In cases where detailed data on the scope of work for the upcoming construction, its methods and nature are not enough, the cost calculation for general site and individual work on buildings and structures is carried out locally according to aggregated indicators, which requires clarification when developing working documentation. In the estimated documents being compiled, the data are grouped into sections that correspond to the types of work, taking into account the technological features of their implementation or by the structural elements of structures. To calculate the estimated cost for buildings (structures), works and costs can be divided into groups of zero cycle works and the rest. The local estimate calculation becomes a documentary reflection of this process.

Methods for the implementation of local estimate calculation and initial data for calculations

To carry out local budget calculations, most often, two methods are used:

• Resource method. It is characterized by the choice for the preparation of estimates of current (existing at a given real time) prices for work, materials, equipment. This method also uses projected construction prices for all resources.
• Basic index method. It is based on the use of basic prices, combined into collections of various levels of application (federal, regional, individual), which then, when drawing up estimates by this method, are brought to the current level by multiplying by the appropriate coefficients. Such coefficients can be updated monthly by type of construction and work.

In addition to these methods, there is a resource-index method (as a way to combine the resource and basic-index methodology), as well as a method based on consolidated standards (including indicators of similar construction objects).

As the initial data for the production of local estimates, the following are used:

• current standards for types of work,
• market prices for works (services) and tariffs for industrial and technical products,
• parameters of buildings (including their parts and structural elements), types and volumes of work, nomenclature, according to lists, specifications and design materials.

The cost of resources, determined in local estimates, may include:

• direct costs, taking into account the cost of resources and - in separate lines - some specific costs,
• overhead costs, which include the costs of organizations aimed at creating general production conditions, maintenance of production, organization and management of activities,
• estimated profit, including the amount required for individual and general costs associated with the development of production, social security, material incentives for employees.

Direct costs take into account the resources that will be needed to perform work and solve material, technical, and labor problems. Also, their composition can, for example, take into account the difference between the cost of electricity from mobile stations and the cost of electricity from a unified energy system.

In the absence of division into sections, accrual estimated profit and overhead costs in the preparation of local estimates occurs at the end of the calculation, following the total value of direct costs. If there is a division into sections in the table, the total values ​​are displayed at the end of each separate section, and at the end of the document - according to the estimated calculation as a whole.

To formalize the calculations made by the resource or resource-index method, use the sample form No. 4. In the form for filling out, the allocation and summation of resources is carried out with the determination of the cost at a certain price level.

Also, the resource method uses the form of the local resource sheet No. 5. In it, resource indicators are allocated with subsequent summing, after which the amount of costs and the cost of work are determined according to the form No. 4. (Examples of forms are presented below).

Features of using the resource method

When using the resource method, 2 documents are drawn up: a local resource sheet and an estimate. In the statement, on the basis of design data and norms, the production resources necessary for the work are determined. These include:

• the time of activation of machines and construction mechanisms - in machine hours,
• labor costs of workers - in man-hours,
• consumption of materials used - in natural units.

To determine the indicators, refer to the following sources:

If necessary, other collections of standard indicators are also used.

The statement can be made up of two sections. In this case, in the first section the resource requirement will be determined, in the second - the resources will be brought together according to their homogeneity. A similar division is also permissible in a local resource estimate... At the same time, most often, the main and auxiliary materials are separated. Based on this estimate, it makes an estimate.

Since territorial prices reflect the current state of affairs more accurately than federal ones, they try to accept either average territorial prices for resources or prices agreed with the customer, taken based on the actual conditions of the contractor's work. Information on the prices of building resources can be obtained from the data of various catalogs and information publications. The resource method is more popular when using IEP (stands for individual unit rates). IER are compiled according to the norms of the State Elemental Estimated Norms and the actual prices for labor and material resources.

Specificity of the base-index method

The base-index method involves multiplying the base prices of direct costs by the corresponding coefficients. The indices are given on specialized resources (for example, in the journals of the All-Russian Union of Estimating Engineers RCTsS SPb with division by region http://scalc.ru/base).

The system of estimated rationing and pricing includes the base price level for construction, repair, commissioning, installation of equipment, fixed as of January 1, 2000. The base region, on the basis of which indicators are developed, the unit rates of the federal level (FER), becomes the Moscow region. Territorial Unit Rates (TEPs) reflect the specifics of local conditions and resource prices, so they tend to be more accurate.

Estimated calculations using territorial and federal rates carried out at the current or basic price level. The cost of materials, which is not taken into account by the direct costs of quotations, is added in separate lines to the base or current prices.

Base-index the method involves the use of various indices (coefficients) for recalculating the estimated cost (both total and individual cost elements) to recalculate from the base to the current or forecast price level. This method is used to determine the cost of construction at current prices and for payments for work performed between customers and contractors. With this method of calculation, the estimated cost is determined on the basis of unit prices linked to local construction conditions. Determined in this way at the reference price level, the estimated cost is converted to the current level by applying the current conversion indices.

The cost of materials, products and structures that are not included in the cost of direct costs at basic unit rates (the so-called “unaccounted for resources”) and given in a separate line directly in the unit rates indicating the code, name and consumption for the rate meter, is taken, as a rule , at the current price level according to the terms of delivery (packaging) or by indexing the base value. In the acts of work performed, the actual, current cost of resources is confirmed by the corresponding settlement and payment documents and data of warehouse and production accounting.

The unit pricing system provides that all support materials are calculated by the pricing developers and included at average (weighted average) base prices. When making estimates, they will be indexed to the current price level.

In separate unit prices (FER-2001, TEP-2001), column 4 “Direct costs” and column 8 “Materials” do not include the cost of basic building materials, products and structures, taken on the basis of design decisions and current prices under the terms of delivery (complete set ). Such materials are given in a separate line directly in the unit prices indicating the code, name and consumption for the price meter. Technical specifications taken according to design data (working drawings). These prices are called "open".

When drawing up local estimate and when calculating for the work performed, the cost of work at such prices is determined by two lines:

the first line calculates the cost of work at the corresponding unit price;

in the second line, the cost of materials, products and structures not included in the prices.

In the local estimate developed by the base-index method, there are 11 lines: item number, code of the norm, ect. Measurements, number of units, unit price, correction coefficients, coefficients Zmnih rise in prices, cal. calculation, total costs.

	Code, Regulatory Numbers, and Resource Codes	Name of works and costs, characteristics of equipment and its weight, resource consumption per unit of measurement		Number of units according to design data	Estimated cost
					Per unit
		Labor costs of construction workers with an average grade of work 3.2, 6.03
		Labor costs of drivers, 0.32
		Tower cranes 8 t when working on other types of construction, 0.32
		Hollow ceramic brick М150, 0.289
		Ceramic brick M150, front hollow red, 0.106
		Cement mortar lime M50, 0.025
		Softwood lumber. Edged bars 4-6.5 m long, 75-150 mm wide, 40-75 mm thick 4 grades, 0.0006

Base-index the method involves the use of various indices (coefficients) for recalculating the estimated cost (both total and individual cost elements) to recalculate from the base to the current or forecast price level. This method is used to determine the cost of construction at current prices and for payments for work performed between customers and contractors. With this method of calculation, the estimated cost is determined on the basis of unit prices linked to local construction conditions. Determined in this way at the reference price level, the estimated cost is converted to the current level by applying the current conversion indices.

The cost of materials, products and structures that are not included in the cost of direct costs at basic unit rates (the so-called “unaccounted for resources”) and given in a separate line directly in the unit rates indicating the code, name and consumption for the rate meter, is taken, as a rule , at the current price level according to the terms of delivery (packaging) or by indexing the base value. In the acts of work performed, the actual, current cost of resources is confirmed by the corresponding settlement and payment documents and data of warehouse and production accounting.

The unit pricing system provides that all support materials are calculated by the pricing developers and included at average (weighted average) base prices. When making estimates, they will be indexed to the current price level.

In separate unit prices (FER-2001, TEP-2001), column 4 “Direct costs” and column 8 “Materials” do not include the cost of basic building materials, products and structures, taken on the basis of design decisions and current prices under the terms of delivery (complete set ). Such materials are given in a separate line directly in the unit prices indicating the code, name and consumption for the price meter. The technical characteristics are taken according to the design data (working drawings). These prices are called "open".

When drawing up a local estimate and when calculating for the work performed, the cost of work at such prices is determined by two lines:

the first line calculates the cost of work at the corresponding unit price;

in the second line, the cost of materials, products and structures not included in the prices.

In the local estimate developed by the base-index method, there are 11 lines: item number, code of the norm, ect. Measurements, number of units, unit price, correction coefficients, coefficients Zmnih rise in prices, cal. calculation, total costs.

	Code, Regulatory Numbers, and Resource Codes	Name of works and costs, characteristics of equipment and its weight, resource consumption per unit of measurement		Number of units according to design data	Estimated cost
					Per unit
		Labor costs of construction workers with an average grade of work 3.2, 6.03
		Labor costs of drivers, 0.32
		Tower cranes 8 t when working on other types of construction, 0.32
		Hollow ceramic brick М150, 0.289
		Ceramic brick M150, front hollow red, 0.106
		Cement mortar lime M50, 0.025
		Softwood lumber. Edged bars 4-6.5 m long, 75-150 mm wide, 40-75 mm thick 4 grades, 0.0006

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Valigura T.V.

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1. Drawing up local estimates by the basic - index method

2. Concepts: new construction, reconstruction and overhaul

2.1 New construction

2.2 Reconstruction

2.3 Overhaul

Literature

Practical part

1. COMPOSITION OF LOCALESTIMATE BY BASIC-INDEX METHOD

Base-index the method provides for the use of various indices (coefficients) for recalculating the estimated cost (both total and individual cost elements) for recalculation from the base (as of 01.01.2000) to the current or forecast price level.

The preparation of estimates at unit prices is carried out both at the base and at the current price levels or at two price levels simultaneously, when such a need is established by the customer of the estimate documentation.

The cost of materials, products and structures that are not included in the cost of direct costs at basic unit rates (the so-called “unaccounted for resources”) and given in a separate line directly in the unit rates indicating the code, name and consumption for the rate meter, is taken, as a rule , at the current price level according to the terms of delivery (packaging) or by indexing the base value. In the acts of work performed, the actual, current cost of resources is confirmed by the corresponding settlement and payment documents and data of warehouse and production accounting.

This approach is the basis new system estimated pricing in construction and implements its main principle - control of the estimated cost (both on the part of the customer) and on the part of the contractor (in-house control) through control of the cost of the main (pricing) resources ( building materials, products and designs).

A huge amount of material resources are involved in the process of construction production. A detailed selection of materials from the estimate for the construction of an apartment building can be up to 20-25 thousand items by brands, classes, assortments, etc. It is practically impossible to calculate the actual prices for such a nomenclature. All these materials are divided into two groups:

1st group- auxiliary (or, as they are often called, "other") materials. These include all kinds of hardware, small metal structures, electrodes, additives, paints and varnishes and bitumen materials, etc.

2nd group- basic (pricing) materials, structures and products. It is concrete and reinforced concrete products, bricks, fittings, mortars and concretes, etc.

The range of auxiliary materials according to estimates is several times higher than the range of basic materials, but the total cost of basic materials is at least 95% of the total cost of materials. The influence of auxiliary materials is about 5%. Consequently, the most important task is the most accurate determination of the estimated cost of the main materials, and the auxiliary ones can be taken at average prices. Even if, in a detailed calculation (as in the resource method), some other materials turn out to be more expensive or cheaper than the average level, then in their totality cheap and high prices are "paid off", and taking into account 5% of the influence, the error of the estimated calculations will be negligible.

The unit pricing system provides that all support materials are calculated by the pricing developers and included at average (weighted average) base prices. When making estimates, they will be indexed to the current price level. From which it follows that the compilation of local estimates at unit prices in the new estimate and regulatory framework provides for the determination of the cost of the main (price-forming) materials. Technically, such work is well known from the 1984 estimate and normative base.

In separate unit prices (FER-2001, TEP-2001), column 4 “Direct costs” and column 8 “Materials” do not include the cost of basic building materials, products and structures, taken on the basis of design decisions and current prices under the terms of delivery (complete set ). Such materials are given in a separate line directly in the unit prices indicating the code, name and consumption for the price meter. The technical characteristics are taken according to the design data (working drawings). These prices are called "open".

When drawing up a local estimate and when calculating for the work performed, the cost of work at such prices is determined by two lines:

in the first line the cost of work is calculated at the appropriate unit price;

in the second line, the cost of materials, products and structures not included in the prices.

For some materials, products and structures, only the names are indicated in the prices, and their consumption is taken according to the design data (working drawings).

In cases where at the time of drawing up the estimate documentation there are no data on the cost of materials, it is necessary to use the data on prices given in the Collection of average estimated prices for materials, products and structures and other reference materials on the current prices for construction resources. Based on the materials supplied by the customer, information on prices is formed according to the customer's data.

The positions of estimates for open rates are very visual and easy to control. The main material, its consumption and estimated cost are immediately visible. Closed pricing does not have this advantage, especially when the price will then be indexed to the current price level. On the other hand, at open rates, labor intensity significantly increases estimate works(30 to 50%), but the benefits of obtaining an objective price cover labor costs. The variability in the preparation of local estimates at unit prices by the base-index method is determined by the following factors: the design stage and the conditions for the development of estimates. This can be a preliminary estimate, an estimate as part of a project, a contractor's estimate, an act of completed work, etc.

For example, estimators of design institutes, when drawing up estimates for a project, are not able to form the cost of resources at actual prices and call manufacturers and suppliers of building materials. Contractor's estimator forming the so-called. "Interest" already has the actual cost of materials from production services.

Therefore, the options for the formation of local estimates may differ in the following features and solutions:

By the general price level:

At the base price level;

At the current (forecast) price level;

At the base and current price levels at the same time.

According to the price level of the main (derived for the price) materials:

At the base price level;

At the current price level;

(in both cases, the main pricing line is listed at the base level and then indexed).

According to the method of grouping basic materials in the estimate:

The main materials are listed immediately below the main pricing line;

The main materials are grouped at the end of the estimate or section with the consolidation of the consumption of the same materials.

According to the method of determining prices for basic materials:

Basic materials are accepted at average (weighted average) prices from specialized collections of average estimated prices for materials (such as SSC);

Basic materials are accepted at actual current prices according to delivery (picking) data;

Some of the materials are accepted at average prices, and some at actual prices;

Basic materials are indexed from the reference price level (rarely used, as it leads to large errors).

These features can be mutually combined.

Option 1... "AT AVERAGE CURRENT ESTIMATE PRICES"

This option is most applicable in design organizations when drawing up estimates for projects, the construction of which is financed from budgetary sources. He is the most persistent and familiar to the estimators. A prerequisite for the use of this option is the availability in the region of constantly updated Compilations of Average Estimated Prices (SSC) for materials and extensive monitoring of prices on the market, and the estimator has information on prices for materials.

The essence of the option:

The main materials deducted for the prices are shown under the price lines immediately at the current level of the average estimated prices (the current prices themselves are taken in brackets so that you can immediately see that this is the current price);

At the end of the local estimate (or section), the base totals for labor, machinery, and other pricing materials are indexed to the current price level. In this case, the overall total for the cost of materials at the current price level is obtained by adding the cost indexed in the price of other materials and basic materials already accepted in the estimate immediately at the current level.

This option has an accuracy error depending on the objectivity of the data on price indices and on average estimated prices for materials.

Option 2... "AT ACTUAL CURRENT ESTIMATE PRICES"

This option can be called a “contractor's estimate”, and it is also the main one in the formation of Acts of work performed.

The essence of the option:

The main pricing lines are shown in the local estimate at the base price level;

The main materials deducted for the prices are shown below the price lines immediately in the current level of the actual estimated prices. Actual prices are formed according to the terms of delivery (complete set) of specific construction objects based on the data of accounting, warehouse and production accounting. Based on the materials supplied by the customer, information on prices is formed according to the customer's data.

When justifying the actual prices, at the request of the customer, a calculation of the estimated cost of materials and a calculation of the estimated cost can be drawn up transportation costs.

The current prices themselves are bracketed so that you can immediately see that this is the current price.

At the end of the local estimate (or section), the base totals for labor, machinery, and other pricing materials are indexed to the current price level. In this case, the overall total of the cost of materials at the current price level is obtained by adding the cost of other materials and basic materials indexed as part of the prices, already accepted immediately at the current price level.

This option provides the smallest error in estimated calculations, comparable to the preparation of estimates resource method.

2. CONCEPTS: NEW CONSTRUCTION, RIVERSINSTRUCTION AND OVERALL REPAIR

2.1 New construction

New construction includes the construction of a complex of facilities for the main, auxiliary and service purposes of newly created enterprises, buildings and structures, as well as branches and individual industries, which, after commissioning, will be on an independent balance sheet, carried out at new sites in order to create new production capacity.

If the construction of an enterprise or structure is planned to be carried out in stages, then the first and subsequent stages before the commissioning of all the projected capacities for the full development of the enterprise (structure) belong to new construction.

New construction also includes the construction on a new site of an enterprise of the same or greater capacity (productivity, throughput, capacity of a building or structure) to replace the liquidated enterprise, the further operation of which, due to technical and economic conditions, was recognized as inexpedient, as well as due to the need caused by production -technological or sanitary-technical requirements.

2.2 Reconstruction

Along with major repairs, one of the types of restoration of capital construction objects is reconstruction, in the broadest sense of the word means a radical reorganization; restructuring according to new principles; restoration of something according to the surviving remains or descriptions. This kind construction works became in recent times quite popular. By and large, reconstruction is not only and not so much the renovation of a building, in which either the facade is completely preserved (and the internal ceilings, walls change significantly), or even the external surroundings of the house undergo significant metamorphoses.

Reconstruction is more of an actual redevelopment of a building. In paragraph 14 of Art. 1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, reconstruction is understood as a change in the parameters of capital construction objects, their parts (height, number of floors (number of storeys), area, indicators of production capacity, volume) and the quality of engineering and technical support. The legislator in this article has chosen a mixed path: having fixed in Art. 1 common features the concept of "reconstruction", and the deeper content of this term, disclosed in the subsequent norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

Considering that the range of real estate objects to be reconstructed is quite wide, the reconstruction of capital construction projects is a complex of construction work and organizational and technical measures associated with changes in the main technical and economic indicators of a capital construction object (number and area of ​​premises, construction volume and total area of ​​the building , capacity or capacity or its purpose) in order to improve the quality of service, increase the volume of services.

2.3 Overhaul

Overall renovation industrial buildings and structures is a set of technical measures aimed at maintaining or restoring the original performance of both buildings and structures as a whole, and their individual structures (clause 3.1 of the Regulations on preventive maintenance of industrial buildings and structures MDS 13-14.2000, approved by decree Gosstroy of the USSR dated December 29, 1973 N 279, hereinafter - the Regulation). Renovation work, as a rule, are divided into two types: current and capital. The main criterion for such a subdivision is the frequency of repairs carried out: current repairs are carried out with a frequency of up to 1 year; major repairs - with a frequency of more than 1 year. In practice, there are other, more fractional classifications of repairs (lifting repairs, medium repairs, etc.).

The essence of the term "overhaul" to a certain extent can be identified based on the analysis of paragraph 1 of Art. 48 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, in which it is established that overhaul of capital construction facilities is a repair, during which the structural and other characteristics of the reliability and safety of such facilities are affected. but this definition does not give a complete picture of the features of the overhaul. The essence of this term is disclosed in the currently valid by-laws. So, in Appendix No. 1 to the Departmental building codes VSN 58-88 (r) "Regulations on the organization and implementation of reconstruction, repair and maintenance of buildings, public utility and socio-cultural facilities", approved by the order of the State Committee for Architecture of the Russian Federation under the USSR State Construction Committee of 23.11. 1988 N 312 (hereinafter referred to as VSN 55-88 (p)) and still in force, overhaul refers to the repair of a building in order to restore its resource with replacement if necessary structural elements and systems engineering equipment, as well as improving operational performance.

Section 3.11. The Regulations for the overhaul of industrial buildings and structures include such work in the process of which worn-out structures and parts of buildings and structures are replaced or replaced with more durable and economical ones that improve the operational capabilities of the repaired facilities, with the exception of a complete change or replacement of the main structures, service life which to buildings and structures is the largest (stone and concrete foundations of buildings and structures, all types of building walls, all types of wall frames, pipes of underground networks, bridge supports, etc.).

Thus, overhaul should include the elimination of malfunctions of all worn out elements, restoration or replacement (except for the complete replacement of stone and concrete foundations, load-bearing walls and frames) into more durable and economical ones, which improve the performance of the repaired objects. Complete change of worn out wooden walls for new or replacement of wooden walls with stone or concrete, as well as the re-laying of stone walls in the amount of more than 20% (at a time) can be carried out only at the expense of funds for capital construction, if it is economically feasible.

LITERATURE

1. Buzyrev V.V., Suvorova A.P. Estimating business and pricing in construction. SPb: SPbGIEU, 2004 .-- 202p.

2. Popova E.N. Design is an estimate business. Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2008 - 287s.

3. DRAFTING ESTIMATES IN CONSTRUCTION on the basis of the estimate and normative base of 2001 (PRACTICAL HANDBOOK edited by P.V. Goryachkin).

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Overhaul should include elimination of faults of all worn out elements, restoration or replacement (except for the complete replacement of stone and concrete foundations, load-bearing walls and frames). In this case, an economically feasible modernization of a building or an object can be carried out, its redevelopment, which does not cause changes in the main technical and economic indicators of the building.
Reconstruction a building is a complex of construction work and organizational and construction activities related to changes in technical and economic indicators (the number and quality of apartments, construction volume and total area of ​​the building, capacity, throughput, etc.) or its purpose in order to improve living conditions , quality of service, increase in the volume of services.
During the reconstruction of buildings, in addition to the work performed during major repairs, the following can be carried out:
- changing the layout of the premises;
- erection of superstructures, built-in, outbuildings, and if necessary, their partial disassembly;
- raising the level of engineering equipment, including the reconstruction of engineering networks (except for trunk lines);
- improving the architectural expressiveness of the building.
During the reconstruction of communal and socio-cultural facilities, expansion of existing and construction of new buildings and structures for auxiliary and service purposes may be envisaged.
The reconstruction of existing enterprises includes the reorganization of existing workshops and facilities of the main, auxiliary and service purposes, as a rule, without expanding the existing buildings and structures of the main purpose, carried out under a comprehensive project for the reconstruction of the enterprise as a whole, in order to increase production capacity, improve quality and change the nomenclature. production, mainly without increasing the number of employees.
Work should be classified as reconstruction or major repairs not based on the source of funding, but on the basis of the nature of the work. In cases where the work is of a reconstructive nature - redevelopment of a building, replacement of combustible structures, ceilings with non-combustible ones, introduction of ventilation systems or air conditioning, etc. - regardless of the funding sources for these works, the index of conversion from basic prices to current prices should be used for objects reconstruction, and not for capital repairs.
During the reconstruction of the building, major repairs can also be carried out (this is inevitable). However, the fact that there are overhaul works does not give grounds for making a decision on the application of the conversion index to current prices for overhaul.
Expansion operating enterprises includes the construction of additional production facilities at existing enterprises, as well as the construction of new and expansion of certain existing workshops and facilities for the main, auxiliary and service purposes on the territory of the operating enterprise or adjacent sites in order to create additional or new production facilities.
The expansion of existing enterprises also includes the construction of branches and production facilities that are part of them, which after commissioning will not be on an independent balance sheet.
To technical re-equipment operating enterprises include a set of measures to improve the technical and economic level of individual industries, workshops and sections through the introduction of advanced technology and new technology, mechanization and automation of production, modernization and replacement of outdated and physically worn out equipment with new, more productive ones, as well as to improve the general plant economy and auxiliary services.
With the technical re-equipment of existing enterprises, installation of additional equipment and machines at existing production sites, the introduction of automated control systems and other modern means in production management, the modernization and technical reorganization of environmental facilities, heating and ventilation systems, the connection of enterprises, workshops and sections to centralized sources heat and power supply.
In this case, partial restructuring is allowed (strengthening load-bearing structures replacement of floors and other measures) and the expansion of existing industrial buildings and structures, due to the overall dimensions of new equipment, and the expansion of existing or construction of new auxiliary and service facilities (for example, warehouse facilities, compressor rooms, etc.), if this is related with ongoing measures for technical re-equipment.
To maintain power an operating enterprise includes activities related to the constant renewal of fixed assets retired in the process of production activities. This mainly applies to the extractive industries and industries.
With regard to the preparation of estimate documentation construction object is a free-standing building or structure with all related arrangements, equipment, furniture, inventory, and, if necessary, with adjacent engineering networks and general site works (vertical planning, landscaping, gardening, etc.). If only one main-purpose object is being erected at the construction site according to the project, without the construction of auxiliary and auxiliary facilities, then the concept of "object" may coincide with the concept of "construction".
Launch complex Is a set of several objects (or their parts) of the main production and auxiliary purpose, which are part of the construction site or its stage, the commissioning of which ensures the release of products or the provision of services provided for by the project, and normal conditions labor for service personnel in accordance with applicable regulations.
Construction queue is a part of construction, consisting of a group of buildings, structures and devices, the commissioning of which provides high-quality products or the provision of services provided for by the project.
Construction Is a set of buildings and structures for various purposes, the construction, expansion or reconstruction of which is carried out according to a single design and estimate documentation in the amount determined by the consolidated estimate or the summary of costs.
Building- a building system consisting of load-bearing and enclosing or combined structures that form a closed ground volume intended for people to live or stay in it (depending on the functional purpose) and to perform of various kinds production processes.

1.5. Determination of the scope of work

The volumes of structural elements, earth, concrete, stone and other works are calculated to determine the need for material, labor and financial resources, to draw up estimates and estimate calculations. The variety, list and scope of work, structural elements that need to be performed or mounted, are established on the basis of working drawings, text materials (explanatory note and construction organization project), specifications, etc., taking into account the subsequent construction of estimated norms and prices, a list and the amount of work that needs to be done when erecting a building or structure.
The calculation of the amount of work should be carried out by individual completed structural elements and by type of work and in such a sequence that the results of previously performed calculations can be used for subsequent calculations. All works related to one structural element are grouped in one section (internal and external Finishing work are considered as independent structural elements). The underground and aboveground parts of the building are also distinguished.
Separate estimates are combined in a sheet of calculation of the volume of work, which, together with unit rates allow you to determine the cost of each type of work in local estimates (calculations).
The sheets for calculating the amount of work are compiled in the same way as the construction of estimates with a subdivision into sections (see table 1.1).

Table 1.1.

Schedule of calculation of the volume of work

It should be noted that the calculation of the amount of work for each of their types is carried out in units of measurement specified in the general and technical parts of the corresponding chapters of the fourth part of SNiP. So, during production earthworks: when developing and moving soil with self-propelled scrapers, excavating soil and arranging excavations and embankments with single-bucket excavators, the main unit of measurement is 100 m3 of soil when measuring in a dense state, when digging trenches for main pipelines - 1 km of trenches, when planning areas with a bulldozer - 1000 m 2 of the planned surface, etc.
Consider the specifics of determining the scope of some types of work.
The volume of the earth mass during the construction of a pit for a building with a rectangular base is calculated by the formula 1.5.1:

Where H is the depth of the pit, m (defined as the difference between the design elevation of the foot of the foundation or cushion under the foundation and the outer elevation of the ground or design elevation of the top of the foundation);
a and b - the length and width of the pit along the bottom, m;
c and d - the length and width of the pit along the top, m.

The cross-sectional area of ​​the excavation, trench, ditch and foundation pit Sb is determined by the formula 1.5.2:

Sb = BH + mH 2, (1.5.2.)

whereV- the width of the base of the excavation, trench, ditch or foundation pit;
N- the same, depth;
m- the steepness of the slopes (1: m).

Cross-sectional area of ​​the embankment Sн is determined by the formula 1.5.3:

Sн = bН + mН 2, (1.5.3.)

Where b is the width of the subgrade;
H is the height of the embankment;
m - slope steepness (1: m).

The actual volume of soil required for the construction of embankments, in cases where the density of the soil in the body of the embankment is more natural density of the soil in the quarry, is determined by the formula 1.5.4:

Vнр = Vн * К1, (1.5.4.)

Where Vн - the volume of the projected embankment, m 2;
K 1- coefficient of relative soil compaction in the body of the embankment, determined by the formula 1.5.5:

Where P n d n, P dp- the density of dry soil, g / m 3, respectively, required in the embankment, and natural (in the quarry).

The amount of isolation "in action" ( Ou) m 3, wire or equipment of a cylindrical shape, calculated according to the formula 1.5.6:

Ou = 3.14 * (D + T) * T, (1.5.6.)

Where T is the density of the insulating layer, mm;
D is the outer diameter of the pipeline or equipment, mm.
In determining construction volume buildings must be guided by the following:
1. The volume of the above-ground part of the building with an attic floor should be determined by multiplying the area of ​​the building by its height. The area of ​​the building is determined by the area of ​​the horizontal section along the outer contour of the building at the level of the first floor above the basement, including the layer of plaster and cladding. The height of the building is measured from the level of the clean (construction) floor of the first floor to the top of the backfill (insulation) of the attic floor.
2. The volume of the above-ground part of the building without an attic floor should be determined by multiplying the vertical cross-sectional area of ​​the building by its length. The building area of ​​the vertical cross-section of the building is determined by the outline of the outer surface of the walls, by the upper outline of the roof and by the level of the finished floor of the first floor. In this case, architectural details protruding on the surface of the walls, as well as niches, should not be taken into account. The length of the building is measured between the outer surfaces of the end walls at ground floor level above the basement.
3. Basement volume or basement floor should be determined by multiplying the area of ​​the horizontal section of the basement at the level of the first floor above the basement by the height measured from the level of the finished floor of the basement (basement) to the level of the finished floor of the first floor.
4. The volume of attics, chambers and mezzanines should be determined by multiplying the area of ​​their horizontal section along the outer contour of the walls at floor level by the height from the floor of the attic (mezzanine) to the top of the backfill of the attic floor. With a curvilinear outline of the attic (mezzanine) overlap, the average height should be taken.
5. Technical floors residential and public buildings(boiler rooms, workshops, etc.) must be included in the construction volume of buildings.
6. In total buildings also include: the volumes of bay windows, verandas, vestibules, loggias, closed niches and other parts of the building that increase its useful volume, as well as the volumes of skylights protruding beyond the outer outline of the roofs.
7. In the volume of buildings not included: volumes of porticos, porches, covered and open balconies, driveways, attics used for technical purposes.
8. Total construction volume buildings with basements should be defined as the sum of the volume of the above-ground part and the volume of the basement.
9. Outbuildings the same purpose and from the same material as the main building are included in the volume of the main part of the building; extensions that do not meet these requirements are measured and accounted for independently and are not included in the volume of the main building.
10. When determining the volume of buildings, the obtained data should be rounded to the nearest cubic meter.
To determine the indicators that reveal the efficiency and rationality of volumetric planning solutions for residential (public, industrial) buildings, the following are calculated:
built-up area- the area within the outer perimeter of the building, measured along the first floor;
living area (area of ​​work premises), measured at floor level between the skirting boards. In apartment-type houses, the living space is the sum of the areas of living rooms and kitchens, over 6 m 2, and in dormitories - the sum of the areas of bedrooms.
utility (auxiliary) area, including the area of ​​the lower premises - corridors, bathrooms, lobbies;
total area- the sum of living space (area of ​​work premises) and area of ​​non-residential premises (auxiliary area);
for residential buildings the reduced total area is determined, which additionally (with coefficients) summer premises - balconies, loggias and terraces;
floor area of ​​communication premises of residential buildings- outside staircases, elevator shafts, lobbies, etc.
Summer area calculated taking into account reduction factors for:
loggias completely located within the dimensions of the building - 0.5;
loggias fully or partially beyond the dimensions of the building, terraces and balconies with side screens - 0.35;
ordinary remote balances - 0.25.
Total (useful) area in hostels is defined as the sum of all living quarters and ancillary premises, including the area of ​​built-in wardrobes and locks - front for living rooms, as well as premises for cultural, domestic and medical services.
Total area of ​​public buildings is defined as the sum of the areas of all floors (aboveground, including technical, basement and basement), measured within the inner surfaces of external walls, mezzanine areas and transitions to other buildings.
Total area of ​​industrial buildings represents the area of ​​all floors (aboveground, technical, basement, basements), measured within the inner surfaces of the outer walls or the axes of the outermost columns (where there are no outer walls), galleries, transitions to other buildings.
Determination of volumes of structural elements, parts, assemblies is carried out according to the specifications given in the working drawings of structures developed as part of the main set of working drawings of the projected building, structure.
Volumes monolithic concrete and reinforced concrete are calculated separately according to the working drawings of structures with a selection by classes (grades) of concrete.
When calculating the amount of work on the assembly and installation of metal structures, as a rule, you should use detailed drawings (KMD), and in their absence - drawings (KM) in compliance with the rules set out in the general and technical parts of the chapter SNiP IV, GESN, FER, TEP collection number 8.

Review questions

What is the essence of the pricing policy?
What are three main theoretical approaches to the concept of pricing?
Types of prices and the procedure for setting them.
Features of pricing in construction.
Basic principles of the new system of pricing and estimated rationing in construction.
Estimated standards and estimated norms. The main function of the estimated norms.
Features of the new estimate and regulatory framework for pricing in construction.
Composition and structure of the estimated cost: the estimated cost of construction and the estimated cost of construction and installation works, what is the difference?
The concept of "construction products" and its types.
Features of determining the volume of construction work and the formula for their calculation.

Chapter 2. Methods for determining the cost of construction

2.1. General Provisions

When drawing up estimates on an alternative basis, the following methods for determining the cost can be used: base-index, resource, resource-index, as well as a method based on a databank of the cost of previously built or designed analogue objects.
The choice of this or that method of pricing construction products in the development of estimate documentation depends on a number of factors and conditions in which they operate. Thus, when calculating the cost of construction of facilities financed from budgetary sources, the basic-index and resource-index methods are mainly used, and at facilities financed from non-budgetary sources, the resource method is preferred. The resource method of calculating the cost is of particular importance in the design and construction of facilities with the participation of foreign capital, since one of the most important requirements of foreign investors is to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the assessment of cost indicators.
In the first case, the contractual price of a construction object can be determined on the basis of basic prices, taking into account its possible change in connection with the adjustment of design decisions and changing construction conditions, and financing of investment projects is carried out taking into account changes in the inflation rate. In the second case, the cost of construction can be determined by the resource method at current prices, and contracts can set a clear or floating contractual price.
Determination of the estimated cost of construction of objects in most cases is calculated at the basic price level using various kinds of indices to move to current prices. In some cases, these indices are of a general nature (for example, they are introduced to the object as a whole), their calculation base does not fully take into account the peculiarities of structural and volumetric planning solutions. Such indices have significant errors. In this regard, it is necessary to apply the resource calculation method, which allows, based on a sample of the main types of resources (representative resources), which determine at least 90% of the cost of direct costs, to carry out estimated calculations with a high degree of accuracy at the current price level.

2.2. Basic index method

Basic index method Determination of value is based on the use of a system of current and forecast indices in relation to the value determined in the base or current price level of the previous period. Bringing the current (forecast) prices to the level is carried out by multiplying the base cost by the lines of the estimate and each of the elements of the technological structure of capital investments by the corresponding index for the industry (sub-industry), type of work, followed by summing up the results according to the corresponding columns.
This pricing method, due to its simplicity and the ability to use the 1984 estimate and regulatory framework, has received the greatest application. However, it also has a significant disadvantage. The application of this method requires a very careful determination of the value at the basic level, since the slightest deviation from its true value gives a large proportional deviation of the index of the current price level. In addition, the indices are very average in nature, which leads to significant errors in determining the estimated cost. So, when calculating indices for materials, it is assumed that high-grade steel, for example, when calculating indices, has one name, in fact, according to price list No. 1 (1991), there are 183 items with an amplitude of price fluctuations per ton from 150 to 298 rub. The deviations are 2 times. And there are many such examples.
In a number of cases, to determine contract prices for objects and types of work, it is recommended to use only three indices: for the wages of basic workers, for the cost of operating construction machines and for the cost of material resources. Such an approach in determining contract prices is also approximate, since wages in different regions and organizations fluctuate within significant limits, the cost of operating construction machines depends on the composition and technical condition, on the cost of fuel and energy resources, the cost of materials - on the price level of the supplier, forms of supply and transportation costs.
Despite the indicated disadvantages, base index method is the most common construction cost estimation method.

2.3. Resource method

As already noted, the entire pricing procedure is initially associated with the determination of production costs. These requirements are best met by the resource method for determining the cost of construction, which is a calculation in current (forecast) prices and tariffs of cost elements (resources) required for the implementation of design solutions. The calculation of the forthcoming production costs (cost) is based on the demand expressed in natural meters for materials, products and structures (including auxiliary ones used in the production process), data on the distance and methods of delivery to the construction site, energy consumption for technological purposes , operating time of construction machines and their composition, labor costs of workers.
Resource index method, is a combination of the resource method with a system of indices (current or forecast) in relation to the estimated cost, determined based on the calculation of resources, estimated at the base or current price level. The resource-index method allows you to more accurately determine estimated cost in comparison with the base-index. The fact is that with resource index method indices apply only to an insignificant part of the cost of indicators (other machines and other materials), which, as a rule, make up up to 5% (in exceptional cases - up to 10%) of the cost of operating machines and the cost of materials (from each element), index - to the total cost of all elements of the estimated costs. Based on the foregoing, the reliability of the resource-index method is more reliable.
As an information base of the resource (resource-index) method, which most fully corresponds to market conditions, there are state element estimate norms (HPES). These norms do not contain the indicators "Other machines", "Machines and other materials", expressed in units of measurement "rubles", which take place in the Elemental Estimated Norms. These indicators in the HPPN are disclosed according to the full list, and their consumption is given in the corresponding physical meters.
The HPES tables show:
- labor costs of construction workers, in man-hours;
- the average category of construction workers;
- labor costs of drivers, in man-hours;
- norms of operating time of construction machines and mechanisms, in machine-hours;
- consumption rates of materials, products and structures (except for those accounted for under the project), in physical units.
To assess the cost of construction products can be used estimated prices of the following types:
actual current estimated prices, which are formed taking into account the construction conditions on the basis of accounting, warehouse and production accounting data;
average territorial current estimated prices formed by the regional centers for pricing in construction (RCTsS), independent regional centers for monitoring prices in construction and published in monthly catalogs of estimated prices;
indexed average territorial current estimated prices, formed by indexing basic prices using the current RCCS indices.
To determine the cost of work using the resource method, it is recommended to use local resource sheets (the resource sheet form and an example of filling it out are given in Appendix 2.2) and local estimate calculations, the role of which can be performed by the unified form No. 4 of the local estimate (Appendix - 7.1.1.).