External parts of the building. Classification of houses and their main parts
Each house consists of a foundation, walls, floors, roof, partitions, windows, doors, stairs and other structural elements. The foundation is the underground part of the building, which serves to absorb the loads from the house and transfer them to the base. The base can be natural or artificial. The lower part (plane) of the foundation, directly in contact with the base, is called the base of the foundation.
The vertical distance from the surface of the earth to half the base is called the foundation depth. Its value depends on the strength of the foundation soil, the depth of freezing, etc. Usually the walls of a building are made thinner than the foundation, so on the front side it protrudes somewhat in relation to the plane of the wall, forming a plinth. The base is more susceptible to dampness and mechanical damage than other parts of the wall. Therefore, its outer surface is plastered cement mortar or lined with weather-resistant materials. To prevent moisture from penetrating through the foundation onto the walls, waterproofing from waterproof materials is installed in the basement at a height of 15-20 cm from the ground level. If the house is being built with a basement or garage, then another waterproofing layer is laid - 10 cm below the basement floor level. If necessary, the foundation is insulated from the outside and inside with coating or lining waterproofing materials (bitumen mastics, roofing felt, brizol, waterproofing, etc.).
Walls can withstand not only their own gravity, but also the load from floors and roofs, i.e., perform load-bearing functions. If the walls do not bear any load, they are called non-load-bearing.
Often instead of internal, load-bearing walls arrange thin partitions. This makes it possible to increase the usable area of the house. However, the thickness of the partitions must be such that they provide sound and thermal insulation of the room. There are openings in the walls for doors and windows. The sections of walls located between the openings are called piers. They can be ordinary (between openings) and corner (between the opening and the corner of the building). Often, to strengthen walls, as well as to give stability to walls of great height and length, narrow vertical projections of rectangular or semicircular cross-section are made on them. Rectangular projections are called pilasters, semicircular projections are called semi-columns.
Often cornices are installed on the house. Cornice is a horizontal protrusion of a wall extending beyond its surface. The cornice located at the top of the wall, i.e., under the roof, is called the crowning, or main. Its purpose is to protect the wall from moisture from rain and melt water flowing from the roof.
The amount of cornice extending beyond the wall varies. In addition to the crowning cornice, intermediate, or interfloor, cornices are installed on the walls, as well as small horizontal projections of simple shape, called belts. Small cornices that are placed above windows and doors are called sandriks.
Cornices, corbels and sandriks not only protect walls from rain, but also add variety to the architectural design of the house. One of its parts is the pediment - a section of the wall, usually triangular in shape, enclosing the attic space during construction gable roof and limited by its slopes. The pediment is framed by an inclined crown cornice.
Balconies and loggias serve to improve the performance of houses and architectural design. A balcony is an open fenced area protruding beyond the plane outer wall. It consists of a supporting structure, a floor and a fence.
Loggia - a terrace built into the dimensions of the building, fenced on three sides by walls and open only on the façade side
There are also separate supports - stools in the form of pillars, columns, which support the floors, roof, walls and transfer the loads from them to the foundations.
Structures called floors divide the interior space of a house into floors. In addition, the floors bear the load from the people inhabiting the house and their own gravity. Depending on the location, the floors can be interfloor, separating floors of adjacent heights; attic, separating the upper floor from the attic, as well as non-basement - between the first floor and the basement.
Floors are made of wood, monolithic reinforced concrete, prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs, etc. and they are placed directly on columns or on wooden ones; steel and reinforced concrete beams.
The interfloor ceilings form the floor on the upper side and the ceiling on the lower side. For sound and heat insulation on top part the floors are laid with insulating materials, and plank flooring, parquet, ceramic, synthetic tiles, linoleum and other materials are laid on them.
Stairs are made of wood, reinforced concrete, metal and other materials. Railings must be installed on stairs; most often they consist of metal posts and plastic or wooden handrails.
The roof serves to protect from rain, snow, and wind. The attic roof consists of a load-bearing part and a fence. The load-bearing part includes the rafters, the fencing includes the roof laid on the sheathing.
As you know, a plastered house is warmer than an unplastered one. It is more durable and has a more attractive appearance. Of course, such a house can no longer be decorated with wooden trim, carvings, etc. However, its appearance can be improved by cutting with iron carvings (valances, drainpipes, a cap on a pipe, etc.).
There is also this option for decorating a house: flat-relief modeling using templates.
IN Lately industry and, consequently, builders have mastered new options for finishing plastered walls, for example, covering them on top with finely crushed glass or colored stone, marble chips, mica, etc. They do it like this. A thin layer of polymer-cement substrate is applied to the plastered wall. It is a solution consisting of cement grade 400 and higher and frost-resistant water-based paint grades E-VA-17, E-VS-17, E-AK-17, etc., mixed to a thick sour cream.
The substrate is sprayed onto the plastered wall and immediately powdered with crumbs or other decorative material using a sponge or cloth swab. The polymer cement backing reliably holds decorative powder.
Another equally interesting option is to spray mortar onto a plastered wall with a special device, which builders call a mug. A solution is poured into it, air is supplied to it and it is sprayed onto the wall. But a compressor is needed to supply air. And not everyone individual developer"may have such a device.
K category: Plastering works
Classification of houses and their main parts
Classification of buildings. Buildings are intended for industrial and cultural activities of people; people live, relax, and study in them. Depending on their purpose, buildings are divided into the following types: residential and public - residential buildings, schools, libraries, institutions, hospitals, theaters, train stations; industrial - factories, factories, power plants, workshops, garages; agricultural - buildings for livestock, feed storage, growing vegetables.
Each building must be suitable for its purpose; working conditions must be created there, production process, everyday life In accordance with this, buildings must be strong, durable, fire safe, economical in construction and operation, and at the same time must meet aesthetic requirements.
Based on capital, buildings are divided into four classes. Capital is determined by durability and fire resistance, which is characterized by the flammability of materials. Capital class I includes buildings designed for a service life of more than 100 years; to II – more than 50; to 111 – more than 20; by IV - up to 20 years.
Based on the number of floors, buildings are divided into low-rise (1-2 floors), mid-rise (3-5 floors), multi-story (6-9 floors), high number of storeys(10-16 floors), high-rise (above 16 floors).
Floors in a building can be ground (when the floor level of the premises is not lower than the ground level), basement (the floor level is below the ground level, but not more than half the height of the room), basement (the floor level is below the ground level by more than half the height of the room), attic ( in the volume of the attic).
Main parts of the building. The main parts of the building (Fig. 1) include: foundations, frame, walls, partitions, floors, roof coverings, stairs, windows, doors. Walls are divided into load-bearing and enclosing.
Load-bearing elements (foundations, frames, walls, floors) absorb loads from the weight of overlying structures, people in the building, equipment, snow, wind and together form a spatial system - the load-bearing skeleton of the building, which must meet the requirements of strength and stability.
Enclosing elements (walls, partitions, ceilings, window and door fillings) protect premises from environmental influences, and also separate one room from another. Enclosing structures must be resistant to atmospheric influences, with good heat and sound insulation properties.
Some elements of the building - walls, ceilings - can simultaneously serve as load-bearing and enclosing structures.
Base 1 is the thickness of the soil located under the foundation and taking the load from the building. Foundations can be natural or artificial.
Foundation 2 - part of the building resting on the ground (base). The foundation carries the mass of the building as a whole and transfers this load to the base. The foundation is laid to a certain depth in the ground. The lower part of the foundation, which is in direct contact with the base, is called the sole. The distance from the surface of the earth to the base is called the foundation depth, which depends on the strength of the soil, the depth of its freezing and other data.
Rice. 1. Main parts of the building: 1 - base, 2 - foundation, 3 - waterproofing, 4 - outer wall, 5 - stringer, 6 - march, 7 - railings, 8 t-platform, 9 - internal wall, 10 - basement, 11 - pit, 12 - window opening with frame, 13 - partition, 14 - niche, 15 - window sill, 16 - cap, 17 - interfloor ceiling, 18 - floor, 19 - slope, 20 - lintel, 21 - attic floor, 22 - Mauerlat, 23 - crowning cornice, 24 - slope, 25 - ridge, 26 - hip, 27 - ribs, 28 - chimney, 29 - chimney fluff, 30 - dormer window, 31 - balcony, 32 - sandrik, 33 - pilaster , 34 - interfloor cornice, 35 - platband, 36 - drain, 37 - base, 40 - porch, 41 - blind area, 42 - cordon
Foundations by design can be strip, columnar, pile or solid, in the form of a slab. Strip foundations They are a solid continuous wall on which the walls of the building are erected. Pillar foundations are free-standing pillars. Pile foundations consist of separate racks. They are covered from above with foundation beams or lintels.
Walls can be external or internal. Depending on the nature of the work, walls can be load-bearing, self-supporting or non-load-bearing. Load-bearing walls, in addition to their own, perceive and transfer to the foundations loads from floors, roofs, stairs, self-supporting ones - they carry the load only from their own gravity. Non-load-bearing (curtain) walls do not carry any load.
There are openings in the walls for doors and windows. The structure that spans a window or doorway is called a lintel. The sections of walls located between the openings are called piers. They are divided into ordinary, located between the openings, and corner, located between the openings and the corners of the building. In the walls on the inside, under the windows, there are often recesses - niches in which heating devices are located. Niches are also suitable for built-in wardrobes and other purposes.
To strengthen the walls, as well as to give stability to high walls in certain types of buildings, narrow vertical projections (stiffening ribs) of rectangular cross-section - pilasters 33 or semi-circular cross-section - semi-columns are made.
Window openings are installed in the outer walls, filled with boxes and glazed sashes, which can be single, double or paired. For single and paired bindings, place one box, for double ones - one wide or two at some distance from one another so that a blank is formed between them.
Boxes alone or with plugs occupy only part of the wall thickness. The other part falls on slopes, which are divided into internal and external.
A wooden window sill is placed at the bottom of the window opening on the inside.
on which the walls rest. Tape and columnar foundations There are monolithic and prefabricated. Solid foundations are a monolithic reinforced concrete slab located under the entire area of the building.
To protect foundations from moisture, they are protected with waterproofing made of waterproof materials (roofing felt, roofing felt on mastics) or plastered with special solutions. In buildings with a basement, if the level groundwater is located below the basement floor, the insulation is laid at two levels: the first bottom layer in the foundation masonry under the external and internal walls and pillars at the preparation level for the basement floors, the second - in the basement 15-20 cm above the surface of the blind area or sidewalk. In addition, the outer surfaces of the basement walls and its floor are insulated. If the groundwater level is above the basement floor, the insulation is performed in the form of a continuous shell covering the preparation under the basement floors and its outer walls 50 cm above the groundwater level. Above this mark, the upper part of the wall is insulated from capillary moisture. The laminated vertical insulation is protected from damage by protective brick walls or a clay castle.
To drain water flowing from the roof away from the foundation of the building, a blind area is made around the building with a slope towards the street. The blind area is made of concrete, crushed stone or gravel and covered with asphalt.
The plinth is the lower part of the outer wall, protecting it from moisture and accidental mechanical damage. Forming a transition to the wall in the form of an inclined plane, the plinth ends with a profile rod - a cordon. The base is visually perceived as the foundation of the building, giving it greater stability.
During operation, the base is in unfavorable conditions. Therefore, it is lined with granite, concrete, marble. It is installed horizontally along its length, but with a slope of 1-2° into the room along its width. On the outside of the opening, a lower slope or drain 36 is made from cement mortar with a slope of 10-25° from the wall, i.e. outward.
On the outside, and sometimes on the inside, window and door openings are decorated with platbands in the form of a simple tape or rod.
Doorways are used to enter a building, move from one room to another, or exit to a balcony. They are installed in walls and partitions. The opening is filled with a frame with a door. At the opening for entering and exiting the building, a platform with steps or a porch is arranged. A canopy is made above the entrance.
Floors divide the interior space of a building into floors. Floors located between two floors are called interfloor, between the first floor and the basement - basement, under the roof - attic. There are also lower floors that separate the lower floor from the ground.
There are beam ceilings, assembled from small-sized elements along beams, and panel ceilings, assembled from large-sized elements. The beam floor consists of a load-bearing part and a fence. The load-bearing part is wooden, metal or reinforced concrete beams on which fencing slabs are laid. In panel ceilings, the functions of the load-bearing part and the fencing (filling) are combined. Such floors can be in the form of slabs made of monolithic or precast reinforced concrete.
In interfloor ceilings, the fence consists of an upper part or floor and a lower part - the ceiling. A sound and heat insulating layer is laid between these fences. Floors can be made of wood, tiles, cement, concrete, asphalt, linoleum.
IN beam floors the enclosing slabs can be laid flush with the lower parts of the beams or so that parts of the beams act as ribs between which wells are formed different shapes- caissons.
Depending on the design of the building and its purpose, the floors can be supported by external and internal load-bearing walls (frameless design diagram buildings), on walls and columns (incomplete wireframe diagram buildings) or only on one columns (frame multi-story buildings).
Partitions serve to divide the internal space within one floor into separate rooms; they rest on the floors. Partitions are made from different materials, possessing good sound insulation, fire and moisture resistance, and low weight. IN residential buildings gypsum concrete partitions are used with wooden frame, unreinforced gypsum-slag concrete, gypsum concrete panels. They are attached to walls and ceilings with anchors, brackets, and clamps.
Pits with windows serve to illuminate basements with natural light. The pits are made of brick and concrete with a tray at the bottom to collect water.
Balcony is an open fenced area protruding beyond the plane of the outer wall.
Loggia is a terrace built into the dimensions of the building, fenced on three sides by walls, one side is open.
Bay window - balcony closed on all sides; has a roof, is heated and is part of the living area.
Stairs serve to communicate between floors and with the street. Depending on their purpose, they are divided into basic, or main, service, fire, auxiliary, and emergency. Staircases consist of floor landings, located at the floor level, and interfloor landings, located between floors. The platforms are connected to each other by marches with steps.
Stairs are made of reinforced concrete and wood. Metal. Staircases must have railings or railings. The bottom of platforms and flights can be smooth or with protruding beams. In the first case, the staircase is assembled from entire reinforced concrete flights and landing slabs, in the second - from landing slabs and prefabricated steps, which are laid on stringers - inclined reinforced concrete or steel beams resting on the landing beams.
The roof protects the building from rain, snow, and wind. The roof consists of a load-bearing part - rafters, sheathing and fencing - the roof.
According to the roof design, there are attic and non-attic (combined) roofs. Load-bearing structures of attic roofs are made in the form of wooden and reinforced concrete rafters, large-size slabs or wooden, steel or reinforced concrete trusses. Trusses are installed in long-span buildings that do not have internal load-bearing walls or columns. The rafters are attached to the mauerlat, and the lathing is placed on the rafters, on which the roof is laid. Roofs are made of asbestos-cement and corrugated sheets, rolled materials, roofing steel, and tiles.
The combined roof consists of reinforced concrete load-bearing elements - slabs and panels covered with rolled materials. In these roofs, load-bearing and enclosing functions are combined.
On the roof there are slopes, ridge, hips and ribs. There are chimneys, ventilation pipes and dormer windows on the roof. At the bottom of the chimney, a thickened part is installed - a fluff, or otter, which protects the attic space from atmospheric precipitation flowing from the chimney. Dormer windows serve to illuminate the attic space and provide access to the roof through them.
Classification of houses and their main parts
To a person who decides to build for himself frame house, there is a lot of new things to learn: for example, the names of the parts of a wooden house. Including many new words, most likely completely unknown before. After all, each element of the house has its own name. True, the learning process will take a lot of time.
There are construction terms whose meaning becomes clear the first time, almost intuitively. These include the following: foundation block, lintel beam, sheathing, cladding and bracket. Some parts have several names, at least one of which may be familiar.
Names of parts of the house and basic construction terms for houses
What basic construction terms will you learn?
Bottom frame frame, or door threshold
These parts are usually processed under high pressure. They are bolted to; they provide support for the floor beams. In areas with a high probability of earthquakes or the possibility of hurricanes, wooden support beams must have a safety margin sufficient to prevent the threshold itself from being torn away from the foundation.
Scaffolding: necessary processing
Thermowood
In areas known for termites, all frame structures are constructed only from material with anti-termite treatment. A special technology for such high-pressure treatment is used to prevent damage to the material by termites, as well as to prevent rodents from entering the home. Under the influence of high pressure, the special one penetrates deep into the wood fibers, thoroughly saturating the boards.
Thermowood production
For a long time, the main substance used in such processing was arsenic. The extremely strong poison was very effective against pests, but it also caused significant harm to workers working with the disinfected material. In addition, the Environmental Protection Agency has opposed the use of arsenic for such processing.
Then the poisonous element was replaced by other, less harmful ones - copper and others. Copper promotes corrosion, so it is recommended that steel fasteners and nails be redesigned. When working with such wood, it is convenient to use hot galvanized nails instead of conventional steel fittings.
When working with material that has undergone special treatment, you should follow simple rules to ensure the health safety of workers:
- It is important to always use gloves;
- Before eating, be sure to wash your hands;
- If it is necessary to cut several pieces of processed material, you should use a protective respirator;
- Waste materials processed in this way should not be burned.
Beams, supports and beams
Beams- most often spaced at 24 or 16 inch intervals. They must be installed exactly parallel to each other, they support the pre-plumbing and flooring. Beams stretch from the external threshold, along the beams inside the building, to the door threshold (external) - throughout the house. These are the constituent elements of load-bearing structures inserted into the foundation and supporting the floor (its flooring).
Support- vertical support for other horizontally located parts called beams or beams. The horizontal elements, in turn, support the floor (floor) beams. Often, supports for massive reinforced concrete foundations are made from wood that has undergone special pressure treatment.
timber- This is lumber having a square or rectangular cross-section, and sides of 10 centimeters. (If they are smaller, then it is not a beam, but a block.) It is used as a load-bearing element of any structure. When constructing frame buildings, timber is the most commonly used material.
Drywall– finishing material in the form of sheets. It is a solid gypsum base enclosed in a cardboard shell.
Actively used for interior decoration frame buildings.
Flexible tiles– multi-layer roofing covering. Modern material used on complex and pitched roofs as the main roof. It has a hexagonal shape, is extremely lightweight and is easy to install.
Chipboards– wood-chip. Sheet material that is produced by hot pressing. Using a special binder, small wood particles are combined into a monolithic web. The polymer resins and woodworking waste used for its production determine the low cost of this material. Chipboard has high strength, uniform structure, excellent processing and is widely used.
Floor: formwork
The floor is usually covered with thick solid boards, tongue-and-groove plywood or OSB (oriented strand boards). The edges of the sheets are treated with paint to prevent saturation of the material with moisture.
Wall slabs
They are horizontal elements measuring 2x6 or 2x4. Their direct purpose is to hold parts of the walls together. Each wall has three such slabs: two at the top and one at the bottom. The top ones are called top double or top slab (or concrete pad). The bottom plate is made from pressure treated wood.
Rack profiles
Frame studs are the vertical parts of the wall that are attached to the slabs using nails. These posts together with the slabs form frame walls.
Lags– special boards standing on the edge, horizontally, which are most often attached to bottom harness foundation.
The floorboards of the frame structure will later be placed on them.
Lag strapping- the board, located along the perimeter of the building perpendicular to the joists themselves, has the same size as theirs - it connects the floor joists into one.
Metal tiles– material for roofing. It is made of galvanized steel, coated on both sides with an anti-corrosion compound and painted with polymers. The profile of the material imitates natural tiles. .
Bridges of cold– individual places of the frame structure that are weak in insulation, due to which the most significant heat losses occur. Often these are individual steel elements, wooden racks and thick headers. They are trying to get rid of them through additional insulation.
Nog- a special nail made of wood. With his help wooden crafts are fastened through holes drilled for this purpose. Made from birch and other hardwoods.
Lathing- most often a structure made of timber, boards and slats for roofing. In general, the term denotes the basis for some further covering.
Harness- the term is very common, it comes down to connecting individual parts into a whole. In other words, connecting something disparate into a closed circuit.
Foundation piping- a solid board, used on top of the foundation as a wooden one.
Blind area near a frame house
Blind area– to drain atmospheric water, a special continuous covering is installed along the outer perimeter of the frame structure.
It helps prevent water from accumulating near the base of the house, prevents water from flooding into the basement and prevents rotting and increased moisture in the foundation.
Span log- part of the lag hanging freely in the air and not supported by anything.
Grillage– wooden beam or a low “ribbon” 20-40 centimeters thick, up to 30 centimeters high. As if hanging in space, located on top of the piles while standing. Purpose - connecting individual piles into a whole.
Rigel- a board standing on an edge. Under the bottom trim it is embedded in the frame racks - at the very top: outside or inside frame wall. At all this term combines the main load-bearing parts building structures: purlins, racks, beams, rafters and supports.
Ruberoid- widespread roll material. Used as roof covering, as
Rack- in any frame structure, this is a board standing vertically on the bottom frame. The upper frame closes it from above, and the entire conglomerate forms the base of the wall of the frame structure.
Rafters– main roof boards: the roof covering rests on them. This term refers to the names of the parts of a house's roof.
Screed– levels the floor surface and has some thermal insulation properties. It is an excellent base for any floor covering.
Insulation materials- special. They are designed to limit the flow of heat from or into a structure. All insulation materials have a fairly porous structure and, accordingly, good heat capacity.
Strip foundation – this type universal for the construction of low-rise buildings. It is a solid, monolithic reinforced concrete (or some other masonry) strip along the entire perimeter of the future structure. Suitable for all types of soil, often used in frame construction.
Plywood– multilayer construction material, made by gluing thin sheets of wood - veneer. The process involves strict adherence to the mandatory perpendicularity of the fibers in adjacent sheets. This provides excellent flexural strength to the finished material.
Header– a double or triple board standing on an edge. Its function is to take the load in the openings of the building.
Roof tiles- special piece made. It has ancient history. It is made from light grade clay by molding and drying individual elements, followed by firing. Natural tiles are famous for their beauty, grace and fire resistance.
Surely, you have already heard some of the names of parts of the house somewhere, but did not know exactly what they meant. We hope you find our small dictionary of construction terms useful.
Vertical enclosing structures located above foundations are called walls. For any building, walls are the main element, because the strength, durability and comfort in the house depend on them.
Depending on the location in the building, walls are of two types: external And internal. The latter also serve as partitions.
Exterior walls must have sufficient (according to relevant standards) heat-protective qualities: calculated resistance to heat transfer (frost resistance in winter, protection from overheating by the sun in summer), vapor permeability and air permeability, that is, they must provide the necessary temperature and humidity conditions in the premises at any time of the year. Depending on the required degree of fire resistance of the house, the walls must have a flammability group and a fire resistance limit not lower than those established by fire safety standards. Both external and internal walls must have sufficient (according to relevant standards) soundproofing properties. Internal walls are called capital if they are built from the same materials as the external ones.
The outer surfaces of the walls are finished different ways, which increases the architectural expressiveness of the building and protects it from atmospheric influences.
By design distinguish walls from small or large size elements, as well as monolithic. Walls made of small stones (elements) in modern construction They are widely used, but require significant manual labor during installation, since their laying is not mechanized. Walls made from large panels and blocks are more industrial. Monolithic walls are those that are made on site by laying concrete mixture in special forms (formwork). Device monolithic walls labor-intensive and takes longer than laying walls from blocks and large panels.
Basic requirements for walls:
· The walls must be strong and withstand the loads placed on them without collapsing; the strength of the walls, especially in the lower floors multi-storey buildings, must be verified by calculation;
· The walls must be stable, i.e. not change their position under the action of both vertical and horizontal forces (loads from their own weight, floors, roofs, wind pressure, vibration from machines, etc.);
· External walls must have the necessary thermal properties and provide the required temperature and humidity conditions in the premises; provide reliable sound insulation (its degree depends on the purpose of the premises);
· The structures and material of the walls must meet a certain degree of fire resistance of both the walls themselves and the building or structure as a whole;
· Wall designs should be as industrial as possible.
Wall materials
Good and comfortable home can be built from different materials. But its consumer and operational properties, cost and risks (construction and operational) can vary greatly. The material of the walls determines the basic properties of the house. The choice of material for load-bearing walls in country house construction is important, first of all, from the point of view of saving money for the future owner. In addition, the load-bearing capacity of a particular selected material must be sufficient for low-rise construction, great importance have its protecting properties. Artificial heat disappears by 40% through the walls. According to new building codes (standards), the construction, reconstruction, and repair of buildings must take place with increased requirements for the thermal protection of enclosing structures.
The low level of thermal protection of such houses forces owners to spend significant amounts of money on heating and refuse to live outside the city in cold weather.
The thermal insulation properties of a wall depend on its thickness and the thermal conductivity coefficient of its material.
The most common materials for building walls of a house are the following:
Frame-based walls
· Wooden walls made of solid wood (logs, beams)
· Aerated concrete walls
Each of these materials has its positive and negative sides.
Architectural and structural elements of walls:
1. Base- the lower part of the wall from ground level to floor level, at least 500 mm high, enclosing the underground space of the house. The base is subject to moisture from atmospheric and ground moisture, snow, and mechanical stress, so when constructing it, durable, water- and frost-resistant materials (stone, concrete, red iron ore brick) should be used.
The outer surfaces of the base can have different textures and finishes; smooth and embossed, including from a thick layer of cement plaster cut into rustications imitating stone masonry, lined with natural stone, hard rock, ceramic tiles on cement mortar, composition - one part cement to three parts sand. At a level of about 150 mm above the adjacent blind area, a layer of anti-capillary horizontal waterproofing should be installed around the entire perimeter of the plinth, consisting of two layers of roofing felt, roofing felt or cement screed.
The plinths of layered walls should be made of solid brickwork or other durable, frost- and moisture-resistant materials.
2. Pickup- lightweight base. A thin wall between the foundation pillars, under the lower part of the veranda wall, insulating the entire space, protecting from moisture, snow, etc. It is made of the same materials as the main wall, for example, one or half brick; is buried into the ground by 300-500 mm. On clayey, heaving soils, a sand cushion 150-300 mm thick is arranged under the intake.
The cornice ends the top of the wall and is called the crowning cornice. It is designed to protect the wall from slanting rain, excessive heating from the sun, and also to drain water flowing from the roof. In addition, the cornice usually decorates buildings, giving the composition a finished look. Therefore, its shape, height, reach and color are largely determined by the general architectural solution facade.
3. Cornices are called horizontal projections of the wall. The cornice located on top is called the crowning one; it removes rain and melt water from the wall, protecting the wall from moisture. The cornices of simple-shaped stone walls can be laid out by gradually overlapping each row by no more than 1/3 of the length of the brick (80 mm). The total offset should not exceed half the wall thickness. If there is a large extension of the eaves of complex configuration, special prefabricated ones should be used with brackets reinforced concrete slabs, beams cantilevered into the wall and secured with anchors. Cornices are often used on outlets rafter legs or fillies; they are open and hemmed.
Undoubtedly, various architectural details, belts, intermediate and crowning cornices introduced into the planar design of facades can improve the aesthetic appearance of cottages. Lined with brick or other elements, such as concrete, but simple in design.
4. Smoke and ventilation ducts for low-rise buildings, as a rule, they are arranged in interior walls 380 mm thick, lined with red smooth solid brick. The cross-section of these vertical channels for stoves is taken to be 140 × 270 mm, and for ventilation channels from kitchens, restrooms, and bathrooms - 140 × 140 mm.
Each stove (or fireplace) must have its own separate smoke channel. For better traction, the internal surfaces of the channels must be clean and smooth, rubbed (it is important not to forget about this) with clay (not cement) mortar. Leveling and grouting of the walls is carried out with a clean wet rag when laying channels through five to six rows of bricks.
Smoke ducts from different furnaces in the attic are combined into chimneys that lead above the roof level. If a combustible structure is adjacent to the wall at the location of the smoke ducts, for example wooden beams ceiling, then in this place the chimney walls (120 mm) are thickened to the height (thickness) of the ceiling according to fire safety rules to 380 mm.
Ventilation ducts (each room has its own duct) are also combined into ventilation pipes, which are discharged above the roof.
5. Wall details:
Small horizontal projections in the walls (except for the crowning cornice) are called belts, and the projections-cornices located above the windows and doors are called sandriks. Vertical projections in the wall are called pilasters and semicircular - semi-columns. Vertical ledges formed when the wall thickness changes are called unfastenings, and the inclined projection of the wall created to strengthen it is buttress. Openings for windows and doors are left in the external walls - openings. The part of the wall between the openings is called pier, there are ordinary and corner piers. The structure that covers the opening from above is called jumper, and the side and top edges of the openings - slopes. Recesses in the walls in which closets and heating appliances are placed are called niches. The upper final elements of the walls, located above the crowning cornice, are parapets- walls enclosing the roof, and gables- walls (usually in the end parts of gable roofs) enclosing the attic space.
7. Balcony called an open fenced area protruding beyond the plane of the outer wall. The level of the balcony floor corresponds to the level of the interfloor ceiling. The elements of the balcony are its Basic structure, floor and fence.
8. Bay window is an enclosed balcony located behind the outer surface of the outer wall and enclosed by walls. The bay window forms part of the room.
9. Loggia is a platform built inside a building and open from the facade, fenced on three sides by walls.
When designing and building a house, special attention is paid to wall insulation. In any case, regardless of the main material from which you are going to build a house, the use of insulation will significantly save construction costs and, most importantly, operational costs. After all, the warmer the house, the less it has to be heated. A very effective method is to insert so-called closed air gaps into the wall structure (an air gap between the wall elements), which significantly reduces the cost of building materials, while the air in them is the best heat insulator. It is recommended to place them closer to the cool side of the fence, between the outer layer and the thermal insulation, which should be protected with a layer of vapor barrier. Ventilation holes are provided in the outer layer of the wall, usually combined with the base and cornices.
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