The most dangerous places during an earthquake. Instruction. What to do before, during and after an earthquake
Residents of cities and other settlements located in seismically hazardous areas, should be taught from school the basics of preparing behavior and actions before, during and after an earthquake. Today, this is the only way, really, to save the lives of many people during earthquakes.
It is for this purpose that this memo has been compiled, based on an extensive analysis and generalization of foreign and Soviet experience gained during catastrophic earthquakes and during the elimination of their consequences.
WHAT TO DO BEFORE THE EARTHQUAKE
For those who live in earthquake-prone areas, it is necessary to prepare in a certain way for the possibility of an earthquake.
First of all, at home it is necessary to have a constant minimum supply of canned food, crackers and drinking water (in winter 3-4, and in summer 5-6 liters of water per person per day) in order to survive on your own for several days.
It is necessary to have at home one or two flashlights with fresh spare batteries.
It is necessary to determine in advance in the apartment (House) the most stable places where you can hide from falling stones and beams, be sure to inform all family members about them. Such places are, first of all, openings of internal doors, corners of rooms and, in no case, openings of external windows, balconies or areas near the external walls of the house.
It is imperative to have a battery-operated radio receiver in the apartment in order to receive accurate information by radio about the actions of the authorities, services and the scale of the disaster.
It is necessary to have hoses at least 5 meters long to connect to water taps in case of fire.
You need to know exactly where and how the house, electricity and water are turned off.
The house must have a first aid kit with the necessary medicines, cotton wool, bandages and other medicines.
It is necessary to have telephone numbers of the district and central ambulance, fire service, police, emergency services next to the telephone.
All furniture and other accessories in the apartment must be in a stable condition. Heavy objects and furniture should not be suspended or unstable above beds, prams and chairs; they must be additionally fixed to the wall and floor.
Various chemicals, explosive and flammable substances must be stored in secure, closed and stable places.
Doors, passages, corridors should be free from bulky items and furniture so that you can easily move around the apartment and get out of it in case of a disaster.
In the case of erecting unplanned internal partitions in your apartment, it is necessary that they are firmly fastened to the walls, floor and ceiling.
Do not leave electrical appliances and household appliances plugged in unnecessarily while you are away, as this can cause fires and explosions during an earthquake.
It is essential that all family members know what to do before, during and after an earthquake.
WHAT TO DO DURING AN EARTHQUAKE
The sooner you feel the initial moment of the earthquake, the greater the chance of saving your life and those around you. The initial moment of an earthquake can be felt in different ways. Sometimes, before an earthquake, a glow appears above the hills, there may be disturbances in the operation of radio, television, electronic devices, spontaneous glow of fluorescent lamps. Sometimes, a few seconds before an earthquake, a strong growing rumble occurs underground, after which the first shock occurs. In other cases, a few seconds before the push, weaker vibrations may occur, in which the dishes begin to rattle, suspended objects sway. Then the first shock occurs, which can last from a few seconds to 1-1.5 minutes.
You must be psychologically prepared for the fact that at this time window panes can burst and fly out, objects fall from the shelves, furniture begins to move, the noise becomes deafening, cracks may appear on the walls and ceiling.
Most importantly, when you realize that an earthquake has begun, do not panic, but follow the following tips:
If there are children in the house, you should immediately place them in a safe place, which can be inside doorways or internal corners rooms. It is necessary to move away from windows and external walls, bulky and tall furniture. You can hide under a whitewashed or desk, workbench and other durable furniture. The greatest danger is presented by objects falling from above, stones, beams, etc.
Remember that you should not run out of the building during an earthquake, as falling debris and collapsing walls become the main cause of many victims. There are more chances to save a life if you seek salvation where you are. It is necessary to wait until the end of the earthquake, after which you can leave the building. Never try to get out of the building using the elevator, which can get stuck or fall into the shaft.
If the building you are in is low and non-seismic, for example, brick house and there is an opportunity to immediately leave it, then in this case it is necessary to carefully and quickly leave the building, run away from it to a safe distance.
If you are near a tall building at the time of the earthquake, quickly stand in the doorway to protect yourself from falling debris.
If at the time of the earthquake you are in a fairly open space, then move away from power lines and buildings.
If an earthquake caught you in a car, you should stop as far as possible from tall buildings and other structures and not start moving until the earthquake stops.
If during an earthquake you were in a boat, and there are high-rise buildings and other structures, then try to swim away from the shore to protect yourself from falling debris. If there are no buildings and structures on the shore, then you need to get ashore as soon as possible and move away from the water, because an earthquake can cause or strong excitement.
It must be remembered that after the first shock there may be some lull, interrupted by subsequent, more or less strong shocks. Therefore, actions after the first push should be careful and deliberate.
WHAT TO DO AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE
The most important thing after the earthquake is over is to keep your composure. It is necessary to save the people left under the rubble and prevent even greater casualties in the event of fires and explosions.
After an earthquake, try to follow these tips:
If the earthquake happened at night and you are in complete darkness, do not rush to light matches or lighters. If there is a battery flashlight, then use it better. If there are no other sources of light, then before lighting matches or a lighter, make sure that there is no smell of gas, gasoline and other flammable and explosive substances. Otherwise, an explosion, fire and other secondary consequences may occur, which will cause new victims.
The first step is to check for gas leaks. Try, if possible, to turn off the gas, water and turn off the electricity. If there are small fires, try to put them out on your own. If it is not possible to put out the fire on your own, try first to get the surviving children, as well as other injured people, out of the fire zone to a safe place.
Do not touch bare wires and metal and wet objects in contact with them.
If there are undamaged phones nearby, try contacting an ambulance, fire department, and other rescue services.
If rescue work is already underway and there is no need for your help, do not fuss trying to help - this will only complicate the work of rescuers.
Do not enter the destruction zone unnecessarily and do not walk among the ruins and dilapidated houses, as you can become the cause of collapses and the victim of falling debris.
If you know that people have remained under the rubble and rubble, do not rush to dismantle the rubble yourself. Try calling people for help. Try to figure out the location of the debris and beams. Remember that any of your careless and incorrect movement can cause further destruction, disruption of debris and stones and cause the death of people remaining under the rubble.
If possible, wear sturdy shoes and rough clothing to avoid injury from the sharp edges of debris and glass.
If you find spilled or spilled explosive, flammable and poisonous substances, immediately warn others about them.
If there is a radio or repeater nearby, be sure to turn them on to hear information about the extent of the disaster, the necessary measures to eliminate its consequences.
You also need to prepare for self-support for one to several days. Therefore, try to select and put in a dry and safe place the preserved food, canned food, crackers, biscuits, dried foods, etc.
If stoves and chimneys are damaged, in no case make fire in them, so as not to cause a fire.
If there are children nearby, help them calm down and place them in a safe place.
If an earthquake caught you at work, try to help your co-workers and others first before rushing home.
EARTHQUAKES IN THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
Many geological processes occurring on our planet in the past and present occur with a certain cyclicity, the study of which makes it possible to predict these phenomena for the future.
At the same time, cycles lasting hundreds of millions of years are known in nature, which are subject to global geological phenomena, for example, the Movement of continents and changes, as well as fast processes with a frequency of thousandths of a second, occurring at the level of microparticles.
In the practical sense of the word, we are primarily interested in studying the cyclic nature of catastrophic natural phenomena that can lead to great loss of life and destruction. Among such phenomena, catastrophic earthquakes occupy one of the leading places.
Studies conducted by the International Scientific and Technical Complex "INTERGEO-TETIS" have shown that strong earthquakes occur on Earth with a certain cyclicity, which is of a planetary nature. A thorough study of this cyclicity made it possible to establish the nature of the distribution of the number of catastrophic earthquakes in the past and present and to predict them for the future until 2050 (according to E. N. Khalilov)
An earthquake is a seismic phenomenon that manifests itself in the form of tremors, as a result of natural deformation of the earth's crust or human activity: explosions, collapse of mine workings and other provoking factors. With seismic activity up to five points, objects are swinging in the room, those present are taking measures to prepare for possible dangerous consequences. At six points, cracks appear in the building, and with more activity, the building collapses. With the threat of an earthquake, you need to go out into the open, avoiding power lines and all kinds of buildings. Information on the radio will serve as a way to notify of the development of the situation. If necessary, you need to evacuate quickly, while not forgetting to collect essential items: documents, money and valuables, a container with drinking water, canned food. Prepare personal protective equipment - gas masks, respirators, warm clothes, a flashlight and spare batteries for it, a battery-powered radio. In the room, you need to turn off any electrical appliances, turn off the gas and water, and wait for the evacuation notification on the radio.
What to do if an earthquake starts?
What to do with an earthquake if it starts at the current time? While indoors, every attempt should be made to leave the building and get out into the open as quickly as possible. Any moment in time can play a decisive role in life. In the next second, the doorways can warp, and the doors just won't open. It will take more effort to knock them out (this is easier to do if the doors open outward).
The exit time can be used to notify all relatives and relatives about an impending disaster by phone. Less than a minute of time may be enough to get out into the street, although for multi-storey buildings this is an almost impossible task: it is not recommended to go down by the elevator, and in a loose house, the stairs are always the first to collapse. In addition, crowds can form near the exit, preventing movement. If it is impossible to get out of the building in half a minute, there is only one thing left: to stand in doorway or corner near bearing wall, protecting yourself from objects that can collapse and fall from above: chandeliers, shelves, cabinets. If you have a sturdy table or bed, you can climb under them to protect yourself from crumbling bricks and splinters. Running out of a building in the middle of an earthquake can be much more dangerous due to falling debris than staying inside. It is safer to be inside wooden houses.
Keep in mind that after the main shock of an earthquake, after some time - immediately, in an hour or a day, an additional, repeated shock may occur. He is feared due to the fact that undetected damage to buildings during the first shock can provoke sudden collapses.
Earthquake and vehicles
If an earthquake caught you in transport among high-rise buildings, you need to stop and leave the car until the earth tremors calm down. V public transport the driver is obliged to stop the bus and open the doors so that everyone can go outside before the movement of the earth's crust intensifies. In an open area, you can slow down and wait for the tremors to stop in the car. In the sea, due to cracks in the earth's crust, waves can rise: being in the water, in a boat or on a ship, you need to swim in the direction perpendicular to the shore. Railway transport specialists are trained in the specifics of actions in case of an impending disaster and will inform passengers about everything in the circumstances. It is safest to be on the subway during an earthquake.
Behavior in public places
An earthquake lasts about a minute, but the panic that arises over this can provoke more emergencies than the catastrophe itself. At the time of the disaster, one should not be ashamed of the reaction of others, if it is possible to protect oneself from debris ready to fall on one's head, delay can cause injury. Even once in the rubble, a person is able to survive without water and food for up to half a month or more, if he does not succumb to panic. Only one person is able to calm the excitement in the crowd if he acts according to instructions and helps those in need to the best of his ability. In connection with the catastrophic consequences, rescuers will work everywhere, dismantling the rubble and providing assistance to the victims, you just need to wait.
Later during the day, a series of five earthquakes with magnitudes from 4 to 4.8 was recorded.
According to the agency, an unusually long series of tremors caused panic among part of the city's residents.
WHAT TO DO BEFORE THE EARTHQUAKE
For those who live in earthquake-prone areas, it is necessary to prepare in a certain way for the possibility of an earthquake.
Earthquake to China in 2010
First of all, at home it is necessary to have a constant minimum supply of canned food, crackers and drinking water (in winter 3-4, and in summer 5-6 liters of water per person per day) in order to survive on your own for several days.
It is necessary to have at home one or two flashlights with fresh spare batteries.
It is necessary to determine in advance in the apartment (House) the most stable places where you can hide from falling stones and beams, be sure to inform all family members about them. Such places are, first of all, openings of internal doors, corners of rooms and, in no case, openings of external windows, balconies or areas near the external walls of the house.
It is imperative to have a battery-operated radio receiver in the apartment in order to receive accurate information by radio about the actions of the authorities, services and the scale of the disaster.
It is necessary to have hoses at least 5 meters long to connect to water taps in case of fire.
You need to know exactly where and how gas, electricity and water are turned off in the house.
The house must have a first aid kit with the necessary medicines, cotton wool, bandages and other medicines.
A short video guide on how to prepare for an earthquake
It is necessary to have telephone numbers of the district and central ambulance, fire service, police, emergency services next to the telephone.
All furniture and other accessories in the apartment must be in a stable condition. Heavy objects and furniture should not be suspended or unstable above beds, prams and chairs; they must be additionally fixed to the wall and floor.
Various chemicals, explosive and flammable substances must be stored in secure, closed and stable places.
Doors, passages, corridors should be free from bulky items and furniture so that you can easily move around the apartment and get out of it in case of a disaster.
In the case of erecting unplanned internal partitions in your apartment, it is necessary that they are firmly fastened to the walls, floor and ceiling.
Do not leave electrical appliances and household appliances plugged in unnecessarily while you are away, as this can cause fires and explosions during an earthquake.
It is essential that all family members know what to do before, during and after an earthquake.
WHAT TO DO DURING AN EARTHQUAKE
The sooner you feel the initial moment of the earthquake, the greater the chance of saving your life and those around you. The initial moment of an earthquake can be felt in different ways. Sometimes, before an earthquake, a glow appears above the hills, there may be disturbances in the operation of radio, television, electronic devices, spontaneous glow of fluorescent lamps. Sometimes, a few seconds before an earthquake, a strong growing rumble occurs underground, after which the first shock occurs.
In other cases, a few seconds before the push, weaker vibrations may occur, in which the dishes begin to rattle, suspended objects sway. Then the first shock occurs, which can last from a few seconds to 1-1.5 minutes.
You must be psychologically prepared for the fact that at this time window panes can burst and fly out, objects fall from the shelves, furniture begins to move, the noise becomes deafening, cracks may appear on the walls and ceiling.
Most importantly, when you realize that an earthquake has begun, do not panic, but follow the following tips:
If there are children in the house, you should immediately place them in a safe place, which can be inside doorways or inside corners of rooms. It is necessary to move away from windows and external walls, bulky and tall furniture. You can hide under a whitewashed or desk, workbench and other durable furniture. The greatest danger is presented by objects falling from above, stones, beams, etc.
Remember that you should not run out of the building during an earthquake, as falling debris and collapsing walls become the main cause of many victims. There are more chances to save a life if you seek salvation where you are. It is necessary to wait until the end of the earthquake, after which you can leave the building. Never try to get out of the building using the elevator, which can get stuck or fall into the shaft.
If the building you are in is low and non-seismic, for example, a brick house, and it is possible to leave it immediately, then in this case you must carefully and quickly leave the building, run away from it to a safe distance.
If you are near a tall building at the time of the earthquake, quickly stand in the doorway to protect yourself from falling debris.
If at the time of the earthquake you are in a fairly open space, then move away from power lines and buildings.
If an earthquake caught you in a car, you must stop as far as possible from tall buildings and other structures and do not start moving until the earthquake stops.
If during an earthquake you were in a boat, and there are high-rise buildings and other structures near the shore, then try to swim away from the shore to protect yourself from falling debris. If there are no buildings and structures on the shore, then you need to quickly get ashore and move away from the water, because an earthquake can cause a tsunami or strong excitement.
It must be remembered that after the first shock there may be some lull, interrupted by subsequent, more or less strong shocks. Therefore, actions after the first push should be careful and deliberate.
WHAT TO DO AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE
The most important thing after the earthquake is over is to keep your composure. It is necessary to save the people left under the rubble and prevent even greater casualties in the event of fires and explosions.
After an earthquake, try to follow these tips:
If the earthquake happened at night and you are in complete darkness, do not rush to light matches or lighters. If there is a battery flashlight, then use it better. If there are no other sources of light, then before lighting matches or a lighter, make sure that there is no smell of gas, gasoline and other flammable and explosive substances. Otherwise, an explosion, fire and other secondary consequences may occur, which will cause new victims.
The first step is to check for gas leaks. Try, if possible, to turn off the gas, water and turn off the electricity. If there are small fires, try to put them out on your own. If it is not possible to put out the fire on your own, try first to get the surviving children, as well as other injured people, out of the fire zone to a safe place.
Do not touch bare wires and metal and wet objects in contact with them.
If there are undamaged phones nearby, try contacting an ambulance, fire department, and other rescue services.
If rescue work is already underway and there is no need for your help, do not fuss trying to help - this will only complicate the work of rescuers.
Do not enter the destruction zone unnecessarily and do not walk among the ruins and dilapidated houses, as you can become the cause of collapses and the victim of falling debris.
If you know that people have remained under the rubble and rubble, do not rush to dismantle the rubble yourself. Try calling people for help. Try to figure out the location of the debris and beams. Remember that any of your careless and incorrect movement can cause further destruction, disruption of debris and stones and cause the death of people remaining under the rubble.
If possible, wear sturdy shoes and rough clothing to avoid injury from the sharp edges of debris and glass.
If you find spilled or spilled explosive, flammable and poisonous substances, immediately warn others about them.
If there is a radio or repeater nearby, be sure to turn them on to hear information about the extent of the disaster, the necessary measures to eliminate its consequences.
You also need to prepare for self-support for one to several days. Therefore, try to select and put in a dry and safe place the preserved food, canned food, crackers, biscuits, dried foods, etc.
If stoves and chimneys are damaged, in no case make fire in them, so as not to cause a fire.
If there are children nearby, help them calm down and place them in a safe place.
If an earthquake caught you at work, try to help your co-workers and others first before rushing home.
1. The collapse of the building is not the biggest danger in an earthquake. Buildings begin to deform starting at 7 on the intensity scale, and collapse at 8-9. And then, to a greater extent, they are subject to serious destruction brick houses. Modern buildings that began to be built starting from the middle of the 20th century (including Khrushchevs) withstand the potential danger of a total collapse even at 9 points, not to mention modern monolithic buildings. In seismically active zones, special attention is paid to special design technologies that will allow the building to withstand even the strongest shocks.
2. Based on the already existing experience and statistics of damage during an earthquake, it becomes obvious - flying and falling objects pose the greatest threat to life and health such as lamps, glass, TV, bookshelves, dishes and the like. To seriously suffer and even die from a collision with such everyday objects is much more likely than from the collapse of a building.
What to do in case of an earthquake
1. First of all, however, as in any emergency, in no case it is forbidden panic . Your safety and salvation depend on your calmness and thoughtful actions.
2. Wherever a cataclysm finds you, stay where you are. If you are unable to leave the premises within the first 10 seconds, attempting to exit the building to avoid a possible collapse could be more troublesome than staying inside. If the shaking caught you on the street, stay away from buildings, move away to the most open space. Beware of poles, trees and power lines. If you are in a car, again, you need to drive away from houses and any objects that can be knocked over. Turn off the engine and stay inside.
3. In the legs, as they say, there is no truth, especially with strong shaking. So the first thing to do in an earthquake is to fall on the floor. In this position, it is easier to move around while maintaining minimal stability.
5. Take care of your head and neck by covering them with your hands. If possible, hide under a massive table or bed. Only if there is no suitable shelter nearby, it is worth relocating to inner wall or low furniture that is not able to collapse on you. Head and neck, in any case, should be covered with hands.
6. Freeze in your shelter, taking the pose of "baby", and remain in this position until the end of the earthquake. However, you should be prepared for the fact that you will be thrown in different directions, as well as the surrounding objects.
7. Generally after the first wave of oscillations, comes the second. So if the tremors have stopped, do not rush to leave the shelter. It is likely that after the break another wave will follow, most likely stronger than the first.
Fact. According to world experts in the field of rescue in emergency situations, the principle of "Fall, hide and stand still" allows you to escape and survive the earthquake with the least damage to yourself. Even if the building is in danger of collapse. The only exception to this rule is when you are in country house or on the ground floor of an unfortified brick building. In such a situation, it is necessary to leave the premises as soon as possible.
What to do if you find yourself under rubble after an earthquake
1. Do not try to light the space with matches or a lighter. This will burn up your available supply of oxygen and increase the likelihood suffocate before you are discovered and rescued.
2. Do not make sudden movements and do not try to get out on your own. By moving even a small brick, you can provoke another blockage.
3. Cover your mouth while breathing to prevent dust from entering your larynx which can cause choking or vomiting. Try not to breathe nose- you can start sneezing, from what dust will scatter and fill the entire space, and the convulsive movements of the body, again, can lead to a collapse.
4. Periodically tap on available items, trying, of course, to choose those that make a better sound: wood and metal. Use your voice only as a last resort.
What to do after an earthquake
1. Gather your thoughts. When the earthquake is over, you are likely to be in a confused state and do not immediately figure out what action to take. And a lot needs to be done.
2. Turn off the electricity and water supply, shut off the gas pipeline. Check the status of communications. If you smell gas, open windows to ventilate the room.
3. Examine your loved ones and those around you, one of them could have been hurt. Provide first aid if necessary.
4. Turn on the radio. Perhaps one of the stations will broadcast about the incident, and the authorities will make the necessary recommendations.
5. If the building has been destroyed, leave the premises as soon as possible, not forgetting to grab documents and money. Do not use the elevator, go down the stairs. You need to do this carefully and carefully, walk along the edge of the steps, pressing closer to the wall.
6. Look under your feet, avoiding sharp debris and broken glass. If the situation allows, it is better to change shoes to a more durable one.
7. Keep a good distance from the destroyed areas. Especially from beaches and coastline. Strong earthquakes are ways to cause a tsunami. Based on this, it will not be superfluous to climb a hill, not lower than 30 meters. Or move away from the water for a considerable distance, preferably at least 3 kilometers.
8. TO mobile communications try to use as little as possible. Without urgent need, it is better not to use the phone at all. After a disaster, the phone lines will be overloaded, taking one of them, you can deprive someone who needs it more than you.
Although in domestic regions a serious shift of tectonic plates is quite rare, be aware that how to escape and what to do during an earthquake, everyone needs to know. Share this information with your friends and family. Take care of yourself.
About a million tremors of varying intensity occur on Earth during the year, their epicenters are often located at the bottom of the oceans. Powerful earthquakes can cause severe damage, leading to the formation of a tsunami.
In order to classify earthquakes by power, a magnitude scale was introduced. The most famous is the Richter scale. It contains conventional units from 1 to 9.5, which are calculated by the strength and frequency of oscillations and recorded by a seismograph.
Waiting for an earthquake
If you and your family live in a seismically prone area, you need to prepare in advance for a possible earthquake. It is worth preparing an “alarming suitcase”, which will contain everything you need for an emergency: a first aid kit, drinking water, a flashlight, clothes, some money, documents, dry rations. Periodically, the contents of the bag need to be updated (medicine, food, water).
Find a safe place in advance where you can take shelter during an earthquake. Learn the rules for providing first medical care. Write down on a piece of paper the phone numbers of all emergency services in the city. Everything heavy and bulky in an apartment located in a seismically dangerous area, if possible, store as low as possible.
During an earthquake
With the onset of shocks, quickly, without panic, begin to act according to a pre-planned plan. If you are in apartment building on the first or second floors, take the "alarm suitcase" and leave the building. On the street, try to stay away from buildings, trees, power lines. Remember that you do not have time to think, the intervals between tremors are usually 15-20 seconds.
If an earthquake caught you on the upper floors, try to take the safest place in the apartment. In no case do not use the elevator, its shaft may be broken, and you will find yourself blocked. Balconies, loggias and bay windows are not allowed.
You can lie down in the bath - when the ceiling collapses, the chances of survival increase significantly. If the apartment has a table, a bed that can withstand the fall of a heavy object, you can hide under them. It is desirable that they be located near the internal load-bearing wall. In the panel high-rise building you can hide in the toilet, since in such housing its design, as a rule, is a monolithic box. If there is no time to hide, stand in the doorway.
If you are in a car
If you are driving and an earthquake starts, stop immediately. The road surface can be suddenly damaged. Tunnels, bridges, overpasses, high-rise power lines, the roadway in the immediate vicinity of high-rise buildings - all this poses a threat to you. Therefore, in such places, you should quickly leave the car and run to open space.
After the earthquake
If the earthquake happened at night and you are in your apartment, do not rush to use open fire, do not turn on the light. Possible gas leakage, its ignition.
Do not touch the wires and anything metallic and wet, there is a risk of electric shock. Don't fuss, collapses are possible structural elements. If there are earthquake victims near you, give them first aid and call the rescuers of the Ministry of Emergency Situations.
If you are outside, do not rush to get back indoors, as aftershocks are possible. Buildings can be dangerous and dangerous to stay in.
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