Projects of houses and cottages by European architects. House projects

And it sounds like this: It is very interesting to learn how houses are built in Europe and how regions and cities in European countries are organized. We have already learned about southern houses in the USA. Now the construction kitchen in old Europe is interesting

I want to complain a little and at the same time give parting words to others. Look how broad this topic is. Firstly, Europe is very large, what kind of houses will we consider? The post is not enough for the whole of Europe, secondly, are we talking about houses or about regions and cities? This is another huge topic. Thirdly, “how are houses built?” did this mean private houses or maybe multi-storey houses in cities? In the future, try to specify the topic a little so that I don’t write a post that will later turn out to be uninteresting to you, because... will be not entirely, or even completely off topic :-)

Well, let's dive a little into history:

Stone castles and houses began to be built in Northern Europe many centuries ago. Over the past centuries, construction fashion has changed more than once, new technologies have appeared, but stone and brick have always been in demand, and today the most respectable and solid European buildings are made from these materials.

Famous English style began to appear in the castles of English aristocrats. In the Middle Ages, every self-respecting sir had to have his own castle, which was a rather gloomy building. Castles were heavy, massive, with towers and narrow loophole windows, since the owners were primarily concerned with fortification rather than aesthetic functions. Ironically, echoes of this style appeared in the ever-memorable Russian red brick “cottages” that were built in the early 90s. These buildings, too, were more like fortresses than places for country holidays (but the homeowners, alas, did not live up to the sirs).

England, York

Over time, the estates of aristocrats became more and more aesthetically pleasing and designed for a pleasant pastime. Buildings were still made of brick; they were strong and reliable buildings, but not without decorations. The outside of such houses, as a rule, was faced with decorative brick, which was combined with finishing details made of white ashlar. These details were decorated with intertwining curls of carvings, masks, and figures of fantastic creatures. Such a contrasting combination of decorative white stone parts and brick planes was characteristic feature English manor architecture.

In the center of the house there was a hall - a ceremonial hall, the walls of which were decorated with carved oak panels, hunting trophies, weapons, and portraits of famous ancestors. The ceiling was covered with stucco or open carved rafters. Mandatory attributes of the hall were a huge fireplace, sometimes reaching the ceiling, as well as wide staircase, decorated with sculptures and carvings wooden railings. On one side of the hall there were living rooms, on the other - utility rooms.

However, things are changing even in conservative England. Over time, life became democratized; more and more inhabitants of Foggy Albion wanted to have their own comfortable homes, which gave rise to the massive appearance of town houses and cottages. When transferring these concepts to Russian soil, it must be said that some confusion occurred. The cottage was luckier; it roughly corresponds to its dictionary meaning: “A single-apartment individual residential building with a plot of land, usually having two floors.” Our cottages can be three or four stories high, but that doesn’t change the essence. As for the term “town house”, this is what they called town houses in England, connected in one line. In Russia, for some reason, this is what they call one of the types of suburban housing, although translated from English the phrase town hous means “city house”.

The construction technology and architectural and planning solutions of urban and country English houses were not fundamentally different. They were durable and good quality brick houses typically English “vertical” style, since the entire space of such a home is built vertically.

On the ground floor there are technical and utility rooms, a kitchen, as well as a living room with an unchanged fireplace, which is both the main heating device and an element of the living room’s style. The second floor was occupied by bedrooms, a nursery, and the office of the owner of the family. Such a layout made it possible, even in urban conditions, to feel like the master of one’s home. If we add here an English lawn and a picturesque view from the windows (what could be afforded in a “cottage”), then we got our own mini-estate.
German "Ordnung"

Germany

In Germany they also loved to build thoroughly, approaching this matter with all German tenacity and meticulousness. Without these qualities, was it possible to build something like the Gothic Cologne Cathedral, which resembles a pointed rock that grew on the flat bank of the Rhine? This cathedral took several centuries to build, but it was finally built! And the castles along the banks of the same Rhine? They stand on the hills, look absolutely inaccessible and very pompous, since many of their owners were at one time the leaders of the dwarf states into which Germany was divided during the Thirty Years' War. The castles of German princes and dukes were often built at the whim of one or another ruler and were both masterpieces of secular architecture and exclusively military fortifications.

Well, okay, this is the “house of God” and the houses of those in power; But how did the ordinary German people live? What houses did the German burghers live in? One of the common types of burgher dwellings was a half-timbered house, the basis of which was a wooden frame. But it was filled with brick, so that such a house could be considered practically stone. Such a building was distinguished by great strength and reliability - they were provided by both the strongest frame and the brickwork itself. Usually the house was two-story, and on the first floor, if the owner was engaged in some kind of craft or trade, there could be a bakery or pharmacy, store, etc. Accordingly, the living quarters were located on the second floor. The strength of the wall structure did not create problems with the roof: a powerful rafter system, which was then covered with natural ceramic tiles.

If we talk about the burgher style itself, it was quite simple and conservative, since it was based on the tastes of artisans, small traders - in a word, the bourgeoisie. As the German classic Thomas Mann said, this culture “grew up on traditions, the cult of individual skill - this is the sublimation of craft skills, which is quite consistent with the medieval German spirit.”

The burgher style presupposes the “down-to-earth” nature of romanticism and reduces the artistic to the level of good quality, neatness, and convenience. In such houses, everything was rational and functional: the decoration of the facades with white stone, the restraint of the decor, the strength and solidity of the furniture. All this corresponded to German efficiency and the desire for sustainable prosperity.

Although, strictly speaking, this style does not belong only to Germany, approximately the same houses were built in Austria and Holland, where the lifestyle of the average citizen was similar to the German one. True, there were also some peculiarities, for example, in Holland, due to the high cost of land in cities, they began to build standard “three-window” houses designed for one family. At the same time, on a rather narrow façade, three tall and narrow windows were planted close to each other. Typically, such a facade was decorated with a decorative balcony and carved white stone garlands. This style also spread partly in the Baltic states, which, as is known, was under German influence for a long time, including in the field of house construction.

By the way, about the Baltic states, only Russian ones, that is, about Kaliningrad, which was previously called Koenigsberg. In this city (and its surroundings) there are many old German houses that are still in demand, judging by the purchase and sale of real estate in this region. These are good-quality brick houses, many of which were built in the 19th century, but with minimal repairs they are quite suitable for living. Tiles are typical for them, although half-timbering is no longer there. According to the indigenous inhabitants of such small apartment buildings, the original layout in them is much better than in Soviet-built houses, and there is nothing to say about the load-bearing structures, no comparison with any of our DSK panels.
Nordic spirit

Norway

In harsh Scandinavia, house-building traditions inevitably had to be developed - the climate was too inhospitable. In ancient times, in the same Norway they built wooden houses“increased strength”, since they made two enclosing structures - external and internal, which made it possible to withstand hurricane coastal winds, as well as to safely survive low temperatures. Later, in this country, as in neighboring Sweden, they began to build stone houses, thereby completely solving the problem of protection from the weather.

To keep the cold out of their houses, the Scandinavians built them in a special way, bringing them as close as possible to each other. Often one of the walls of the house was shared with the neighbors, which helped conserve heat in the home. This is how brick semi-detached houses appeared in cities, similar to urban English or Dutch ones. But if in these countries the cause of crowding was, rather, land problems, then in Scandinavia it was climate problems. Thanks to the alignment of the walls, the house was well protected from the frequent winds in winter. The same reason did not allow the creation of glazing large area, and the windows were made small. As a result, if you look at the line of such houses, which differ little from each other in terms of architecture, the picture turns out to be rather dull.

To avoid dullness, the Scandinavians painted the facades of houses in different colors: the colors of neighboring buildings and the colors of the walls, shutters and trim of each house were different. The result was a cheerful and pleasing street mosaic. Houses were usually built on two floors, with living quarters located on the second, where it was warmer.

The interior decoration could not boast of delights. The interior of a Scandinavian house is subordinated to the principle of rationality; there is no southern pretentiousness in it. The furniture was relatively simple; the decoration, which included the usual carpets, curtains, bedspreads, and wall decorations, was not particularly colorful. Scandinavian houses are characterized by plain walls, calm light gray fabric covers, and light fluffy carpets on the floor. And in these houses, as a rule, there is a lot of greenery, which is understandable. As long as nature doesn’t spoil you, outside the window there is a monochrome landscape with a predominance of white, then at least let the flowers in the house smell fragrant and decorative plants please.

Germany, Elbron

Despite the relative simplicity of the interiors, Scandinavian houses are very comfortable. The need for warm, comfortable and cozy housing has grown among modern Scandinavians into a kind of cult of a comfortable home, reliably protected from all the vagaries of nature.

Such a house is perceived as a symbol of prosperity and success, and the desire for comfort has become almost a national character trait. Scandinavian artists and designers have developed simple and functionally sound examples of furniture and equipment that have become firmly established in the everyday life of residents northern countries. Their characteristics: thin, graceful and light structural parts made of multi-layer wood, mainly beech and oak. The designs are based on a modular system and ease of assembly, allowing you to quickly change the appearance of the furniture or, if necessary, fold it.

At one time, Scandinavian design in home decoration had a serious influence on other European countries. And in general, borrowing both in the field of architecture and in the field of interior design in Europe is quite common. What is popular in Sweden will certainly echo in Denmark, and German specificity will certainly cross the border and take root in another country. What remains constant in respectable Europe is the impeccable quality of construction. It’s not for nothing that some houses under tiled roofs have stood for several centuries and will continue to stand for many more. And we would like to wish our house builders to adopt not only the external forms of European houses, but also to achieve that same European level of quality.
Expert opinion

Indeed, many styles have historically developed in Europe, combining culture, fashion and functionality of buildings and structures. Eras and rulers changed, cultures mixed, and monumental stone and brick buildings remained and enchant us with their appearance, causing nostalgia for the times of noble knights and crusades... The third millennium has arrived - a time of progressive high-tech technologies and globalization of all spheres of activity. Materials and technologies have appeared that make it possible to implement any architectural plans even on light building structures, be it a frame or foam concrete house.

What kind of houses are being built in Europe now?

The oldest surviving wooden building frame structure is a Japanese cedar temple that is over 1300 years old. Frame method was also used in this country for the construction of fortresses. In Europe there are such ancient examples frame construction not discovered, but, for example, in Germany in Quedlinburg there is a building dating back to 1347.

The main development of frame construction in this part of the continent occurred in the Middle Ages, although there are historical sources testifying to the presence of half-timbered houses in Europe at the turn of the 10th-11th centuries. The desire to save wood and the growth of carpenter skills due to the development of shipbuilding contributed to the spread of the half-timbered construction method in Germany and France. (German Fachwerk, from German Fach - panel, section, and German Werk - structure). At the same time, other frame house-building technologies began to appear in Europe.

The known rigidity and strength of the frame of half-timbered houses was achieved by using various and precise connections of parts - with a hidden tenon, with a dovetail tenon, with notches, etc., secured with wooden dowels. Thousands have been built using these techniques. wooden houses in Europe, which have been standing for hundreds of years, which is excellent proof of the reliability of the technology. Simultaneously with the German half-timbered construction, similar frame construction technologies arose in England, France, Switzerland and other countries.

When constructing a frame house, the following technologies are mainly used:

- half-timbered houses;

- German technologies – panel houses factory production;

- frame-frame construction technology;

- canadian houses, built according to the “Platform” system.

Technologies for half-timbered house construction appeared in medieval Germany, from where they spread throughout, mainly northern, Europe. The essence of half-timbering (from German Fachwerk - frame) is the supporting structure made of wooden beams, usually made from softwood. These beams were located in a special way - at various angles to each other. The voids between the frame elements were filled with insulated wood, adobe substances or brick. Wooden frame was not hidden, but put on public display, which added originality to the house.

Half-timbered technologies have been experiencing a rebirth since the end of the 20th century. Today, the popularity of frame construction is gaining momentum. The Narkhozstroy company has adopted traditional technology half-timbered construction and transformed it in accordance with modern requirements for comfort and design of residential buildings.

A feature of modern half-timbered houses, in other words, frame-frame housing construction, is a skeleton made of laminated veneer lumber. The main advantages of half-timbered cottages are lightness and strength. The lightweight design makes it possible to build houses on shallow foundations, which significantly reduces the cost of the construction process. Frame-frame structures provide the structure with strength, reliability, good stability and durability. Also, half-timbering technologies are aimed at careful consumption of wood (this also reduces the cost of the house). Construction of a half-timbered cottage is possible in the shortest possible time.

The basis
The wall frame, as well as the load-bearing beams of the roof, verandas and terraces, are today made from the most technologically advanced wood material - laminated veneer lumber. The timber is first treated at the factory with protective (rot-resistant and fire-fighting) compounds.

The individual parts of the frame are fastened together with tenons (a hidden tenon or a dovetail tenon). The strength of the frame is increased

metal reinforcing parts (corners, brackets or plates), they are fixed so as not to worsen appearance Houses.

The lower crowns, the so-called konda (strong pine log), are fixed through the waterproofing layer with anchor bolts to the foundation, and everything else is already attached to these crowns Basic structure. The frame of all internal partitions is made according to the same principle.

Window
The next stage in the construction of a frame cottage is the installation of glazing. A special feature of half-timbered technology is the presence of many windows. Glazing occupies up to ¾ of the entire wall surface. Showcase windows are practical and beautiful. Installing heat-saving double-glazed windows reduces heating costs, and big square glazing helps to save on artificial lighting of rooms. Window blocks are mounted directly into the cells of the frame, sealed with silicone sealant and pressed against the frame using platbands. Of course, to ventilate the premises, it is necessary to install appropriate window fittings.

Cladding of blind areas of the house.
After installing the windows, the blind areas of the walls are sealed. All external cells are covered with waterproof antiseptic plywood or stacked wood panels. Inside each cell there are heat-insulating and sound-absorbing mats. Material for interior decoration half-timbered cottage is agreed with the customer.

Roof, terrace, veranda.
The rigid roof frame, made of laminated veneer lumber, is sheathed with sheathing and covered on top with any chosen modern material(metal tiles, ondulin, galvanized steel, soft roofing). Covered verandas and terraces are usually installed on columnar foundations. Depending on the project, the frame cells are either glazed or covered with lumber, for example, clapboard.

Communications layout.
Hidden communications are another advantage of a half-timbered house. As a rule, hot and cold water supply pipes and electrical wiring are laid inside the floor or walls, and in appropriate places they are brought out in the form of points of consumption.

The idea of ​​frame construction using plywood sheets with an interlayer (SIP houses) appeared at the dawn of the last century - in 1935 in the state of Wisconsin (USA). The new direction is called “at home” Canadian technology" The emergence of a SIP panel, with excellent technical characteristics and high efficiency, led to a new round of development of Canadian frame technology for building houses from SIP panels.

Construction from SIP panels from to North America and Europe has already become a classic for country low-rise construction. SIP houses account for 80% of the total individual houses, built annually in the USA and Canada, 43% in seismically troubled Japan and 42% in Finland, which is generous with severe frosts. Such amazing success of houses made from SIP panels using Canadian turnkey technology is explained not only by the fact that these houses are comfortable, reliable, environmentally friendly and durable. Other important factors are their affordability and energy efficiency.

• Lightweight foundation - the construction of a house made of SIP panels using Canadian technology does not require a thorough deepening of the foundation to construct the building. The most common option is a pile-screw foundation, which allows you to build on any soil;
• The ability to immediately proceed to finishing - the constructed SIP house does not shrink;
• Environmental friendliness of all materials used for the construction of the building;
• "Dry" Canadian frame technology construction of structures - the construction of houses from SIP panels is carried out without regard to the time of year. Frost does not stop construction for a day;
• Special impregnation of SIP panels, which prevents the appearance of mold and fungi and does not attract rodents;
• High fire resistance and frost resistance – houses made from SIP panels resist fire (fire resistance degree 3) and can withstand a temperature range from -51°C to +51°C. Houses made from SIP panels using Canadian technology usually have a fireplace. It's absolutely safe. Fire resistance is achieved thanks to impregnation with fire retardant and tight joining of panels, which prevents the spread of fire and smoke;
• Excellent resistance to heat loss, which significantly reduces heating costs. SIP frame houses have high heat-saving characteristics and reduce energy consumption several times compared to other technologies;
• Excellent sound insulation properties, comparable in performance to brickwork 2.5 m thick;
• A wall made of a SIP panel (OSB-4) can withstand up to 10 tons of vertical load per 1 m2, and up to 2 tons of horizontal load. Ready-made houses made of SIP panels using Canadian technology in Yekaterinburg from the Ural-STU company can withstand earthquakes up to 9 points. The margin of safety of this building material designed for buildings with 5 floors, under special conditions and strengthening the structure of the structure - up to 9.

1. 80% of houses made from SIP panels using Canadian technology are manufactured at the factory. Construction and installation work requires a minimum: a team of 3-4 people and up to 7 working days for one standard house;
2. To transport a set prepared on modern Russip-TRADE lines, only 1-2 eurotrucks are needed. To build a house from SIP panels, you do not need specialized heavy equipment;
3. The accuracy of the blanks allows you to avoid additional costs for fitting;
4. Finishing does not limit your imagination and does not empty your wallet: siding, decorative brick, plaster, etc.;
5. The service life of a finished SIP prefabricated house using Canadian technology is 100 years (according to research results from the laboratory of the State Unitary Enterprise "NIIMosstroy"). It pays for itself in 10 years, due to savings on costs for the heating system.

Let's take a closer look at the process of building a frame house in Germany:

Used strip foundation. Everything is accurate, everything is according to the instruments.

Ready-made panels manufactured at the factory arrive at the construction site.

During installation, equipment is used. The weight of one panel can reach 5 tons or more.

Installation of one of the panels. Four people are involved in the process. Insulation is already placed in the panel. Waterproofing and vapor barrier. The window system is also installed at the factory.

By the afternoon, construction of the second floor begins.

Communications are carefully made.

The joints of the panels are taped with a special tape.

In a maximum of two weeks, the box with facade finishing is erected.

Solar collectors and generators are considered standards in modern, energy-efficient homes in Germany.

The village of Stenlose South is being built in Denmark, which, even compared to its European counterparts, stands out for its high level of energy saving. Rockwool is actively involved in this project of the municipality of Egedal.

On an area of ​​76 hectares it is planned to place 750 buildings - private residential and apartment buildings, social housing and institutions serving the village. The project is planned for 2004-2012. 320 buildings have already been built, and 2.5% of the city's residents celebrated housewarming. The idea is to immediately provide people with energy saving houses, instead of persuading them to think about the environment and change their behavior.

In this case, families will not have to sacrifice anything to save energy - they will simply live in a building that is better insulated and equipped. In the future, the municipality plans to build only energy-efficient buildings in the city, making an exception only for “privately built family houses.”

New buildings will last at least 30 years. During this time, an impressive amount of energy and water will be saved, which will contribute to the environmental well-being of the planet.

Building Features

The houses of the village are characterized by low energy consumption - even in winter there is not always a need for traditional heating. Individual houses They differ in size, number of rooms and are designed for families of different compositions. All buildings are rationally planned and surrounded by a small plot of land, sufficient for children's games, outdoor recreation and a small garden.

Special projects were developed for construction, which took into account energy-saving opportunities architectural solutions and orientation of buildings, materials and utility equipment. In addition to low energy consumption, the houses provide for the use of rainwater for all needs, except for drinking and cooking, and also exclude the presence of polyvinyl chloride and pressed wood in building structures.

The orientation of buildings ensures maximum use of solar heat to heat the premises. To harness the greenhouse effect, the largest glazed surfaces and attached winter gardens were oriented to the south. There are minimal windows facing north. On the roofs of the buildings on the south side there are solar collectors that heat the water. The buildings are compact, because the smaller the surface of the walls, the less their heat transfer. Functionally unnecessary overhangs are eliminated and attached garages are left cold.

Mineral fiber-based insulation was used for the walls, which protect the house not only from winter cold, but also from summer overheating. One of the requirements for the walls and roofs of low-energy buildings is absolute airtightness. This is important not only for heat conservation, but also for the safety of structures: it is necessary to protect them from moisture, especially with vapors from the house, which are under high pressure. Therefore, the walls are insulated from the inside with a vapor-proof film, and from the outside with a waterproof film. When installing protective films Special attention We paid attention to the joints of the structures: their tightness was checked with instruments that detect infrared radiation.

Two- or three-chamber double-glazed windows were used for the windows. The main heat-conducting element in them is the spacer frame. Therefore, it was important to reduce the perimeter of window structures. Some large windows better than many small ones. The doors of the houses are insulated and close tightly.

To create a good indoor microclimate, you need to avoid overheating the building. To achieve this, passive cooling methods are provided - shading with blinds, night cooling through open windows and wide eaves that protect the house from the high summer sun, but allow access to the low winter sun. When this is not enough, the ventilation system works for cooling. But the use of solar control glazing is excluded, since in winter solar energy heats the building through the glass.

Model house

It is small cottage rectangular in shape with an area of ​​120 m2, with an attached winter garden of about 6 m2 and a carport. Multilayer walls frame type lined with brick. The roof is attic, uninsulated and covered with metal tiles.

The space of the house is divided into common and private areas. The first contains a living room combined with a kitchen-dining room, and the second contains a bedroom, an office and a bathroom. A corridor leads from the kitchen to the garage with doors to the boiler room, pantry and bathroom. Located in the attic engineering zone, a recuperator is installed there.

The entrance to the house is from the north. The living room faces south and opens onto the conservatory, from which wide doors lead out onto the grounds. It is separated from the road by a small front garden, and from its neighbors by an impenetrable, human-sized fence. Thanks to this, we got a cozy semi-enclosed courtyard.

The interior is designed in light colors. There is laminate on the floor, and tiles in the utility rooms and winter garden. There is white plaster on the walls. The ceiling is lined with special gypsum boards. The bedrooms and hallway have spacious built-in wardrobes. All windows are protected by blinds.

The house turned out to be affordable thanks to its frame construction, rational layout and economical design. Such buildings are quickly constructed and easy to operate. In the above example, especially high level energy saving, but in the usual case multi-layer walls will be warm. Many middle-class families live in similar buildings in Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland. Depending on the composition of the family, buildings can be attic or two-story, with a garage for several cars and a plot different sizes. The presented property is designed for a young family purchasing their first home, or for an elderly couple whose children have already acquired their own home.

“Affordable homes” are gaining popularity in Europe. For example, over the past few years they have changed the way Polish citizens think about their family home.

Experts (though foreign) associate the future of individual life with such buildings. housing construction for the middle class in Ukraine. Perhaps their architecture will take on a slightly different form, consistent with Ukrainian traditions, and energy-saving equipment for homes will be introduced gradually.

sources
http://www.penzstroy.ru - Dmitry KLEVTSOV,
http://www.stu-ural.ru/
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