measures to reduce the supply of drugs.
The main content of the system of measures to reduce the supply of drugs in illicit trafficking is coordinated organizational, law enforcement, regulatory and international actions taken by federal executive authorities and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, countering illicit trafficking in drugs and their precursors, with a coordinating role Federal Service of the Russian Federation for the Control of Drug Trafficking, aimed at countering the illegal import of drugs from abroad, as well as their illegal production, transportation and distribution on the territory of the country.
The main strategic threats in this area are the smuggling of Afghan opiates and cannabinoids from Central Asia, synthetic drugs from Western and of Eastern Europe, South-East Asia.
An issue requiring special attention is the expansion of the non-medical use of drugs containing psychoactive substances for which no control measures have been established. The consumption of desomorphine, homemade from codeine-containing drugs, is steadily increasing.
To solve the set tasks to reduce the supply of drugs, it is necessary:
- - suppression of drug smuggling into the territory of the Russian Federation, which is achieved by strengthening border control and expanding international cooperation aimed at suppressing the cultivation of drug-containing plants and the production of drugs in Afghanistan and drug trafficking in transit countries;
- - development and production of new drugs containing drugs (in oily forms, patches and others), the extraction of which is not readily available and the use of which for non-medical purposes is difficult.
- - improving the system of measures to identify new types of psychoactive substances in order to classify them and resolve the issue of inclusion in lists I, II and III of the list of narcotic drugs.
2. Improving the system of measures to reduce the demand for drugs.
The system of measures to reduce the demand for drugs, aimed at improving the health of the population of the Russian Federation by reducing the consumption of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances and reducing the adverse social consequences of their use, is based on the priority of preventive measures of a public, administrative and medical nature and includes:
a) the state system for the prevention of non-medical drug use;
b) drug addiction treatment and social rehabilitation of drug addicts.
Primary prevention of drug addiction remains a priority. The strategic goal of primary prevention is to reduce the scale of non-medical drug use, create a negative attitude towards drug trafficking and consumption, and significantly reduce the demand for them.
This goal is achieved through the formation of a negative attitude in society towards non-medical drug use, including through active anti-drug propaganda and countering activities to promote and illegal advertising of drugs and other psychoactive substances, raising the level of public awareness of the negative consequences of non-medical drug use and responsibility for participating in their illegal traffic.
The formation of a negative attitude in society towards non-medical drug use is a task of the mass media, which requires a scientifically based approach. The effectiveness of anti-drug propaganda depends on the volume and content of materials posted in the media. Research and scientific substantiation of information work is necessary to exclude the opposite effect, in which anti-drug propaganda can cause increased interest in drug use among the population.
In addition, in order to counter the propaganda and illegal advertising of drugs, global monitoring of information materials containing direct or indirect information about drugs in the media is required with the identification and subsequent exclusion from the air of the media of those information materials that can play the role of hidden advertising of consumption. drugs.
The solution to the problem of raising the level of awareness of the population about the negative consequences of non-medical drug use lies in the development and implementation of a comprehensive system of information and educational work by local subjects of drug addiction prevention. The solution to the problem of lack of professional staff is the organization on the basis of existing higher educational institutions additional education in the specialty of addictology for doctors, psychologists, teachers, social workers, coordinators of preventive work. In addition, mandatory inclusion in educational standards special anti-drug disciplines.
Other important ways to reduce non-medical drug use are:
- - organization and implementation of preventive measures with risk groups of non-medical drug use;
- - development of a system for early detection of illegal drug users, in particular through annual medical examination;
- - creation of conditions for the involvement of citizens in anti-drug activities, the formation, promotion of development and state support for the activities of the volunteer youth anti-drug movement, public anti-drug associations and organizations involved in the prevention of drug addiction;
- - formation of psychological immunity to drug use in children school age, their parents and teachers.
Measures for the prevention of non-medical drug use are intended for all categories of the population, primarily for minors and young people.
State authorities of all levels, local government bodies, public associations and religious organizations, citizens, including specialists from educational, medical and cultural institutions, volunteers of youth organizations, participate in the formation of a system for the prevention of non-medical drug use. To maximize the effectiveness of the implementation of a set of anti-drug measures, it is necessary to develop mechanisms of social partnership between government agencies and commercial companies, public associations and organizations.
Narcological medical care and social rehabilitation of drug addicts.
The current state of the system of narcological medical care is determined by its low efficiency.
To increase the efficiency and development of drug addiction care, it is necessary to improve the foundations of legislative, economic and other support for the organization of mandatory forms of medical care for drug addicts, including issues of interdepartmental interaction and its information support, as well as the formation of a state program of scientific research in the field of drug addiction.
Rehabilitation of drug addicts is defined as a set of medical, psychological, pedagogical, legal and social measures aimed at restoring physical, mental, spiritual and social health, the ability to function in a society without using drugs.
Taking into account the peculiarities of the disease, it is precisely the rehabilitation measures with drug addicts that are of decisive importance. The main problem in the field of drug addiction therapy today is a significant predominance of therapeutic measures over rehabilitation, which determines their final ineffectiveness. The development of the social rehabilitation system is possible in several ways:
- - re-profiling of the existing narcological hospitals of the medical profile for the work of a rehabilitation orientation;
- - organization of additional rehabilitation departments in the structure of the narcological service of healthcare institutions;
- - using the potential of traditional religious confessions, public organizations in the state system of rehabilitation assistance to drug addicts.
To realize the potential of non-governmental rehabilitation organizations, it is necessary to develop a legal framework for their activities, as well as criteria for assessing the effectiveness of their work.
Of decisive importance in rehabilitation work are:
- - Creation of mechanisms to motivate persons who use non-medical drugs to participate in rehabilitation programs. The introduction into the legislation of the Russian Federation of norms that provide defendants with drug addiction and those found guilty of committing crimes of small or medium severity related to illegal trafficking in drugs and their precursors, the possibility of choosing between treatment and criminal punishment, as well as establishing a mechanism for monitoring the treatment obligations assumed by this category of persons and responsibility for their failure to fulfill them
- - development of programs for targeted work with relatives of persons participating in rehabilitation programs, ensuring the formation of a socially positive environment for the rehabilitated;
- - development of mechanisms of state support for institutions and organizations that provide social and labor reintegration of participants in rehabilitation programs.
- Organizational and legal support for the implementation of the State Anti-Drug Policy Strategy.
a) improvement of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the main strategic directions of the state anti-drug policy;
b) creation of a state system for monitoring the drug situation in the Russian Federation;
c) development and implementation of federal and regional targeted programs in the field of combating drug abuse and drug trafficking;
d) increasing the role of anti-drug commissions in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the part concerning the legislative consolidation of the obligatory execution of decisions of the commissions for territorial bodies of federal executive bodies, executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local self-government bodies
V. Expected outcomes of the strategy.
a) a significant reduction in the supply of drugs and the demand for them;
b) creation and functioning of the state system for monitoring the drug situation in the Russian Federation;
c) creation and functioning of the state system for the prevention of non-medical drug use;
d) Creation of a modern effective system of treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts.
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