What are the design features of central buildings. General characteristics of the building
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Characteristics of residential buildings
Characteristics of residential buildings
The housing stock of the country is diverse. This diversity consists of such features as the initial purpose of the building, its configuration and other architectural and planning characteristics, hygiene and comfort of apartments, a set of engineering equipment and its perfection.
All of these features have undergone changes as functional requirements have evolved and the country's building base has grown. Therefore, the classification is based on the temporal characteristics of buildings, and their properties are tied to the period of construction.
The period of construction of buildings is a defining feature, since the era forms the methods of architectural, planning and constructive solutions for any structure, and even more so for housing. The approximate distribution of the basic housing stock in Russia by construction periods is given in table. 3.2. It does not include data on the St. Petersburg fund, since it is unique.
Until recently, the main objects of reconstruction were buildings built before 1917, and from the 80s they began to renovate houses of the first decades. Soviet power 1918 to 1941 On the territory of the city centers of Russia, these two groups constitute the overwhelming majority
- about 80% of buildings. In relation to the entire urban development, they are less - 28%. This is due to the practice of the development of peripheral territories established at the end of the fifties, allocated for mass development and the introduction of new technologies for prefabricated housing construction.
The pre-revolutionary housing stock is made up of various types of buildings. The reason for this is the unification in this fund of buildings erected over more than 100 years, from the end of the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century. Such a union is legitimate, since housing in Russia was built from wood. It has hardly survived to this day. The bulk of the preserved pre-revolutionary housing in cities (not counting architectural monuments) is made up of stone and mixed houses built after the second half of the XIX v.
Another reason for the diversity of buildings is the social order of the consumer. Naturally, comfort requirements have changed over the course of the century. Therefore, the buildings of the early 19th century. differ from houses erected in the second half of this century, and those, in turn, from buildings during the construction boom, the dawn of which falls in the first decade of the 20th century.
The third reason for the diversity of housing is the difference in its original function. On this basis, the pre-revolutionary housing stock is divided into former mansions and houses. individual building, sectional and corridor-gallery apartment buildings, houses with furnished rooms, hotels and barracks, non-residential buildings adapted for housing.
Rice. 3.8. Distribution of buildings by configuration in the plan:
a - in construction until 1917; b - the same, 1918-1941; c - the same, modern (types of plans: 1 - ordinary; 2-angular; 3-point; 4 - open; 5-P-about-different; 6 - closed)
All of them have their own specific properties, among which it is necessary to single out the fundamental ones from the standpoint of modernization. These are the configuration in plan and hygienic properties, the planning structure, the width of the hull and the length of the front served by the stairs, the size of the spans and the type of intermediate supports adopted in the design and planning scheme. It is on these grounds that the objects included in the development are considered below.
The configuration in the plan largely characterizes the building. The houses of the period under review are characterized by complex plans. However, with all the differences, they can be combined into six types corresponding to the planning schemes shown in Fig. 3.8.
The simplest are ordinary schemes of the first type, according to which buildings were built, representing a rectangle or trapezoid in plan with a strongly developed front of the main facade and beveled ends. The planning scheme of the second type - angular - consists of two buildings adjoining at an angle. Depending on the configuration of the site, it can be straight, sharp or blunt.
Point schemes of the third type combine houses with a short front of the main facade. In the old buildings, such buildings are different in planning from modern tower houses, since their ends are usually closed by adjoining buildings, which excludes the placement of full-fledged window openings on the side facades. The schemes are one-section, therefore, from the side of the courtyard, the staircase was loaded with additional apartments. The building was turned into a T-shaped one (Fig. 3.9, a).
Schemes of the fourth type consist of three buildings. Side, small length, adjoin the elongated, as a rule, along the street, the main volume from the rear facade. The courtyard buildings do not shade the courtyard very much, and therefore the scheme is called open (cour-doner).
Unlike the previous scheme of the fifth type, called U-shaped, it is a planning solution with developed side bodies and a short insert between them. They limit space, create a narrow courtyard that is poorly insulated. The sixth type with closed planning schemes also adjoins this type. With their use, an almost completely shaded “atrium” courtyard is created from all sides (Fig. 3.9, b).
In the housing stock of St. Petersburg, the schemes of the last two types are mainly used. There are few of them in the cities of central Russia, no more than 30%, the rest of the buildings are built according to the schemes of the first four types. The reason for this situation is hidden in the cost of urban land. The higher it is, the more complex the schemes of houses are, since they tried to build up the area of the site as much as possible.
According to hygienic characteristics, the planning schemes of buildings are divided into two groups. The first includes schemes that provide satisfactory conditions for insolation, ventilation and daylight illumination. These are privates, point, corner and open.
The second includes houses with plans built according to U-shaped and closed circuits. Unfavorable hygienic conditions are incorporated in their planning solutions, since the inner courtyards are poorly ventilated, and the higher the number of storeys, the worse the insulating regime. V multi-storey buildings straight Sun rays at best, they irradiate the territory and windows of the apartments for a very short time. Due to the small distances between opposite buildings, visual isolation of the premises is not ensured.
Rice. 3.9. Examples of plans for buildings built in 1900-1910:
a - two adjacent houses of the third type; b - type
An analysis of the buildings erected before 1917 showed that the layouts of most buildings (71%) in Russian cities belong to the first group. After thinning the adjacent low-value buildings, these buildings can provide satisfactory hygienic conditions. It is difficult to do this only in St. Petersburg, since 79% of residential buildings were built without observing the proper conditions for insolation and aeration.
Speaking about hygienic conditions, it should be noted that the insolation regime of a building depends on its orientation relative to the cardinal points and neighboring buildings. In houses with a favorable orientation, the duration of direct solar irradiation is within the normal range (for a reconstructed building from 2 to 2.5 hours per day). In the second case, it does not reach the norm. From this point of view, buildings constructed before 1917 are in an unfavorable regime, since a third of the apartments do not receive solar irradiation of the required duration.
The architectural and planning systems of residential buildings of the construction period under consideration are characterized by rather wide buildings. Almost 60% of buildings had a width exceeding 13 m, and in 12% this value reached 20 m or more (Fig. 3.10, a).
The length of the front, served by one staircase in apartment buildings, as a rule, exceeded 22 m, which is completely uncommon for buildings of new construction. Hence the large areas of sections, exceeding 300 m (Fig. ZLO, b, c).
Rice. 3.10. The proportion of buildings with different architectural and planning parameters in the development of different periods of construction:
a - distribution along the width of the body B: b - the same, along the length of the section L; in the same, on the usable area Ao, falling on one staircase; 1 - in buildings built before 1917; 2 - the same, 1918-1941; 3 - the same, after 1950
The structure of apartments in apartment buildings does not correspond to modern ideas about the comfort of exclusive housing. Despite their multi-room nature, they do not have the necessary sanitary facilities. The functional division of volumes into zones of daytime stay and sleeping areas is not sufficiently expressed. There are no large ceremonial rooms flowing into one another.
Structural and planning systems of buildings of pre-revolutionary buildings are divided into one-, two- and three-span with the support of floor beams on longitudinal structures. There are other types as well. For example, multi-span with the transfer of the load to the transverse walls and mixed, in which part of the building floors rests on longitudinal, and part on transverse supports (Fig. 3.11).
In old buildings, systems with internal supporting structures-Walls. Columns were used less frequently. This is due to the fact that load-bearing walls usually play the role of inter-apartment fences with good soundproofing properties.
It is characteristic that about 35% of the houses were built according to a one-span scheme. Spans in 12% of them reached 12 m in the light (Fig. 3.12). The floors were overlapped by timber beams, which were supported on the outer walls. As such forests disappeared, they switched to two-span ones. Most of them are in buildings -40%. Other systems were rarely used.
Planning solutions with such parameters are fundamentally different from those adopted in municipal buildings for low-income residents. Therefore, buildings built before 1917 are difficult to modernize according to modern canons and can rather be adapted for housing for economically wealthy citizens.
Most of the buildings of the period under review have been in operation for 100 years or more. Almost all of them are worn out by more than 60%, but are included in the support fund. They require a comprehensive overhaul, some have been repaired in previous decades, but the repair process has not been completed.
Rice. 3.11. Structural and planning schemes of old buildings:
1 - single-span; 2-span; 3-span; 4 - multi-span; 5 - mixed: A - with internal bearing walls; B - with columns replacing internal walls
Housing stock 1918-1941 in terms of its parameters, it is not so noticeably different from the modern fund as from the previous type of buildings built before the revolution.
The initial function of the buildings of the 1920s and 1930s is homogeneous - they were erected for housing and are structures that reflect the state policy of those years to provide all segments of the population with equal living conditions.
The main building object is similar to each other buildings of four to five floors, and in small towns and three or two. Most of them are related to the support fund.
The buildings are still in a relatively satisfactory condition, the physical wear and tear of their irreplaceable parts reaches 35-45%. This indicates serviceability, but the wear is approaching the limit values, so a major overhaul is necessary.
The configuration in the plan is not as diverse as in buildings built before 1917. In residential areas, houses of the first three types prevail (see Fig. 3.8), therefore, satisfactory hygienic conditions (insolation and aeration) are usually provided. The location on the ground and in relation to neighboring buildings, with rare exceptions, complies with the standards.
Architectural planning systems are monotonous. The development is dominated by sectional buildings. The main planning unit is an ordinary section, less often an end section, which is associated with a simplified configuration of plans. All of them have a hull width from 9 to 11 m, only 6% of buildings have a width of more than 12 m (see Fig. EVIL, a).
Rice. 3.12. The repeatability of dimensions in the clear A of the spans of the supporting structures of the floors in the structural and planning systems of buildings of the old construction:
There is no typification of sections in the modern sense of this term in buildings built before 1936. Despite the apparent variety, planning decisions are individualized (Fig. 3.13). Here, with equal dimensions, apartments of different layouts are used in the sections. Another example (Fig. 3.14) is characterized by the same structures of apartments with the dimensions of section b 1.2 times larger than section a. There are hundreds of such examples in the development of the period under consideration.
The previous figures show sections with an equal number of apartments. However, there are many examples with a different number of them in practically equal dimensions of the section, both in length and in width. Corner sections are used very rarely, in 5 cases out of 100. The corners are most often solved using two end sections (fig. 3.15), but there are also solutions shown in fig. 3.16. Stairwells were located both on the main facades and on the side of the courtyards.
The buildings built in the twenties are dominated by three-unit sections. In the subsequent period, preference was given to two-apartment, 80% of them in buildings erected after 1931.
The length of the sections - the light front, served by one staircase, does not fluctuate within such wide limits as in pre-revolutionary houses. Most of the sections are 14-18 m long. These values fit into the values adopted in new construction for sections without floor "pockets", as evidenced by the distribution curves in Fig. 3.10, b. In this regard, the useful area of the sections is 100-150 m2, that is, it slightly goes beyond the standards for municipal housing (see Fig. 3.10, c).
Rice. 3.14. Two semi-detached sections (3-3) with similar apartment layouts
The structure of apartments in buildings of the period under consideration is oriented towards two-way use: communal use with room-by-room occupancy and apartment-by-room, when the entire apartment is transferred to one family. At the same time, two tendencies prevailed. On the one hand, to reduce the number of families in an apartment, thereby increasing comfort, on the other, to transfer many of the household functions of a family to the public sector (clubs, catering establishments, baths, saunas, etc.). In this regard, reduce the back rooms of apartments to a minimum.
Rice. 3.15. Corner sections with two end sections:
a - simple docking; b - docking with a partial overlay
As a result of this ideology, the apartments were made two- and three-room. All rooms have access to the corridor or the front. Walk-through rooms, together with walk-through rooms, of which there are very few, were considered as housing for large families (see Fig. 3.13-3.16).
60% of apartments are not provided with such immutable elements of modernization as bathrooms, kitchens over 7 m2 and partially built-in wardrobes. The most uncomfortable apartments are in buildings built before 1935. In a later period, their share in buildings fell to 27%, when a bathroom was introduced into each residential cell and the area of kitchens was increased.
The introduction of standard sections belongs to this period. At the end of the 30s, in-line construction of housing was used as an experiment. In Moscow, they began to build up the streets with several streams. The layout of the buildings was based on several types of sections. Two of them are shown in Fig. 3.17. Sections can be designed not only as two-, but three- and four-apartment.
Structural solutions of load-bearing and enclosing elements in buildings are characterized as follows.
Rice. 3.16. Sections specially designed for the junction of two bodies:
a - with a staircase along the main facade; b - the same, from the yard
Foundations were used tape rubble, concrete, less often brick on a complex or cement mortar. Concrete or brick columnar foundations were used as supports for columns; they were practically not made under the walls. The walls were built of bricks, usually of lightweight construction. They were laid on warm solutions using boiler slags. Thickened vertical seams were used to reduce the thermal conductivity of the enclosure. Combined designs have also been developed in practice, including those with slag concrete or compacted slag liners. However, the thermal properties of such structures do not meet modern standards. Their thermal conductivity is high and during repairs it is necessary to provide for additional thermal protection.
Time has shown that lightweight walls are much less durable than in pre-revolutionary houses. The addition of acidified slags led to the destruction of cement stone in mortars and cinder concretes. Their strength has been greatly reduced. In order to avoid violation of the spatial rigidity of the building box during repairs, it is necessary to maintain inter-floor connections - beams and floor girders.
The roofs in the houses were laid on wooden supporting structures with elephant rafters. The covering was a steel roofing sheet and a corrugated or flat slate in the form of a tile. In small towns, roll materials were also used, especially in non-capital buildings. There are examples of flat roll roofs for monolithic slabs, but there are very few of them.
Rice. 3.17. Typical sections of the first generation of typing in the USSR:
a - in a house built in 1939 with three-room apartments; b - built in 1940 with three- and four-room apartments
Interfloor floors, as a rule, are metal-wood. For the girders, rolled steel was used, and between them beams and wooden decks were laid. In order to save metal and use short stubs that are not used in industrial construction, spans were often shortened by the device of transverse pylons or pilasters turned inside the building.
Exist and wholly wooden floors... Their girders were made of edged round wood. The use of edged board beams is also characteristic. They blocked spans up to 4 m. Over time, such a defect as insufficient rigidity was revealed in these beams. However, the deflection is attenuated due to the redistribution of part of the load on the partitions. Therefore, their rearrangement is possible only after a thorough examination of the structures and verification calculations.
Reinforced concrete floors in housing construction 20-30-ies were used rarely and only in sanitary facilities. There are very few residential buildings with such interfloor ceilings per floor. Most often they blocked the basement floors.
Buildings for social and domestic purposes, which are part of the development infrastructure, sometimes have monolithic floors to the whole floor. However, for the most part, they were performed in separate, most critical areas where increased fire safety or moisture resistance is required.
The analysis of architectural planning and design solutions established the following. Firstly, the existing layout of the apartments requires at least partial modernization with the introduction of larger bathrooms and kitchens. Secondly, it is possible to preserve existing floors, if not completely, then partially, in places that have not rotted due to moisture and have not lost their bearing capacity.
These findings do not apply to relatively a small amount of buildings individual construction late 30s - early 40s, many of which were mothballed for a while Patriotic War... They were erected on prestigious city streets as a symbol of Soviet architecture. Some sections are equipped with developed staircase and elevator nodes with halls and one or two elevators. The dimensions of these sections do not correspond to the rules adopted at that time. So, from those shown in Fig. 3.18 plans implies that they are complicated. In one of them, the staircase is not illuminated by daylight, the flights of the stairs are deployed and laid along one of the walls.
Apartments, even by modern brands, are very comfortable and cannot be modernized. Unless for exclusive housing, you can combine a common room with a kitchen. Turn it into a kitchen niche by installing an electric fireplace. This solution does not contradict the structural planning scheme of a house with load-bearing longitudinal internal walls.
Rice. 3.18. Custom construction sections late JU-x - mid 40s:
a - a seven-apartment apartment measuring 32.5 x 16 m in a tower-type house; b - the same, a five-apartment private room with a plan size of 31.4 x 13 m
In buildings built in 1945-1955, the idea of building according to standard designs continued to be developed. They kept the tradition of using simple configurations of plans: privates, G-ob-different and open. This contributed to typing. In the development, houses appeared, built according to point schemes with windows on all four facades (Fig. 3.19, a). Hygiene requirements are strictly observed. The orientation of buildings on the terrain is ensured, the standards of insolation regimes are observed. The division of houses into meridional and latitudinal has come into practice. In the latter, apartments were designed with through ventilation, that is, with windows on both sides of the horizon.
In architectural and planning solutions, two-span schemes were most often used, but three-span and multi-span schemes with transverse vertical supporting structures were still used in building. A modular design system is being widely introduced - this is the basis of assembly. Longitudinal and transverse planning steps are unified.
At this time, the optimal hull width was found to be close to 12 m. It was found that, in terms of cost-effectiveness of construction, this width has the greatest benefits in terms of material consumption for walls and floors. Therefore, the vast majority of houses are 11 to 13 m wide.
Apartments were mainly provided for two or four rooms. Their structure was provided with all kinds of utility rooms. Separate sanitary facilities with bathrooms and kitchens over 7 m2 have become standard. They tried to unify the sizes of these elements.
The structures of the external fencing of buildings were made of bricks, as the most widespread product in the country. In the supporting buildings, cinder block walls and various solutions with lightweight inserts have practically disappeared.
Reinforced concrete columns are increasingly used as internal supports, at first monolithic, and then prefabricated. This made it necessary to unify the height of the floors.
From standardization and prefabrication of building parts such as windows and doors, lintels and cornice slabs, they are moving to prefabricated floor elements. Their mass is consistently increased.
With the armament of builders with hoisting-and-transport machines of new generations, small-sized ribbed prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs are used less and less. The factories began to produce hollow-core flooring slabs, which can cover more than 7 m2 of floor space. The production of reinforced concrete girders is also being established. Their use made it possible to sharply reduce the consumption of rolled steel, which was in short supply at that time, with a simultaneous increase in spans up to 6 m.
Thus, the base for prefabricated construction was prepared. However, until 1954, effective prefabricated wall parts were not selected. The builders tried to enlarge them, making large-sized brick blocks... Then the brick was replaced by blocks of lightweight concrete: foamed or with a porous filler instead of ordinary crushed stone. We also started making panels of various lengths. After these achievements, they switched to prefabricated housing construction.
Rice. 3.20. A typical section in a house of the first generations of prefabricated housing construction (block version) with distribution halls - "pockets" on the floor areas
Buildings from 1956-1965 are considered to be the first generation of such housing construction, with the transfer of the main processes to factories and the transformation of the construction site into an assembly area. This process coincided with a change in the ideology of settling houses. It was decided to build the buildings based on the allocation of a separate apartment to each family.
Such an ideology was limited by the condition of reducing to a minimum the difference in the cost of apartment-based housing and the traditional for the Soviet regime room-by-room settlement. To achieve this goal at a minimum cost, the comfort requirements were deliberately reduced.
The configuration of the houses was simplified, limiting only to ordinary plans. Keeping hygienic requirements at the limit, we reduced the floor height to 2.5 m in the clear. In most cases, they refused apartments with windows on two sides of the horizon.
In the architectural and planning system, two-span solutions with a body width of 12 m were laid. Saving on elevators, the height of the buildings was limited to five floors. In some buildings, especially multi-storey ones, in which elevators are needed, sections with distribution halls - "pockets" at the floor areas began to be located (Fig. 3.20). This made it possible to ensure the location of a large number of apartments falling on the same escape route, combining stairs and an elevator.
Small-room apartments were provided in all buildings. Created one-, two- and at most three-room. In order to save money, the comfort requirements for them were deliberately reduced. The size of utility rooms has been reduced: hallways, kitchens and sanitary facilities. The lavatory was combined with the bathroom. They began to produce bowls shortened to 1.5 and even sit-down bath bowls. Eliminated corridors-passages in the kitchen. The area of the latter was reduced to 5.5-6 m2. As a result, entire residential areas were built up with houses that were inferior from a modern standpoint.
In the design solutions, material-saving parts of the buildings were used, which should have reduced construction costs. As it turned out during the period of operation, they have low durability, insufficient sound and heat-shielding properties. This led to increased operating costs and another problem.
The service life of these buildings unreasonably quickly approached critical, when major repairs and even demolition are needed. Many of the houses have reached the limit of durability and further operation becomes technically impossible and even dangerous due to widespread failures of structures and engineering equipment.
Buildings built in 1966-1975 are characteristic as a new stage in urban planning. Prefabricated housing projects have undergone adjustments. The range of prefabricated houses has been expanded.
In the neighborhoods, they began to build buildings of a new configuration in terms of the plan, a large length and houses-towers. Corner houses appeared, created by joining two privates at a certain angle. The number of storeys was partially increased, which made it possible to diversify the development by introducing 9-storey buildings into it.
Changes were made to the architectural and planning structure of the buildings. They began to equip multi-storey buildings with elevators and garbage chutes installed in stairwells. Distribution halls near floor areas began to be used even more often.
We improved the layout of the apartments, eliminated the passages to the kitchens through the living rooms. Separate sanitary facilities began to be used in apartments with more than one room. V two-room apartments banned passage rooms.
In the constructive solutions of external fences, multilayer wall panels began to prevail. The floors were covered with flooring "per room". The experience of using load-bearing partitions was expanded. They were installed not only as decking supports, but also stiffening diaphragms and connected to external wall panels. This made it possible to create multi-cell boxes with spatial rigidity.
In the future, such constructive solutions will create many problems during modernization with redevelopment, when the timing of major repairs of the described buildings comes up.
The buildings of 1976-1984 are typical as an example of the further development of prefabricated housing construction. Their architectural and planning solutions differ slightly from the buildings of the previous period. However, there is an increase in the number of storeys up to 16 floors and more. The configuration becomes more complicated in terms of, but insignificantly. The layout of apartments is improving, although their number of rooms remains within the limits of up to three.
Later buildings were built according to the "Unified catalogs of unified building products", which formed the basis of architectural and planning solutions. These documents supplement the "Territorial catalogs" for construction in different regions. So, for Moscow, such a catalog was released in 1986.
A distinctive feature of the buildings erected on them is the complication of the configuration of plans. In fig. 3.21 shows section plans for two types of houses, which can reach a height of 17 floors. As can be seen from the above figure, the apartments are comfortable enough for municipal housing and will not require modernization in the foreseeable future. Moreover, the enclosing structures are now being revised from the standpoint of increasing their heat-shielding properties.
Rice. 3.22. Sections in tower houses of modern exclusive housing:
a - with rigidly fixed partitions; b - a variant of the layout of apartments sold without partitions
In the early 90s, they began to build luxury housing. V modern houses for the rich, apartments have many rooms and have an area of up to 105-180 m2, that is, more than twice the norms of municipal housing. Their structure includes such unusual premises for the housing stock of previous years as winter gardens, two or three sanitary facilities, kitchen-dining rooms with an area of 20-25 m2.
The utility area is half of the total. Planning coefficient K (low. The plan of a one-section tower-type house with the described apartments is shown in Fig. 3.22, a.
V recent times houses appeared on the housing market, in which interior partitions were not installed during construction. After the sale of the apartments, they are supposed to be erected at the request of the owner. Several options are offered, tied to the plumbing risers. One of them for three apartments located in the tower building is shown in Fig. 3.22, b.
Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation
Federal Agency for Education
GOU VPO Cherepovets State University
Engineering and Economics Institute
Department of Building Technologies and Real Estate Expertise
Explanatory note to the course project in the discipline "Architecture":
"Project for the construction of a residential building"
Is done by a student
group 5 EN-32
Malinin Maxim Sergeevich
accepted by the teacher
Chornaya Tatiana Nikolaevna
Cherepovets
Assignment ………………………………………………………………………… .... 3
Introduction …………………………………………………………………….… ..5
Master plan ……………………………………………………….… 6
1.1 Feature master plan…………..………………………….....6
1.2 Technical and economic indicators of the general plan ………………… ..6
general characteristics of the projected building ……………………… ..... 7
Functional purpose of the building …… ... ……………………………… ..... 7
Explication of premises …………………………………………. ……… .8
Characteristics of the building .. …………………………………………… ... …… ..... 8
2.4 Constructive solution …………………………… .. ……………….….… .9
Volumetric planning solution of the building ……………………… .............. 9
Configuration of the building in the plan and its parameters …………………. …… ... 9
Number of floors and their height ……………. ………………………… .. …… ..... 9
Technical and economic indicators for the building ……………………… ... 10
Structural solution of the building ……………………………………… ... 10
Description structural elements and their sizes ………………… ... 10
a. Foundation ……………………………………… .. …………………………… 10
b. Walls …………………………………………………………………… ..… 11
v. Overlappings ………………… .. ……………………………………………… ..13
Partitions …………………………… .. …………………………………… .14
e. Roof …………………………………………………………………… ..... 14
f. Windows and doors …………………………………………………………… ..… 14
Building decoration ……………………………………………………… .... 16
Interior decoration …………………………………………… .. …… ..16
Floor explication …………………………………………………… .18
Outdoor decoration…………………………………………………………18
Building communications …………………………………………… ..19
References …………………………………………………. ………… ... 20
Introduction
The purpose of my course project is to design an individual residential building that meets all modern needs. The house should not only have an attractive appearance, but also correspond to regional characteristics, reflect the originality of the local color, while combining modern level development of construction equipment, structures and materials. In the course of the course project, it is necessary to complete the graphic part of the project, which should include drawings of the facade of the building, floor plans, a section showing the vertical connection of the floors of the building, it is necessary to complete a roof plan, a master plan, as well as drawings of structural units of the building. It is necessary to design not only the structure of the building, but also interior decoration premises.
Initial data:
Foundation depth
Wall thickness
Exterior walls
Internal walls
Partitions
Floor height:
1. General plan.
1.1. Characteristics of the master plan
The general plan of the area has a size of 50 x 50 m (2500 m2).
The main facade of the residential building is oriented to the south.
The vertical layout of the site is carried out taking into account the drainage of surface water from the projected building into the storm sewer.
In addition to the projected building, the site includes: an existing building, a waste container site, driveways with the possibility of parking cars.
The master plan provides for asphalt driveways, sidewalks with asphalt and concrete pavement.
A children's playground, a sports ground, a recreation area, gazebos, flower beds are designed on the territory. In the territory adjacent to the residential building, landscaping with trees and shrubs of various breeds, a lawn are projected.
The projected individual building. There are walking paths on the territory.
1.2. Technical and economic indicators of the master plan
| P / p No. | The name of indicators | Unit rev. | Quantity |
| 1 | Land area | m2 | 2500 |
| 2 | Building area of the site with buildings and structures | m2 | 292,8 |
| 3 | Building density | % | 0,12 |
| 4 | Area of roads and sidewalks | m2 | 621,62 |
| 5 | Territory utilization rate | % | 0,37 |
| 6 | Landscaping area | m2 | 1585,58 |
| 7 | Degree of landscaping | % | 0,63 |
2. General characteristics of the designed building
2.1. Functional purpose of the building
The building is residential, intended for one family to live in it, consisting of 2-4 people. Each room in the building has certain functional requirements, that is, each room must perform certain functions.
The living room is designed for receiving guests, conducting business negotiations and meetings. The uniqueness of this room is that, with a height of 5.5 m, it is illuminated with natural light, which gives it volume.
The recreation room is designed for active recreation of family members.
The pool adjacent to the recreation room serves as a place for water procedures.
The steam room is designed for paired health treatments.
The boiler room serves as the main control unit responsible for heat supply and hot water supply.
The kitchen-dining room is the place for preparing and eating food.
Bedrooms on the second floor are rooms for passive rest (sleep) of all family members.
The guest room is intended for temporary accommodation of guests.
Bathrooms on the first and second floors serve for personal hygiene of family members and guests.
The corridors of the first and second floors are intended for communication between rooms.
The hallway, in which the staircase is located, serves to communicate between floors and other rooms.
The dressing room is used for storing outerwear and shoes, for entering and exiting, and performs a heat-insulating function.
The pantry is designed for storing household goods.
2.2. Explication of premises
Explication of the premises of the first floor
| Number according to plan | Name | ||||||||
| 1 | Living room | 23.3 | |||||||
| 2 | Kitchen | 14.8 | |||||||
| 3 | Toilet | 1.5 | |||||||
| 4 | Hall | 10.5 | |||||||
| 5 | Steam room | 5.0 | |||||||
| 6 | Restroom | 13.0 | |||||||
| 7 | Pool | 12.0 | |||||||
| 8 | Boiler room | 7.7 | |||||||
| 9 | Terrace | 32.8 | |||||||
| Living space | 36.3 | |
| total area | 120.6 |
Explication of the premises of the second floor
| Number according to plan | Name | |
| 1 | Guest | 15.6 |
| 2 | The corridor | 26.4 |
| 3 | Pantry | 4.9 |
| 4 | Bedroom | 17.3 |
| 5 | Bedroom | 17.1 |
| 6 | Wardrobe | 5.5 |
| 7 | Toilet | 5.3 |
| Living space | 50.0 | |
| total area | 92.1 |
2.3. Characteristics of the building
The building belongs to:
by purpose: residential;
by number of storeys: low-rise;
in terms of durability: II degree (buildings with a service life of 50-100 years);
fire resistance: II degree;
by capital: II degree.
2.4. Constructive solution.
Structurally, the building is designed as frameless with longitudinal and transverse brick bearing walls, with reinforced concrete floor panels, a gable roof, with prefabricated reinforced concrete strip foundation.
The spatial rigidity and stability of the building is ensured by interfacing the outer walls with the inner ones, with floor decks resting on these walls and attached to them using reinforcing anchors.
The structure of the floor slab forms a rigid horizontal disc, which increases the spatial rigidity of the building.
3. Space-planning solution of the building.
3.1. The configuration of the building in the plan and its parameters.
fig. 1: building configuration and dimensions
3.2. The number of floors and their height.
The height of the first floor is 3.1 m.
Overlap thickness between first and attic floors- 300 mm
The building does not contain basements or technical undergrounds.
Technical and economic indicators for the building
| № | Name | Units | Indicators |
| 1 | built-up area, | 166.48 | |
| 2 | construction volume, | 1581,56 | |
| 3 | working area, | 126.4 | |
| 4 | total area, | 212.7 | |
| 5 | planning coefficient, Kp | - | 0.59 |
| 6 | volumetric coefficient, KV | - | 12.51 |
Planning factor
Volumetric ratio
4. Constructive solution of the building
4.1. Constructive elements.
Foundation
Foundation - an underground part of a building or structure that receives the load from the aboveground part of the building and transfers it to the base (ground).
A prefabricated reinforced concrete foundation has been designed in this building.
Prefabricated foundations consist of cushion slabs laid in the base of the foundations and wall blocks, which are the walls of the underground part of the building.
Foundation slabs-cushions are laid on a leveled base with sand filling 10 cm thick. Under the base of the foundation, do not leave loose or loosened soil. It is removed and crushed stone or sand is poured instead. Depressions in the base more than 10 cm are filled with concrete. Slabs-cushions for external walls have a width of 1400 mm, and for internal walls - 800 mm.
When designing, the dimensions of the foundation slabs are taken in accordance with GOST 13580-85.
Pillow slabs are laid with breaks. At the junction of the longitudinal and cross walls pillow slabs are stacked end-to-end and the junctions between them are sealed with concrete. On top of the laid cushion slabs, horizontal waterproofing is arranged and on top of it a cement-sand screed with a thickness of 30 mm, into which they are laid reinforcement mesh, which leads to a more even distribution of the load from the overlying blocks and structures. The diameter of the mesh rods is 6 mm. Step - 30 cm. Upon completion of the cement screed, the foundation pit is filled up to the top of the mounted reinforced concrete foundation pads.
Then concrete foundation blocks are laid with bandaging of seams in three rows, on top of which a horizontal waterproofing layer of two layers of roofing material on mastic is arranged. The purpose of the waterproofing layer is to exclude the migration of capillary soil and atmospheric moisture up the wall.
The width of the foundation blocks under brick walls is equal to 600 mm.
When designing, the dimensions of the foundation wall blocks are taken in accordance with GOST 13579-78.
The depth of the foundation is 2.3 m.
Walls
The walls of the building are designed for fencing and protection from environmental influences and transfer loads from higher structures - floors and coverings to the foundation.
When erecting the walls of the building, hand masonry is used with horizontal and vertical dressing of the seams. For masonry outdoor and interior walls solid ceramic bricks are used.
The walls are laid on a cement-sand mortar. The thickness of the outer walls is determined on the basis of a heat engineering calculation. Initially, the thickness of the outer wall is assumed to be 640 mm. This thickness is necessary to ensure resistance to wind and shock loads, as well as to increase the heat and sound insulation capacity of the walls.
We choose the thickness of the insulation equal to 150 mm. As a heater, we choose “ISOVER” heat-insulating mats with a thickness of 50 mm (in two layers). This is the most optimal material by a combination of thermophysical, mechanical, acoustic characteristics for heat and sound insulation in the structures of three-layer walls.
In this project:
The carrier layer is made of porous ceramic bricks,
Outdoor - facing brick.
Walls are the main element of the building, so they must have the necessary strength, durability, sound, thermal insulation, fire resistance and expressiveness.
For the outer and inner walls, a ceramic brick was chosen, since it has good heat-insulating properties, has high weather resistance, strength, frost resistance
Axes binding scheme outside wall:
Fig. 3: Scheme of linking the axes along the outer wall
Internal wall binding scheme:
fig. 4: diagram of the axes snapping along the inner walls
Overlapping
Overlappings are horizontal bearing and enclosing structures that divide buildings into floors and receive loads from their own weight, the weight of vertical enclosing structures, stairs, as well as from the weight of interior items, equipment and people on them. These loads are transferred from the floors to the load-bearing walls of the building.
In this building, the floor is designed, consisting of hollow-core reinforced concrete slabs 220 mm thick. On the outer walls, ceilings are laid from the inner edge of the wall by 100 mm, and on the inner load-bearing walls by 190 mm. Ceilings provide sound and thermal insulation, they also meet high requirements for rigidity and bending strength.
Partitions
Partitions are internal vertical enclosing structures in buildings. Partitions perform enclosing functions in a building. Partitions are gypsum concrete, large-panel 120 mm thick. Partitions are installed on the floor slabs on a layer of roofing felts.
Roof
Roof - a structure that protects the building from atmospheric precipitation and is the upper enclosure of the building. The roof is designed with two slopes, the covering is a tiled roof with a diffusion film. To organize the drainage of water from the roof, drainpipes made of galvanized steel are arranged at the outer part of the walls.
Windows and doors.
Windows are building elements intended for lighting and ventilation of premises.
Doors are used for communication between isolated rooms and for entering the building.
The windows in the building are designed with double glazing. The thickness of the window blocks is 140 mm, which gives the right to judge their sufficient heat and sound insulation. Windows are provided with one, two and three doors. Installed wooden environmentally friendly double-glazed windows.
Specification of window and doorways first floor.
The doors in the building are designed as single-floor, glazed (in the kitchen, doors in the living room) and non-glazed (in other areas of the building). Glazing of some doors is necessary, mainly, in order to achieve a more uniform illumination of the premises, but at the same time the interior of the cottage is also improved.
In the manufacture of windows and doors, only high-quality sheet glass with a thickness of 6 mm and high-quality wood are used to avoid cracks and cracks during operation.
5. Building decoration.
5.1. Interior decoration.
| Room name | Ceiling | Note | ||
| Area, m2 | Finishing type | |||
| Living room | 38.9 | Suspended ceiling | - | |
| Toilet | 6.8 | water-based paint | - | |
| Kitchen | 14.8 | Ceiling tiles | - | |
| Hall | 10.5 | Ceiling tiles | - | |
| Wardrobe | 5.5 | Ceiling tiles | - | |
| Restroom | 13.0 | Ceiling tiles | - | |
| Pool | 12.0 | water-based paint | - | |
| The corridor | 26.4 | Ceiling tiles | - | |
| Bedroom | 34.4 | Ceiling tiles | - | |
| Pantry | 4.9 | Ceiling tiles | - | |
| Steam room | 5.0 | Ceiling tiles | - | |
| Boiler room | 7.7 | Ceiling tiles | - | |
| Terrace | 32.8 | Suspended ceiling | - | |
| Walls or partitions |
||||
| Living room | 75.9 | - | - | |
| Toilet | 4.65 | latex painting | - | |
| Kitchen | 229.4 | - | - | |
| Hall | 179.8 | - | - | |
| Wardrobe | 17.0 | - | ||
| Restroom | 163.4 | - | - | |
| Pool | 49.6 | latex painting | - | |
| The corridor | 133.3 | - | - | |
| Bedroom | 99.2 | - | - | |
| Pantry | 24.8 | - | ||
| Steam room | 31.1 | latex painting | ||
| Boiler room | 74.4 | - | ||
| Terrace | 74.4 | - | ||
| Bottom of walls or partitions |
||||
| Living room | 38.9 | plaster high quality wallpaper | to the entire height of the room | |
| Kitchen | 14.8 | glazed tiles | ||
| Pool | 49.6 | glazed tiles | h = 1800 | |
| The corridor | 133.3 | plaster high quality wallpaper | to the entire height of the room | |
| Bedroom | 99.2 | plaster high quality wallpaper | to the entire height of the room | |
| Pantry | 24.8 | plaster high quality wallpaper | to the entire height of the room | |
| Steam room | 31.1 | glazed tiles | to the entire height of the room | |
| Boiler room | 74.4 | wallpaper | to the entire height of the room | |
| Terrace | 74.4 | glazed tiles | to the entire height of the room | |
| Hall | 179.8 | wallpaper | to the entire height of the room |
| Wardrobe | 17.0 | plaster high quality wallpaper | to the entire height of the room |
| Restroom | 163.4 | plaster high quality wallpaper | to the entire height of the room |
5.2. Explication of floors
| Room number | Floor type by project | Floor scheme | Floor elements and their thickness | Floor area, m2 |
| 1,2,4,10,11, 13,14,15,16 | Parquet | 1) reinforced concrete plate, 220mm 2) thermal insulation pad, 40 mm 3) lags 80 * 40 4) parquet boards | 135,4 | |
| 3,5,7,12 | Ceramic tile | 1) compacted soil 2) grade 100 concrete 5) ceramic tiles on cement mortar, 25mm | 23,8 | |
| 6,8,9 | Cement floor | 1) compacted soil 2) concrete grade 100, 80mm | 53,5 |
5.3. Outdoor decoration
The exterior walls are finished with plaster.
Basement - natural stone, brick.
Window Blocks- wood.
Doors are wood.
Roof - metal
6. Building communications
The engineering equipment of the building includes water supply, sewerage, electrical wiring, gas supply and heating system.
The building is supplied with electricity from the general power grid. The electrical wiring in the designed building is carried out before plastering the internal walls and partitions and is attached with the help of special fasteners to the building structures. If necessary, holes are drilled for electrical wires in walls and ceilings.
The sewerage system of the building is connected to the central sewerage network.
Water supply is carried out from a common water supply. Water is supplied in the kitchen to the mixer and in the bathroom to the mixer and the cistern.
Gas is supplied from an external gas network. It is supplied to a gas heating boiler located in the boiler room, and gas water heaters located in the kitchen and in the bathroom. Gas water heaters are designed to heat water entering the bathroom and the kitchen.
The heating system of the building consists of pipes and radiators through which heating water circulates and a gas heating boiler. This heating system is called central. Radiators are located in all rooms and run along the outer walls of the building on both floors.
Bibliography:
Berlinov M.V., Yagupov B.A. Examples of calculation of foundations and foundations. - M .: Stroyizdat, 1986 .-- 173 p.
Kim N.N., Maklakova T.G. Architecture civil and industrial buildings... - M .: Stroyizdat, 1987. - 287 p.
Orlovsky B.Ya., Serbinovich P.P. The architecture of civil and industrial buildings. Public buildings. - M .: Higher school, 1978. - 371p .;
SNiP 2-1-71 "Residential buildings".
Standards for planning elements of residential and public building».
GOST 21.101-79PDS "Basic requirements for working drawings".
GOST 21-105-79 SPDS "Drawing dimensions, inscriptions, technical requirements and tables".
GOST21-108-78 "Conditional, graphic images and designations on the drawings of general plans and transport."
GOST21.501-80 SPDS “Architectural solutions. Working drawings".
GOST 11214-78 "Wooden windows and balcony doors"
Lecture notes.
The projected building is a residential building with 4 apartments, the number of floors is three. The building has a rectangular shape in plan, measuring 17.700 x 11.400 m.
The building adopted brick walls and prefabricated reinforced concrete floors, which corresponds to the II degree of fire resistance and ΙΙ degree of durability. Building class II.
The building has a sectional layout. A section is a group of rooms around a vertical communication - stairs. Each staircase has three apartments.
The layout of each apartment is made in accordance with the functional diagram of the interconnection of the premises of the apartment.
GENERAL PLAN
By the decision of the city administration, a plot of land was allocated for the construction of a residential building in the city of Novocherkassk, in the Zapadny microdistrict. The shape of the plot is rectangular with the dimensions of the sides 9.31x11.7 m. The plot contains:
Building under construction;
Garbage area;
Playground;
Playground;
Shop.
The building has a latitudinal orientation, which provides heat savings in winter. The distance to the nearest building is 15m, which meets sanitary and fire safety requirements. The terrain is calm with a slight slope. The vertical layout of the site ensures a quick drain of surface waters. The plot has a 6m asphalt road and 3m and 2m wide asphalt paths. Around the building, a blind area is designed with a width of 1 m.
The site has green spaces: shrubs, trees, lawns, flower beds.
Table 2 Technical and economic indicators of the master plan
VOLUME-PLANNING SOLUTION OF THE BUILDING
4.1 Building parameters
A volumetric planning solution, a solution based on which a particular composition and size of premises is applied.
The building is designed with a basement:
Floor height 2.71 m.
Height of the whole building 9.310m
Dimensions in longitudinal axes (1-2) - 6.6m, (2-3) - 3.0m, (3-4) - 7.8m, (4-5) - 7.8m, (5-6) - 3.0m, ( 6-7) - 6.6m, in the transverse axes (A-B) - 5.4m, (B-C) - 5.4m.
4.2 Functional requirements
This house is a multi-apartment house and is intended for families to live in it. The project provides for 2 sections of the house. Each section contains 3 three-room apartments and - 3 four-room apartments. Each family lives in an apartment. An apartment is the primary cell of a residential building, which consists of a number of premises necessary for normal living.
The room is the main element of the building. The premise must correspond to its purpose. To make a room convenient for life, it is necessary to correctly determine its dimensions in plan, height, air temperature and humidity, illumination, and provide sound insulation.
Each apartment has the following premises: living rooms, bedrooms, kitchen, bathrooms and summer rooms (balcony, loggia).
The number of living rooms in an apartment depends on the composition of the family.
Each room has certain requirements:
· living room should be well lit, ventilated through a window, preferably oriented to the south;
· common room serves as a place for active recreation of family members, and can also be a room for eating, for work and creative activities;
· bedroom intended for passive rest of family members;
· kitchen serves for cooking and eating. Natural lighting, ventilation through a window and ventilation ducts. Kitchen equipment: gas stove, sink. Wall panels are covered with washable wallpaper;
· bathroom intended for personal hygiene of family members. Has a waterproof floor. Walls and floors are tiled with ceramic tiles. Equipment: washbasin, bathtub, toilet. Ventilation through ventilation ducts, artificial lighting. Separate bathroom.
· the corridor intended for communication between rooms;
· summer rooms(balconies of the loggia), open up a view of the street, allow you to go outside without leaving the building.
The diagram of the interconnection of the premises.
Figure 1. Functional diagram of the interconnection of the premises
4.3 Technical and economic indicators of the building
Economic indicators residential buildings are determined by their space-planning and constructive solutions, the nature and organization of sanitary equipment. An important role is played by the ratio of living and utility areas designed in the apartment, the height of the room, the location of sanitary facilities and kitchen equipment. Residential building projects are characterized by the following indicators:
construction volume in m 3, (including underground part m 3), building area m 2, total area m 2, living area m 2, area of summer premises m 2, K 1(the ratio of living space to the total area, characterizes the rationality of the use of space).
K 2(the ratio of the building volume to the total area, characterizes the rationality of using the volume).
The building volume of the aboveground part of a residential building with an unheated attic is determined as the product of the horizontal sectional area at the level of the first floor above the basement (along the outer edges of the walls) by the height measured from the floor level of the first floor to the upper area of the thermal insulation layer of the attic floor.
The building volume of the underground part of the building is determined as the product of the horizontal sectional area along the outer contour of the building at the level of the first floor, at the level above the basement, by the height from the basement floor to the floor of the first floor.
The construction volume of vestibules, loggias located in the dimensions of the building is included in the total volume.
The total volume of a building with a basement is determined by the sum of the volumes of its underground and aboveground parts.
The building area is calculated as the area of the horizontal section of the building at the level of the basement, including all protruding parts and covering (porch, verandas, terraces).
The living area of an apartment is defined as the sum of the areas of the living rooms plus the area of the kitchen over 8 m 2.
The total area of apartments is calculated as the sum of the areas of residential and utility rooms, apartments, verandas, built-in wardrobes, loggias, balconies, and terraces, calculated with decreasing coefficients: for loggias - 0.5, for balconies and terraces - 0.3.
The area of the premises is measured between the surfaces of walls and partitions at floor level. The area of the entire residential building is defined as the sum of the areas of the floors, measured within the inner surfaces of the outer walls, including the balcony and loggias. The area of the stairwells and various shafts is also included in the floor area. The area of the floor and the utility underground is not included in the area of the building.
Technical and economic indicators of the project:
· Construction volume 5781.44 m 3, (including underground part 1032.4 m 3),
· Building area 467.16 m 2;
· Total area 1385.2 m 2;
· Living area 996.5 m 2;
· The area of summer premises is 135 m 2;
K 1 = 996,5/1385,2=0,72
K 2 = 5781,44/1385,2=4,17
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