Classification of industrial buildings and requirements for them. General design issues (industrial buildings)

On the basis of architectural and structural features, industrial buildings are subdivided into single-storey, multi-storey and mixed-storey buildings.

For metallurgical and machine-building industries (steel, rolling, forging, thermal, mechanical assembly shops, etc.) with significant dynamic loads, heavy and bulky equipment, with a horizontal technological process, only one-story buildings are acceptable.

In multi-storey buildings, there are production facilities with a vertical technological process, when the gravity of raw materials and semi-finished products is used (mills, processing plants, bakeries, etc.), as well as production with loads up to 2000 kg / m2 (printing houses, instrument-making, radio engineering and watch factories, enterprises light and food industries, etc.).

For industries with a mixed technological process (many chemical enterprises, etc.), buildings of mixed number of storeys are erected.

A number of industries, by the nature of the technological process, can be located both in single-storey and multi-storey buildings (light engineering industries, textile and food enterprises, porcelain factories, etc.).

One-story buildings are predominantly distributed; they house about 80% of industrial production.

Depending on the number of spans, single-storey buildings can be single- or multi-span (Fig. 1). A span is understood as a production volume, limited along the perimeter by rows of columns and covered by a single-span scheme.

The distance between the longitudinal rows of columns is called the span width.

In terms of the width of the spans, the building is considered to be small-span if the span does not exceed 12 m, and large-span - with spans more than 12 m. industrial construction The main types are multi-span buildings with wide spans, which make it possible to organize large production areas.

The use in construction of reinforced concrete and reinforced cement shells, steel and aluminum trusses, hanging systems and other progressive structures of coatings makes it possible to create large-span buildings with a span of 36, 42, 60 m and more (Fig. 2). Large-span buildings equipped with overhead or forklift trucks are suitable for assembly workshops of aircraft factories, hangars, garages, etc.

Industrial buildings, depending on the nature of the development of the territory of the enterprise, are subdivided into buildings of continuous and pavilion development. The first ones have significant dimensions in terms of plan and are multi-span; the latter are characterized by a relatively small width and a limited number of spans.

According to the location of the internal supports, industrial buildings are divided into cell, span and hall.

In buildings of the cell type, a square grid of supports with a relatively small longitudinal and transverse spacing prevails. Such a grid of supports is appropriate for buildings with overhead or floor transport, when it is necessary to place technological lines and transport goods in two mutually perpendicular directions.

In span-type buildings, which are more common in industrial construction, the width of the spans prevails over the pitch of the supports.

Hall-type buildings are typical for industries that require a large area without internal supports. In such buildings, the distance between the supports can reach 100 m or more.

Multi-storey buildings, as a rule, they are built in multi-span, and in the middle spans it is recommended to locate secondary production facilities for which less natural illumination is sufficient (Fig. 3).

The first floors of multi-storey buildings are usually allocated for industries with heavy and bulky equipment or emitting aggressive wastewater, and the upper floors for industries that emit gas hazards, or industries that are hazardous in terms of fire.

Created on 05/08/2009 19:15

General design issues (industrial buildings)

The functional requirements are for the building to better suit its purpose, i.e. ensured the normal functioning of the technological equipment placed in it and the normal course of the technological process as a whole. In other words, the building must meet certain operational requirements and create normal sanitary and hygienic conditions in the premises for human activities.
The space-planning solution of the building (composition of premises, their areas, height and mutual arrangement) should be subordinated to functional requirements along with artistic requirements. Taking into account the functional requirements, the type and material of the supporting and enclosing structures, the type and carrying capacity of the in-shop lifting and transport equipment are chosen, and they ensure proper sanitary and hygienic conditions (illumination, air exchange), quality and character. interior decoration etc. Measures to combat industrial noise are also provided for by functional requirements.
In order to prevent premature obsolescence of buildings, it is necessary to take such space-planning and design decisions that would allow changing and improving the technological process without reconstructing the building itself.

The technical requirements are to ensure the strength, stability, durability of buildings and fire-prevention measures to them, as well as the possibility of building buildings by industrial methods.
The qualities of strength, stability and durability provided during the design and construction of an object characterize its reliability. Under the reliability of buildings, structures and structural elements understand their trouble-free operation under specified conditions of mechanical, physical and chemical influences and during the entire estimated period of operation (with possible breaks for repairs).
It is important to provide the building or its individual parts with the operating conditions stipulated by the requirements, since any deviations from them (overload, hypothermia and overheating, excessive moisture, unaccounted for chemical aggression, etc.) lead to premature destruction and even accidents. Timely repairs contribute to maintaining the reliability of structures and the building as a whole.
The technical category also includes fire safety requirements, which are in accordance with the degree of fire resistance of a building or structure to a given capital class (depending on its purpose).

The architectural and artistic requirements envisage giving an industrial building a beautiful architectural appearance that meets modern artistic requirements, taking into account the purpose of the building. Its architecture should be artistically connected with neighboring buildings and natural surroundings.
The architectural and artistic expressiveness of industrial buildings should be achieved, first of all, by the harmony of their elements and parts, by the beautiful proportions of individual volumes. An important role in the architecture of an industrial building is also played by the texture and color of the surface of the walls, the introduction of individual colorful spots, the artistic combination of various building materials and high quality construction and installation work.
Economic requirements pursue the goal of minimizing the costs of construction and operation of the projected building. The efficiency of the building is achieved by the expedient organization of the technological process (ensuring the shortest paths for the movement of raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products, service personnel, transport, without crossing and returning flows in the same plane); optimal use the area and volume of the entire building and its individual rooms; adoption of the column spacing and span widths corresponding to the given production, constructive scheme, number of storeys, materials for structural elements with the rational use of local materials; a high degree of industrialization of work on the construction of the building; the lowest operating costs for the maintenance of the building, etc.
The final assessment of the efficiency of the building is made by comparing the technical and economic indicators of its various options.
Requirements for working conditions. Along with ensuring the normal course of the technological process in industrial buildings, favorable sanitary and hygienic and safe conditions labor, the workplaces are rationally organized, a good color scheme of the interiors of the premises is chosen, a convenient system of consumer services for workers is provided. It is also necessary to provide premises for improving the professional level of workers and cultural recreation.
To ensure optimal sanitary and hygienic working conditions, the following measures are envisaged:
1. localization of industrial hazards in the place of their formation (sealing of technological processes);
2. removal of industrial hazards through mechanical ventilation, aeration or air conditioning;
3. isolation of premises with the most harmful and dusty industries from other premises (in order to avoid violation of the principle of flexibility of the building, collapsible partitions should be used);
4. provision of illumination of workplaces not lower than standard (natural and artificial); openings must be filled with light-transparent materials that transmit ultraviolet and retard infrared rays;
5. creation of normal temperature and humidity conditions; shielding of units emitting radiant heat;
6. reduction of industrial noise and vibrations from technological equipment.
Safety of working conditions is regulated by labor protection measures, fire and sanitary design standards. The workplace must meet the requirements of the scientific organization of labor.
The system of consumer services includes comfortable dressing rooms, showers, washrooms, restrooms, medical centers, canteens, canteens, recreation areas and other premises. On the territory of the enterprises, sports grounds and recreation corners are arranged; the territory is well landscaped and landscaped.
The creation of favorable conditions in the shop and directly at the workplace, good consumer services for workers contributes to an increase in labor productivity and product quality, a reduction in the incidence of industrial diseases and injuries, as well as the preservation of the well-being of workers.

Types of industrial buildings.
Industrial buildings are those intended for the implementation of production and technological processes, directly or indirectly associated with the release of a certain type of product or semi-finished product.
Depending on the purpose, industrial buildings are divided into the following main groups:
· Production, in which the main production processes are located (open-hearth, rolling, mechanical assembly, weaving, confectionery shops, etc.);
· Ancillary production, intended for auxiliary production processes (repair, experimental, container shops, etc.);
· Power plants, supplying the enterprise with electricity, compressed air, steam and gas (CHP, compressor and gas generating stations, steam and air blowing units, etc.);
· Warehouse, necessary for storage of raw materials, blanks, semi-finished products, finished products, fuels and lubricants, etc.;
· Transport, servicing the means of transport at the disposal of the enterprise (gar-azhi, electric locomotive depots, etc.);
· Sanitary, intended for the maintenance of water supply, sewerage, etc. (pumping and treatment plants, reservoirs, water towers, spray pools, etc.);
· Auxiliary and general plant (administrative and amenity premises, plant management, canteens, medical centers, vocational schools, fire stations, etc.).
Within the territory of industrial enterprises they also build special structures (tanks, gas tanks, scrubbers, cooling towers, silos, chimneys, various ramps and supports, etc.).
Not all groups of buildings and structures are required for every enterprise; their composition depends on the purpose, specialization and capacity of the enterprise. Classification industrial buildings in terms of capital, it is necessary to select economically viable design solutions. The classification is based on the division of buildings into classes depending on their purpose and significance.
Buildings are divided into four classes (I, II, III and IV), and the I class includes buildings that are subject to increased requirements, and the IV class includes buildings with minimum requirements... Each class has its own operational qualities, as well as the durability and fire resistance of the main structures of buildings.
Operational qualities that ensure normal operating conditions for buildings and structures throughout their entire service life are determined: for industrial buildings- the size of the spans, technical equipment, availability of special equipment, ease of installation and dismantling of technological equipment, convenience for workers and for the course of the technological process; for auxiliary buildings - the composition of the premises, the norms of their areas and volumes, the quality of finishing, sanitary equipment, etc.
The durability and fire resistance of the main structures of the building is ensured by the use of appropriate building materials and products and their protection in structures from all destructive operational influences.
The durability of structural elements is determined by their service life without losing the required performance in given climatic conditions under a given operating mode. Three degrees of durability of enclosing structures have been established: I degree - a service life of at least 100 years, II degree - a service life of at least 50 years and III degree - a service life of at least 20 years.
The durability of the enclosing structures, depending on the class of the building, is taken: for buildings of class I - not less than I degree, II class - not less than II degree, III class - not less than III degree, IV class - not standardized.
Buildings and structures for fire resistance are divided into five degrees. The degree of fire resistance, characterized by the flammability group and the fire resistance limit of the main building structures, is accepted: for buildings of class I - not less than II degree, for buildings of II class - not less than III degree. For buildings of classes III and IV, the degree of fire resistance is not standardized.
The projected building belongs to one class or another, depending on the following conditions: national economic importance, size and capacity of the enterprise, which will include this building; the concentration of material values ​​and the uniqueness of the equipment installed in the building; stocks of raw materials for the processing of which the facility is designed; the factor of moral depreciation of the building; urban planning requirements for the object.
On the territory of the enterprise, buildings with different class capital. At the same time, buildings are classified as a higher class, the termination of work in which in the event of repairs or an accident significantly disrupts the work of the entire enterprise.
When designing buildings, their capital must not be overestimated, since the use of more durable and fire-resistant structures than required leads to an increase in the cost of buildings.

Classification of industrial buildings by architectural and structural characteristics
On the basis of architectural and structural features, industrial buildings are subdivided into single-storey, multi-storey and mixed-storey buildings.
For metallurgical and machine-building industries (steel, rolling, forging, thermal, mechanical assembly shops, etc.), characterized by heavy and bulky equipment, large-sized products and significant dynamic loads, only one-story buildings are acceptable.
In multi-storey buildings, production facilities with a vertically directed technological process are located in cases where the gravity of raw materials and semi-finished products is used (mills, sinter factories, chemical plants, bakeries, etc.). Multi-storey buildings are also erected at enterprises of light, food, radio engineering, instrument-making and similar types of industries, for warehouses. Floor loads in multi-storey buildings can be up to 4500 kg / m2 (45 kN / m2).
Multi-storey buildings, as a rule, are erected with multi-spans, and in the middle spans it is recommended to have secondary
The first floors of multi-storey buildings are usually allocated for industries with heavy and bulky equipment or emitting aggressive wastewater, and the upper floors for industries that emit gas hazards, or industries that are hazardous in terms of fire.
For industries with horizontal and vertical technological processes (for example, many chemical enterprises), buildings of mixed number of storeys are erected.
A number of industries by the nature of the technological process can be located both in one-story and multi-story buildings (light engineering production, textile and food enterprises, porcelain factories, etc.). Multi-storey buildings allow you to save space.
Depending on the number of spans, single-storey buildings can be single or multi-span. A span is understood as a production volume, limited along the perimeter by rows of columns and covered by a single-span scheme. The distance between the longitudinal rows of columns is called the span width.
In terms of the width of the spans, the building is considered to be small-span, if the span does not exceed 12 m, and large-span, with spans more than 12 m.In modern industrial construction, the main types are multi-span buildings with wide spans, in which large production areas are not constrained by intermediate supports. The use in the construction of reinforced concrete and reinforced cement shells, steel and aluminum trusses, spatial and hanging systems and other high-strength lightweight roof structures allows the construction of large-span buildings with a span of 36, 42, 60 m and more. In large-span buildings equipped with overhead or industrial lifting vehicles, it is advisable to place aircraft factories, hangars, garages, etc.
Depending on the nature of the development, the territory of the enterprise is subdivided into solid and pavilion buildings. The former are of considerable size in terms of plan and are multi-span; the latter are characterized by a relatively small width and a limited number of spans.
According to the location of internal supports, industrial buildings are divided into cell, span and hall. In buildings of the cell type, a square grid of supports with a relatively small longitudinal and transverse spacing prevails. It is advisable to use such a grid of supports for buildings with overhead or floor transport, when it is necessary to place technological lines and transport goods in two mutually perpendicular directions.
In span-type buildings, which are more common than others in construction, the width of the spans prevails over the pitch of the production supports, for which less natural illumination is sufficient.
Hall-type buildings are typical for industries that require a large area without internal supports. In such buildings, the distance between the supports can reach 100 m or more.

Lifting and transporting equipment for industrial buildings.
Any technological process includes operations for moving raw materials, semi-finished products or finished products inside production buildings. The lifting and transport equipment used in this case is necessary not only from the point of view of production technology, but also to facilitate the work of workers, as well as for the installation and dismantling of technological units.
Intrashop lifting and transport equipment is divided into two groups: batch and continuous. The first group includes overhead transport (hoists, crampons, trolleys, overhead cranes, etc.). bridge cranes and floor vehicles; to the second - conveyors (belt, lamellar, scraper, bucket, suspended chain, cargo conveyors), elevators, roller tables and augers.
The most common in industrial buildings are overhead and bridge cranes, serving not a narrow line, as with monorails, but a rectangular area, and moving loads in three directions.
Suspended cranes transporting loads weighing from 0.25 to 5 tons (there are cranes with a lifting capacity of up to 20 tons), consist of a light bridge or a supporting beam, two- or four-roller mechanisms for moving along overhead tracks and an electric hoist moving along the lower flange of the bridge beam ...
Depending on the span width, step load-bearing structures cover, carrying capacity and the required number of transport operations across the span (or on the same tracks), one or more cranes are installed. According to the number of tracks, overhead cranes can be single, double and multi-span. The cranes are operated from the floor of the workshop (manual cranes) or from the cab suspended from the bridge.
Bridge cranes have a lifting capacity of 3 to 500 tons. More often than others, cranes with a lifting capacity of 5-30 tons are used. In those workshops where cranes are operated in a wide range of lifting capacities and lifting speeds, cranes with two lifting mechanisms are provided. Their lifting capacity is denoted by a fractional number, for example Q = 50/5 tons. The numerator shows the lifting capacity of the main hook, the denominator is the lifting capacity of the auxiliary hook used to lift light loads. The overhead crane consists of a bearing bridge that covers the working span of the room, mechanisms for movement along the crane runway and a trolley moving along the bridge with a lifting mechanism (Fig. 11-4.6).
The bearing bridge is made in the form of spatial four-plane girder box-shaped or truss structures. The cranes move along the crane runways laid on the consoles of the columns; they are controlled from the cabin suspended from the bridge or from the workshop floor (manual cranes). All mechanisms of the overhead crane are driven by electric motors, which are powered by trolley wires attached to the side of one of the crane girders or suspended from the lower chord of the supporting structures of the covering. In the first case, the distance between the top of the crane trolley with a lifting mechanism and the bottom of the supporting structures of the coating is provided for at least 100 mm, in the second - at least 400 mm. The lifting capacity, dimensions and basic parameters of overhead cranes, as well as overhead cranes, are determined by GOSTs.
Depending on the duration of operation per unit of operation time of the workshop, bridge cranes are divided into heavy-duty cranes (utilization coefficient 0.4 and above), medium (0.25-0.40) and light (0.15-0.25). In workshops with an intensive technological process, two or more cranes can be installed in one bay, located both in one and two levels of the workshop.
In industrial buildings, there are also various kinds of special bridge cranes: cantilever-slewing, cantilever-mobile, with a slewing, trolley, well, for stripping ingots, loading cranes, with a pitchfork, etc.
In modern industrial construction, there is a tendency to replace overhead cranes.
The device of special rotary arrows-crosses allows you to move the suspended cranes in mutually perpendicular directions without alterations. Therefore, buildings equipped with overhead transport can be easily adapted to the changed production technology without violating the architectural and structural basis.
Bridge cranes and overhead lifting and transport equipment essentially determine the space-planning and design solutions of industrial buildings. Designers strive to reduce the lifting capacity of overhead cranes or overhead cranes as much as possible, or to free the building frame from crane loads altogether. In these cases, the cross-sections of the columns and the dimensions of the foundations are reduced, there is no need for crane runways, and it becomes possible to apply a more enlarged grid of columns.
Technological processes in buildings without cranes are served by floor vehicles. These include trolleys, electric cars, conveyors and roller tables, truck cranes, fork and pin loaders.
In large-span buildings, for moving heavy and bulky goods, it is advisable to use gantry or semi-gantry cranes that move along rails laid at the floor level of the workshop. One support of a semi-gantry crane, like an overhead crane, is a crane runway.
When replacing bridge cranes with gantry cranes, it is required to slightly increase the span and height of the building. So, for spans of 12 and 15 m, the increase in the span is 3 m, the height is 1.6 m, and for the span of 18 m - 6 and 3 m, respectively.But, despite this, the abandonment of overhead cranes in one-story buildings leads to a significant economic effect , since the removal of crane loads from the frame, in addition to saving materials, opens up the possibility of creating lightweight large-span buildings with spatial and hanging coating systems.

Production and technological scheme as the basis for a space-planning solution.
The technological process, in turn, is predetermined by the production and technological scheme, in which a certain sequence of operations for the production of products or semi-finished products is established, technological equipment and the nature of its arrangement, the type and carrying capacity of the in-house transport nomenclature, dimensions and sequence of the location of the room, internal temperature and humidity conditions and etc. The technological scheme also provides for the places of receipt of raw materials and auxiliary materials, the exit of finished products or semi-finished products, the removal of production waste, and the place of entry of engineering networks.
In automated conveyor production, the technological scheme provides for the placement of automatic lines indicating the points of various operations for processing and assembling the product. In addition, the technological scheme, determining the nature and weight of the working equipment and products, is a decisive factor when choosing the number of storeys of a building. „
The relative position of buildings and structures on master plan industrial enterprise, the width of the gaps between them, the routing of transport and engineering networks, etc. also depend on the adopted technological scheme the entire enterprise.
To ensure a rational layout of workshops, it is necessary to know the dimensions of technological equipment and finished products, the nature of the location of workplaces, the width of aisles and driveways, as well as the layout of production equipment.
The complex of issues of planning the building includes ensuring its good operational qualities, which largely depends on the location of individual production sites. Thus, departments with wet processes should be located in the middle of the building (to avoid condensation on the walls). There should also be placed departments with a strictly specified temperature and humidity regime, which will reduce the impact on the production of the external environment. Hot process areas are located near external walls to improve ventilation.

Classification of industrial buildings by purpose. Classification by fire and explosion hazard, fire resistance, durability, capital and number of storeys. Multi-storey industrial buildings and their areas of application. Concepts about special industrial structures (bunkers, ramps, towers, gas tanks, cooling towers, etc.). Functional, technical, economic, architectural and artistic requirements for industrial buildings. Industrialization of construction. Reconstruction tasks of industrial enterprises

11.Volume-planning and structural solutions of industrial buildings

Technological scheme as the basis of space-planning solutions for industrial buildings. Human and freight flows in the building. Types of layouts and blocking of workshops. Determination of the parameters of industrial premises (width, length and height of the span, column spacing, building height). The main space-planning structures of one- and two-story buildings (solid buildings, pavilions, one- and multi-span, frame and frameless, etc.). Modular principle. Fire safety requirements. ODA for various production processes and operating modes.

12. Hoisting-and-transport equipment of industrial buildings.

Classification of materials handling equipment. Equipment of periodic and continuous operating principles. Floor transport. Bridge, overhead and special cranes. Tali, cats. Conveyors, roller tables, pipelines.

Various types of lifting, transport or material handling equipment operate in industrial buildings. It is subdivided into floor-standing equipment operating from the floor and equipment that transfers loads to building elements.

The first group includes ground conveyors and roller tables, autocars, electric cars, narrow gauge trolleys, hand carts, crawler and wheel cranes, wagons and locomotives of wide or narrow gauge. Equipment that transfers loads to building elements includes communications for pneumatic and hydraulic transport, overhead conveyors, elevators and lifting and transport equipment in the form of electric hoists (hoists), jib cranes, girder cranes and overhead cranes.

Electric hoists are available in capacities ranging from 0.25 to 50 T and are small, electrically driven machines. The hoist is movably suspended from an I-beam, which serves as a rail for it. The I-beam is rigidly suspended from floor structures, roofs or to a special frame. The electric hoist is controlled remotely (from the ground) using a pendant push-button device and moves the load vertically and in one direction (along the monorail) horizontally (Fig. 199, b).

The crane-girder (single-girder crane) (Fig. 200) is used for loads weighing from 0.25 to 5 g and consists of steel I-beam with rollers and mechanisms similar to electric hoists moving along it. Crane rollers move along the lower flanges of steel beams suspended from the supporting structures of the roof, or along rails laid on a special crane girder. There can be several cranes in one span. The girder crane moves the load vertically and horizontally (across and along the span). If a crane or telpher is installed in an existing building, then it is necessary to check the strength of the structures to which they are supposed to be suspended. If the structures cannot withstand the loads necessary in this case, then the structures are changed or (which is simpler and cheaper) they arrange a separate steel frame, on which a monorail or a crane runway for a girder crane is mounted. The dimension, lifting capacity and the order of suspension of the crane beams are strictly standardized.

The main means of intrashop lifting and transport equipment are overhead cranes (Fig. 201, c), the working trolley of which moves along rails fixed on rigidly interconnected load-bearing beams of the crane. With the help of wheels, the crane moves along a rail track laid on a reinforced concrete or steel crane girder. The crane is operated from a suspended cabin moving with it. The lifting capacity of overhead cranes ranges from 5 to 350 T, and at ferrous metallurgy enterprises it reaches 600 T. Most of the cranes can move the load simultaneously in three directions: vertically, along and across the shop. Behind the dimensions of the crane (above its working trolley, between the extreme parts of the crane and the plane of the wall or column), a strictly normalized space is left for the wires supplying the crane, the passage of a person, etc.

Industrial enterprises are divided into branches of production, which are an integral part of the national economy. Industrial enterprises consist of industrial buildings, which are intended for the implementation of production and technological processes, directly or indirectly related to the release of a certain type of product.

Regardless of the industry sector, buildings are subdivided into four main groups: industrial, energy, transport and storage buildings and auxiliary buildings or premises.

TO production include buildings in which the production of finished products or semi-finished products is carried out. They are divided into many types according to the branches of production. Among them are mechanical assembly, thermal, forging and stamping, weaving, tool, repair, etc.

TO energy include buildings of CHP (combined heat and power plants), boiler houses, electrical and transformer substations, etc.

TO buildings of transport and storage facilities include garages, warehouses for finished products, fire stations, etc.

TO auxiliary buildings include office, household, food points, medical centers, etc.

By architectural and constructive featured industrial buildings are subdivided into one-story, multi-storey and mixed number of storeys.

Manufactures in which the technological process flows horizontally and characterized by heavy and bulky equipment, large-sized products and significant dynamic loads, it is advisable to place in one-story buildings. Currently, one-story industrial buildings house about 75% of industrial production.

Depending on the number of spans, single-storey buildings can be single-span or multi-span. A span is the volume of an industrial building, limited along the perimeter by rows of columns and floors in a single-span pattern. The distance between the longitudinal rows of columns is called the span width.

In multi-storey buildings, production facilities with vertically directed technological processes are located for enterprises of light, food, radio engineering and similar types of industries (with surface loads on interfloor floors of 45 kN / m2). They, as a rule, are built multi-span. On the first floors there are production facilities with heavier equipment that emit aggressive wastewater, in the upper floors there are production facilities that emit gas hazards, fire hazard, etc.

By the availability of lifting and transport equipment buildings are crane(with bridge or overhead transport) and craneless.

According to the material of the main supporting structures buildings can be divided: with reinforced concrete frame(prefabricated, prefabricated monolithic and monolithic); with steel frame; with brick walls and coating on reinforced concrete, metal or wooden structures.

In addition to these factors, industrial buildings are classified according to other criteria: according to the heating, ventilation, lighting system, according to the profile of the coating. Below we will consider the features of the design of buildings and taking into account these signs.

Industrial buildings and structures for their purpose are divided into the following main groups:

production where the main technological processes of the enterprise are located (open-hearth, rolling, assembly, weaving, confectionery shops, etc.);

ancillary production intended for placement auxiliary processes production (repair, tool, container shops, etc.);

energy, in which installations are placed that supply the enterprise with electricity, compressed air, steam and gas (CHP, compressor, gas generating and blowing stations, etc.);

transport, intended for the placement and maintenance of vehicles at the disposal of the enterprise (garages, electric locomotive depots, etc.);

warehouse necessary for storing raw materials, blanks, semi-finished products, finished products, fuels and lubricants, etc.;

sanitary intended for the maintenance of water supply and sewerage networks, to protect the environment from pollution (pumping and treatment plants, water towers, spray pools, etc.);

auxiliary and plant-wide(administrative buildings, factory management, vocational schools, fire stations, etc.).

To special facilities industrial enterprises include tanks, gasholders, cooling towers, silos, chimneys, overpasses, supports, masts, etc. The listed groups of buildings and structures are not necessarily built at every industrial enterprise, their composition depends on the purpose and capacity of enterprises. Industrial buildings are divided into four classes in terms of capital. Class I includes buildings with the highest requirements, and IV - buildings with the minimum required strength and durability. For each class, the required performance characteristics, as well as the durability and fire resistance of the main structures of buildings, are established.

The operational qualities necessary for normal working conditions and the technological process throughout their entire service life are provided with the required dimensions of spans and column steps, the installation of appropriate technological equipment, ease of installation, quality of finishing, convenience for workers and for the flow of the technological process.

To ensure the required durability and fire resistance of the main structural elements of buildings, appropriate building materials and products are used and they are protected in structures from destruction under the influence of operational factors.

The durability of the structure is their service life without losing the required qualities under a given operating mode and in given climatic conditions. Three degrees of durability of the enclosing structures have been established: I degree - a service life of at least 100 years, II degree - at least 50 years and III degree - at least 20 years.

Depending on the class of the building, the durability of the enclosing structures is assumed: for class I buildings - not less than I degree, for class II buildings - not less than II degree, for buildings of class III - not less than III degree, for buildings of class IV the durability is not standardized.

By fire resistance, buildings and structures are divided into five degrees. The degree of fire resistance is characterized by the flammability group and the fire resistance limit of the main building structures. For buildings of class I, the degree of fire resistance must be at least II, for buildings of class II - at least III, and for buildings of III and IV classes it is not standardized.

The capital class of the projected building is taken depending on the following factors: national economic significance; the size and capacity of the enterprise that this building is part of; the uniqueness of the technological equipment installed in the building; the factor of moral depreciation of the building; town-planning value of the projected object.

The complex of an industrial enterprise may include buildings with different capital classes. Buildings whose structures have a sufficient margin of safety and are made of high-quality materials belong to the increased capital class. Premises in such buildings have all kinds of amenities and high quality finishes. Buildings made of short-lived materials and structures, with insufficient landscaping and simplified decoration, have reduced capital classes.