Classification of industrial buildings. General design issues (industrial buildings)

LECTURE 8. CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL

BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

Industrial enterprises are divided into branches of production, which are an integral part of the national economy. Industrial enterprises consist of industrial buildings, which are intended for the implementation of production and technological processes, directly or indirectly related to the release of a certain type of product.

Regardless of the industry sector, buildings are divided into four main groups: industrial, energy, transport and storage buildings and auxiliary buildings or premises.

Manufacturing buildings include buildings in which finished products or semi-finished products are produced. They are divided into many types according to the branches of production. Among them are mechanical assembly, thermal, forging and stamping, weaving, tooling, repair, etc.

The power plants include buildings of CHPPs (combined heat and power plants), boiler houses, electrical and transformer substations, etc.

The buildings of the transport and storage facilities include garages, warehouses for finished products, fire stations, etc.

Ancillary buildings include office, household, food points, medical centers, etc.

The nature of the space-planning and design solutions of industrial buildings depends on their purpose and the nature of technological processes.

Buildings are divided into four classes, and the I class includes those to which increased requirements are imposed, and the IV class includes buildings with minimum requirements... Each class has its own operational qualities, as well as the durability and fire resistance of the main structures of buildings.

Three degrees of durability of industrial buildings have been established: I degree - at least 100 years; II - at least 50 years and III - at least 20 years.

According to the degree of fire resistance, buildings and structures are divided into five degrees. The degree of fire resistance, characterized by the flammability group and the fire resistance limit of the main building structures, accepted: for buildings of class I - not less than II degree, for buildings of class II - not less than III degree. For buildings of classes III and IV, the degree of fire resistance is not standardized.

On the basis of architectural and structural features, industrial buildings are subdivided into single-storey, multi-storey and mixed-storey buildings.

Manufactures in which the technological process flows horizontally and characterized by heavy and bulky equipment, large-sized products and significant dynamic loads, it is advisable to place in one-story buildings. Currently, one-story industrial buildings house about 75% of industrial production.

Depending on the number of spans one-story buildings can be one - and multi-span. A span is the volume of an industrial building, limited along the perimeter by rows of columns and floors in a single-span pattern. The distance between the longitudinal rows of columns is called the span width.

In multi-storey buildings, production facilities with vertically directed technological processes are located for enterprises of light, food, radio engineering and similar types of industries (with surface loads on interfloor floors of 45 kN / m2). They, as a rule, are built multi-span. On the first floors there are production facilities with heavier equipment that emit aggressive wastewater, in the upper floors there are production facilities that emit gas hazards, fire hazard, etc.

According to the availability of lifting and transport equipment, buildings are crane (with bridge or overhead transport) and craneless.

Based on the material of the main load-bearing structures buildings can be divided: with a reinforced concrete frame (prefabricated, precast-monolithic and monolithic); with steel frame; with brick walls and coating on reinforced concrete, metal or wood structures.

In addition to these factors, industrial buildings are classified according to other criteria: according to the heating, ventilation, lighting system, according to the profile of the coating. Below we will consider the features of the design of buildings and taking into account these signs.

Industrial buildings and structures for their purpose are divided into the following main groups:

production, in which the main technological processes of the enterprise are located (open-hearth, rolling, assembly, weaving, confectionery shops, etc.);

ancillary production, intended for placement supporting processes production (repair, tool, container shops, etc.);

power plants, in which installations are placed that supply the enterprise with electricity, compressed air, steam and gas (CHP, compressor, gas generating and blowing stations, etc.);

transport vehicles intended for the placement and maintenance of vehicles at the disposal of the enterprise (garages, electric locomotive depots, etc.);

warehouse, necessary for storing raw materials, blanks, semi-finished products, finished products, fuels and lubricants, etc.;

sanitary engineering, intended for the maintenance of water supply and sewerage networks, to protect the environment from pollution (pumping and treatment plants, water towers, spray pools, etc.);

auxiliary and general plant (administrative buildings, plant management, vocational schools, fire stations, etc.).

To special facilities industrial enterprises include tanks, gasholders, cooling towers, silos, chimneys, overpasses, supports, masts, etc. The listed groups of buildings and structures are not necessarily built at every industrial enterprise, their composition depends on the purpose and capacity of enterprises. Industrial buildings are divided into four classes in terms of capital. Class I includes buildings with the highest requirements, and IV - buildings with the minimum required strength and durability. For each class, the required performance characteristics, as well as the durability and fire resistance of the main structures of buildings, are established.

The performance required for normal conditions labor and technological process during their entire service life are provided with the required dimensions of spans and column steps, the installation of appropriate technological equipment, ease of installation, quality of finishing, convenience for workers and for the flow of the technological process.

To ensure the required durability and fire resistance of the main structural elements buildings use appropriate and products and protect them in structures from destruction under the influence of operational factors.

The durability of the structure is their service life without losing the required qualities under a given operating mode and in given climatic conditions. Three degrees of durability of the enclosing structures have been established: I degree - a service life of at least 100 years, II degree - at least 50 years and III degree - at least 20 years.

Depending on the class of the building, the durability of the enclosing structures is assumed: for buildings of class I - not less than I degree, for buildings of class II - not less than II degree, for buildings of class III - not less than III degree, for buildings of class IV the durability is not standardized.

By fire resistance, buildings and structures are divided into five degrees. The degree of fire resistance is characterized by the flammability group and the fire resistance limit of the main building structures. For buildings of class I, the degree of fire resistance must be at least II, for buildings of class II - at least III, and for buildings of III and IV classes it is not standardized.

The capital class of the projected building is taken depending on the following factors: national economic significance; the size and capacity of the enterprise that this building is part of; the uniqueness of the technological equipment installed in the building; the factor of moral depreciation of the building; town-planning value of the projected object.

The complex of an industrial enterprise may include buildings with different classes capital. Buildings whose structures have a sufficient margin of safety and are made of high-quality materials belong to the increased capital class. Premises in such buildings have all kinds of amenities and high quality finishes. Buildings made of short-lived materials and structures, with insufficient landscaping and simplified decoration, have reduced capital classes.

Classification of industrial buildings by purpose. Classification by fire and explosion hazard, fire resistance, durability, capital and number of storeys. Multi-storey industrial buildings and their areas of application. Concepts about special industrial structures (bunkers, ramps, towers, gas tanks, cooling towers, etc.). Functional, technical, economic, architectural and artistic requirements for industrial buildings. Industrialization of construction. Reconstruction tasks of industrial enterprises

11.Volume-planning and design solutions of industrial buildings

Technological scheme as the basis of space-planning solutions for industrial buildings. Human and freight flows in the building. Types of layouts and blocking of workshops. Determination of the parameters of industrial premises (width, length and height of the span, column spacing, building height). The main space-planning structures of one- and two-storey buildings (solid buildings, pavilions, one- and multi-span, frame and frameless, etc.). Modular principle. Fire safety requirements. ODA for various production processes and operating modes.

12. Hoisting-and-transport equipment of industrial buildings.

Classification of materials handling equipment. Equipment of periodic and continuous operating principles. Floor transport. Bridge, overhead and special cranes. Tali, cats. Conveyors, roller tables, pipelines.

Various types of lifting, transport or material handling equipment operate in industrial buildings. It is subdivided into floor-standing equipment operating from the floor and equipment that transfers loads to building elements.

The first group includes ground conveyors and roller tables, autocars, electric cars, narrow gauge trolleys, hand carts, crawler and wheel cranes, wagons and locomotives of wide or narrow gauge. Equipment that transmits loads to building elements includes communications for pneumatic and hydraulic transport, overhead conveyors, elevators and material handling equipment in the form of electric hoists (hoists), jib cranes, girder cranes and overhead cranes.

Electric hoists are available in capacities ranging from 0.25 to 50 T and are small, electrically driven machines. The hoist is movably suspended from an I-beam, which serves as a rail for it. The I-beam is rigidly suspended from floor structures, roofs or to a special frame. The electric hoist is controlled remotely (from the ground) using a pendant push-button device and moves the load vertically and in one direction (along the monorail) horizontally (Fig. 199, b).

The crane-girder (single-girder crane) (Fig. 200) is used for loads weighing from 0.25 to 5 g and consists of steel I-beam with rollers and mechanisms similar to electric hoists moving along it. Crane rollers move along the lower flanges of steel girders suspended from the supporting structures of the roof, or along rails laid on a special crane girder. There can be several cranes in one span. The girder crane moves the load vertically and horizontally (across and along the span). If a crane or telpher is installed in an existing building, then it is necessary to check the strength of the structures to which they are supposed to be suspended. If the structures cannot withstand the loads necessary in this case, then the structures are changed or (which is simpler and cheaper) they arrange a separate steel frame in the building, on which a monorail or a crane runway for a crane beam is mounted. Dimension, load-carrying capacity and the order of suspension of crane beams are strictly standardized.

The main means of intrashop lifting and transport equipment are overhead cranes (Fig. 201, c), the working trolley of which moves along rails fixed on rigidly interconnected crane bearing beams. With the help of wheels, the crane moves along a rail track laid on a reinforced concrete or steel crane girder. The crane is operated from a suspended cabin moving with it. The lifting capacity of overhead cranes ranges from 5 to 350 T, and at ferrous metallurgy enterprises it reaches 600 T. Most of the cranes can move the load simultaneously in three directions: vertically, along and across the shop. Behind the dimensions of the crane (above its working trolley, between the extreme parts of the crane and the plane of the wall or column), a strictly normalized space is left for the wires supplying the crane, the passage of a person, etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

Industrial buildings are called buildings and structures intended for the production of any product.

Industrial buildings are classified

by appointment :

ü production, in which the main technological processes of the enterprise are located (open-hearth, rolling, assembly, weaving, confectionery shops, etc.);

ü ancillary production, intended for the placement of auxiliary production processes, repair, tool, container shops, etc.);

ü energy, in which installations are placed that supply the enterprise with electricity, compressed air, steam and gas (CHP, compressor, gas generating and blowing stations, etc.);

ü transport, intended for the placement and maintenance of vehicles at the disposal of the enterprise (garages, electric locomotive depots, etc.);

ü warehouse, necessary for the storage of raw materials, blanks, semi-finished products, finished products, fuels and lubricants, etc.;

ü sanitary designed to maintain water supply and sewerage networks, to protect the environment from pollution (pumping and treatment plants, water towers, spray pools, etc.);

ü auxiliary and plant-wide(administrative buildings, plant management, vocational schools, fire stations, etc.).

Special structures of industrial enterprises include tanks, gas tanks, cooling towers, silos, chimneys, ramps, supports, masts, etc.

in relation to the industry :

ü metallurgical (foundry, rolling, forging, etc.);

ü mechanical engineering (mechanical assembly shops, etc.);

ü buildings of the woodworking industry;

ü buildings of the chemical industry, etc.

by the availability of lifting Vehicle :

ü craneless;

ü equipped with overhead cranes (Fig. 1a);

ü equipped with overhead cranes (Fig. 1b).

by the material of the main frame structures :

ü with a reinforced concrete frame,

ü with metal frame

ü with a mixed frame (reinforced concrete columns and metal trusses).

by the number of spans (fig. 1):

ü single-span;

ü multi-span.

A span is understood as a production volume bounded along the perimeter by a row of columns and covered by a single-span scheme. The distance between the longitudinal rows of columns is called the span width.

by coverage profile :

ü with lanterns (Fig. 1f, g);

ü without lanterns (Fig. 1a-d).

Lanterns are used for aeration and natural lighting.

by lighting systems :

ü with natural light;

ü with artificial lighting

ü combined.

by ventilation systems :

ü with natural ventilation through openings in the enclosing structures;

ü with artificial supply and exhaust ventilation using fans and air ducts.

ü with combined.

by capital:

I. class - buildings with the highest requirements;

III. Class;

IV. class - buildings with minimum requirements.

For each class, the required performance, durability and fire resistance of the main structures of buildings are established.

Operational qualities are ensured by the required building dimensions, installation of appropriate equipment, ease of installation, quality finishes, and amenities for workers.

The durability of structures is their service life without losing the required qualities under a given operating mode and in given climatic conditions. Three degrees of durability of the enclosing structures have been established: I degree - a service life of at least 100 years, II degree - at least 50 years and III degree - at least 20 years.

The capital class of the projected building is taken depending on the following factors: its purpose; the capacity of the enterprise that this building is part of; the uniqueness of the technological equipment installed in the building; the factor of moral depreciation of the building; town-planning value of the projected object.

Rice. 1. Types of one-story industrial buildings:

a- single-span without lanterns; b- the same with an overhead crane;

v- two-span without lanterns; G- three-span with an increased average span;

d- three-span with a lantern; f, f- multi-span with lanterns;

and- general view of the building

TYPING AND UNIFICATION

INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

Unification provides for bringing to uniformity and intercombination of the sizes of space-planning components of buildings and their structures, significantly limiting the number of standard sizes of structures and parts.

The main base for the unification of space-planning and structural solutions of buildings is a unified system of modular coordination of dimensions in construction (ESMK). It is a set of rules for combining the dimensions of buildings, their elements, building structures due to the multiplicity of these dimensions to the basic module M 100 mm.

When assigning the dimensions of space-planning components, it is recommended to accept enlarged modules: in one-story buildings for the width of spans and column spacing - 60M, for the height from the clean floor to the bottom of the supporting structures of the covering on the support - 6M (at a height of up to 6 m, and in buildings with manual bridge cranes - up to 9.6 m) and 12M (at a height of 6 m and more).

Below are the dimensions of the spans, the spacing of the columns and the heights of one-story buildings, taken in accordance with the main provisions of unification and taking into account the parameters of the dimensional schemes.

Span widths: 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 m (spans of 6 and 9 m are allowed). If technologically necessary, the width of the spans can be assigned more than 36, but a multiple of 6 m.

Column spacing: in the extreme rows - 6 m (12 m is allowed), in the middle rows - 6 and 12 m.In some cases, a column spacing of more than 12 m, multiple of 6 m, is allowed.

The height from the floor to the bottom of the supporting structures of the covering on the support can be taken from 3.0 to 6.0 m in multiples of 0.6 m, and from 7.2 to 18 m in multiples of 1.2 m. ASSOCIATING CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS

BUILDINGS TO PIVOT AXIS

According to the ESMK, uniform rules have been adopted for linking structural elements to alignment axes. Reference is the distance from the alignment axis to the face or geometry axis of a section of a feature.

In one-story frame buildings when binding the columns of the extreme and middle rows, external longitudinal and end walls, columns in the places of the installation of expansion joints, as well as in the places of the height difference between the spans and the abutment of mutually perpendicular directions of the spans, use the bindings "zero", "250" and "500" (" 600 ") mm.

"Zero" binding should be preferable, since it excludes the use of additional enclosing and supporting elements in the places of the installation of expansion joints, height differences and abutment of spans of different directions. It is used for all types of frame materials in craneless buildings and in buildings with overhead and support cranes, if the height from the floor to the bottom of the supporting structures does not exceed 14.4 m, and the lifting capacity of the cranes is 32 tons.

With a "zero" tie, the outer edges of the columns of the extreme longitudinal rows (Fig. 3, a) are combined with the center (coordination) axes. In this case, the inner surface of the longitudinal outer walls and the position of the center axis coincide. In these cases, for the convenience of installation and the location of fastening devices, gaps of 30 mm are provided between the outer edges of the columns and the inner surface of the walls.

a B C

Rice. 3. Binding of elements of one-story buildings to longitudinal

and transverse center axes:

a B C- binding of the extreme columns to the longitudinal axes;

d, d- anchoring the columns in the expansion joint,

formed by the junction of mutually perpendicular spans

When attaching "250" and more (multiple of 50 mm), the outer edges of the columns are displaced outward from the alignment axis by 250 mm (Fig. 3, v). Such a binding is permissible in buildings with overhead cranes with a lifting capacity of 32 tons or more, with a span height of more than 14.4 m and a column pitch of 6 m, as well as in buildings with a column pitch of 12 m and a span height of more than 12 m. In such buildings, the use of the “ 250 "and more is caused by an increase in the size of the section of columns and sub-columns, and in some cases by the need to arrange passages for the repair and maintenance of crane runways of overhead cranes.

At the ends of buildings, the geometric axes of the section of the main columns of the middle and outer rows are shifted from the center axis inward by 500 mm, and the center axis itself is aligned with the inner surface of the end wall. If necessary, a gap of 30 mm is left between the wall surface and the center line (fig. 3, G). Such a binding rule allows for a constructively justified placement of half-timbered columns at the end walls and under-rafter (rafter) roof structures without additional elements.

The transverse expansion joint between paired columns in buildings with spans of equal heights is arranged using the binding of the columns to two alignment axes (Fig. 3, d). The snapping provides for the offset of the geometric axes of the column section by 500 mm from the alignment axes.

A longitudinal expansion joint between paired columns in buildings with spans of different heights is carried out by providing two alignment axes with an insert between them. The size of the insert depends on the methods of bindings in the adjacent spans and can be 500, 750 and 1000 mm.

Binding of columns of different height spans is carried out to two longitudinal alignment axes with an insert between them (Fig. 3, b).

Anchoring columns to these axes must comply with the anchor rules "0" or "250". Insert size WITH(mm) must be a multiple of 50 mm (but not less than 300 mm) and equal to the sum of the following dimensions:

WITH= "0" ("250") × 1 (2) + d +e + 50,

where d- wall thickness, mm; e- the gap between the outer edge of the columns of the increased span and the inner plane of the wall, mm, usually equal to 30 mm; 50 mm - the gap between the outer plane of the wall and the edge of the columns of the lowered span.

In the places of abutment of mutually perpendicular spans, the columns are also tied to two alignment axes with an insert between them (Fig. 3, d, d). Insert size WITH depends on the method of binding in the transverse (higher) span ("0" or "250") and can be determined from the expression:

WITH = 0 (250) +e + d + 50.

In the presence of a longitudinal expansion joint between spans adjacent to a perpendicular span, this seam is extended to the span, where it will be a transverse seam. In this case, the insert between the alignment axes in the longitudinal and transverse seams must have the same size (500, 750 or 1000 mm), and each of the paired columns along the transverse seam line is displaced from the nearest paired axis by 500 mm.

VOLUME PLANNING SOLUTIONS

INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

The space-planning solution of any industrial building depends on the nature of the technological process located inside the building.

The configuration and dimensions of the plan, the height and profile of industrial buildings are determined by technological parameters, the number and relative position of the spans.

Span width L- the distance between the longitudinal alignment axes - is composed of the span of the overhead crane L k and doubled distance TO between the center line of the crane runway and the center line.

Spans of overhead cranes are linked to the span width and are determined by GOST. The size TO accept: 750 mm - with cranes Q < 50 т; 1000 мм (и более, кратно 250 мм) – при кранах Q> 50 t, as well as when arranging a passage in the above-crane part of the columns for servicing crane runways. With reinforced concrete columns, passages along the crane runways are often located next to the columns.

The pitch of the columns (the distance between the transverse alignment axes) is selected taking into account the dimensions and method of arrangement of the technological equipment, the dimensions of the manufactured products, the type of in-house lifting and transport vehicles and other factors. So, for large-sized equipment and large products, the column spacing is assigned as large as possible, providing the premises with technological flexibility. The most common column spacing is 6 and 12 m.

The height of the spans (the distance from the floor level to the bottom of the supporting structures of the coating) depends on the technological, sanitary and hygienic requirements.

With different heights of parallel spans, it is recommended to combine the height differences with longitudinal expansion joints, and the lowering value should be taken as 1.2 m or more.

For the space-planning solution of a multi-span building, it is recommended to block the workshops in all cases when this does not contradict the conditions of the technological process, sanitary and hygienic and fire safety standards. When blocking workshops in one building, it is allowed to place parallel spans of the same height and with height differences, as well as mutually perpendicular spans. Height differences in multi-span buildings must be multiples of 0.6m and be at least 1.2m, with the exception of air-conditioned buildings. Height differences should be combined with longitudinal expansion joints. Transverse expansion joints in a reinforced concrete and mixed frame of a heated building are arranged after 84-144 m along the span, and in an all-metal frame - after 140-240 m. Longitudinal expansion joints in a heated building with a prefabricated reinforced concrete and mixed frame are installed after 144 m. steel frame- after 250 m along the width of the span of the building or are combined with the height difference of spans of one direction (parallel spans).

With reinforced concrete and mixed frames, longitudinal expansion joints and height differences of parallel spans are performed on two rows of columns with an insert between the coordination axes. The adjoining of mutually perpendicular spans is always performed on two coordination axes with an insert between them.

Paired axes with an insert, on which the difference in heights of parallel spans is solved, when adjacent to these spans in the perpendicular direction, must go through the adjacent perpendicular spans, forming a transverse expansion joint in them (Fig. 1, Fig. 2).

It is better to perform the intrashop space not divided by capital walls and partitions, convenient for moving technological goods, transforming and reconstructing the production process. Capital walls should only separate rooms that differ sharply in temperature and humidity conditions and the degree of emission of industrial hazards from the rest of the workshop (for example, a thermal department in a mechanical assembly workshop, a charge preparation department in a foundry, etc.).

Fig. 1. The location of expansion joints in a building, where H is the height of the span, L is the width of the span, l is the length of the span, c is the insert between the spans

Fig. 2. The planning solution of the building, somewhere - a temperature compartment

CONSTRUCTIVE DECISIONS

INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

Constructive solution buildings are determined at initial stage design and comes down to the choice of structural and building systems and structural schemes.

The structural system is a set of interconnected vertical and horizontal supporting structures of a building, which ensure its strength, rigidity and stability. The building system of a building is determined by the material of the structures and the method of its construction.

Most industrial buildings have a frame structural system. This is due to the presence in many industrial buildings of large concentrated loads, shocks and shocks from technological and crane equipment, large areas of glazing.

The frame of a one-storey industrial building is a spatial system consisting of transverse frames, united within each temperature block by covering slabs, ties, sometimes under-rafter structures, etc. The transverse frames consist of columns and roof structures(crossbars). The method of connecting the girder with the columns can be rigid and articulated, and the columns with foundations, as a rule, are rigid. The hinged connection of the crossbars with the columns contributes to their independent typing and unification.

When appointing the enclosing structures, they are guided, first of all, by the provision of the necessary heat-shielding requirements. In a given climatic area of construction, they must ensure minimal heat loss in the cold season and prevent overheating in the summer, moreover, they must contribute to enhancing the artistic and aesthetic appearance of the building.

To ensure the rigidity of the building frame in the longitudinal direction, vertical steel braces must be installed in each temperature compartment of the span equipped with overhead support cranes. These connections are arranged along the longitudinal axes of the columns in one of the central steps of the compartment. It is prohibited to install vertical ties along the crane part of the columns in steps adjacent to the end of the building and to the transverse expansion joint.

Steel column foundations

Foundations for steel columns are taken according to the type of foundations for reinforced concrete columns. In this case, the sub-column is arranged solid (without a glass) and has anchor bolts embedded in concrete. The base of the steel column is fastened to the foundation with nuts screwed onto the upper ends of the anchor bolts protruding from the concrete.

Rice. 6. Monolithic reinforced concrete foundations for steel columns:

1 - anchor bolt; 2 - anchor plate; 3 - base plate;

4 - cement grout; 5 - iron concrete foundation

For deepening the developed bases of steel columns (with traverses), the cutoffs of the foundations are placed at the level of minus 0.7 or minus 1.0 m.For steel columns that have no traverses, the mark of the top of the sub-column is assigned about minus 0.25 m. The cross-section of the sub-columns for the bases steel columns are chosen so that the distance from the axis of the anchor bolts to the edge of the sub-column is at least 150 mm.

Pile foundations

Constructions monolithic foundations reinforced concrete and steel columns can be used in conjunction with piles. When constructing foundations, the use of piles is advisable in cases where weak soils that are not able to withstand the load from the structure lie directly under the structure, or when the use of piles makes it possible to obtain the most economically profitable solution.

In domestic practice, more than 150 types of piles are known, which are classified by materials (reinforced concrete, concrete, wood, etc.), structures (solid, composite, square, round, with and without broadening, etc.), type of reinforcement , the method of manufacturing and immersion (prefabricated, monolithic, driven, screwed, bored, vibration stamped, etc.), the nature of the work in the ground (piles, hanging piles).

Rice. 7. Pile foundations:

1 - reinforced concrete column; 2 - podkolon;

3 - slab part of the foundation; 4 - pile

Reinforced concrete driven solid square piles are recommended for use in any compressible soil.

The piles are driven to the design marks. In the event that, for some reason, the marks of the piles are different, the piles are cut with manual or mechanical tools to the specified design marks.

REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS

General information about columns

According to their position in the building, the columns are subdivided into extreme and middle ones. Wall fences adjoin the outermost columns from the outside. The extreme columns, in turn, are subdivided into main ones, which receive loads from walls, cranes and roof structures, and half-timbered ones, which serve only to fasten the walls.

Embedded elements, anchored into concrete or welded to fix the position to the working reinforcement, are available in all columns at the support points of the rafter structures and crane beams, in the extreme columns - at the level of the seams of the wall panels, in the tie columns - at the junction of the longitudinal ties. Embedded steel pipes with a diameter of 50–70 mm form holes used for slinging during stripping and installation.

Embedded elements in the places of support of the crane beams and truss structures consist of a steel sheet with anchor bolts passed through it. The concrete underneath is reinforced with indirect reinforced mesh. For the installation of reinforced concrete trusses, the column heads are reduced by 0.6 mm and are made without anchor bolts. The joint is made with a ceiling weld. With steel trusses and crane beams, the supporting embedded elements are somewhat modified - the sheet is reinforced with a plate designed for the concentrated pressure of the supporting ribs, and the arrangement of the anchor bolts changes. Steel trusses are attached to steel support posts.

The length of the columns is selected taking into account the height of the workshop and the depth of the foundation.

In buildings with truss structures, the length of the columns is taken 700 mm less.

Two-leg columns

Cylindrical columns

STEEL COLUMNS

Steel columns can be used in buildings without gantry and in buildings equipped with cranes of any lifting capacity, with different variants of the cross-section of the span.

The section of steel columns can be in the form of one profile or composite - in the form of two profiles connected by a lattice (Fig. 12). In buildings with a height of up to 8.4 m, craneless or with overhead cranes, steel columns of constant cross-section made of welded I-beams with wall heights of 400 and 630 mm are used. In the columns of buildings with a height of 8.4 and 9.6 m, equipped with support cranes with a lifting capacity of up to 20 tons, the height of the wall of welded I-beams is taken as 630 mm. The crane girder rests on an I-beam of the same height welded to the column. These columns can also be made from wide-flange I-beams supplied by the industry.

In buildings with a height of 10.8–18.0 m, equipped with cranes with a lifting capacity of up to 50 tons, standard two-branch columns of a stepped outline are installed. The two-branch stepped column consists of two separately marked parts: the lower (crane) lattice and the upper (above the crane) - from a welded I-beam. The connection of these parts is carried out, depending on the total length of the column, by factory or assembly welding. In buildings with a height of more than 18 m, with cranes with a lifting capacity of 75 tons and with cranes located on two levels, similar columns of individual design are used.

According to the types of section of the branches, the crane part of the column is made in three versions:

1. With a cross-section width of up to 400 mm - external and crane legs made of rolled channels and I-beams.

2. With a section width of 400–600 mm - the outer branch is made of a bent channel, the crane branch is made of a rolled I-beam.

3. With a section width of more than 600 mm - the outer branch is made of a bent channel, the crane branch is made of a welded I-beam.

The above-crane part of the column is a welded I-beam with a wall height of 400 mm in the extreme and 710 mm in the middle columns.

The crane part of the column goes into the base, which directly rests on the concrete foundation. The base consists of a base plate and traverses, on which the tiles are laid with anchor bolts embedded in the concrete. In the tie columns, the base plate is additionally welded to the short stubs from the channels embedded in the foundation.

The lattice of the crane part of the column is two-plane, made of rolled corners. For the perception of the moments acting in the horizontal plane, the lattice part is reinforced with diaphragms located at least through four braces in height. In the lattice part of the column

of the extreme row, at the level of fastening of the support consoles of the tier of wall panels, a beam from a rolled I-beam is welded in, connecting the outer and crane branches. The lattice part of the column ends with a one-plane traverse connecting its branches with the above-crane part.

The above-crane part of the column ends with a head, reinforced with additional ribs and overlays. Additional ribs and overlays are located in the plane of the supporting ribs of the rafter and rafter trusses.

Welding of I-beams from three sheets for the main sections of the column is carried out at the factory with welded automatic machines. Welding of other elements is carried out mainly by means of welded semiautomatic welding machines. Manual welding is used in assemblies installed on the construction site. The bent channels for the outer legs of the column are manufactured on bending presses at the factory.

Rice. 12. Steel two-branch columns:

a- solid section; b- through section

In the base, the crane support and the head - the places where significant concentrated loads are transmitted - the vertical elements with their cross-section must tightly adjoin the base plates. For this purpose, the edges of the individual sheets to be mounted are attached, and the section of the branches is milled.

Columns are mounted by truck cranes or by means of conductors fixing their position. The accuracy of the installation is checked with geodetic instruments. The bases of the columns are covered with concrete when the sub-floor is installed.

COLUMNS OF FAKHVERKOV

Columns are used in end half-timbered and half-timbered longitudinal walls of single-storey industrial buildings with self-supporting or non-bearing walls made of 6 or 12 m panels or self-supporting brick walls.

The inner edge of the panel walls is located with a gap of 30 mm in relation to the outer edge of the columns.

Half-timbered columns 4.2–18 m high are intended for wall fixing; they partially absorb wall mass and wind loads. Half-timbered columns are made of reinforced concrete and steel.

The anchor of the columns of the end half-timbered frame is zero, the anchor of the columns of the longitudinal half-timbered frame is determined by the anchor of the main columns of the frame. The layout of the half-timbered columns is shown in Fig. eight.

Reinforced concrete columns have a cross section of 300 × 300 to 400 × 600 mm; annular columns have a diameter of 300 mm. Columns can be of either constant or variable cross-section. The upper end of such columns is located in the gap between the end wall and the wall covering beam and is attached to the upper chord of the beam using a mounting piece.

The lower end of the columns is pivotally attached to the foundation, fig. 13. For this, a steel sheet is installed on top of the foundation strictly along the axes and along the level (with the help of anchor bolts and cement grout). The column is freely installed on this sheet and welded to it using its embedded parts.

Columns are reinforced with spatial welded frames.

The columns are made of B12-B20 concrete. Working reinforcement made of hot-rolled steel of A-3 class.

The steel columns of the end half-timbered frame are made of welded I-beams with a wall height of 0.5 m and a shelf width of 0.4 to 0.55 m. horizontal wind beams and trusses. Wind girders are installed in spans with supporting bridge cranes at the level of crane tracks and are additionally used as repair sites. Wind farms are installed on top in craneless spans and as intermediate supports less often than every 10–12 m and along the height of the building.

The tops of the half-timbered columns are located at the same level with the tops of the main columns - 150 mm below the chord of the truss. Within the height of the truss, half-timbered columns are built up with welded I-beams with a cross-sectional height of 0.25 m. These extensions do not reach 0.1–0.3 m to the roof deck and, within the height of the parapet, continue with nozzles from the rolling corners. The shelf of the corner attachment is inserted into a vertical seam between the parapet panels. Thus, the columns of the end half-timbered timber continue to the entire height of the end walls and do not intersect with the roof structures.

The upper ends of the columns are pivotally attached to the truss truss using curved plates - sheet hinges (Fig. 13). The sheet hinge makes it possible to transfer wind loads to the main frame and eliminates the vertical effects of the coating on the half-timbered posts.

The bottom of the column is located at minus 0.150 m. The column is installed on two steel mounting gaskets and, after alignment, is secured with two anchor bolts.

The half-timbered post is made of metal and is welded to the column. It is made from a box section. The foundation does not fit under the counter.

Rice. 13. Layout of half-timbered columns:

1 - column of longitudinal half-timbered timber; 2 - column of end half-timbered timber;

3 - the main bearing column; 4 - half-timbered rack;

5 - steel extension; 6 - roof truss; 7 - Wall panel;

8 - sheet hinge; 9 - cover plate

Parts of columns with I-section are made of steel grades VS3kp2, VSt3ps6; having a box section - from steel grades 09G2S9.

COLUMN LINKS

To increase the stability of buildings in the longitudinal direction, a system of vertical ties between the columns and in the roof is provided. In buildings without overhead cranes and with overhead transport, intercolumnar connections are placed only at a room height of more than 9.6 m. In order to reduce the efforts in the frame elements from temperature and other influences, vertical ties are placed in the middle of the temperature blocks in each row of columns.

With a column pitch of 6 m, cross ties are used, and with a pitch of 12 and 18 m, portal ones. Ordinary columns are connected to the tie columns with spacers placed on the top of the columns, and in buildings with bridge cranes - by crane beams. Ties are made of corners or channels and are attached to the columns using gussets by welding.

Steel Column Ties

Longitudinal stability of the frame is ensured by connections: above the crane, located in the extreme steps of the temperature compartment, and crane, located in the middle step of the temperature compartment.

For above-crane connections, two types of schemes are used: V-shaped and in the form of connected trusses with parallel belts. The latter are installed along the middle rows of columns with a crane gauge of up to 3.7 m.

In the absence of passages, the above-crane connections are single-plane, located in the plane of the longitudinal axes of the building; in the presence of passages - two-plane, located in the planes of the flanges of the I-beam - the necks of the column and connected by a lattice.

The main scheme of crane connections is cross. Along the extreme rows of columns with a pitch of 6 m at a height of more than 8.5 m, the crosspiece is doubled. In the middle rows can be applied portal links if necessary, the device of passages or the installation of equipment between the columns.

Under-crane connections along two-branch columns are located in the plane of the crane rollers. Consequently, along the extreme rows, they are single-plane, along the middle rows, they are two-plane with a connecting lattice of rolled corners. Crane braces on columns of constant cross-section with a wall height of less than 900 mm are single-plane, located in the plane of the longitudinal axes of the building. With an I-beam wall height of 900 mm, the connections are two-plane, located in the planes of the I-beam flanges and connected by a lattice.

CRANE BEAMS

Industrial buildings for moving raw materials, semi-finished products or finished products inside them are equipped with lifting vehicles - overhead cranes. The overhead crane consists of a load-bearing bridge covering the span of the building, movement mechanisms and a trolley with lifting mechanisms moving along the bridge. Crane tracks are laid along the consoles of the shop columns to move the crane along the shop. The frame of an industrial building consists of transverse frames and longitudinal ties between them. One of the elements of longitudinal ties are crane beams.

The crane beams are made of steel and reinforced concrete.

Installation of crane beams is most often carried out in an independent flow directly from vehicles. The installation of the beams in the design position is carried out according to the axial risks on the beams and the consoles of the columns.

Steel crane girders

Steel crane girders are used with steel columns for cranes of any lifting capacity; with reinforced concrete columns with a step of more than 12 m.

In cross-section, the crane beams are divided into solid and lattice. A steel continuous crane girder is a welded I-beam with a developed upper chord or with chords of the same width. Lattice crane girders in the form of truss systems have an economic advantage. It is advisable to use them:

- with a column pitch of 12 m, Q cr> 50 t - I-beams with belts of the same width; in the plane of the upper belt, they are reinforced with brake structures in the form of trusses or beams;

- with a column pitch of 6 m and Q cr< 50 т – двутавры с развитым верхним поясом, благодаря которому воспринимаются тормозные усилия и не требуется дополнительных тормозных конструкций.

By design, crane beams are:

· Split constant section, butted on the supports;

Continuous, assembled from various sections,

welded together by factory or assembly joints in quarters of the spans.

Height of unified beams on the support:

for a column spacing of 6 m:

- with the lifting capacity of the crane Q cr< 20 т – 800мм;

- with the lifting capacity of the crane Q cr = 30 t, 50 t - 1300 mm.

for a column spacing of 12 m:

- with the lifting capacity of the crane Q cr< 20 т – 1100мм;

- with the lifting capacity of the crane Q cr = 30 t; Q cr = 50 t - 1600 m.

To ensure stability, the beam wall is equipped with transverse stiffening ribs with an interval of 1.5 m. The ribs break off at a height of 60 mm from the bottom flange.

The cross-sectional area of the ribs is 90 × 6 mm with a beam height of up to 1.1 m; 120 × 8 mm at a height of more

On the basis of architectural and structural features, industrial buildings are subdivided into single-storey, multi-storey and mixed-storey buildings.

For metallurgical and machine-building industries (steel, rolling, forging, thermal, mechanical assembly shops, etc.) with significant dynamic loads, heavy and bulky equipment, with a horizontal technological process, only one-story buildings are acceptable.

In multi-storey buildings, there are production facilities with a vertical technological process, when the gravity of raw materials and semi-finished products is used (mills, processing plants, bakeries, etc.), as well as production with loads up to 2000 kg / m2 (printing houses, instrument-making, radio engineering and watch factories, enterprises light and food industries, etc.).

For industries with a mixed technological process (many chemical enterprises, etc.), buildings of mixed number of storeys are erected.

A number of industries, by the nature of the technological process, can be located both in single-storey and multi-storey buildings (light engineering production, textile and food enterprises, porcelain factories, etc.).

One-story buildings are predominantly used; they house about 80% of industrial production.

Depending on the number of spans, single-storey buildings can be single- or multi-span (Fig. 1). A span is understood as a production volume, limited along the perimeter by rows of columns and covered by a single-span scheme.

The distance between the longitudinal rows of columns is called the span width.

In terms of the width of the spans, a building is considered to be small-span if the span does not exceed 12 m, and large-span - with a span of more than 12 m. industrial construction The main types are multi-span buildings with wide spans, which make it possible to organize large production areas.

The use in construction of reinforced concrete and reinforced cement shells, steel and aluminum trusses, hanging systems and other progressive structures of coatings makes it possible to create large-span buildings with a span of 36, 42, 60 m and more (Fig. 2). Large-span buildings equipped with overhead or forklift trucks are suitable for assembly workshops of aircraft factories, hangars, garages, etc.

Industrial buildings, depending on the nature of the development of the territory of the enterprise, are subdivided into buildings of continuous and pavilion development. The first ones are of considerable size in terms of plan and are multi-span; the latter are characterized by a relatively small width and a limited number of spans.

According to the location of internal supports, industrial buildings are divided into cell, span and hall.

In buildings of the cell type, a square grid of supports with a relatively small longitudinal and transverse spacing prevails. Such a grid of supports is appropriate for buildings with overhead or floor transport, when it is necessary to place technological lines and transport goods in two mutually perpendicular directions.

In span-type buildings, which are more common in industrial construction, the width of the spans prevails over the pitch of the supports.

Hall-type buildings are typical for industries that require a large area without internal supports. In such buildings, the distance between the supports can reach 100 m or more.

Multi-storey buildings, as a rule, are erected with multi-aisles, and in the middle spans it is recommended to locate secondary production facilities for which less natural illumination is sufficient (Fig. 3).

Ground floors multi-storey buildings are usually taken away for industries with heavy and bulky equipment or emitting aggressive wastewater, and the upper ones - for industries that emit gas hazards, or industries that are hazardous in terms of fire.